Advokati Saqarthvelos Advokattha Asotsiatsiis Zhurnali 1

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ʳ ʭʻˆʫʰʯ ʬʭʸʵʱʨʭˀʰʸʰʹ
ʶʸʵʬʽʺʹ Äʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʹʰʹʺʬʳʰʹ ʸʬʼʵʸʳʰʹ ʳˆʨʸʫʨ˅ʬʸʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ³
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ʳʨʫʲʰʬʸʬʩʨʹ ʪʨʳʵʭˆʨʺʨʭʯ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʹ ʳʰʳʨʸʯ ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂

ʳˆʨʸʰʫʨʻ˅ʰʸʨʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʰʷʻʸʴʨʲʰʹʪʨʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʹʪʨʴʨˆʲʬʩʰʹʰʫʬʨʹ
ˁʭʬʴʰʷʻʸʴʨʲʰʪʨʳʵʰ˂ʬʳʨʱʭʨʸʺʨʲˀʰʬʸʯˆʬʲʫʨʰʳʬʫʹʭʰʺʵʭʬʩʯʸʵʳʯʽʭʬʴʳʰʬʸ
ʪʨʳʵʯʽʳʻʲʰ ˀʬʴʰˀʭʴʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʹʻʸʭʰʲʬʩʰ ʳʵʪʭ˂ʬʳʹ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨʹ ʳʵʳʫʬʭʴʵ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʬʳʬʩʰ
ʱʰʫʬʭ ʻʼʸʵ ʹʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʵ ʫʨ ʯʰʯʵʬʻʲʰ ʯʽʭʬʴʪʨʴʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʶʸʨʽʺʰʱʻʲʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʹʨʫʬʪʰ
ʪʨˆʫʬʹ
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ĔþāĉčùĊĆĂĆăýûýúĆ
ʪʰʲʵ˂ʨʭʯ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʰ ʷʻʸʴʨʲʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʬʳʨʹ

ʭʰʳʬʫʵʭʴʬʩʯ ʰʹ ˆʬʲʹ ˀʬʻ˄ʿʵʩʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ
ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʮʸʫʨʹ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ

ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʳʨ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʳ ʿʭʬʲʨʼʬʸʰ ʪʨʨʱʬʯʨ
ʰʳʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʸʵʳ ʹʨʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʵ ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʨ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ ʫʨ˂ʻʲʰ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ
ʪʨˆʹʵʭʯ ʸʨ ʪʨʳʵ˄ʭʬʭʬʩʰʹ ˄ʰʴ ʰʫʪʨ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ
ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʨ ʩʵʲʵ ˄ʲʬʩˀʰ ʸʨʳʫʬʴˇʬʸ ʫʨʬʳʻʽʸʨ
ʪʨʴʨʫʪʻʸʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʼʸʯˆʬ ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʳʨ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʳ ˀʬʰʴʨʸˁʻʴʨ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ
ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʨʫʨʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʰˁʨʻʿʨʸʨʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨʱʵʸʶʻʹʰʹʪʨʴʭʰʯʨʸʬʩʨʹʨʸʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ
ʶʸʬ˂ʬʫʬʴʺʰ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʨʹ ʰʹʬ ʫʨʬ˂ʭʨʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂
ʨʳʨʹ ʨʱʬʯʬʩʫʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʨʫʵʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʨ ˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ
ʪʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʱʨʺʨʹʺʸʵʼʻʲʰ
ʹʺʨʺʰʹʺʰʱʨʨ ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʫ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʮʬ˄ʵʲʰʹʨ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʱʵʸʶʻʹʳʨ ʨʸ ʫʨʱʨʸʪʨ

ʾʰʸʹʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʩʵʲʵʳʫʬ ʰʩʸ˃ʵʫʨ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʨʹʬʯ ʾʰʸʹʬʻʲ

ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨʱʵʸʶʻʹʹʨʲʩʨʯʭʬʸʰʴʨʺʸʬʩʫʨʭʬʸ˂ʬʸʯʰʯʨʭʳˇʫʵʳʨʸʬ
ʻʱʨʴʵʴʵʫ ʫʨʱʨʭʬʩʻʲ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʨʫ ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʳʨ

ʹʨʩ˅ʵʳ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ ʹʨʳˇʬʸ ʳʵʰ˄ʭʰʨ ʬʭʸʵʶʰʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʹʨʬʸʯʨˀʵʸʰʹʵ
ʵʩʹʬʸʭʨʺʵʸʰʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʲʬʩʰ ʸʵʳʲʬʩʳʨ˂ ʵʸʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ
ʪʨʳʵʨʽʭʬʿʴʬʹ ʹʨʳʰ ʫʨʹʱʭʴʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʱʵʸʶʻʹʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʫʨ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ ʹʨʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʵ ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ʹʼʬʸʵ ˀʬʨʼʨʹʬʹ ʸʰʹʱʰʹ ʹʼʬʸʵʫ ʰʪʰʭʬ
ʫʨ˄ʬʸʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʫʨʹʱʭʴʨˀʰ ʬʭʸʵʶʰʹ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʹ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʯʨ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʱʵʳʰʹʨʸʳʨ
ʯʵʳʨʹ ˈʨʳʨʸʩʬʸʪʳʨ ʸʨ˂ ʪʨˆʫʨ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʫʨʱʨʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʱʵʲʬʪʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʰʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʨʳʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹˀʬʴʵʩʨˀʰ
ʯʩʰʲʰʹˀʰʬʭʸʵʱʨʭˀʰʸʰʹʨʸʨ˄ʬʭʸʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰʳʵʨ˄ʿʵʬʭʸʵʶʰʹʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ
ʫʨ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʹ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯ ʬʭʸʵʶʰʹ ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʶʬʱʵ ʱʵʳʰʺʬʺʰʹ
ʹˆʫʵʳʨ ʸʨ˂ ʰʿʵ ʰʳʰʹ ʫʨʹʺʻʸʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʸʨʴʺʰ ʸʵʳ ˁʭʬʴʹ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ
ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʨʰʽʴʬʩʵʫʨʫʨ˂ʻʲʰ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹʻʨˆʲʬʹʰʹʺʵʸʰʨˀʰˀʬʰʽʳʴʨʰʳʰʹʶʸʬ˂ʬʫʬʴʺʰʸʵʳʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʬʩʰ
ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʬʭʸʵʶʰʹ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʯʨ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʬʩʮʬ
ʫʨʿʸʫʴʵʩʰʯʳʰʰʾʬʩʨʨʳʨˀʰʻʴʫʨʭʻʳʨʫʲʵʫʬʯˁʭʬʴʹʬʯʰʱʰʹʱʵʳʰʹʰʨʹʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂
ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʰʹʹʺʨʴʫʨʸʺʬʩʰʹʹʸʻʲʿʵʼʨ
ʨʹʬʭʬ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʻʨˆʲʬʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨˀʰ ʫʨʰʴʬʸʪʨ ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵ

ʪʨʴʪʸ˃ʵʩʨʫʰ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰ ʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʬʩʹ ˀʬʹʯʨʭʨʮʨ
ʳʨʯʰ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʰʯ ˀʬʫʪʬʴʰʲʰ ʻʼʨʹʵ ʹʨʪʨʴʳʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʲʵ
ʾʵʴʰʹ˃ʰʬʩʬʩʰ
4
ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʱʵʳʰʺʬʺʳʨ ˀʬʰʳʻˀʨʭʨ ʹʨʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵ
˂ʭʲʰʲʬʩʨʯʨ ʶʨʱʬʺʰ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʻʱʭʬ ˄ʨʸʬʫʪʰʴʨ ʶʨʸʲʨʳʬʴʺʹ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ
ʰʴʰ˂ʰʨʺʰʭʨʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ˂ʭʲʰʲʬʩʬʩʰʹˀʬʳʫʬʪʹʸʻʲʨʫʪʨʯʨʴʨʩʸʫʬʩʨʶʸʵʱʻʸʵʸʰʹʫʨ
ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʵ ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ ʪʨˆʫʬʩʨ ʬʸʯʬʸʯʰ
ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬʶʸʬʹʺʰʷʻʲʰʫʨʫʨ˂ʻʲʰʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʨ
ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʹ ˃ʨʲʰʹˆʳʬʭʰʯ ˀʬʭʰ˃ʰʴʬʯ ʵʼʰʹʬʩʰ

ʽʯʩʰʲʰʹʹʨ ʫʨ ʽʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ ʪʨʭˆʹʬʴʰʯ ʩʰʩʲʰʵʯʬʱʬʩʰ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʨ
ʹʨʬʸʯʨˀʵʸʰʹʵʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹʫʨʪʨʭʲʬʴʰʨʴʰʹʨʬʸʯʨˀʵʸʰʹʵʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʼʨʹʬʩʰʯ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʩʵʲʵ ˄ʲʬʩˀʰ ʬʸʯʬʸʯ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʹ˄ʸʨʼʨʫ ʪʨʴʭʰʯʨʸʬʩʨʫ
ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʨʹ
ʫʾʬʰʹʨʯʭʰʹʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʨʪʨʫʨʫʰʹʪʨʴʭʰʯʨʸʬʩʰʹʨˆʨʲʬʺʨʶʮʬʸʨʹʨ˂ʻʴʫʨ
ʳʵʬʳʹʨˆʻʸʵʹʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʰʷʻʸʴʨʲʰÄʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰ´
ˁʭʬʴʰ ʹʻʸʭʰʲʰʨ ʷʻʸʴʨʲʰ ʪʨˆʫʬʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʪʰʫʵ ˄ʰʪʴʰ ʪʰʹʻʸʭʬʩʯ

ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲ˄ʨʸʳʨʺʬʩʬʩʹ
ʻʼʨʲʰˈʼʨʸʨʭʫʬʹʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨʱʵʸʶʻʹʹ
ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʰʯ

ÿùÿùėùċāùđþāăā
ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹʯʨʭʳˇʫʵʳʨʸʬ
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ùüþĆĂùċāÿþāùüĂĆĉĔùĔý
_ didi madloba, rom stumrobT advokat-

Ta asociaciis ganaxlebuli Jurnalis
pirvel gamocemas. dRes mimdinare sa-
kanonmdeblo cvlilebebi Zalian mniS-
vnelovania TiToeuli moqalaqisTvis,
gansakuTrebiT advokatebisTvis. wina

xelisuflebis pirobebSi arsebuli ka-

leidoskopuri siCqariT cvalebadi
sakanonmdeblo garemo dRes CvenTvis,
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advokatebisa, da, zogadad, saxelmwi-

fosTvis, umniSvnelovanesi problemaa.
es garemo Zalian xSirad icvleboda ara
sistemurad, aramed konkretuli sit-
uaciebidan gamomdinare. sainteresoa
Tqveni azri mdgradi sakanonmdeblo
garemos Camoyalibebaze.
_ didi madloba mowvevisTvis! CemTvis pativia Tqveni Jurnalis pirvel

nomris stumroba.
savsebiT geTanxmebiT, rom mdgradi sakanonmdeblo garemo nebismier

sferoSi da, miT ufro, sisxlis samarTlis, samoqalaqo Tu administraci-
ul sferoebSi, uaRresad mniSvnelovania. samwuxarod, es fufuneba ara
gvaqvs. rodesac gadasaxadis gadamxdeli mewarme subieqti gegmavs Tavis
saqmianobas, bunebrivia, iTvaliswinebs sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobas,
erT mSvenier dRes ki, ucabedi sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis gamo, awyobi-
li biznesgegma Tavze emxoba da Zalze xSirad seriozuladac zaraldeba.
samwuxarod, Cven dagvxvda iseTi memkvidreoba, iseTi sakanonmdeblo baza,
romelic saWiroebs aramxolod calkeul, aramed, mTel rig SemTxveveb-
Si, fundamentur, arsebiT cvlilebebs. magaliTisTvis aviRoT sisxlis
samarTlis politika. am sferoSi gadasaxedia ara mxolod kerZo, aramed
ZiriTadi nawili, rom midgoma iyos Tanmimdevruli, efuZnebodes cxad da
6
naTel koncefcias, yvelaferi iyos urTierTSeTanxmebuli da ar iqmne-
bodes problemebi, rogorsac axla vawydebiT.
Cvens komitetTan Seiqmneba mrCevelTa sabWo, romelSic gaerTiandebian

rogorc samarTlis praqtikosi specialistebi, aseve Teoretikosebi,
mecnierebi. es jgufi moamzadebs im fundamentur cvlilebebs, romelTa
safuZvelzec Seiqmneba kanonmdebloba, rogorc sisxlis samarTlis, aseve
sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi, romelsac droTa ganmavlobaSi
SeiZleba dasWirdes mxolod sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebiT da ara sa-
kanonmdeblo xarvezebiT gamowveuli cvlilebebi. es xangrZlivi proce-
sia. axali Senobis asaSeneblad jer kargad unda daigegmos konstruqcia,
magram Zveli Tavze rom ar Camogveqces, paralelurad unda vasworoT
xarvezebi, araswori konstruqciebi... parlamentSi mTavrobam Semoitana
sakanonmdeblo iniciativis wesi, sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis
cvlilebebis proeqti advokatTa uflebebis gafarToebasTan dakavSire-
biT.
_ sxvaTa Soris, aRniSnuli cvlilebebi momzadebulia advokatTa aso-

ciaciaSi sisxlis samarTlis komitetis mier jer kidev xelisuflebis
cvlilebamde, raSic araerTi praqtikosi Tu Teoretikoso monawile-
obda.
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_ swored erToblivi muSaobiT unda mivaRwioT Sedegs.
_ samarTlebriv wreebSi arsebobs azri, rom problemebis gadawyveta

ufro qveda, fundamenturi doneebidan, samarTlebrivi politikidan
aris saWiro. aucilebelia, erTxel da samudamod Camoyalibdes qvey-
nis samarTlebrivi ganviTarebis koncefcia. kerZod, ar SeiZleba, me-
warmeTa kanoni germanuli, fasiani qaRaldebis Sesaxeb kanonmdebloba
ki amerikuli gvqondes, SejibrobiTobis principi SemoiRo sisxlis
samarTalSi da paralelurad arsebobdes inkviziciuri normebi samo-
qalaqo samarTalSi. am swrafma da erTeul, konkretul saWiroebebs
morgebulma cvlilebebma mogvca sakanonmdeblo vakxanalia. xom ar
fiqrobT, rom aucilebelia, iuristebis, kanonmdeblebis, saministros
warmomadgenlebis, Teoretikosebis daxmarebiT Camoyalibdes erTiani
samarTlebrivi ganviTarebis politika, romelzec dafuZndeba fun-
damenturi cvlilebebi. es yvelaferi, albaT, sakonstitucio sakiTx-
ebiT unda daiwyos. unda ganvsazRvroT, ra tipis qveyana varT da raze
unda aewyos es samarTlebrivi politika.
_ konstituciiT unda ganisazRvros ZiriTadi CarCoebi, Tumca saxelm-

wifos mowyobis rogor formas avirCevT, amas didi mniSvneloba ar unda
hqondes samarTlis zogadi sistemisTvis. erTia sisxlis, administraci-
uli, samoqalaqo samarTlis safuZvlebi aseve specifikuri dargebi
samarTlisa, rogoricaa mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanoni, inteleqtualuri sa-
kuTrebis samarTali sadac viTareba bundovania. meore mxarea iseTi sis-
7
temis Seqmna romelic am kanonebis aRsrulebas uzrunvelyofs da es aris
erTiani sasamarTlo sistema. ara calkeuli Senoba, aramed mTeli qalaqi
unda davaproeqtoT.
arc Tu iSviaTad, SeuZlebeli xdeba samarTliani gadawyvetilebis miReba

imis gamo, rom es sistema ar aris saTanadod mowyobili, viRacis uflebe-
bi rCeba Selaxuli, daucveli, viRacas ver eZleva kompensacia, romelic
samarTlis TvalsazrisiT ekuTvnis, magram kanoni ar iZleva amis SesaZle-
blobas. sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi sistemidan aRebuli sxvadasxva kanonis
problemaze, rogorc Tqven brZaneT, wlebis manZilze uSedegod vsau-
brobT. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Tundac samoqalaqo da samewarmeo
samarTalSi CvenTan dRes didi TeTri laqebia. ganzogadebulad Tu vity-
viT, arsebobs mTeli rigi sferoebi, romelTac saerTod ar awesrigebs
kanonmdebloba. es qmnis problemebs, tovebs sicarieleebs, xvrelebs ar-
aswori moqmedebebisTvis. sistemis Sesaqmnelad aucileblad mimaCnia misi
Semadgeneli elementebis urTierTTavsebadoba. sxva SemTxvevaSi sistema
irRveva.
_ irRveva an institutebi araTanabrad viTardeba.
_ diax, swored es araTanabroba asustebs konstruqcias.

