KINETIC PARTICLE

THEORY
MELTING , BOILING , EVAPORATION ,
CONDENSATION , FREEZING
BOILING
Boiling is the rapid vaporization of a liquid, occurring
when the liquid is heated to its boiling point. In the
kinetic particle theory, liquids consist of particles that
are more loosely packed compared to solids and have
weaker intermolecular forces. As heat energy is added
to the liquid, the particles gain kinetic energy and move
faster. At the boiling point, the particles have enough
energy to overcome the intermolecular forces
completely, and they escape from the liquid's surface,
forming bubbles of vapor throughout the liquid.
MELTING
Melting occurs when a solid substance changes into its
liquid state. In the kinetic particle theory, solids are
made up of particles (atoms, ions, or molecules) that
are closely packed and have strong intermolecular
forces holding them together. When heat energy is
applied to a solid, the particles gain kinetic energy and
begin to vibrate more vigorously, weakening the
intermolecular forces. As a result, the particles break
free from their fixed positions and start moving more
freely, forming a liquid.
EVAPORATION
Evaporation is the process by which a liquid changes
into a gas at temperatures below its boiling point. In the
kinetic particle theory, the particles in a liquid have a
range of kinetic energies. Some particles near the
surface of the liquid possess enough energy to overcome
the intermolecular forces and escape into the
surrounding space as vapor. These high-energy particles
are constantly undergoing evaporation, even at
temperatures lower than the boiling point. Evaporation
causes the remaining liquid to cool down as the higher-
energy particles leave, resulting in a cooling effect.
FREEZING
Freezing is the transition of a liquid into a solid state.
In the kinetic particle theory, liquids have particles that
are mobile and have enough energy to overcome the
intermolecular forces partially. When a liquid is cooled,
the particles lose kinetic energy, causing them to slow
down and move closer together. At a specific
temperature, known as the freezing point, the
intermolecular forces become strong enough to lock the
particles into fixed positions. This results in the
formation of a solid, where the particles are closely
packed and have limited movement.
CONDENSATION
Condensation is the conversion of a gas or vapor into a
liquid state. In the kinetic particle theory, gases are
composed of particles that have high kinetic energy and
are widely spaced with weak intermolecular forces.
When a gas or vapor cools down, its particles lose
kinetic energy and slow down. As a result, the
intermolecular forces become more effective in bringing
the particles closer together. Eventually, the particles
come close enough to form liquid droplets, and
condensation occurs.