1. (a) 0.

430; 1
Answer must have 3 significant digits to achieve [1].
Do not accept 0.429

(b) (i) correct point identified; 1

1
(ii) plot correct to ± square; 1
2
Allow without label if unambiguous.

(iii) straight-line with acceptable fit; 1

Line must have points on both sides and within 1 small square
of both extremes / end points.

(c) (i) some indication that large triangle used;

(points separated by at least half-length of line)
correct value from candidate’s graph; 2
Award [0] for use of data points not on candidate’s line.

(ii) intercept identified;

should be 0.32, not 0.38 so graph does not agree; 2

(d) straight-line with same gradient;

having intercept of 0.32; 2
[10]

2. (a) any line (curve) through the origins;

straight-line; 2

(b) (i) a straight-line drawn with (ruler);

which is appropriate ie does not or would not go through the origin; 2
Award [2 max] for answers that confuse random with systematic
but are otherwise correct. Award [1 max] for stating that there is
only one type of error with correct explanation. Award [0] if
points joined “dot to dot”.

(ii) data subjected to both types of error;

Can be implied in subsequent answer.
random since points are scattered above and below the line;
systematic since line does not / would not go through origin; 3
Accept answers that get this general idea across but do not accept
answers that try to explain the source of the error without naming
type of error.

(iii) use of “large triangle” for gradient (seen or implied);

1
 Hypotenuse of triangle used should be at least half the distance
between the first and the last point on the graph ie 5 cm.
to get gradient = 0.59 ´ 10-6 = 5.9 ´ 10-7; 2
Ignore any units. Award [1 max] for 0.59 without power of ten.
Accept from 5.3 to 6.5 ´ 10-7 .
Award [0] if using a single point unless student’s line goes through
that point and the origin as well. Award [0] if using two data points
as opposed to the gradient unless both data points are on
candidate’s line.

(iv) use of Coulomb’s law (seen or implied);

correct identification of gradient = kq1q2 = kq2;
q2 = 6.56 ´ 10-17 C2;
q = 8.1 ´ 10-9 C; 4
Award [3 max] for a bald answer without any working. Award
[1 max] if the candidate uses a point on the graph to calculate q.

(c) correct taking of lgs of Coulomb’s law;

eg lgF = lg (q1q2) - 2lg r
to identify a straight-line graph of form y = mx + c;
of gradient = -2, which does not go through the origin;
(accept c = lg (kq1q2)) 3
[16]

2
3. (a)

(i) sensible line of fit with reasonable distribution of points either

side of line; 1
(ii) h0 = 16.2 (±0.2)cm; 1

(b) this is a straight-line graph so has equation of the form y = mx + c;

h = h0 (1 - kq) gives h = h0 - h0kq;
m = -h0k;
c = h0; 4
essentially look for:
stating equation of a straight-line graph, showing that h = h0 (1 - kq)
can be written in this form, identifying m and c.

3
 gradient ü If credit for m = -h0 k has not been given in (b)
(c) k= ; ý
h0 þ then it can be given if this statement is correct.
gradient = 0.077 (± 0.003);
0.077
therefore, k = ;
16.2
» 4.8 ´ 10-3 deg C-1
Or
Allow use of a point on line of best fit ie choice of data point from
line of best fit;
correct substitution into h = h0(1 - kq);
1 h
correct rearrangement essentially showing that k = (1 - ) ; 3
θ h0

Accept range of answers for the gradient between 4.9 ´ 10-3

and 4.6 ´ 10-3 .

(d) estimate:
gradient
h= ;
r
gradient = 1.5 (± 0.2) ´ 10-5;
1.5 ´10 -5
r= = 6.0 (± 0.8)´10 -7 m ;
25
comment:
this is very small so it is unlikely that capillary action is the only
mechanism / OWTTE / this assumes that the direct proportion holds
for values of h up to 25m / OWTTE; 4
Accept ecf based on estimate only if comment is reasonable and
consistent. If numerical value is correct, then award the mark for a
plausible explanation (eg reference to molecular forces) as to why
this is a reasonable value.
[13]

4
4. (a)

correct line of best fit; 1

The line should go through a majority of the points.