_ swored am konstruqciis erT nawils Sevexebi, es aris mudmivad aqt-

ualuri sakiTxi _ sasamarTlo reforma. es procesi ganaxlebadi da
¢
cvalebadia. ras gamoiwvevs Tqveni gezi am mimarTulebiT? xom SeiZle-

ba vinmem ifiqros, rom iusticiis sabWos cvlileba iusticiis sabWos
reformirebaa da meti araferi. aris Tu ara es kompleqsuri reforme-
bis nawili?
_ Tu gaecnobiT `qarTuli ocnebis~ saarCevno programis im nawils, romel-

ic sasamarTlo xelisuflebas exeba, swored es sakiTxia partiis kon-
cefciis mniSvnelovani, magram mxolod erTi, nawili. iusticiis umaRles
sabWosTan mimarTebaSi gvaqvs ori mizani: moxdes misi depolitizeba da ius-
ticiis sabWos formirebisas Tanabari SesaZlebobebiT da Tanabari ufle-
bebiT sargeblobdnen mosamarTleTa korpusis wevrebi da ar iyos erTi
gamoyofili subieqti. mogexsenebaT, dRes iusticiis 15-wevrian umaRles
sabWos 8 wevrs irCevs mosamarTleTa konferencia uzenaes sasamarTlos
Tavjdomaris wardgeniT. bunebrivia, sabWos wevrTa naxevarze meti xdeba
garkveulwilad erT pirze damokidebuli. aseT SemTxvevebSi yovelTvis
eWvqveS dgeba iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos damoukidebloba. axali pro-
eqtiT ki, sabWos 6 wevrs airCevs parlamenti. aq, vfiqrob, mniSvnelovani
faqtoria is, rom mkveTrad SeizRuda im pirTa wre, vinc SeiZleba airCes
iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos wevrad. sakvalifikacio moTxovnebs daemata
profesiuli niSani, gamocdileba, sazogadoebis damokidebuleba am pire-
bis mimarT. Semoifargla imaTi wrec, visac SeuZlia am pirebis parlamen-
tisTvis wardgena. Sesabamisad, aman, erTi mxriv, xarisxi unda gazardos
iusticiis sabWos wevrebisa, meore mxriv, politikur subieqtebs ar misces
8
kandidaturis dasaxelebis ufleba. Tu iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos fun-
qciebs gaviTvaliswinebT, es cvlilebebi mniSvnelovani pirveli nabiji
iqneba sasamarTlos depolitizebisTvis.
_ davuSvaT, gadaidga pirveli nabijebi da dRes arsebuli winaaRm-

degobebis miuxedavad, Seicvala iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos dakom-
pleqtebis wesi. iuristebisTvis ufro saintereso meore nabijia.
sasamarTloebis mimarT arsebobda, SesaZloa, garkveuli pirebisTvis
zogadi saxiaTis, xolo advokatebisaTvis konkretuli pretenziebi,
rac konkretul saqmeebamde midis. am pretenzeibis safuZveli Sei-
Zleba iyos ori ram: erTi _ mosamarTleebis arakvalificiuroba da
meore _ sxva faqtorebi, romlebic zRudavda mosamarTleebis damouk-
ideblobas. iusticiis sabWoSi Semavali cvlilebebi am problemebs
bolomde ver gadawyvets. mosamarTleTa mimarT arsebobs radikaluri
mosazrebac, rom yvela Sesacvlelia, Tumca adamianuri resursebis
TvalsazrisiT, amis ganxorcieleba marTlac rTuli iqneba da Sedar-
ebiT lmobieri damokidebulebac, rom es xalxi iZulebiT iqceoda ase,
rom Sesabamisi situaciis Seqmnis pirobebSi, eqnebaT damoukideblad
muSaobis saSualeba.
_ Tqveni kiTxvis erTi nawili marTlmsajulebis formalur mxares exe-
¢
boda, samoqalaqo procesebSi, samwuxarod, mosamarTleebi xSirad sarge-
bloben inkviziciuri meTodebiT. es iyo damaxasiaTebeli sabWoTa sisxlis
samarTlisTvis. nebismieri ganaTlebuli iuristi ityvis rom, samoqalaqo
samarTalSi sasamarTlo ar unda iyos inkviziciuri. amis mogvareba au-

cilebelia, procesSi unda Caiweros iseTi normebi, rac mosamarTles ar
miscems amis saSualebas. magram gadamwyveti faqtoria, ras efuZneba mosa-
marTleTa qceva: imas, Tu ras karnaxoben mas, Tu mis Sinagan rwmenas, da-
moukideblobas, Tavisuflebas.
_ am bolo faqtorebis TvalsazrisiTac SeiZleba Secdes is…
_ rasakvirvelia, arsebobs amis albaToba! swored amitom aris instanci-

uroba, erTi Tu Secda, unda arsebobdes am Secdomis gamosworebis saSu-
aleba. samarTliani gadawyvetilebis miRebis garantia aqac, sxva instan-
ciebSic, ara sruli. magram Tu SenarCunda araformaluri e.i. ukanono
brZanebisTvis angariSis gaweva, maSin rac ar unda davweroT, saqmes
araferi eSveleba. amitom Zalian mniSvnelovania qveynis xelisuflebis
politikuri neba. SesaZloa, zedmetad optimistic var, radgan mimaCnia,
rom politikuri xelisuflebis mxridan sasamarTlo saqmianobaSi ram-
denimewliani Caurevloba SeiZleba sakmarisic aRmoCndes imisaTvis, rom
mosamarTleebma igrZnon Tavisuflebis gemo da damoukidebloba. erTi
ramis mjera, Tu adamiani igrZnobs Tavisuflebis gemos, Zalian gauWird-
eba masze uaris Tqma. samwuxarod, iseTi wyobilebidan movdivarT, ise vi-
Tardeboda Cveni qveyana, Tavisuflebis xarisxi didi ar yofila. amitom
rogorme unda mivaRwioT imas, rom politikuri xelisufleba ar Caerios
sasamarTlos saqmianobaSi. imavdroulad, Tuki iusticiis umaRlesi sabWo
9
ar iqneba damokidebuli politikur xelisuflebaze, Sesabamisad, ar iqne-
ba gavlena uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomareze, mosamarTleebs eqne-
baT SesaZlebloba, iusticiis umaRles sabWos wevrebad airCion is pirebi,
romlebsac Tavad endobian, romlebzec iqneba damokidebuli maTi gan-
weseba sxvadasxva instanciaSi, maTi rekomendacia, SerCeva, disciplinuri
devnis dawyeba. es procesi, adre Tu gvian, migviyvans sasurvel Sedegam-
de. revoluciuri, radikaluri cvlilebebis momxre ara var, radgan aseT
SemTxevaSi, Tqveni Tqmisa ar iyos, sxva problemac iCens Tavs _ adamianuri
resursi, sakadro sakiTxi.
_ romlis simciris gamoc wina xelisuflebam asakobrivi zRvaric

dawia.
_ Tumca asakobrivi zRvris daweva am saqmes ar uSvelis. sasamarTlo sis-

temaSi unda dainergos karieris principi, rom saapelacio sasamarTlos
mosamarTled SeiZleba gamwesdes piri, romelic pirveli instanciis
sasamarTloSi, sul cota, xuTi weli asrulebda mosamarTlis movaleobas.
_ xom ar fiqrobT, rom Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebulia

sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, sasamarTlo, rogorc
xelisufleba _ jer ar Camoyalibebula. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo ver
asrulebs xelisuflebis rols. maxsendeba erTaderTi SemTxveva, roca

sasamarTlom Seqmnil krizisul situaciaSi iTamaSa garkveuli roli,

es iyo ,,vardebis revoluciis~ Semdeg, rodesac uzenaesma sasamarT-
¢
lom gaauqma konkretuli arCevnebis Sedegebi, ZalaSi darCa mxolod

maJoritaruli.
_ ver dageTanxmebiT, am SemTxvevaSi uzenaesma sasamarTlom gadaaWarba

Tavis uflebamosilebas da SeiWra sferoSi, romelic misi kompetenciis
farglebs scildeboda.
_ es kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom xelisuflebam SeiZleba gadaaWar-

bos Tavis uflebamosilebas, magram xelisflebasaviT moiqces. es imas
niSnavs, rom sasamarTlo CvenSi jer xelisuflebad ver Camoyalibda.
_ amis mizezi, erTi mxriv, aris Cveni cnobiereba. Cven miviReT sabWoTa mem-
kvidreoba. 1990-ian wlebidan vcdilobT am memkvidreobidan gamosvlas,
magram, samwuxarod, es jer saTanadod ver SevZeliT.
sasamarTlos xelisuflebad Camouyalibeblobas imanac Seuwyo xeli,

rom danarCenma orma xelisuflebam, pirvel rigSi, aRmasrulebelma, ver
aiZula Tavi, uari eTqva sasamarTlos zemoqmedebaze. Tu Svils ar mieci
damoukidebloba da mudam sakuTar frTebqveS atare, fexze ver dadgeba
myarad. Tu am xelisuflebas ar mieca Tavisuflad ganviTarebis SesaZle-
bloba, Tu masze zemoqmedebs, Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT, Tundac obieq-
turi da samarTliani azri, is mainc iqneba araswori, is damoukideblad
siaruls ver iswavlis. zemoqmedebis nebismieri mcdeloba unda daigmos
10
sazogadoebrivi azris mier. Tu cnobili gaxda aseTi faqti politikosis
mxridan,sazogadoebrivma azrma unda SeZlos Cemi politikidan garicxva.
_ SemoviReT nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo, romelsac me Tavidan mar-

Talia ar vemxrobodi, Tumca im periodSi gamowveuli garemoebebidan
sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze srulad dauWire mxari da vfiqrobdi
rom nafic msajulTa sistemis danergvaSi iyo xnsa. xom ar fiqrobT,
rom saWiroa am meqanizmis gafarToeba da SemdgomSi xalxis Semoyvana
samarTlis ganxorcielebaSi, rasac bevri uaryofiTi mxarec aqvs.
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo romelic konkretulad erT muxlze im-
uSavebda da prokuraturas eqneboda ufleba, konkretuli saqmisTvis
am muxlis kvalifikacia ar mieca da mxolod muxlisTvis absolutur-
ad Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebiT gamyarebuli saqmeebi gaeSva sasamarT-
loSi, rac TavisTavad gamoiwvevda institutis diskreditacias. xazs
gausvamda mis nominalur funqciebs, rameTu yvela saqme erTi saxis ga-
naCeniT damTavrdeboda. mimaCnia unda moxdes swrafi da raodenobrivi
gafarToeba. rogoria Tqveni mosazreba am sakiTxis Sesaxeb?
_ pirvel rigSi, vityvi, rom ar var moxibluli nafic msajulTa sasamarT-

los sistemiT, Tumca amis argumentebs dRes aq ar moviyvan. oriode normis
farglebSi am tipis sasamarTlos funqcionireba mis usaTuo diskredita-
¢
cias gamoiwvevs. Tu am sistemas Semovitandi, daviwyebdi ara Zalian mZime,
aramed msubuqi muxlebiT. aseTi danaSauli ufro xSiria. zogjer sazoga-
doebis damokidebuleba ama Tu im faqtisadmi gansxvavdeba prokuratur-
isa Tu mosamarTlis damokidebulebisagan. rodesac piri samarTldeba

narkotikebis Senaxvis an realizaciisTvis, iaraRis ukanono SeZena-Sen-
axvisTvis, aseTi araerTi SemTxvevis provocirebas xelisufleba misTvis
arasasurveli pirebis mimarT, maTi izolaciis mizniT, xelovnurad
iwvevs. rodesac nafic msajulebs braldebis mxare verafers warudgenda
policielis Cvenebis garda, sasamarTlos obieqturi reaqcia eqneboda da
gaamarTlebda pirs. ramdenime msgavsi faqtis Semdeg xelisufleba iZule-
buli gaxdeboda, Seewyvita aseTi qmedebebi. me aqedan daviwyebdi am saqmes.
dRes rom yvela muxlze gavavrceloT nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo, amis
resursi namdvilad ara gvaqvs. aris iseTi Semxvevebi, rodesac sazogadoe-
bas miaCnia, rom sajaro piri aris damnaSeve da, Sesabamisad, dasasjeli,
am dros braldebas ara aqvs sakmarisi da utyuari mtkicebulebebi. nafic
msajulTa sasamarTloSi maRalia imis albaToba, rom adamiani miendos sa-
kuTar qvecnobiers da arautyuari mtkicebuleba miiCnios sakmarisad da
gamoutanon gamamtyunebeli verdiqti. aseTi xifaTic arsebobs. Tumca im
pirobebSi, rodesac sazogadoebaSi ar aris sasamarTlosadmi ndobis maRa-
li xarisxi (vaRiaroT, rom amis safuZveli sazogadoebas aqvs), SesaZlebe-
lia, nafic msajulTa sasamarTlom im sapirwones roli ikisros, romelic
ufro samarTliani gadawyvetilebebis miRebis SesaZleblobas mogvcems.
es ufro im SemTxvevaSi moxdeba, Tuki Jiuri wava gamarTlebis kuTxiT,
xelisuflebis arasakmaris mtkicebulebebs sworad Seafasebs, vidre ara-
sakmarisi mtkicebulebebis SemTxvevaSi gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis gamota-
nisas. meore nawili maSinebs da pirvels vemxrobi.
11
_ kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelic advokatebs gvexeba. advokatTa Sesaxeb
kanonis pirvel da dRes moqmed versiebs, aseve programa `kodeqsis~
cvlilebebs Tu gadavxedavT, wavawydebiT saintereso tendenciebs
imis Taobaze, Tu rogor aris ugulvebelyofili konkretuli princi-
pebi an Secvlilia TviT principebic ki. amas emateba kanonSi Tavidanve
Cadebuli sakiTxebi: advokatis savaldebulo dazRveva, romelic gvian
unda amoqmedebuliyo da advokatis dabegvris garkveuli wesebis Se-
muSaveba ise, rom advokati ar ibegrebodes sawarmo obieqtis msgavs-
ad. amas emateba gaurkvevlobebi samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi da
sxva sakiTxebi, romlebic exeba advokaturas, advokatis uflebebs,
movaleobebs, mis ganxorcielebas. rogor xedavT am sakiTxTan dakav-
SirebiT parlamentis iuridiul sakiTxTa komitetis TanamSromlobas
advokatTa asociaciasTan? am organizacias ukve aqvs sakmaod kargad
Camoyalibebuli xedvebi.
_ savsebiT veTanxmebi kiTxvaSi gamoTqmul arsebuli situaciis Tqveneul