(b) from the graph breaking load = 8.5(±0.1) ´ 10-2 N;

8.5 ´10 -2
breaking stress = =1.3 ´10 9 Pa or Nm-2;
3.14 ´ (4.5) ´10 -12
2

some statement of conclusion; 3

(c) (i) work = area under graph;

between (2.4 ´ 10-2 , 1.6 ´ 10-2) and (5.6 ´ 10-2 , 8.5 ´ 10-2);
= (1.6 ´ 3.2 )´10 -4 + 12 (3.2 ´ 6.9 )´10 -4 ;

= 1.6 ´ 10-3 J
If incorrect line of best fit in (a), allow first marking point only.
or
work = average force ´ distance / displacement / extension;
average force = 5.1 ´ 10-2 N;
extension = 3.2 ´ 10-2 m;
to give1.6 ´ 10-3 J 3

5
 (ii) KE of insect = work needed to break web = 1.6 ´ 10-3 J;
2KE
v= ;
m

3.2 ´10 -3
= -4
= 4.6 ms -1 ; 3
1.5 ´10

No ecf from (c)(i) ie the value 1.6 ´ 10-3 J must be used.

[10]

5. (a) bubbles rise at constant rate / constant temperature using a thermometer; 1

(b) can check that rate of boiling is constant;
because the two masses should be equal; 2

(c) (i) reasonable line drawn; 1

(ii) triangle for gradient with hypotenuse at least half length of line;
some working shown (eg coordinates used made clear);
answer 12 (W g–1) ± 1; 3

L
(d) gradient = ;
200
L = 2400 allow ecf from (c)(ii);
correct unit J g–1; 3

(e) heat energy losses / systematic error;

to the atmosphere / any other detail; 2
[12]

6. (a) [1] for each appropriate and valid point eg

thermal energy is the KE of the component particles of an object;
thus measured in joules;
the temperature of an object is a measure how hot something is
(it can be used to work out the direction of the natural flow of thermal
energy between two objects in thermal contact) / measure of the average
KE of molecules;
it is measured on a defined scale (Celsius, Kelvin etc); 4 max

(b) (i) correct substitution: energy = power × time;

= 1200 W × (30 × 60) s;
= 2.2 × 106 J 2 max

(ii) use of E = m c Dq;

6
 to get Dq = 2.2 × 106 / (4200 × 70) K;
= 7.5 K; 3 max

(c) [1] naming each process up to [3 max].

convection;
conduction;
radiation;
[1] for an appropriate (matching) piece of information / outline
for each process up to [3 max].
eg convection is the transfer of thermal energy via bulk movement of a gas
due to a change of density;
conduction is transfer of thermal energy via intermolecular collisions;
radiation is the transfer of thermal energy via electromagnetic waves
(IR part of the electromagnetic spectrum in this situation) / OWTTE; 6 max

(d) (i) [1] for each valid and relevant point eg

in evaporation the faster moving molecules escape;
this means the average KE of the sample left has fallen;
a fall in average KE is the same as a fall in temperature; 3 max

(ii) energy lost by evaporation = 50% × 2.2 × 106 J;

= 1.1 × 106 J;
correct substitution into E = m l
to give mass lost = 1.1 × 106 J / 2.26 × 106 J kg–1
= 0.487 kg
= 487 g; 3 max

(iii) [1] for any valid and relevant factors [2 max] eg

area of skin exposed;
presence or absence of wind;
temperature of air;
humidity of air etc;
[1] for appropriate and matching explanations [2 max] eg
increased area means greater total evaporation rate;
presence of wind means greater total evaporation rate;
evaporation rate depends on temperature difference;
increased humidity decreases total evaporation rate etc; 4 max
[25]

7. (a) the amount of energy / heat required to raise the temperature of a

substance / object through 1K / °C; 1

7
 (b) (i) to ensure that the temperature of the metal does not change during
the transfer / negligible thermal energy / heat is lost during
the transfer; 1
Do not accept metal and water at same temperature.

(ii) to ensure that all parts of the water reach the same temperature; 1

(c) energy lost by metal = 82.7 × (T – 353) J;

energy gained by water = 5.46 × 102 × 65 J;
energy gained by calorimeter = 54.6 × 65 J;
equate energy lost to energy gained to get T = 825 K; 4
Award [2 max] if any energy term is missed.
[7]

8. (a) internal energy: (random translational) kinetic energy of atoms / molecules; 1

(b) (i) 546 K; 1

(ii) temperature doubled but pressure remains constant;
hence volume doubled to 44.0m3;
or
V µ T;
therefore, volume doubled to 44.0m3; 2

(c) (i) W = 0; 1
(ii) DW = pA (VC - VA)

= 1.01 ´ 105 ´ 22.0;

= 22.2 ´ 105 J; 2
Note the ecf from (b)(ii).
(iii) work done on the gas;
because the volume is decreasing; 2
Award [0] for a bald statement without any attempt at reasoning.
(iv) total work done by gas in cycle is
DW = 0 + 31.5 ´ 105 - 22.2 ´ 105;
work output = 9.3 ´ 105 J; 2
[11]

8
9. (a) a wave in which the direction of energy propagation;
is at right angles to the direction of vibration of the particles of the medium
through which the wave is travelling / OWTTE; 2
or
suitable labelled diagram eg

vibration of
particles / medium direction of
energy propagation

(b) any em wave / elastic waves in solids / accept water; 1

(c)
displacement
/ cm

5.0 15 25 35 45

distance along string / cm

correct annotation
(i) A (4.0 cm); 1
(ii) λ (30.0 cm); 1

1 1
(d) f= = = 830 Hz;
T 1.2 ´ 10 -3
c = fλ = 830 × 0.30 = 250 m s–1; 2

9
 (e)
displacement
/ cm

5.0 15 25 35 45

distance along string / cm

troughs / peaks moved to the right;

by λ / 4 (7.5 cm); (judge by eye)
wave continuous between x = 0 and x = 45 cm; 3
[10]

10. (a) (i) energy transfer;

no interruption in transfer / without mass motion of the medium; 2
Do not accept “continuous”.

(ii) speed / rate at which energy / wavefronts are propagated; 1

(b) (i) frequency: number of oscillations / vibrations per unit time; 1

Do not accept specific units eg seconds.
(ii) wavelength: distance moved by wave during one oscillation of the source; 1
Accept distance between successive crests or troughs.

(c) (i) wave travels down tube and is reflected;

incident and reflected waves interfere to give standing wave; 2

(ii) air (column) in tube has natural frequency of vibration;

when fork frequency equals natural frequency;
maximum amplitude of vibration / maximum loudness;
when fork frequency not equal to natural frequency,
no resonance / loudness drops; 4

10
 1
(iii) 2
λ = 65 cm;
speed = 0.65 × 2 × 256 = 330 m s–1; 2
Award [1 max] for 660 m s–1.

force
(d) pressure =
area
-5
(4.0 ´ 10 )
=
(30 ´ 10 -6 )
= 1.3 Pa; 2

(e) (i) idea of using area under the line / 1

2
kx2;
energy = 1
2
× 6 × 10–5 × 1.5 × 10–2 × 10–3 or 112.5 (±2.5) squares;
= 4.5 × 10–10 J; (Allow ±0.1 × 10–10 if candidate counts squares.) 3

(ii) period = 1.0 ms;

1
and energy is supplied in 4
period ( = 0.25 ms);
4.5 ´ 10 -10
power = ;
0.25 ´ 10 -3
= 1.8 × 10–6 W; 4

(iii) strain energy / energy of deformation of eardrum / kinetic

energy of eardrum / vibrational energy; 1

(f) (i) path difference is 2.5 λ;

wavelength = 0.20 m;
speed = f l = 1700 × 0.2 = 340 m s–1; 3

(ii) at X: loudness increases;

waves not same amplitude at X so not complete destructive interference;
at P: loudness decreases;
because sum of amplitudes less than before; 4
Award [1] for two correct statements without explanations.
Award [0] for statement with incorrect reasoning. Award [1] for
correct statement with partially correct reasoning.
[30]

11
11. (a) no energy is propagated along a standing wave / OWTTE;
the amplitude of a standing wave varies along the wave / standing wave
has nodes and antinodes;
in standing wave particles are either in phase or in antiphase / OWTTE; 2

(b) medium 1;
wavelength is greater than in medium 2;
and c = fl and frequency is same in both media; 3
Award [1] if the candidate answers medium 2, because wavelength is greater.
Award [1] for correct medium and mention of bending towards normal when
entering medium 2. Award [0] for correct medium but incorrect or no
explanation.