Sefasebas. iq, sadac xelisufleba dainaxvda, rom advokatebi uqmnidnen
problemas ara marTlmsajulebis, aramed maTi survilis, maTi miznis
ganxorcielebas, kanonSi Sedioda cvlileba, rom advokatebis mxridan
es safrTxe Tavidan aecilebinaT. amitomac aris aucilebeli am sferoSi
arsebiTi cvlilebebis Setana, sxva SemTxvevaSi, ver ganxorcieldeba Se-

jibrebiTobis principi sisxlis samarTalSi, Tu ar Sewyda inkviziciuri

procesi samoqalaqo samarTalSi, garTuldeba samarTlianobis dadgena.
am mimarTulebiT pirveli nabijebis gadadgma ukve daviwyeT. araTu mzad
¢
varT TanamSromlobisTvis advokatTa asociaciasTan, aramed moxaruli

viqnebiT da aucilebladac migvaCnia. Tqveni sferoebis problemebi, bune-
brivia, ukeT Tqven mogexsenebaT da Tqvenve unda gamoiCinoT TanamSrom-
lobis iniciativa. advokatebi parlamentSi mravlad arian _ Cemi pirveli
moadgile advokati Salva SavguliZea, kidev erTi moadgile yofili ad-
vokati Tamaz avdaliania, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis komitetis Tavmj-
domarec yofili advokatia, yofili advokatia yvelaze didi fraqciis
`qarTuli ocnebis~ Tavmjdomare zaqaria qucnaSvilic.… sagulisxmoa,
rom es adamianebi swored araformalur lobistebad gvevlinebian. maTi
survilia sakanonmdeblo bazis gamarTva. es marTlmsajulebis ganxor-
cielebisTvis aucilebeli pirobaa, magram aranakleb mniSvnelovania am
normebis swori interpretacia, sworad aRsruleba, sworad xdebodes amis
gamoyeneba da advokatTa roli am saqmeSi Zalian didia. aucilebelia, ad-
vokatTa asociaciis wevrebi rogorc codniT, aseve eTikuri qmedebebiT
Seesabamebodnen im amocanas, romelic dgas advokatTa, Sesabamisad, mTeli
sazogadoebis winaSe.
_ didi madloba sagulisxmo saubrisaTvis! intervius bolo pasaJi

logikuri gadasvla iqneba Jurnalis momdevno nawilebisaken, radgan
aq, am JurnalSi, swored im Temebzea saubari, rasac bolos SeexeT.
Cven ki qveynis samomavlo ganviTarebis kvaldakval TqvenTan nayofi-
eri samomavlo TanamSromlobis imeds vitovebT.
12

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ʹʨʱʭʨʲʰʼʰʱʨ˂ʰʵ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʬʩʰʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʴʪʸ˃ʵʩʨʫʰ
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ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ˂ʬʴʺʸʰʹʹʨʪʨʴʳʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʲʵʹʨʩ˅ʵʹʸʬʱʵʳʬʴʫʨ˂ʰʰʹʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬ
ʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʵʹʳʵʳʫʬʭʴʵ˄ʲʰʹʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵʶʸʰʵʸʰʺʬʺʬʩʰ
ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʬʩʰʹʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʨ˂ʰʨ
ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵʱʻʸʹʬʩʰʹʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʨ˂ʰʨ
˄ʨʸʹʻʲˀʰʪʨʭʲʰʲʰʺʸʬʴʰʴʪʬʩʰʹʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʨ˂ʰʨ
ʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʰʹʶʻʩʲʰʱʨ˂ʰʬʩʰʹʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʨ˂ʰʨ
ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ˂ʬʴʺʸʰʹʹʨʪʨʴʳʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʲʵʹʨʩ˅ʵʹʸʬʱʵʳʬʴʫʨ˂ʰʰʹʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬ
ʺʸʬʴʰʴʪʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʹʱʸʬʫʰʺʹʨʨʯʬʩʰʹʳʰʴʰ˅ʬʩʨʫʨʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʨ
ʪʨʴʪʸ˃ʵʩʨʫʰʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʰʹʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʰʹʳʵʴʰʺʵʸʰʴʪʰ
ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰʹʨʩ˅ʵʰʱʸʰʩʬʩʨʳʰʴʰʳʻʳʯʭʬˀʰʬʸʯˆʬʲʪʨʴʰˆʰʲʨʭʹʱʻʸʹʰʹ
ʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʨ˂ʰʨʮʬˀʬʳʵʹʻʲʪʨʴ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʬʩʹʰʾʬʩʹʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨʹʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʨ˂ʰʰʹ
ʳʰʴʰ˅ʬʩʰʹʨʴʨʸʳʰʴʰ˅ʬʩʰʹˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ
13
ùĂĉýüāċùēāāĊĊāĊċýĄù
ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʩ˅ʵ ʰʿʬʴʬʩʹ ʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʨ˂ʰʰʹ ˀʬʸʬʻʲ ʹʰʹʺʬʳʨʹ ʸʨ˂

ʪʻʲʰʹˆʳʵʩʹʸʵʪʵʸ˂ʱʻʸʹʬʩʰʹʰʹʬʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʬʩʰʹʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʨ˂ʰʨʹ
ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʩ˅ʵ ʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʨ˂ʰʨʹ ʨʴʰ˅ʬʩʹ ʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲ ʱʻʸʹʹ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂

ˀʬʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʹʨʪʨʴʳʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʲʵ ʰʴʹʰʺʰʺʻʺʰʹ ʨʴ
ʱʵʳʶʨʴʰʰʹ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰ ʼʰʸʳʨ ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʴʪʸ˃ʵʩʨʫʰ ʰʻʸʫʰʻʲʰ
ʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʹʺʬʳʰʹ ʼʨʸʪʲʬʩˀʰ ʯʻ ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʨ ʨʴ ʱʵʳʶʨʴʰʨ ʳʰʴʰʳʻʳ
ˆʻʯˇʬʸ ʳʵʰʶʵʭʬʩʹ ʱʻʸʹʰʹ ʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʨ˂ʰʨʹ ʳʨˀʰʴ ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʳʨ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʳ
ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʪʨʴʰˆʰʲʵʹ ʳʨʯʰ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʨ ʵʸʰʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʨ˂ʰʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʩ˅ʵ ʰʺʵʭʬʩʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʹ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʵʹ ʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʨ˂ʰʰʹ
ʳʨ˃ʰʬʩʬʲ ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʨʹ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʰʴʼʵʸʳʨ˂ʰʨ ʳʰʹʰ ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʰʹʨʳʬʩʸ
ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʨ˂ʰʨ ʪʻʲʰʹˆʳʵʩʹ ʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʬʩʻʲʰ ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʰʹ

ʳʰʬʸ ʱʻʸʹʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʨʸʺʰʭʬʩʻʲ ʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʨ˂ʰʨʹ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ ˂ʬʴʺʸʰʹ

ʰʴʼʵʸʳʰʸʬʩʨʹʫʨʪʬʪʳʰʲʰʱʻʸʹʬʩʰʹʯʨʵʩʨʮʬ
ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲ ʹʨʩ˅ʵˀʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʰʲʰ ʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫʰ ʱʻʸʹʰʹ ʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʨ˂ʰʰʹ

ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩʻʴʫʨʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʫʬʹˀʬʳʫʬʪʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʬʩʹ
ʱʻʸʹʰʹ ʯʬʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵʰ˂ʨʭʫʬʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲ ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ

ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʹʨʱʰʯˆʬʩʹ
ʻʴʫʨʰʿʵʹʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʻʲʰ
ʺʸʬʴʰʴʪʰʹʱʻʸʹʰʹʳʰʮʨʴʰ
ʱʻʸʹʰʹʶʸʵʪʸʨʳʨʫʨʫʾʰʹ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʰ
ʱʻʸʹʰʹʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʯʨʸʨʵʫʬʴʵʩʨʳʨʯʰʫʨʹ˄ʸʬʩʰʹʨʾʸʰ˂ˆʭʰʹʳʬʯʵʫʰ
ʱʻʸʹʰʹʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵʳʨʹʨʲʬʩʰʹˁʨʳʵʴʨʯʭʨʲʰ
ʱʻʸʹʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʭʨʫʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʺʬʸʰʺʵʸʰʨ ʫʬʫʨʽʨʲʨʽˀʰ

ʸʬʪʰʵʴʬʩˀʰ
ʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫʹ ʯʨʴ ʻʴʫʨ ʬʸʯʭʵʫʬʹ ʱʻʸʹʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʲʰ ʶʰʸʬʩʰʹ

ʩʰʵʪʸʨʼʰʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʳʨʫʨʹʺʻʸʬʩʬʲʰ
ʫʵʱʻʳʬʴʺʨ˂ʰʨ
ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰʹʨʩ˅ʵʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʨʭʹʹˆʭʨʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʹʨʱʰʯˆʬʩʹ
ʶʸʵʭʨʰʫʬʸʰ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʰ ˁʨʺʨʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʬʳʰʴʨʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ

˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʰʴʵʹ ʺʸʬʴʰʴʪʰʹ ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʯʨ ʹʰʨ ʫʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ʩʵʲʵʹ
˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʰʴʵʹ ˄ʲʰʻʸʰ ʨʴʪʨʸʰˀʰ ˁʨʺʨʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʺʸʬʴʰʴʪʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʨʹʬʭʬ
ʺʸʬʴʰʴʪʰʹʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ ʱʻʸʹʰʹ ˀʬʼʨʹʬʩʰʹ ʼʵʸʳʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ˀʬʨʭʹʬʩʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ
ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬ ˀʬʼʨʹʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʫʬʪʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʨ ʳʵˆʫʬʩʨ ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰ
ʹʨʩ˅ʵʹʳʰʬʸʶʸʵʭʨʰʫʬʸʰʹʯʭʰʹʹʨʳʵʳʨʭʲʵʱʻʸʹʰʹʺʸʬʴʰʴʪʰʹʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʨ˂ʰʰʹʨʹ
14
ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰʹʨʩ˅ʵʰʺʵʭʬʩʹˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʲʵʩʨʹʳʵʯˆʵʭʵʹʱʻʸʹʰʹʺʸʬʴʰʴʪʰʹ
ʶʸʵʭʨʰʫʬʸʹ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ ˂ʬʴʺʸʰʹ ʨʴ ʨʶʨʸʨʺʰʹ ʯʨʴʨʳˀʸʵʳʲʰʹ
ʫʨʹ˄ʸʬʩʨʾʵʴʰʹ˃ʰʬʩʨʮʬʺʸʬʴʰʴʪʰʹˀʬʼʨʹʬʩʰʹʳʰʮʴʰʯ
ʼʨʹʰʨʴʰ ʱʻʸʹʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʯʨʭʨʮʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʶʸʵʭʨʰʫʬʸʰ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰʨ

ʪʨʫʨʰˆʨʫʵʹ ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʫʨ˄ʬʹʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʨ˂ʰʰʹ
ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʰ ʫʨ ʨʳʨʭʬ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʰʻʯʰʯʵʹ ʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫˀʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ
ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʰʳ ˄ʬʭʸʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ ˀʬʾʨʭʨʯʬʩʰʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂
ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʬʴʹʨ˄ʬʭʸʵʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʰʹˀʬʾʨʭʨʯʬʩʰʯ
ʿʭʬʲʨʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʨʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ʪʬʪʳʨʭʹʺʸʬʴʰʴʪʹʱʻʸʹʹʫʨʳʨʹʨʸʨʨʽʭʹ˄ʰʴʨʹ˄ʨʸ
ʳʵʶʵʭʬʩʻʲʰʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʨ˂ʰʨʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰʹʨʩ˅ʵʹʪʨʴʫʨʨʽʭʹʹʻʸʭʰʲʰʸʵʳ
ʬʹ ʺʸʬʴʰʴʪʰʱʻʸʹʰ ʪʨʴʰˆʰʲʬʩʵʫʬʹ ʪʨʴʪʸ˃ʵʩʨʫʰ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰ ʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʰʹ
ʼʨʸʪʲʬʩˀʰ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰʨ ˀʬʰʺʨʴʵʹ ʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫʰ ʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʨ˂ʰʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ

ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʹʨʩ˅ʵˀʰʺʸʬʴʰʴʪʰʹʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʨʳʫʬʫʾʰʯʨʫʸʬ
ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰʹʨʩ˅ʵʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨʹʳʰʰʾʬʩʹʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫʰʹʳʰʾʬʩʰʫʨʴ
ʫʾʰʹ ʭʨʫʨˀʰ ʬʹ ʭʨʫʬʩʰ ʨʸ ʭʸ˂ʬʲʫʬʩʨ ʰʳ ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʬʩʮʬ ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ˂
ʻʱʭʬ ʳʵʶʵʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʽʭʯ ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʨ˂ʰʨ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʸʵʳ
ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʨʳ
ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʹ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʵʹ ʻʱʭʬ ˁʨʺʨʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʱʻʸʹʰʹ ʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʨ˂ʰʰʹ

ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ
ûùąûĉĔĆúùüā āČĉāüāČăā ûùąùĀăýúāĊ ėýăĄāĊùĕþüĆĄĆúù

ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʴʪʸ˃ʵʩʨʫʰ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰ
ʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʰʹ ʼʨʸʪʲʬʩˀʰ ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵ ʱʻʸʹʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʭʲʨ
ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹˆʫʬʩʨʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʰʹʪʨʸʬˀʬ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ ˂ʬʴʺʸʰ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰʨ

ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʬʩʨ ʪʨʻ˄ʰʵʹ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʰ ʬʯʰʱʰʹ ʺʸʬʴʰʴʪʬʩʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ
ʻʼʨʹʵʫ ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʨʸ ʪʨʳʵʸʰ˂ˆʨʭʹ ʬʯʰʱʰʹ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʬʩˀʰ ʼʨʹʰʨʴʰ
ʱʻʸʹʬʩʰʹʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʨ˂ʰʨʹʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰʹʨʩ˅ʵʹʳʰʬʸ
ûùąûĉĔĆúùüāāČĉāüāČăāûùąùĀăýúāĊćýĉāĆüČăĆúù
ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʩ˅ʵ ʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʬʸʯ ˄ʲʰʨʴ ʭʨʫʨʹ ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵ ʱʸʬʫʰʺ

ʹʨʨʯʬʩʰʹʵʫʬʴʵʩʰʹʫʨʪʸʵʭʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵʱʻʸʹʬʩʰʹʪʨʹʨʭʲʬʲʨʫ
ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʰʨʬʸʯ˄ʲʰʨʴʰʹʨʨʴʪʨʸʰˀʵʶʬʸʰʵʫʰʹʨʨʴʪʨʸʰˀʵʶʬʸʰʵʫʰʹʨʯʭʲʨ
ʰ˄ʿʬʩʨʿʵʭʬʲʰ˄ʲʰʹʰʨʴʭʸʰʫʨʴʫʨʹʸʻʲʫʬʩʨʫʬʱʬʳʩʬʸʹ
ûùąûĉĔĆúùüā āČĉāüāČăā ûùąùĀăýúāĊ ĊùþùăüýúČăĆ Ăĉýüāċ

ĊùùĀýúāĊĉùĆüýąĆúùüùĄùĀāûùüùąùĕāăýúù
ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʩ˅ʵ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ ˂ʬʴʺʸʰʹ ʹʨʪʨʴʳʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʲʵ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʹ

ʸʬʱʵʳʬʴʫʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬ ʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵ ʱʸʬʫʰʺʹʨʨʯʹ
˄ʬʲʰ˄ʨʫˀʰ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʱʸʬʫʰʺʹʨʨʯʰ ʻʫʸʰʹ ʨʹʺʸʵʴʵʳʰʻʲ
ʹʨʨʯʹ
15
ʪʨʸʫʨʳʨʭʨʲ ʶʬʸʰʵʫˀʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ʰʨʴʭʸʰʫʨʴ ˄ʲʰʹ ʰʨʴʭʸʨʳʫʬ
ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵ ʹʨʨʯʬʩʰʹ ʮʸʫʨ ʳʵˆʫʬʩʨ ʬʺʨʶʵʩʸʰʭʨʫ ʪʨʴʪʸ˃ʵʩʨʫʰ
ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰ ʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʰʹ ʼʨʸʪʲʬʩˀʰ ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵ ʱʸʬʫʰʺʹʨʨʯʬʩʰʹ
ʵʫʬʴʵʩʨʫʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ˄ʲʰʹʯʭʰʹ ˄ ʪʨʴʰʹʨʮʾʭʸʨʹʨʨʯʰʯʹʨʫʨ˂ʹʨʨʯʰ
ʫʨʬʯʳʵ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲ ʬʯʰʱʨʹ ʳʰʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ˄ʲʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ˄
ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵʱʸʬʫʰʺʹʨʨʯʬʩʰʹʸʨʵʫʬʴʵʩʨʪʨʴʰʹʨʮʾʭʸʨʹʨʨʯʰʯʹʨʫʨ˂
ʹʨʨʯʰʫʨʬʯʳʵʩʨʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʬʯʰʱʨʹ
ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʱʸʬʫʰʺʹʨʨʯʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʳʫʬʭʴʵ ˄ʲʰʹ ʹʨʨʴʪʨʸʰˀʵ

ʶʬʸʰʵʫʮʬ ʪʨʫʨʺʨʴʨ ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʪʨʫʨʺʨʴʰʲʰ ʱʸʬʫʰʺʹʨʨʯʬʩʰʹ ʸʨʵʫʬʴʵʩʨ ʨʸ
ʻʴʫʨʨʾʬʳʨʺʬʩʵʫʬʹʬʸʯʹʨʨʯʹʬʯʰʱʰʹʹʨʪʨʴˀʰʫʨʹʨʨʯʹʹˆʭʨʫʰʹ˂ʰʶʲʰʴʬʩˀʰ
ʨˆʨʲʪʨ˄ʬʭʸʰʨʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʳʵʹʰʲʬʩʨ ʨʾʫʪʬʴʰʲʰ

˄ʬʭʸʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵʨʳˆʵʲʵʫʬʯʰʱʰʹʺʸʬʴʰʴʪʰʹʪʨʭʲʨʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ

ʳʰʮʴʵʩʸʰʭʰ ˇʪʻʼʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʺʸʬʴʰʴʪʬʩʰ ˁʨʺʨʸʫʬʩʨ ʫʨ ˄ʲʰʹ ʬʯʰʱʰʹ

ʳʵʫʻʲʬʩʰʹʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯʳʰʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ˄ʲʰʹʩʵʲʵʹ
ûùąĉĔĆúùüāāČĉāüāČăāûùąùĀăýúāĊĊćýēāùăāÿùēāù
ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʴʪʸ˃ʵʩʨʫʰ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰ ʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʰʹ ʱʻʸʹʬʩʰ ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ

ʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʻʲʰʹʶʬ˂ʰʨʲʰʮʨ˂ʰʬʩʰʹʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯʨʸʨʸʰʹʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʸʵʳʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʫʬʹ
ʱʨʭˀʰʸʰ ʹʶʬ˂ʰʨʲʰʮʨ˂ʰʨʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵ ʪʨʴʪʸ˃ʵʩʨʫ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲ
ʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʨʹˀʵʸʰʹʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʬʩʹʻʴʫʨʳʰʬ˂ʬʯʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰʨʸˁʬʭʨʴʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨ
ʯʨʭʨʫʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʵʴʰʹʺʸʬʴʰʴʪʬʩʰʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬʳʬʺʨʫˀʬʬʹʨʩʨʳʬʩʨʳʨʯ
ʶʸʨʽʺʰʱʨʹ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʳʰʮʨʴʰʨ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʰ

ʬʯʰʱʰʹ ʹʺʨʴʫʨʸʺʬʩʰʹ ʨʳʨʾʲʬʩʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʰʹ
˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʬʲʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʳʰʮʨʴˀʬ˄ʵʴʰʲʰʨ ʪʨʴʪʸ˃ʵʩʨʫʰ
ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰ ʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʹʺʬʳʨˀʰ ʬʯʰʱʰʹ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵ
ʱʵʳʶʵʴʬʴʺʰʹˁʨʯʭʲʨʫʨʬʯʰʱʰʹʹʨʱʰʯˆʬʩʮʬʺʸʬʴʰʴʪʰʹʪʨʭʲʨ
ĂČĉĊāĊüùĊĉČăýúāĊüùĄùüùĊċČĉýúýăāüĆĂČĄýąċùēāùüù
ûùüùĄĆĕĄýúāĊĄýĎùąāÿĄā
ʳʰʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ˄ʲʰʹ ʩʵʲʵʹ ʺʸʬʴʰʴʪʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʭʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵ ʱʸʬʫʰʺ

ʹʨʨʯʬʩʰʹ ʫʨˇʨʳʬʩʰʹ ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʬʩʨʹ ʻʮʸʻʴʭʬʲʿʵʼʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ
ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ ˂ʬʴʺʸʰ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ ˄ʲʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʶʸʵʭʨʰʫʬʸʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ʳʵ˄ʵʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʺʸʬʴʰʴʪʰʹ ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʯʨ ʨʾʸʰ˂ˆʭʰʹ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬ ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲʰ
ʰʴʼʵʸʳʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬ ˀʬʫʬʪʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʼʰʽʹʰʸʬʩʨ ˆʫʬʩʨ ʶʸʵʪʸʨʳʻʲʨʫ
ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ ˄ʬʭʸʯʨ ʹʨʬʸʯʵ ʹʰʨˀʰ ʯʰʯʵʬʻʲʰ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ ʶʰʸʨʫ
ʹʨʰʴʼʵʸʳʨ˂ʰʵʩʨʮʨˀʰˀʬʺʨʴʰʹʪʮʰʯ
ĊùąĎēāýúāûāûāĊûùąùĀăýúāĊĄĆĀėĆþąāĊüùĉďþýþāĊđýĄĀėþýþùđā
ûùčĉĀėāăýúùČčăýúùĄĆĊāăýúāĊđýĒýĉýúù
ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʳʨ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʳ ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʨ˄ʬʹʵʹ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʹʨʴʽ˂ʰʬʩʰ ʰʳ

ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʯʻ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰ ʨʸ ʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʹ ʪʨʴʪʸ˃ʵʩʨʫʰ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰ
ʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʰʹʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʬʩʹ
16
ʯʻ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ ˂ʬʴʺʸʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʫʨʫʪʰʴʫʨ ʸʵʳ ʹʨʨʴʪʨʸʰˀʵ ʶʬʸʰʵʫʰʹ
ʫʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʨʳʫʬ ʪʨʹʻʲʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ʫʬʱʬʳʩʸʨʳʫʬ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʳʨ ʭʬʸ ʫʨʨʪʸʵʭʨ
ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵʱʸʬʫʰʺʹʨʨʯʬʩʰʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ˂ʬʴʺʸʰʻʪʮʨʭʴʰʹ³ʪʨʼʸʯˆʰʲʬʩʨʹ´
ʫʨʨ˃ʲʬʭʹˀʬʺʿʵʩʰʴʬʩʰʹʳʰʾʬʩʰʫʨʴʯʭʰʨʴʭʨʫʨʹʪʨʴʪʸ˃ʵʩʨʫʰʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰ
ʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʲʨʫ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲ ʶʬʸʰʵʫˀʰ
ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ ˂ʬʴʺʸʰ ʻʮʸʻʴʭʬʲʿʵʼʹ ʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʰʹ
ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʬʩʨʹ ʱʸʬʫʰʺʹʨʨʯʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʭʨʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʽʵʴʬ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲ ʹʨʳʯʭʰʨʴ ʶʬʸʰʵʫˀʰ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ
˂ʬʴʺʸʰʹʳʰʬʸʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʬʩʻʲʹʬʳʰʴʨʸʬʩʮʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʨʼʨʹʰʨʴʰʨ
ʱʸʬʫʰʺʹʨʨʯʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʭʨʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʽʵʴʬ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʹʰʨʹ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ ˂ʬʴʺʸʰʹ

ʹʨʪʨʴʳʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʲʵʹʨʩ˅ʵ˄ʨʸʻʫʪʬʴʹʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʹʨʩ˅ʵʹ
ʯʻ ʹʨʳʰ ʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʹʭʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʭʬʸ ʫʨʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʹ

ʪʨʴʪʸ˃ʵʩʨʫʰ ʰʻʸʫʰʻʲʰ ʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʭʬʸ
ʫʨʨʪʸʵʭʬʩʹ ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵ ʱʸʬʫʰʺʹʨʨʯʬʩʹ ʳʨʹ ˀʬʻˁʬʸʫʬʩʨ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ
ʻʼʲʬʩʨʳʵʹʰʲʬʩʨʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵʱʸʬʫʰʺʹʨʨʯʬʩʰʹʫʨʪʸʵʭʬʩʨʳʫʬ
ʳʨʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʸʨ˂ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰ ʫʨʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʹ ʪʨʹʻʲʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʪʸ˃ʵʩʨʫʰ

ʰʻʸʰʫʻʲʰ ʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʨʹ ʹʨʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʵ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʳʵʹʰʲʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨʴʨˆʲʬʩʰʹʨʹʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰʨʪʨʫʨʰˆʨʫʵʹʹʨ˄ʬʭʸʵˀʬʴʨʺʨʴʯʨʴʬʸʯʨʫ
ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʰʹʨ˄ʬʭʸʵʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʰʹʴʨˆʬʭʸʰʹʵʫʬʴʵʩʰʯ
ûùąûĉĔĆúùüāāČĉāüāČăāûùąùĀăýúāĊđýďùþùĀýúāĊĊāĊċýĄù
ʪʨʴʪʸ˃ʵʩʨʫʰʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʰʹʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʫʬʩʨʯʨʴʨʩʸʨʫʿʭʬʲʨ
ʶʸʨʽʺʰʱʵʹʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʮʬʳʨʪʸʨʳʻʴʫʨʰʿʵʹʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʻʲʰʰʹˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʬʩʰ
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʹʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʰʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʰʹʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʰʹʪʨʳʵ
ˀʬʻʳ˂ʰʸʫʬʩʨʨʴʹʸʻʲʨʫʪʨʻʻʽʳʫʬʩʨʪʨʴʪʸ˃ʵʩʨʫʰʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʰʹ
ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʬʩʰ
ˀʬʾʨʭʨʯʰ ʰʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʹ ʪʨʸʱʭʬʻʲʰ ʱʸʬʫʰʺʹʨʨʯʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʪʸʵʭʬʩʨʹ

ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʹʨˆʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ʨʴ ʨʽʺʰʭʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʫʬʪʨʫ ʫʨ
ʭʸ˂ʬʲʫʬʩʨˀʬʳʫʬʪʰʱʨʺʬʪʵʸʰʰʹʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʬʩʮʬ
ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʬʩʮʬ ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ˂ ʳʰʴʰ˅ʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʽʭʯ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʵʸʰʹ ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ

ʫʨʨʴ ʬ˄ʬʭʰʨʴ ʹʨʪʨʴʳʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʲʵ ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʨʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ
˄ʬʭʸʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʨʺʨʸʬʩʬʴ ʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʰʸʬʩʻʲ ʲʬʽ˂ʰʬʩʹ ʨʴ ʹʬʳʰʴʨʸʬʩʹ
ˁʨʺʨʸʬʩʻʲʨʹʺʸʵʴʵʳʰʻʲʹʨʨʯˀʰʬʴʰ˅ʬʩʨʯʱʸʬʫʰʺʹʨʨʯʰ
ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʬʩʮʬ ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ˂ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯʰ ʨʭʺʵʸʵʩʰʯ ʸʬʼʬʸʰʸʬʩʨʫ

ʷʻʸʴʨʲˀʰ ʪʨʴʯʨʭʹʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʽʭʯ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰʹ ʶʻʩʲʰʱʨ˂ʰʨ B
ʼʨʹʫʬʩʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʹʨʨʯʰʯ
ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʬʩʮʬ ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ˂ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯʰ ʨʭʺʵʸʵʩʰʯ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲʰ ʨʽʭʯ

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17
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ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʬʩʮʬ ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ˂ ʳʰʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʵʩʨ

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ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʬʩʮʬ ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʳʰʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ʹʨʨʴʪʨʸʰˀʵ ʶʬʸʰʵʫʰʹ

ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʰʬʴʰ˅ʨʯ ʫʵʽʺʵʸʰʹ ˆʨʸʰʹˆʰ ʳʨʯ ʬʴʰ˅ʬʩʨʯ ʱʸʬʫʰʺ
ʹʨʨʯʰ
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ʨˆʬʸˆʬʩʬʴ ʺʸʬʴʰʴʪʬʩʮʬ ʫʨʹ˄ʸʬʩʨʹ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʳʨ

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˂ʴʵʩʨˇʨʴʳʸʯʬʲʵʩʰʹˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ
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18
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ˁʨʻʺʨʸʫʬʩʨʹʨʨʯʮʬ
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ʺʸʬʴʰʴʪʰʹʯʬʳʨʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʰʬʯʰʱʨ
ċĉýąāąûýúāĊûùąĉāûāĎĀúāăāĊđā
ùćĉāăā ĄùāĊā āþąāĊā āþăāĊā ĊýĎċýĄúýĉā ĆĎċĆĄúýĉā ąĆýĄúýĉā

ʹʨʳˀʨʩʨʯʰ ʵʸˀʨʩʨʯʰ ʹʨʳˀʨʩʨʯʰ ʹʨʳˀʨʩʨʯʰ ʵʯˆˀʨʩʨʯʰ ʹʨʳˀʨʩʨʯʰ ʹʨʳˀʨʩʨʯʰ

ʵʯˆˀʨʩʨʯʰ ʵʸˀʨʩʨʯʰ ʵʯˆˀʨʩʨʯʰ ʵʯˆˀʨʩʨʯʰ ˆʻʯˀʨʩʨʯʰ ʵʯˆˀʨʩʨʯʰ ʵʯˆˀʨʩʨʯʰ

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ʹʨʳˀʨʩʨʯʰ ʹʨʳˀʨʩʨʯʰ ʵʯˆˀʨʩʨʯʰ ʹʨʳˀʨʩʨʯʰ

ʵʯˆˀʨʩʨʯʰ ʵʯˆˀʨʩʨʯʰ ˆʻʯˀʨʩʨʯʰ ʵʯˆˀʨʩʨʯʰ

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ʵʯˆˀʨʩʨʯʰ ʹʨʳˀʨʩʨʯʰ
19
ċĉýąāąûýúāĊ ĒùċùĉýúāĊ ùüûāăā ʽ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰ ± ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ
ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹʵʼʰʹʰʴʫʻʳʩʨ˃ʰʹ
ċĉýąāąûāĊ ĒùċùĉýúāĊ üĉĆ ĎČĀùāĊđā $ ˇʪʻʼʹ ʺʸʬʴʰʴʪʰ

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ċĉýąāąûýúāĊûùąĉāûāĎĎČĀùāĊđā
ùćĉāăā ĄùāĊā āþąāĊā āþăāĊā ĊýĎċýĄúýĉā ĆĎċĆĄúýĉā ąĆýĄúýĉā

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ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵʱʸʬʫʰʺʰ˄ʲʰʹʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰʶʸʵʬʽʺʰʯʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʻʲʰʨ
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20
ċĉýąāąûāĊĀýĄùĊùĊùĄùĉĀăĆûùüùĕĐþýċāăýúýúāĊüùĊùúČĀýúù
ĊāĊėăāĊĊùĄùĉĀăāĊĊùĎĄýýúÿýČüùąùđùČăĆúāĊćĉýÿČĄčēāù
ĄėùĉýĀùĀùąùĊĕĆĉĆúù
ċĉýąāąûýúāĊ ĒùċùĉýúāĊ ùüûāăā ʽ ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰ ± ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ

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ċĉýąāąûāĊĒùċùĉýúāĊüĉĆĀúāăāĊđā ʹʨʨʯʰ

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ċĉýąāąûāĊĒùċùĉýúāĊüĉĆĎČĀùāĊđā ʹʨʨʯʰ
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21
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ĊùćĉĆēýĊĆĂĆăýûāù,ʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵʱʵʲʬʪʰʨ
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đýüýûā ʫʰʹ˂ʰʶʲʰʴʻʸʰʫʬʭʴʰʹʨʾ˃ʭʸʨ
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ûùąėāăþāĊĂĆăýûāù,,ʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʰʹʱʵʲʬʪʰʨ
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ʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵ ʱʵʲʬʪʰʨʳ ʳʰʰˁʴʰʨ ʸʵʳ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ ʼʨʽʺʵʩʸʰʭʰ

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ˀʬʻʯʨʭʹʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʰ ʬʯʰʱʰʹ ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ
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ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʳʬ± ʳʻˆʲʰ ʱʲʰʬʴʺʰʹ ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰʹ
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23
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ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʹ ʱʲʰʬʴʺʳʨ ³ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʵʩʨʳ´ ʪʨʻʼʵʸʳʨ ʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂

˄ʲʰʹʳʨʰʹʹˀʬʻ˄ʿʭʰʺʨ
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24
ʬʯʰʱʰʹ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʨ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʸʵʳ ʪʨʴʹʨˆʰʲʭʬʲ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰ ʰʿʵ
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ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʨʻʮʸʻʴʭʬʲʿʵ
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ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʯʨ ʱʵʴʼʲʰʽʺʰ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ ʶʰʸʨʫʰ ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰ ʫʨʻʶʰʸʰʹʶʰʸʫʨ
ʳʰʹʰʭʬ ʱʲʰʬʴʺʰʹ ³ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʵʩʰʹ´ ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʹ ʸʨʫʪʨʴ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ ʹʨʫʨʭʵ
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³ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʵʩʨ´ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʳʨ ʯʨʭʨʫ ʫʨʨʿʬʴʨ ʸʰʹʱʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ
ʱʲʰʬʴʺʰʹʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰʹʫʨ˂ʭʨʫʨʨʸˁʬʭʨʴʰʶʰʸʨʫʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʹʨʫʨ³ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʵʩʰʹ´
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25
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ʶʸʵ˂ʬʹˀʰʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʳʨʹʨʼʸʯˆʬˀʬʻʽʳʴʨʱʲʰʬʴʺʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰʹʫʨ˂ʭʨʹ
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ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʰ ʬʯʰʱʰʹ ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ ʶʸʬʨʳʩʻʲʨˀʰ ʪʨ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʻʲʰʨ

ʹʨʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʵ ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʰʹʨʹ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʰ ʾʰʸʬʩʻʲʬʩʬʩʰ
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˆʬʲʹ ʻ˄ʿʵʩʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʰʹ ʶʰʸʰʹ
ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʨʹ ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʨʫ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʰʹʬʯʰ
ʳʨʾʨʲʰʹʺʨʴʫʨʸʺʬʩʰʯʸʨ˂ʻʴʫʨʪʨʴʨʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʫʬʹʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʰʹʨʫʳʰ
¢
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ʴʫʵʩʨʮʬ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʳʵʱʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʸʨʨ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʳʨʸʯʲʳʹʨˇʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬ ʶʰʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʰʹ
˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʲʰʹʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʰʹʨˆʬ
³ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ´ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʰ

ʬʯʰʱʰʹʱʵʫʬʽʹˀʰˁʨʳʵʿʨʲʰʩʬʩʻʲʰʨʹʨʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʵʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʰʹʼʻʴʫʨʳʬʴʺʻʸʰ
ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʬʩʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʰʲʰ ʱʵʳʬʴʺʨʸʬʩʰ ʬˆʬʩʨ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʰ
ʬʯʰʱʰʹ ʰʹʬʯ ʻʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴʬʹ ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʬʩʹ ʸʵʪʵʸʰ˂ʨʨ ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʵʩʨ
ʳʻˆʲʰ ʫʨ ʴʫʵʩʨ ʳʻˆʲʰ ʷʻʸʴʨʲʰʹ ʳʵʸʰʪ ʴʵʳʬʸˀʰ ʪʨʳʵʽʭʬʿʴʫʬʩʨ
ʳʵʳʫʬʭʴʵʴʵʸʳʬʩʰʹʱʵʳʬʴʺʨʸʬʩʰ
ĄČėăāüùĄĆČĂāüýúăĆúāĊćĉāąēāćā
1. ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʰ ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʰʹʨʹ

ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʰ ʪʨʭʲʬʴʰʹʪʨʴ ʨʴ ʹˆʭʨ ʮʬ˄ʵʲʰʹʪʨʴ ʳʨʯ
ˀʵʸʰʹʳʰʹʰʶʰʸʨʫʰʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰʫʨʴʫʨʬʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʨʳˆʵʲʵʫʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ
ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʨʹ ʹʨʬʸʯʨˀʵʸʰʹʵ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʫʨ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʰ ʬʯʰʱʰʹ
ʴʵʸʳʬʩʹ
2. ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰʨʨʸʫʨʻˀʭʨʹʱʵʳʶʸʵʳʰʹʰʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʰ
ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʬʩʰʹˀʬʹʸʻʲʬʩʰʹʨʹʱʲʰʬʴʺʰʹʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹʨʴʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹ
ʹˆʭʨʵʸʪʨʴʵʹʨʴʹˆʭʨʶʰʸʰʹʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰʹʹʨʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʫ
1 ³ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ´ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹʱʨʴʵʴʰʳʻˆʳʻˆ
KWWSJEDJHQHZDGPLQHGLWRUXSORDGV¿OHVNDQRQPGHEOREDNDQRQLBDGYRNDWWDBVKHVD[HESGI
ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʰʬʯʰʱʰʹʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʳʻˆ KWWSJEDJHQHZDGPLQHGLWRUXSORDGV¿OHVNDQRQPGHEOREDH7LNLVBNRGH[L
SGI
27
ˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʴʵʸʳʨˀʰ ˀʬʺʨʴʰʲʰ ˂ʭʲʰʲʬʩʨʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʫʬʪʨʫ
ʻʼʸʵ ʫʨʮʻʹʺʫʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʭʸ˂ʵʩʰʯʨʫ ʪʨʰ˄ʬʸʨ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲ
ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʵʩʨʮʬˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʵʮʬʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʰʹʳʽʵʴʬʼʨʽʺʵʸʬʩʰʳʬʵʸʬʳʻˆʲʰʹ
˃ʭʬʲʰʸʬʫʨʽ˂ʰʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ʹʨʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʵʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʨʮʬʮʬʪʨʭʲʬʴʨʫ
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ʪʨʼʨʸʯʵʭʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʳʵ˂ʻʲʵʩʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʰ ʪʨʭʲʬʴʨ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ
ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʨʮʬ ʪʨʸʬˀʬ ʮʬ˄ʵʲʨ ʯʻ ʶʰʸʨʫʰ ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰʹ ʮʬʪʨʭʲʬʴʨ ʳʰˁʴʬʻʲʰ
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˂ʭʲʰʲʬʩʬʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʬʩʰʯ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʶʻʴʽʺˀʰ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʹ
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ʸʨ˂ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʵʭʨ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʰ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʰʹ
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ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ ʹʨʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʵ ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʰʹʨʹ ʨʸ ʫʨʻˀʭʨʹ ʱʵʳʶʸʵʳʰʹʰ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ
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ʪʨʴʳʨʸʺʬʩʨ ʰʳʰʹ ʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʰʯ ʸʵʳ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʹ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲ ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʨˀʰ
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ʬʯʰʱʰʹ ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʳʨ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ
ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʰʹ ʶʰʸʳʨ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʴʨˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʵʹ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ
ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʬʸʯʨˀʵʸʰʹʵ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʰ ʬʯʰʱʰʹ
ʴʵʸʳʬʩʰʹˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʨʸʻʴʫʨʪʨˆʫʬʹʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰʱʲʰʬʴʺʰʹˆʬʲˀʰ
ʫʨʽʰʸʨʭʬʩʻʲʰ ³ʰʨʸʨʾʰ´ ʱʲʰʬʴʺʰʹ ʻʱʨʴʵʴʵ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰ
ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʫʰʳʰʹʨʸʵʳʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʰʬʯʰʱʰʹʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʮʬʫʳʰ˄ʬʭʴʰʯ
ʱʲʰʬʴʺʮʬ ʵʸʰʬʴʺʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʵʫʬʲʰʨ ʫʨ ʱʲʰʬʴʺʰʹ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰʹ
ʫʨ˂ʭʨʹʬʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʨʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰʨʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʬʩʰʹʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʰʹʫʨ˂ʭʰʯ
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ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ ʹʨʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʵ ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʰʹʨʹ ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ
ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨʪʨʴʭʰˆʰʲʵʯʰʳʱʵʴʺʬʽʹʺʰʹʪʨʸʬˀʬʸʵʳ³ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʳʨʶʨʺʰʵʹʴʨʫ
ʫʨ ʻˀʰˀʸʨʫ ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʰ˂ʭʨʹ ʱʲʰʬʴʺʰʹ ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰ ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʫ ʳʰʹʰ ʶʰʸʨʫʰ
ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰʹʨʨʴʳʰʹʯʭʰʹʨʴʴʬʩʰʹʳʰʬʸʰʹˆʭʨʶʰʸʰʹʨʯʭʰʹˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʵˀʬʫʬʪʰʹʨ´
ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʰʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʰʹʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʨʹʶʨʺʰʵʹʴʨʫʫʨʻˀʰˀʸʨʫ
ʹ˄ʵʸʬʫ ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʺʿʭʰʹʨʫ ʫʨ ʴʬʩʰʹʳʰʬʸʰ ʮʬʪʨʭʲʬʴʰʹʨʪʨʴ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʪʨʸʬʳʵˀʰ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ ʱʲʰʬʴʺʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʻʱʨʴʵʴʵ
ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʨʫˀʬ˃ʲʬʩʹ
ʬʯʰʱʰʹʱʵʳʰʹʰʰʹʪʨʴʳʨʸʺʬʩʰʯ³ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʵʩʨʮʬʮʬʪʨʭʲʬʴʰʹ
ʳʵʳˆʫʬʴʰʼʨʽʺʵʸʬʩʰʰʿʵʼʨʵʯˆʱʨʺʬʪʵʸʰʨʫ
2´ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ´ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹʱʨʴʵʴʰʳʻˆKWWSJEDJHQHZDGPLQHGLWRUXSORDGV¿OHVNDQRQPGHEORED
NDQRQLBDGYRNDWWDBVKHVD[HESGI
ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʰʬʯʰʱʰʹʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʳʻˆʶ KWWSJEDJHQHZDGPLQHGLWRUXSORDGV¿OHVNDQRQPGHEORED
H7LNLVBNRGH[LSGI
3 ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʰʬʯʰʱʰʹʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʳʻˆʶ KWWSJEDJHQHZDGPLQHGLWRUXSORDGV¿OHV
NDQRQPGHEOREDH7LNLVBNRGH[LSGI
28
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ʶʸʵʱʻʸʨʺʻʸʰʹʨʪʨʴ
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29
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ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʨʫʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʰʹʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʨʴʬʩʰʹʳʰʬʸʰʶʰʸʰʹʨʪʨʴʴʬʩʰʹʳʰʬʸʰ
ʳʰʮʬʮʰʯ ʶʰʸʨʫʶʰʸʰ ʨʴ ʨʸʨʶʰʸʫʨʶʰʸʰ ˀʬʮʾʻʫʭʰʹ ʪʨʭʲʬʴʰʹ ˄ʨʽʬʮʬʩʰʹ
ʮʬ˄ʵʲʰʹʳʻʽʨʸʰʹʨʴˁʨʸʬʭʰʹʪʨʸʬˀʬ
³ʪʨʬʸʵʹ ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʬʩʰ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ ʸʵʲʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ´ ʶʸʬʨʳʩʻʲʨˀʰʭʬ ʹʨʻʩʸʵʩʹ
ʿʭʬʲʨ ʶʰʸʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʬʲʰ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨ˄ʬʻʲʰ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰ
7ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹʬʯʰʱʰʹʱʵʳʰʹʰʰʹʹʨʽʳʬ KWWSJEDJHQHZDGPLQHGLWRUXSORDGV¿OHVHWLNLVBNRPLVLD
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GLVFLSOLQXULBJDGDFNYHWLOHEHELBSGI
9 ʬʭʸʵʶʰʹʹʨʩ˅ʵʹʸʬʱʵʳʬʴʫʨ˂ʰʨ5(& ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʰ,,,ʶʻʴʽʺʰ KWWSJEDJHQHZDGPLQHGLWRUXSORDGV¿OHV
UHJXODFLHELHYURSLVVDEZRPLQLVWU7DNRPLWHWLVUHNRPHQGDFLDSGI
10ʰʽʭʬˀʬʹʨʭʨʲʰ KWWSJEDJHQHZDGPLQHGLWRUXSORDGV¿OHVUHJXODFLHELHYURSLVVDEZRPLQLVWU7D
NRPLWHWLVUHNRPHQGDFLDSGI
30
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ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʹ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʱʵʴʺʬʽʹʺˀʰ ʰˆʰʲʨʭʹ Äʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʫʬʹ
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Äʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʳʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʬʩʰ ˀʬʨʹʸʻʲʵʹ ʫʨˀʰʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʩʸʱʵʲʬʩʰʹ
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ʨ ˀʬʹ˃ʲʵʴ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯʰ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʰ ʼʻʴʽ˂ʰʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʸʻʲʬʩʨ ʫʨˀʰʴʬʩʰʹ