(c) measurement of wavelength:

l1 = 2.5cm;
l2 = 1.0cm;
c1 λ1
= = 2.5 (± 0.2 );
c 2 λ2
or
measurement of incident and refraction angles:
q1 = 60°;
q2 = 20°;
c1 sin θ1
= = 2.5 ; 3
c 2 sin θ 2
Award [2] if the candidate gets it the wrong way round in either method,
but they must have answered medium 2 in (b).

(d) Look for these main points.

when the tube is vibrated, a wave travels along the tube and is reflected at B;
the wave is inverted on reflection;
the reflected wave interferes with the forward wave;
the maximum displacements occurs midway between A and B;
since there is always a node at A and B, then the pattern shown will be
produced / OWTTE; 5
Award [1] for essentially two waves in opposite directions, [1] for π out of
phase, [1] for interference and [2] for condition to produce shape.

12
 (e) (i) f=v;
λ
to get f = constant T since l constant;
therefore, a plot of f 2 against T or f against T ;
should produce a straight-line through the origin / OWTTE; 4
(ii) l = 4.8m;
v = fl = 1.8 ´ 4.8 = 8.6ms-1;

k = v = 8.6 = 2.9 ; 3
T 3
Ignore any units.

(f) (i)

smaller wavelength and larger wavelengths in appropriate position

relative to S;
quality of diagram eg position of S and consistency of wavelength; 2
(ii) B hears higher frequency than A / A hears lower frequency than B;
since l smaller for B / since l larger for A; 2
[24]

12. (a) (i) wave that transfers energy; 1

(ii) amplitude = 4.0mm; 1
wavelength = 2.4cm; 1
1
frequency = ;
0.3
= 3.3Hz; 1
speed = 3.3 ´ 2.4;
= 8.0cms-1; 1

13
(b) (i) angle of incidence = 40°;
sin 40
sin r =
1.4
r = 27°;
angle = 63°; 3
Award [1 max] for angle of incidence = 50°, r = 33°.
(ii) construction: wavefronts equally spaced;
separation less in medium B;
angle in medium B correct - by eye; 3

(c) eg coherent; (do not allow “same frequency / monochromatic /

crest meets crest”) (approximately) same amplitude / intensity;
polarised in same plane;
waves from source meet at a point; 2

(d) (i) wavelength is shorter;

hence fringes are closer together; 2
Award [1 max] for wavelength longer hence fringes further apart.
(ii) centre fringe is white;
because all wavelengths give constructive interference here;
fringes are coloured;
with blue “inner” edge / with red “outer” edge;
because constructive interference occurs at different positions;
far from centre position, no fringes observed; 4

(e) frequency determines maximum kinetic energy of photo-electron;

instantaneous;
intensity determines rate of production of photo-electrons;
intensity does not determine maximum kinetic energy of photo-electron; 2

hc
(f) idea of eV = ;
λ

1.6 ´ 10-19
´ 2.4 =
(6.63´10 -34
´ 3.0 ´10 8);
λ
l = 5.2 ´ 10-7 m; 3
Award [2 max] if factor 1.6 ´ 10-19 is missing.

14
 (g) (i) current is 2ip / doubled;
because photon flux is doubled;
photon energy is unchanged; 3
(ii) current is less than iP;
because photon flux is reduced;
since photon energy is increased; 3
[30]

13. (a) each element of the slit acts as a point source of light;
the light from these sources interfere;
there will be a zero of intensity (on the screen) when the sum of the
path differences between the sources is an integral number of half
wavelengths / a maximum when an integral number of wavelengths; 3

(b) θ= d = λ ;
D b

rearrange to get d = Dλ ; 2
b

(c)

central maximum same intensity as single slit maximum;

two other maximum either side about half-intensity of central maximum; 2
Award [1 max] if lines do not touch x-axis.
There is no need to show maxima within secondary maxima. Do not penalize
responses if more than two maxima are shown but they must be symmetrical
and with realistic relative intensities.
[7]

15
14. Wave properties
(a) (i) direction in which energy is travelling / locus of one point on a
wavefront; 1
(ii) speed at which energy is propagated along the wave; 1

(b) (i) ({
frequency = 6.0 ´10 -3 }-1
)=170 Hz; 1
(ii) at t = 1.0ms , displacement (= 1.7 + 0.7) = 2.4mm;
at t = 8.0ms, displacement = 1.7 - 0.7;
= 1.0mm; 3
[6]

15. (a) momentum of object = 2 × 103 × 6.0;

momentum after collision = 2.4 × 103 × v;
use conservation of momentum, 2 × 103 × 6.0 = 2.4 × 103 × v;
to get v = 5.0 m s–1; 4
Award [2 max] for mass after collision = 400 kg and v = 30 m
s–1.