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ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʵʩʸʰʭʨʫʨ˂ ʳʰʯʰʯʬʩʻʲ ʴʵʸʳʨˀʰ ˂ʭʲʰʲʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʺʨʴʨʳʫʬ, ˃ʭʬʲʰ
ʼʵʸʳʻʲʰʸʬʩʰʯ ʸʬʫʨʽ˂ʰʨ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹʨʫʳʰ ʱʲʰʬʴʺʰʹ ʴʫʵʩʰʹ
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ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʹ ʳʵʬʯˆʵʭʬʩʵʫʨ ʳʰʻʱʬʸ˃ʵʬʩʲʵʩʨ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʱʲʰʬʴʺʰʹ
ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʨˀʰ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʰ ʯʭʰʹʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʰʳʨʭʫʸʵʻʲʨʫ
ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ ˂ʭʲʰʲʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʬ ʳʻˆʲˀʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ
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11 ʪʨʬʸʵʹ˃ʰʸʰʯʨʫʰʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʬʩʰʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹʸʵʲʰʹˀʬʹʨˆʬʩʶʻʴʽʺʰKWWSJEDJHQHZDGPLQHGLWRUXSORDGV
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12 ʪʨʬʸʵʹ˃ʰʸʰʯʨʫʰʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʬʩʰʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹʸʵʲʰʹˀʬʹʨˆʬʩʶʻʴʽʺʰKWWSJEDJHQHZDGPLQHGLWRUXSORDGV
¿OHVUHJXODFLHELJDHURV=LUL7DGLSULQFLSHELDGYRNDW7DUROLV6HVD[HESGI
13 ʰʽʭʬʶʻʴʽʺʰ hWWSJEDJHQHZDGPLQHGLWRUXSORDGV¿OHVUHJXODFLHELJDHURV=LUL7DGLSULQFLSHEL
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31
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ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨˀʰ ʯʻʳ˂ʨ ʨʳˇʬʸʨʫ ʴʫʵʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ
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ʨʸʳʰʾʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ. ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ, ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ Äʱʲʨʻʹ ʫʨ ʰʻʸʰ ʱʰʲʨ˃ʬʬʩʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ
˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ³ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ
ʫʨʸʾʭʬʭʨʫ ʰʽʴʨ ʳʰˁʴʬʻʲʰʰʹ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʴʬʩʳʨ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂˂ʴʵʩʰʲʰ
ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸʰ ʸʬʶʸʬʹʰʰʹ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʨʫ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʳʰʬʸ,
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ʫʰʫʰ ˆʴʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʪʨʨ˅ʰʨʴʻʸʨ ʱʵʳʶʬʴʹʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʸʨʵʫʬʴʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʪʨ˂ʬʳʰʹ ˄ʬʹʰʹ
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ʶʸʨʽʺʰʱʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ, ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʨʹʯʨʴ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʪʨʸʱʭʬʻʲʰ ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰ
ʨʸ ʳʵʰʨʮʸʬʩʨ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ
ʱʵʴʺʬʽʹʺˀʰ; ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ, ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰ ʨʸ ʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹ
ˆʬʲʰ ˀʬʻ˄ʿʵʹ ʹʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʵ ʫʨ˄ʬʹʬʩʻʲʬʩʬʩˀʰ ʫʬʶʵʴʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ, ʱʲʰʬʴʺʬʩʰʹ
ʱʻʯʭʴʰʲʰ ʼʻʲʰʹ ʳʨʹʰʹ ʳʹʿʰʫʭʬʲʵʩʰʯʰ ʻʴʨʸʰʹ ˀʬʴʨʸˁʻʴʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʨʽʬʫʨʴ
ʪʨʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹ ʨʸ ʬʱʰʹʸʬʩʨ ʰʳ ʮʰʨʴʰʹ ʨʴʨʮʾʨʻʸʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʭʨʲʬʵʩʨ,
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˄ʰʴʨʫʨʫʬʩʨ ʳʬʵʸʬ ˄ʬʹʰ ˀʬʬˆʬʩʨ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ˁʨʳʵʸʯʳʬʭʨʹ ʫʨ ʨʫʪʬʴʹ
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ʳʬʵʸʬ ˄ʰʴʨʫʨʫʬʩʨ ʳʬʹʨʳʬ ˄ʬʹʰʯ ʱʰ ʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʻʲʰʨ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨ
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ʬʽ˂ʬʭʨ ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʨʴ ʽʵʴʬʩʨ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ

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ʨʽʭʹ ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ˁʨʳʵʸʯʳʬʭʨʹ ʨʴ ʹˆʭʨʪʭʨʸ

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ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰʯ

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ʬʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʨ ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲʿʵʼʨ ʹʨˇʨʸʵ ʨʴ ʹʨʬʸʯʵ

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ʯʨʴʨʮʵʳʰʬʸʰʨʯʻʨʸʨʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʻʲʰʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹˆʬʲʿʵʼʨ
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ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʨʳʪʭʨʸʰ ʪʨʴʳʨʸʺʬʩʨ

ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʳʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ ˁʨʳʵʨʿʨʲʰʩʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʪʨʴˁʰʴʬʩʨˀʰ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ
Äʹʶʵʸʵʴʪʰ ʫʨ ʲʵʴʸʵʺʰ ˀʭʬʫʬʯʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ³ 6SRUURQJDQG/RQQURWKY6ZHGHQ
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ʹʨʫʨʭʵ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰ ʬˆʬʩʵʫʨ ˃ʭʰʸʨʫʾʰʸʬʩʻʲ ʻ˃ʸʨʭ ʽʵʴʬʩʨʹ (ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʴʨʱʭʬʯʹʨ
ʫʨ ˀʬʴʵʩʨʹ), ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʫʨ ˀʭʬʫʬʯʰʹ ʫʬʫʨʽʨʲʨʽʰʹ ʹʺʵʱˈʵʲʳʰʹ
˂ʬʴʺʸˀʰ. ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʺʬʸʰʺʵʸʰʰʹ ʹʨʪʸʨʼʵʹ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʳʨ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʳ
ʳʰʰʾʵ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʴʬʩʰʹ ʱʬʸ˃ʵ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ
ʻ˃ʸʨʭʰ ʽʵʴʬʩʨ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʪʨʳʵʬʿʬʴʬʩʰʴʨʯ ʽʨʲʨʽʰʹ ʪʨʴʭʰʯʨʸʬʩʰʹʨ
ʫʨ ʸʬʱʵʴʹʺʸʻʽ˂ʰʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʫʨ ʫʨʨʫʪʰʴʨ ʵʸʰ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʹʨˆʰʹ ˀʬʮʾʻʫʭʨ:
38
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ˆʴʰʯ ʨʱʸ˃ʨʲʨ ʴʬʩʰʹʳʰʬʸʰ ʹʨˆʰʹ ʳˀʬʴʬʩʲʵʩʨ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʻ˃ʸʨʭʰ ʽʵʴʬʩʰʹ
ʼʨʸʪʲʬʩˀʰ, ʸʰʯʨ˂ ʳʬʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʬʩʹ ʪʨʻʸʯʻʲʫʨʯ ʳʨʯ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ
ʻ˃ʸʨʭʰ ʽʵʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʿʰʫʭʨ. ʳʬʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʬʩʳʨ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ
ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬ ʹʨˁʰʭʸʰʯ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʬʹ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʯʨ
ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ. ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʱʰʯˆʭʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʮʬ˂ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʶʨʹʻˆʰ
ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʬ˂ʨ, ʰʿʵʹ ʰʹ, ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʹʨʬʸʯʵʫ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲʿʵʼʨʹ.
ˀʭʬʫʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʰʯ, ʬʽʹʶʸʵʶʸʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʴʬʩʨʸʯʭʨ ʫʨ ʳˀʬʴʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ
ʨʱʸ˃ʨʲʭʨ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ʽʨʲʨʽʰʹ ʫʨʪʬʪʳʨʸʬʩʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʹ ʫʨ ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫ
ʽʵʴʬʩʰʯʫʨʻʩʸʱʵʲʬʩʬʲʰʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹˆʬʲʿʵʼʨʹʨʫʪʰʲʰʨʸˈʽʵʴʰʨ.
ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʳʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʻʨʸʿʵ ʬʹ ʨʸʪʻʳʬʴʺʰ ʫʨ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʨ, ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʫ ʰʳʰʹʨ,
ʸʵʳ ʳʬʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʳʨʯ ʽʵʴʬʩʨʮʬ ˆʬʲʻˆʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʫʨʸˁʨ, ʸʬʨʲʻʸʨʫ
ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʲʵʩʨ ʳʨʯ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʴʨʫ
ˀʬʬʮʾʻʫʨʯ. ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʯʭʨʲʹʨʮʸʰʹʰʯ, ʬʽʹʶʸʵʶʸʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ
ʴʬʩʨʸʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʯʨ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʨʸʨʳʿʨʸʰ ʪʨˆʫʨ. ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʫʨʨʫʪʰʴʨ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ
ʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲʿʵʼʨʹ. ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʳʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʪʨʴʰˆʰʲʨ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰ ʰʳʰʹ
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ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ, ˆʵʳ ʨʸ ˈʽʵʴʰʨ ʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʽʵʴʬʩʰʹ ˁʨʳʵʸʯʳʬʭʨʹ ʫʨ
ʫʨʨʫʪʰʴʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʴʬʩʹ, ʱʨʴʵʴʰʹ ʯʨʴʨˆʳʨʫ, ʴʬʩʰʹʳʰʬʸ ʶʬʸʰʵʫˀʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ
ˀʬʴʨʸˁʻʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ, ʳʰʹʰ ʪʨʿʰʫʭʰʹ ʨʴ ʹˆʭʨʪʭʨʸʨʫ
ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʭʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨ. ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʫ ʰʳʰʹʨ, ʸʵʳ ʽʵʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʿʰʫʭʨ ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ
ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʺʨʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʮʵʳʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʻʼʸʵ ʸʯʻʲʰ ʪʨˆʫʨ, ʳʵʳˁʰʭʴʬʩʹ ʳʨʰʴ˂
ʸˁʬʩʵʫʨʯ ʰʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʲʵʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʯ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ ʽʵʴʬʩʨ
ʪʨʬʹˆʭʰʹʬʩʰʴʨʯ. ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫ, ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ
ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʳʬʵʸʬ ˄ʰʴʨʫʨʫʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʯʨʴʨˆʳʨʫ Äʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ
ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ˁʨʳʵʬʸʯʭʨʹ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʨ ʭʰʴʳʬʹ, ʱʨʴʵʴʰʯʨ ʫʨ
ʹʨʬʸʯʨˀʵʸʰʹʵ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʮʵʪʨʫʰ ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʻʲ
ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩˀʰ³ ʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʨʸ ʪʨʳʵʰʿʬʴʬʩʵʫʨ.
ʸʨ˂ ˀʬʬˆʬʩʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʨʩʮʨ˂ʹ, ʨʴʻ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ

ʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʴʬʩʨʫʨʸʯʻʲʰ ˆʬʲʿʵʼʰʹ ʳʬʹʨʳʬ ˄ʬʹʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʯʨʴʨˆʳʨʫ Äʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹ
ʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʨʽʭʹ ʪʨʳʵʰʿʬʴʵʹ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʰ ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʰʹ ʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʲʨʫ ʳʰʰˁʴʬʭʹ
ʹʨʬʸʯʵ ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʱʵʴʺʸʵʲʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʨʴ
ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʰʹʨ ʯʻ ʹˆʭʨ ʳʵʹʨʱʸʬʩʲʰʹ ʨʴʫʨ ˇʨʸʰʳʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʫʨˆʫʰʹ ʻʮʸʻʴʭʬʲʹʨʿʵʼʨʫ³
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʫʨʨʫʪʰʴʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹʶʵʸʵʴʪʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʲʵʴʸʵʺʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ
ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ˄ʬʹʰ ʻʫʨʭʵʫ ʪʨʳʵʰʿʬʴʬʩʵʫʨ ʳˀʬʴʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʨʱʸ˃ʨʲʭʰʹ ʳʰʳʨʸʯ,
ʸʨ˂ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ʱʵʴʺʸʵʲʹ ʽʵʴʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʨʮʬ. ʯʻʳ˂ʨ, ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʰ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʯʭʨʲʹʨʮʸʰʹʰʯ ʬʽʹʶʸʵʶʸʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʴʬʩʨʸʯʭʨ (ʱʵʴʺʸʵʲʰ ʽʵʴʬʩʰʯ
ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʨʮʬ) ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʴˆʰʲʻʲʰʿʵ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ
ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ˄ʰʴʨʫʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʱʵʴʺʬʽʹʺˀʰ ʨʴʻ ʨʸ ʻʴʫʨ ˀʬʮʾʻʫʻʲʰʿʵ
ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʰʯ ˀʬʻʼʬʸˆʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʰ. ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫ
ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʳʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʳʰʰˁʴʰʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʵʸʰʭʬ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʴʰʹ
ʳʰʳʨʸʯ ʫʨʰʸʾʭʨ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ
ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʨ.
ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʯʨ ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʳʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʬʸʯ-ʬʸʯ ʪʨʴˁʰʴʬʩʨˀʰ
ʳʰʻʯʰʯʨ, ʸʵʳ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰʯ
39
ʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʴʬʩʨʫʨʸʯʻʲʰ
ˆʬʲʿʵʼʰʹ ʹʨʳʰ ˄ʬʹʰ ʳ˅ʰʫʸʵʫʨʨ ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ. ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ Äʩʬʰʲʬʸʰ
ʰʺʨʲʰʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ³ %H\HOHU Y ,WDO\ MXGJHPHQW RI -DQXDU\ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ
ʻʼʲʬʩʨʯʨ ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʳʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ˆʨʮʰ ʪʨʻʹʭʨ ʰʳ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨʹ, ʸʵʳ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʳʬʵʸʬ ˄ʰʴʨʫʨʫʬʩʨ Äʳˆʵʲʵʫ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ˁʨʳʵʬʸʯʭʨʹ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʨ ʭʰʴʳʬʹ
ʱʨʴʵʴʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʬʸʯʨˀʵʸʰʹʵ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʮʵʪʨʫʰ ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʻʲ
ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩˀʰ³ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹʰʳʨʭʬʳʻˆʲʰʹʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ˄ʰʴʨʫʨʫʬʩʰʯ Äʿʵʭʬʲʼʰʮʰʱʻʸʫʨ
ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲ ʶʰʸʹ ʨʽʭʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʯ ˀʬʻʼʬʸˆʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨ³
ʪʨʸʨʴʺʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨʻʩʸʱʵʲʬʩʲʨʫ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲ
ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨʹ. ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲ ʹʨˁʰʭʨʸˀʰ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʬˆʬʩʵʫʨ ʭʨʴ ʪʵʪʰʹ ʼʬʸ˄ʬʸʻʲ ʺʰʲʵʹ
ʫʨ ʫʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʪʨʴʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ʰʹ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨ, ʰʿʵ ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʰ ʴʨˆʨʺʰʹ
ʳʬʹʨʱʻʯʸʬ.
ʴʨˆʨʺʰ, ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʳˆʨʺʭʸʻʲʰ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʳ ˁʨʳʵʨʸʯʭʨ
ʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʹ. ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʳʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʫʨʨʫʪʰʴʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʰʴʨˆʨʺʹ ʫʰʫʰ
ˆʴʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʰʹʬʼʲʵʩʫʨʸʵʳ ʰʪʰ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʳʰˁʴʬʻʲʰʿʵ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʨʫ
ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʯʭʨʲʹʨʮʸʰʹʰʯ.
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʪʨʴʰˆʰʲʨ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʴʰʹ ʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ
£
ʽʵʴʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲʿʵʼʰʹ ˆʨʹʰʨʯʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʼʨʽʺʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʫʨ

ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʸʯʻʲʬ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʹ ˆʫʰʫʨ ʰʳʰʹ
ʫʨʫʪʬʴʨʹ ʯʻ ʮʻʹʺʨʫ ʸʵʳʬʲ ʱʨʺʬʪʵʸʰʨʹ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʳʰʬʱʻʯʭʴʬʩʰʫʨ
ʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʽʵʴʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲʿʵʼʨ. ʨʳʨʭʬ ʫʸʵʹ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʨ, ʸʵʳ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ
ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʳʬʵʸʬ ˄ʰʴʨʫʨʫʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʻʲʰ
ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ʰʳʨʭʬ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ˄ʰʴʨʫʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʮʵʪʨʫʰ
˄ʬʹʰʯ ʪʨʸʨʴʺʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨʻʩʸʱʵʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲʿʵʼʰʹ
ʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʰˁʴʰʨ, ʸʵʳ ʰʸʾʭʬʵʫʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ
ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰ
ĀùąùÿĆĄāýĉýúāĊćĉāąēāćā
ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʯʨʴʨˆʳʨʫ,

ʰʳʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʸʵʳ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ˁʨʳʵʸʯʳʬʭʨ ʫʨʹʨˀʭʬʩʨʫ ʰʽʴʬʹ ʳʰˁʴʬʻʲʰ,
ʻʴʫʨ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʫʬʹ ʨʸʨ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ
ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʰ ʳʰʮʨʴʰ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʪʵʴʰʭʸʻʲʰ ʯʨʴʨʮʵʳʰʬʸʬʩʨ˂, ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʻʲ
ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʰʳ ʳʰʮʨʴʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹʱʬʴʨ˂ ʨʸʰʹ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ
ʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ˁʨʳʵʸʯʳʬʭʨ ʨʴ SezRudva -DPHVDQGRWKHUVY7KH8QLWHG.LQJGRPMXGJHPHQW
RI)HEUXDU\/LWKJRZDQGRWKHUVY7KH8QLWHG.LQJGRPMXGJHPHQWRI-XO\
ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʨʸʨ ʬʸʯ ʪʨʴˁʰʴʬʩʨˀʰ ʨʾʰʴʰˀʴʨ, ʸʵʳ ʯʨʴʨʮʵʳʰʬʸʬʩʨ

ʻʴʫʨ ˀʬʴʨʸˁʻʴʫʬʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʬʸʯʵ ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ
ʻʼʲʬʩʨʯʨ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ. ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ˀʬʪʭʰ˃ʲʰʨ ʳʵʭʰʿʭʨʴʵʯ
ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʯʨ ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ
Äʨʪʵʹʰ ʪʨʬʸʯʰʨʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʳʬʼʵʹ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ $JRVLY7KH8QLWHG.LQJGRPMXGJHPHQW
RI2FWREHU ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʰ ʰʿʵ ʪʬʸʳʨʴʻʲʰ ʱʵʳʶʨʴʰʨ Äʨʪʵʹʰ³, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
40
ʫʨʱʨʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʲʰʯʵʴʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʫʴʵʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʳʵʴʬʺʬʩʰʯ ʭʨ˅ʸʵʩʰʯ.
ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʱʵʳʶʨʴʰʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʼʰʮʰʱʻʸ ʶʰʸʬʩʹ ʹʻʸʫʨʯ ʫʰʫʰ ʸʨʵʫʬʴʵʩʰʯ
ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯ ʨʼʸʰʱʻʲʰ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʳʵʴʬʺʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʿʰʫʭʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ ʾʰʸʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ˂
ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ 120 000 ʼʻʴʺ ʹʺʬʸʲʰʴʪʹ. ʪʨʸʰʪʬʩʨ ˀʬʫʪʨ ʫʨ ʳʵʴʬʺʬʩʰ ʫʨʰʺʭʰʸʯʨ
ʩʸʰʺʨʴʻʲʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵ ʴʵʳʸʰʹ ʳʽʵʴʬ ʨʭʺʵʳʨʴʽʨʴʨˀʰ. ʱʵʳʶʨʴʰʨʹʨ ʫʨ ʱʬʸ˃ʵ
ʶʰʸʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʫʨʫʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʨ ʰʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʫʨ ʰʳ ʶʰʸʵʩʨʹ, ʸʵʳ
ʱʵʳʶʨʴʰʨ ʰʴʨʸˁʻʴʬʩʫʨ ʳʵʴʬʺʬʩʮʬ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʹ ʹʨʴʨʳ ʼʰʮʰʱʻʸʰ
ʶʰʸʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʵʴʬʺʬʩʰʹ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʾʰʸʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ ʨʸ ʰʽʴʬʩʵʫʨ ʱʵʳʶʨʴʰʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
ʪʨʫʨˆʫʰʲʰ. ʳʵʴʬʺʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʾʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʳʿʰʫʭʬʲʬʩʰ ˀʬʬ˂ʨʫʴʬʴ ʳʨʯ
ʪʨʬʸʯʰʨʴʬʩʻʲ ʹʨʳʬʼʵˀʰ ˀʬʺʨʴʨʹ. ʳʵʴʬʺʬʩʰ ʫʨʳʨʲʬʹ ʹʨʯʨʫʨʸʰʪʵ ʹʨʩʻʸʨʭˀʰ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʨʮʾʭʨʸʮʬ ʰʹʳʨʰʴ˂ʨʾʳʵʨˁʰʴʨ ʰʴʪʲʰʹʰʹ ʹʨʩʨʷʵ ʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʳʨʨʾʳʵˁʴʫʨ,
ʸʵʳ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʯʭʰʯ ʨʫʸʬ ʪʨʬʸʯʰʨʴʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʹʨʳʬʼʵʳ ʨʱʸ˃ʨʲʨ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʳʵʴʬʺʬʩʰʹ
ʰʴʪʲʰʹˀʰ ˀʬʺʨʴʨ. ʳʵʴʬʺʬʩʰʹ ʳʿʰʫʭʬʲʬʩʰ ʫʨʨʶʨʺʰʳʸʬʹ ʫʨ ˄ʨʸʻʫʪʰʴʨʬʹ
ʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʨ ʱʵʴʺʸʨʩʨʴʫʰʹ ˁʨʫʬʴʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ.
ʱʵʳʶʨʴʰʨ Äʨʪʵʹʰʳ³ ʪʨʬʸʯʰʨʴʬʩʻʲ ʹʨʳʬʼʵʹ ʳʵʹʯˆʵʭʨ ʳʵʴʬʺʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʨ
ʰʳ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ʰʪʰ ʱʭʲʨʭ ʸˁʬʩʵʫʨ ʳʵʴʬʺʬʩʰʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸ ʳʬʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʫ
ʼʰʮʰʱʻʸ ʶʰʸʬʩʯʨʴ ʫʨʫʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ
£

ʱʵʳʶʨʴʰʨʹ ˇʬʸ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʨʸ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʵʴʬʺʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʼʨʹʻʸʰ. ʹʨʩʨʷʵʹ
ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʨʳ ʻʨʸʰ ʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫʨ ʳʵʴʬʺʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʨʮʬ. ʱʵʳʶʨʴʰʨʳ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʨ
ʪʨʬʸʯʰʨʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʳʬʼʵʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʳʵʴʬʺʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʰʯ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʻʨʸʰ ʳʰʰʾʵ, ʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʨ˂ ˀʬʰʺʨʴʨ ʹʨˁʰʭʨʸʰ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʯʨ
ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʯʲʵˀʰ. ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʳʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʪʨʴˁʰʴʬʩʨˀʰ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʨ,
ʸʵʳ ʳʵʴʬʺʬʩʰʹ ʱʵʴʼʰʹʱʨ˂ʰʨ ʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʨˀʰ ˁʨʸʬʭʨʹ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ
ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʼʨʸʪʲʬʩˀʰ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʨ, ʸʵʳ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʳʵʴʬʺʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨʬʸʯʰʨʴʬʩʻʲ ʹʨʳʬʼʵˀʰ ˀʬʺʨʴʰʹ ʨʱʸ˃ʨʲʭʨ ʨˀʱʨʸʨʫ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ʱʵʴʺʸʵʲʰʹ
ʫʨ˄ʬʹʬʩʨʹ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʨʮʬ, ʳʵʴʬʺʬʩʰʹ ʨʳʵʾʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʱʵʴʼʰʹʱʨ˂ʰʨ ʱʰ
ʰʿʵ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʨʱʸ˃ʨʲʭʰʹ ʨʾʹʸʻʲʬʩʨ. ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʨʹʬʭʬ ʳʰʻʯʰʯʨ, ʸʵʳ
ʳʵʴʬʺʬʩʰʹ ʱʵʴʼʰʹʱʨ˂ʰʨ ʸʨ ʯʽʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ
ˁʨʳʵʸʯʳʬʭʨʹʯʨʴ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʬʩˀʰ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ˁʨʳʵʸʯʳʬʭʨ
˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ʱʵʴʺʸʵʲʰʹ ʶʸʵ˂ʬʫʻʸʰʹ ʬʲʬʳʬʴʺʹ. ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫ, ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʳʬʹʨʳʬ ˄ʬʹʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹ
ʻʼʲʬʩʨʪʨʨʱʵʴʺʸʵʲʵʹʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʯʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʨʹʨʬʸʯʵʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰʹˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫ
ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʳʫʨʰ˂ʭʨ
ʸʨ˂ ˀʬʬˆʬʩʨ ʪʨʺʨʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʮʵʳʬʩʰʹ ʳʨʸʯʬʩʻʲʵʩʨʹ, ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʨ,