(b) KE of object and bar + change in PE = 1.2 × 103 × 25 + 2.4 × 103 × 10 × 0.75;
use ∆E = Fd, 4.8 × 104 = F × 0.75;
to give F =64 kN;
Award [2 max] if PE missed, F = 40 kN.
or
v2
a= ;
2s
F – mg = ma;
to give F = 64 kN; 3
Award [2 max] if mg missed.

16
 1 2
(c) recognize that the height is given by mgh = mv ;
2
1 2 1
KE = mv = × 2.0 × 103 × 36 = 3.6 × 104 J;
2 2
E
t= ;
P
3.6 ´ 10 4
= =5.0 s;
7.2 ´ 10 3
or
calculation of PE = mgh using v2 = u + 2as
h = 1.8 m;
mgh = 2.0 × 103 × 10 × 1.8;
E
t= ;
P
3.6 ´ 10 4
= = 5.0 s; 4
7.2 ´ 10 3

(d) (i) a process in which there is no energy (heat) exchange;

between system and surrounding;
or
all the work done;
either increases or decreases the internal energy of the system; 2

(ii) a process that takes place at constant volume; 1

(iii) a process that takes place at constant pressure; 1

(e) (i) adiabatics: C ® D, A ® B; 1

(ii) isochoric: D ® A; 1
(iii) isobaric: B ® C; 1

(f) work done in one cycle; 1

8400
(g) = 210 J; 1
40

17
 W
(h) Eff = ;
QH
210
therefore, QH = = 525 J; 2
0.4
[22]

16. (a) statement that gravitational mass and inertial mass have the same numerical value;
understanding of what gravitational mass means;
eg “a quantity that determines the gravitational force on the object”
understanding of what inertial mass means;
eg “a quantity that determines the acceleration of the object” 3 max

(b) (i) the acceleration = gradient of first section of graph;

acceleration = 0.80 / 0.50 = 1.6 m s–2; 2 max
Accept bald correct answer for full marks.

(ii) the total distance travelled by the lift = area under graph;
distance = (11 × 0.80) + (0.50 × 0.80) = 8.8 + 0.4 = 9.2 m; 2 max
Accept bald correct answer for full marks.

(iii) the work done = PE gained (= force × distance);

work done = 2500 × 9.2 = 23000 J = 23 kJ; 2 max
Accept bald correct answer for full marks.

(iv) correct substitution into power = work done / time taken

= 23000 / 12;
= 1916 W
= 1.9 kW; 2 max

(v) correct substitution into efficiency = power out / power in

= 1.9 / 5.0;
= 0.38 = 38%; 2 max

(c) graphs should show curving or “shoulders” at the changes;

since acceleration must be finite / speed cannot change instantaneously /
OWTTE; 2 max

(d) Mark part (i) and (ii) together.

weight arrow the same in both diagrams;
magnitude of tension (size of arrow) equal to weight in (i);
magnitude of tension (size of arrow) less than weight in (ii);

(i) 0.50 to 11.50 s (ii) 11.50 to 12.00 s

18
 tension
tension

weight weight

3 max

(e) a constant value greater than W from 0.00 to 0.50 s;

a constant value equal to W from 0.50 to 11.50 s;
a constant value less than W from 11.50 to 12.00 s;

Reading on scales

0.00
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0
time / s
3 max

(f) [1] for each appropriate and valid point. Essentially [2] for journey
up and [2] for journey down. Some explanation or justification is
required for full marks eg
the law of conservation of energy does apply to round trip;
energy is all dissipated into heat and sound;
on the way up, most electrical energy converted into g.PE, initially
some electrical energy is converted into K.E;
on the way down electrical energy does work “breaking” lift some
(not all) g.PE is converted into KE; 4 max
Reject answers that imply that PE converts into KE as lift falls.
[25]

19
17. (a) before and after collision there are no forces acting on the objects;
from Newton 3 when the two bodies are in contact the forces that they
exert on each other are equal and opposite / OWTTE;
therefore, the net force on the two balls is always zero;
therefore, there is no change in momentum (of the objects) /
momentum is conserved;
or
Accept an argument based on change in momentum of each individual object.
eg
from Newton 3F12 = -F21; (accept statement in words)
Dp1 Dp
F12 = and F21 = 2 ;
Dt Dt
Dp1 Dp
= - 2;
Dt Dt
therefore, Dp1 + Dp2 = 0; 4

(b) the blades exert a force on the air and by Newton’s third law the air exerts
an equal and opposite force on the blades / air has change in momentum
downwards giving rise to a force and from Newton 3 there will a force
upwards;
if this force equals the weight of the helicopter;
the net vertical force on the helicopter will be zero / OWTTE; 3

(c) area = p0.72;

= 1.5 m2 1

(d) (i) volume of air per second = 1.5 ´ 4.0(m3s-1);

mass = volume ´ density = (1.2 ´ 1.5 ´ 4.0) = 7.2kgs-1; 2
No unit error for 7.2 kg.
(ii) momentum per second = (7.2 ´ 4.0) = 29N; 1

(e) 29 N; 1

(f) recognise that the force on the blades = Mg;

to give3.0kg; 2

20
(g)

correct relative directions of forces;

upward force length greater than weight by eye;
appropriate labelling of forces;
angle q as shown above; 4
Award [2 max] if extra force(s) drawn.

(h) the forward force is the horizontal component of U;

resolve vertically U cosq = W;
horizontal component F = U sinq;
F
divide to get = = tan θ ;
W
F = (W tanq) = Mg tanq = Ma;
to give a = g tanq 5
Award [5 max] for a correctly labelled force diagram incorporating mass
with a justifying statement. Award [1 max] for triangle mixing accelerations
and force.

(i) work done in one cycle = 900 ;

300
= 3.0J 1

21
 (j) (i) isochoric / isovolumetric; 1
(ii) B ® C absorbed;
D ® A ejected; 2
Accept parallel arrows.
(iii) Q1 - Q2 = 3.0;
Q2
1- = 0.6 ;
Q1
Q1 = 5.0 J and Q2 = 2.0 J ; 3
[30]

18. (a) if the total external force acting upon a system is zero / for an isolated
system;
the momentum of the system is constant; 2
Award [1 max] if the answer is in terms of collisions.

(b) 131 g of xenon contains 6.02 × 1023 / NA atoms;

131
mass of 1 atom = = 2.2 × 10–22 g= 2.2 × 10–25 kg;
6.02 ´ 10 23
or
mass of nucleon 1.66 × 10–27 kg;
mass of xenon atom = 131 × l.66 × 10–27 kg = 2.2 × 10–25 kg; 2

(c) time = 1.5 × 3.2 × 107 = 4.8 × 107 s;

81
no of atoms per second = - 25
= 7.7 × 1018 s–1;
2.2 ´ 10 ´ 4.8 ´ 10 7
or
81
no of atoms in original mass = - 25
= 3.7 × 1026;
2.2 ´ 10
3.7 ´ 10 26
time = 18
= 4.8 × 107 s = 1.5 years; 2
7.7 ´ 10

22
 (d) rate of change of momentum of the xenon atoms
= 7.7 × 1018 × 2.2 × 10–25 × 3.0 × 104;
= 5.1 × 10–2 N;
= mass × acceleration;
where mass = (540 + 81) kg;
5.1 ´ 10 -2
to give acceleration of spaceship = ;
6.2 ´ 10 2
= (8.2 × 10–5 m s–2) 5
Accept if mass of fuel omitted (= 9.4 × 10–5 m s–2).

F
(e) a= ;
m
since m is decreasing with time, then a will be increasing with time; 2

(f) change in speed = area under graph;

= (8.2 × 4.8) × 102 + 12 (4.8 × 1.3) × 102;
final speed = (8.2 × 4.8) × 102 + 1
2
(4.8 × 1.3) × 102 + 1.2 × 103;
5.4× 103 m s–1;
or
use of v = u + at
u = 1.2 × 103 m s–1;
average acceleration from the graph = 1
2
(8.2 + 9.45) × 10–5;
= 8.8 × 105 m s–2;
final speed = 4.8 × 107 × 8.8 × 10–5 +1.2 × 103 = 5.4 × 103 m s–1; 4

s 4.7 ´ 1011
(g) t= = 3
= 8.7 × 107 s;
v 5.4 ´ 10
so total time 4.8 × 107 + 8.7 × 107 s » 4.2y; 2
[19]

19. Momentum
(a) the momentum of a system (of interacting particles) is constant;
if no external force acts on system / net force on system is zero /
isolated system; 2
A statement of “momentum before = momentum after” achieves first
mark only.

23
 (b) (i) use of volume = pr2 ´ v;
= p ´ (1.4 ´ 10-3)2 ´ 18;
= 1.1 ´ 10-4 m3 2
(ii) mass ejected per second = 1.1 ´ 10-4 ´ 1000 = 0.11kg;
change in momentum per second = 0.11 ´ 18;
by Newton’s 2nd, this is force on (ejected) water;
by Newton’s 3rd, equal force acts upwards on rocket;
so force is 2.0N 4
Do not accept references to momentum conservation.
(iii) weight of water to be ejected = 5.0N / mass of water to be
ejected = 0.51kg;
time delay = 4.6s; 2
[10]

20. Linear motion

(a) (i) E K = 12 ´ 72 ´ 23 2 ;

= 1.9 ´ 104 J; 2
(ii) uses area between the t-axis and the line;
correctly converts area ® distance (one 1cm ´ 1cm square º 5.0m);
distance between 90 m and 105 m;
improved accuracy, distance between 95 m and 100 m; 4
Do not accept kinematic formulas. Distance can only be found
from area.

(b) (i) DEP = 72 ´ 9.8 ´ 41;

= 2.9 ´ 104 J; 2
Accept 3.0 ´ 104J for responses using g = 10ms-2.
(ii) energy “loss” = 1.0 ´ 104 J;

average force =
(1.0 ´10 ) ;
4

98
= 100 N; 3
NB follow through working - answer is {(b)(i)–(a)(i)} / (a)(ii).
(iii) eg air resistance;
friction between skis and slope;
force to push snow away from skis; 2
To award marks responses must specify where friction is acting.

24
 (c) (i) 1.8 = 1
2 ´ 9.8 ´ t 2 ;
time of flight = 0.61s;
horizontal distance travelled(= 23 ´ 0.61) = 14m;
distance CD(= 14 - 12)= 2.0m; 4
Accept a time of 0.60 s and CD = 1.8 m for responses using g = 10ms-2.

(d) (i) D is further from the edge C; 1

(ii) sensible reason eg velocity not normal to ground;
hence impact is less; (any other sensible comment) 2
[20]

21. (a) (i) force per unit mass;

ratio essential, allow symbols with explanation
on small (test) mass (placed at that point); 2
(ii) because force on mass = mass ´ acceleration of free fall; 1
force
accept: acceleration = , which is the field strength
mass

(b) (i) (g = ) GM2 , where G is the gravitational constant; 1

R
R 2 » (R + h ) or R » (R + h ) / h is insignificant with respect to
2
(ii)
R; do not allow “size”
some further comment to justify g » g¢; 2

(c) (i) points are equally spaced in horizontal direction;

so constant velocity and no resistance; 2

ì Allow any two points with

(ii) using t = 1.4s and s = 7.35 (±0.05)m ; í
îseparation greater than 1.0 s.

substitution into s = ut + 12 at 2 ;

to give g = 7.5 ms-2; 3

25
 (d) 7.5 =
(6.67 ´10 ´ M ) ;
-11

(5.1´10 ) 6 2

M = 2.9 ´ 1024 kg; 2

Allow ecf from equation in (b)(i).
[13]

22. (a) change in potential energy per unit mass / work done per unit mass;
in moving small / point mass from infinity to the point; 2
Do not allow “from a long distance away”.

(b) (i) asymptotic at large r and in negative gravitational potential region;

line stops at surface line; 2
Do not allow asymptotic to y-axis.
mMoon
(ii) loss of gravitational potential = 6.67 ´ 10-11 ´ ;
rMoon

equates loss of gravitational potential to 1

2 v2 ;

v = 2.4 kms-1; 3
(iii) meteorite may have initial speed / velocity towards Moon / contribution
of Earth’s gravity; 1

(c) (i) constant; 1

(ii) decreasing; 1
[10]

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