ʸʵʳ ʪʨʬʸʯʰʨʴʬʩʻʲ ʹʨʳʬʼʵˀʰ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʳʵʴʬʺʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʺʨʴʰʹ ʨʱʸ˃ʨʲʭʨ ʳʵʰʨʮʸʬʩʨ
ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʼʨʸʪʲʬʩˀʰ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴ
ʨʳʪʭʨʸ ʾʵʴʰʹ˃ʰʬʩʨʹ ʪʨʨˁʴʫʨ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʰ ʳʰʮʨʴʰ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰʫʨʴ
ʪʨʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ, ʯʻʳ˂ʨ ʰʳʨʭʫʸʵʻʲʨʫ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʫ ʳʰʰˁʴʰʨ
ʰʳʰʹ ʪʨʸʱʭʬʭʨ, ʰʿʵ ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʫʨ˂ʻʲʰ ʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹ
ʳˆʸʰʫʨʴ ʪʵʴʰʭʸʻʲʰ ʯʨʴʨʮʵʳʰʬʸʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʪʨʴˁʰʴʬʩʨˀʰ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʨ, ʸʵʳ
ʽʵʴʬʩʰʹ ʱʵʴʼʰʹʱʨ˂ʰʨ ʫʨʻˀʭʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʰʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʬʩˀʰ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʱʵʴʼʰʹʱʨ˂ʰʨʹ
ʫʨʽʭʬʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʽʵʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʬʹʨʱʻʯʸʬ ʻʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʵʨ. ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʪʨʴˁʰʴʬʩʨˀʰʳʰʻʯʰʯʨʸʵʳʪʵʴʰʭʸʻʲʰʯʨʴʨʮʵʳʰʬʸʬʩʰʹʫʨ˂ʭʨʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʰʨʳʸʨʭʨʲ
ʼʨʽʺʵʸʮʬ ʫʨ ʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʻʴʫʨ ˀʬʼʨʹʫʬʹ ʳʬʹʨʱʻʯʸʰʹ ʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ
41
ʱʵʴʺʸʨʩʨʴʫʻʲ ʽʵʴʬʩʨʹʯʨʴ ʳʰʹʰ ʹʰʼʸʯˆʰʲʰʹ ʨʴ ʫʨʻʫʬʭʸʵʩʰʹ ˆʨʸʰʹˆʰ ʽʵʴʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨʹˆʭʰʹʬʩʰʹʫʸʵʹʫʨʹˆʭʨʿʭʬʲʨʮʬʳʵʯʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰʹʨʱʰʯˆʰʹˀʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʰʹʨʫʨˀʬʼʨʹʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳʰʭʰʫʨʰʳʫʨʹʱʭʴʨʳʫʬʸʵʳʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲʹʨʽʳʬʮʬʨʫʪʰʲʰʨʸˈʽʵʴʰʨ
ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹʶʰʸʭʬʲʰʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰʵʽʳʰʹʶʰʸʭʬʲʰʳʻˆʲʰʹʫʨʸʾʭʬʭʨʹ
ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ Äʶʸʬʹʵʹ ʱʵʳʶʨʴʰʨ ʴʨʭʰʬʸʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʬʩʰ ʩʬʲʪʰʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ³ 3UHVVRV &RPSD
QLD 1DYLHUD 6$ DQG 2WKHUV Y %HOJLXP MXGJHPHQW RI ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʳʰʰˁʴʰʨ,
ʸʵʳ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʳ ʫʨʨʸʾʭʰʨ ʯʨʴʨʮʵʳʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʰ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ
ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʱʵʴʺʬʽʹʺˀʰ. ʱʬʸ˃ʵʫ, ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰ ʬˆʬʩʵʫʨ
ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʪʬʳʯ ʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʰʹ ʹʨʸˁʬʲʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʯʨ˂ ʳʨʯ ʳʰʳʨʸʯ ʩʬʲʪʰʰʹ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʳʰʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʮʰʨʴʰʹ ʨʴʨʮʾʨʻʸʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʰʯ. ʮʰʨʴʰ ʪʨʳʵʰ˄ʭʰʨ
ʰʳ ʲʵ˂ʳʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʻʫʬʭʸʵʩʨʳ, ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ ʽʳʬʫʬʩʨʮʬ˂ ʶʨʹʻˆʹ ʨʪʬʩʫʨ ʩʬʲʪʰʰʹ
ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨ. ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʮʰʨʴʰʹ ʫʨʫʪʵʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʳ ˀʬ˂ʭʨʲʨ
ʳʵʽʳʬʫʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʨʻʽʳʨ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʮʰʨʴʰʹ ʨʴʨʮʾʨʻʸʬʩʰʹ
ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ ʪʬʳʰʹ ʳʬʶʨʺʸʵʴʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʲʵ˂ʳʨʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʮʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʰʿʬʴʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ.
ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵˀʰ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ, ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʶʵʮʰ˂ʰʨʹ

£
ʨʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʼʰʴʨʴʹʻʸʰ ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʪʭʨʸ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʬʩˀʰ ʹʨʬʸʯʵ

ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʰ ʶʸʨʽʺʰʱʰʹ ʫʨʴʬʸʪʭʰʹ ʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʲʵʩʰʯ. ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʳʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ
ʨʾʴʰˀʴʨ, ʸʵʳ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʯʨʴʨˆʳʨʫ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲ ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʹ ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰ
ʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʨʽʭʯ ˀʬʨʼʨʹʵʴ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʬˆʬʩʨ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹʨ ʫʨ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʹʨʳʨʭʬ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʳʰʰˁʴʰʨ, ʸʵʳ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ
ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰʹ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʹʨʹ ʻʴʫʨ ˀʬʳʵ˄ʳʬʩʻʲʰʿʵ ʰʿʵ ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʫʨ˂ʻʲʰ
ʯʨʴʨʮʵʳʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʰ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʱʬʸ˃ʵ ʶʰʸʰʹ
˃ʰʸʰʯʨʫ ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ. ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʳʰʰˁʴʰʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ
ˆʬʲʿʵʼʨ ʹʨʯʨʴʨʫʵ ʨʴʨʮʾʨʻʸʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʸʬˀʬ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʸʰʭ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ
ʪʨʳʵʴʨʱʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʬʩˀʰ ʪʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʻʲʰʿʵ ʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ ʨˆʲʨʫ
ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʱʨʴʵʴʳʨ ʻʱʻʽ˂ʬʭʰʯʰ ˃ʨʲʰʯ ʪʨʨʻʽʳʨ ʳʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʰ ˄ʬʹʰ,
ʸʨʳʨ˂ ʻʨʾʸʬʹʨʫ ʫʰʫʰ ʼʻʲʨʫʰ ʯʨʴˆʰʹ (3,5 ʳʰʲʰʨʸʫʰ ʩʬʲʪʰʻʸʰ ʼʸʨʴʱʰʹ)
ʱʵʳʶʬʴʹʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʳʵʻʹʶʵ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʴʬʩʹ. ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʹʨʩʵʲʵʵʫ
ʳʰʭʰʫʨ ʰʳ ʫʨʹʱʭʴʨʳʫʬ, ʸʵʳ ʩʬʲʪʰʰʹ ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ˀʬˀʼʵʯʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʳ˂ʫʬʲʵʩʨ
ʰʳʰʹ ʯʨʵʩʨʮʬ, ʸʵʳ ˀʬʬ˂ʭʨʲʨ ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʵʬʿʭʨʴʨ
ʰʪʰ ʳʬʮʵʩʬʲʰ ʽʭʬʿʴʬʩʰʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ, ʪʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʨʳʪʭʨʸʰ
˂ʭʲʰʲʬʩʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲˀʰ ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʰʹ ʯʭʨʲʹʨʮʸʰʹʰʯ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ
ʫʨʻˀʭʬʩʲʨʫ ʳʰʰˁʴʰʨ ʨˆʲʨʫ ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵ ˂ʭʲʰʲʬʩʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
ʻʱʻʽ˂ʬʭʰʯʰ ˃ʨʲʰʹ ʳʰʴʰ˅ʬʩʨ ʸʨʳʨ˂ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʴʬʩʹ ʸʬʨʲʻʸʨʫ ˄ʨʨʸʯʭʨ ʳʨʯʯʭʰʹ
ʳʰʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʮʰʨʴʰʹ ʨʴʨʮʾʨʻʸʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʲʵʩʨ. ʬʭʸʵʶʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ
ʯʭʨʲʹʨʮʸʰʹʰʯ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨˀʰ ʨʳʪʭʨʸʰ ʼʻʴʫʨʳʬʴʺʻʸʰ ˁʨʸʬʭʨ ʨʸ
ˀʬʬʹʨʩʨʳʬʩʵʫʨ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʨʴʰ ʯʨʴʨʮʵʳʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʹ. ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫ, ʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲ
ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ, ʫʨʰʸʾʭʨ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ
ʳʻˆʲʰ.
42
ĊùĄùĉĀăýúĉāþāûùąĖþĉýċùüĆúù
ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲʿʵʼʨ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ

ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʯʨʴʨˆʳʨʫ, ʨʹʬʭʬ ʻʴʫʨ ʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʫʬʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ
ʪʨʴ˅ʭʸʬʺʨʫʵʩʰʹ (ʱʨʴʵʴʰʹ ʪʨʹʨʪʬʩʰ ʼʵʸʳʰʯ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʰʹ) ʨʴʻ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ
ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʹ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʶʰʸʫʨʶʰʸʨʨ ʪʨ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ
ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʳʬʵʸʬ ˄ʰʴʨʫʨʫʬʩʨˀʰ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʯʨʴʨˆʳʨʫ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ Äʱʨʴʵʴʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʬʸʯʨˀʵʸʰʹʵ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʮʵʪʨʫʰ ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʬʩʰʯ
ʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʻʲ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩˀʰ³. ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʨʴ˅ʭʸʬʺʨʫʵʩʨ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ
ʮʵʪʨʫʨʫ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʨʹ ʫʨ ʰʪʰ ʫʨ˂ʻʲʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ
ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʯʨʴ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʰʯʨ˂, ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʫ ʰʳʰʹʨ, ʯʻ
ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰʯ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʰ ʹʨʳʰ ˄ʬʹʰʫʨʴ ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨʴ ʪʭʨʽʭʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ.
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʨʴ˅ʭʸʬʺʨʫʵʩʰʹ ʯʭʨʲʹʨʮʸʰʹʰʯ ʹʨʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʵʨ ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʰ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʪʨʴˁʰʴʬʩʨ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ Äʰʨʺʸʰʫʰʹʰʹʨʩʬʸ˃ʴʬʯʰʹ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ³ ,DWULG
LV Y *UHHFH MXGJHPHQW RI 0DUFK . ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʹ ʰˇʨʸʰʯ
ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʨʾʬʩʻʲʰ ʱʰʴʵʯʬʨʺʸʰ ʫʨ ʰˇʨʸʰʯ ʨʾʬʩʻʲʰ ʼʨʸʯʰʫʨʴ ʰʹ ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʰʯ
ʰʽʴʨ ʪʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʱʰʴʵʯʬʨʺʸʰ ʬʽʹʶʸʵʶʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʽʴʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʬ˂ʨ
ʹʨʩʬʸ˃ʴʬʯʰʹ ʬʸʯ-ʬʸʯʰ ʽʨʲʨʽʰʹ ʳʻʴʰ˂ʰʶʨʲʰʺʬʺʹ.
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ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ˀʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʫʨʨʫʪʰʴʨ, ʸʵʳ ʪʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʰʹ ʵʸʫʬʸʰ,
ʸʵʳʲʰʯʨ˂ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʹ ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʫʨʨʺʵʭʬʩʰʴʬʹ ʳʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʰˇʨʸʰʯ ʨʾʬʩʻʲʰ
ʱʰʴʵʯʬʨʺʸʰʹ ʺʬʸʰʺʵʸʰʨ, ˀʬʳʫʪʵʳˀʰ ʪʨʨʻʽʳʨ ʹʨʩʬʸ˃ʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʫʨ
ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʫ ʨʳʰʹʨ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵ ʰˇʨʸʰʯ ʨʾʬʩʻʲ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʴʨʱʭʬʯʮʬ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʴʰʹ
ʻʼʲʬʩʨʹ ʨʸ ˂ʴʵʩʫʨ. ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʪʨʴˁʰʴʬʩʨˀʰ ʳʰʻʯʰʯʨ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹ
ʳˆʸʰʫʨʴ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ ʨʴʻ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʨʴ˅ʭʸʬʺʨʫʵʩʰʹ ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
ʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʲʵʩʨʮʬ. ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʪʨʴˁʰʴʬʩʨˀʰ ʨʾʰʴʰˀʴʨ, ʰʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ
ʯʻ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʻʲʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʰ, ʨʸ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ
ʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲʰ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʪʵʳʰ ʱʭʲʬʭʰʹ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʨ, ʨʳʨ ʯʻ ʰʳ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ
ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹ ʽʳʬʫʬʩʰʹ ʳʨʸʯʲʮʵʳʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ ʨʴ ʯʨʴʨʮʵʳʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʰʹ
ʫʨ˂ʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʹ ʳʰʮʴʰʯ: Äʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʱʰʫʬʭʬʸʯˆʬʲʨʫʨʹʺʻʸʬʩʹʸʵʳ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʻʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴʬʹʰ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʨ
ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʹʰʳʨˀʰʸʵʳʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹʳˆʸʰʫʨʴʴʬʩʰʹʳʰʬʸʰˁʨʸʬʭʨʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ
ʫʨʻʩʸʱʵʲʬʩʲʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʨˀʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʴʵʸʳʨ
ʰʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʹʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹˁʨʳʵʸʯʳʬʭʨʹʳˆʵʲʵʫʱʨʴʵʴʰʯʨʫʨʹʨʬʸʯʨˀʵʸʰʹʵ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹʮʵʪʨʫʰʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʬʩʰʯʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʻʲʶʰʸʵʩʬʩˀʰʫʨʳʰʰˁʴʬʭʹ
ʸʵʳʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹʨʽʭʹʻʼʲʬʩʨʨʱʵʴʺʸʵʲʵʹʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʨʳˆʵʲʵʫ
Äʱʨʴʵʴʰʹ³ʳʬˀʭʬʵʩʰʯ³
ʰʨʺʸʰʫʰʹʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʫʨʨʹʱʭʴʨ, ʸʵʳ ʰˇʨʸʰʯ ʨʾʬʩʻʲʰ
ʽʵʴʬʩʰʹ ˁʨʳʵʸʯʳʬʭʨ ʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ʹʨʩʬʸ˃ʴʬʯʰʹ
ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʨˀʱʨʸʨ ʫʨʸʾʭʬʭʨʹ, ʸʨʳʨ˂ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳˆʸʰʭ ʪʨʳʵʰ˄ʭʰʨ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʫʨʸʾʭʬʭʨ.
ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʯʨ ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʨ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʹ
ʪʨʴ˅ʭʸʬʺʨʫʵʩʰʹ ʯʨʵʩʨʮʬ, ʴʨʯʲʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʰˆʨʺʨ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ Äˈʬʴʺʸʰˆʰʹʨʼʸʨʴʪʬʯʰʹ
˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ³ +HQWULFKY)UDQFHMXGJHPHQWRI6HSWHPEHU ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ
ʯʨʴʨˆʳʨʫ, ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʳʨ ʹʺʸʨʹʩʻʸʪˀʰ ˀʬʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʴʨʱʭʬʯʰ 150 000 ʼʸʨʴʱʨʫ.
ʯʻʳ˂ʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˆʨʮʰʴʰʫʨʴ ʨ˂ʴʵʩʬʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹ ʪʨʨˁʴʫʨ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ
43
ʴʨʱʭʬʯʰʹ ʻʶʰʸʨʺʬʹʰ ˀʬʹʿʰʫʭʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʰʽʬʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ, ʸʵʳ ˆʨʮʰʴʰʹ
ʯʭʨʲʹʨʮʸʰʹʰʯ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʴʳʨ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʬʴʨʫ ʪʨʫʨʰˆʨʫʨ ˃ʨʲʮʬ ʫʨʩʨʲʰ
ʼʨʹʰ. ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʰ ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʴ ʴʨʳʫʭʰʲʨʫ ˀʬʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʴʨʱʭʬʯʰ ʫʨ
ʬʹ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹ ʹʨʫʨʭʵʫ ʨʸ ʪʨʻˆʫʰʨ. ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʰ ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʫʨ, ʸʵʳ
ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʻʶʰʸʨʺʬʹʰ ˀʬʹʿʰʫʭʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʨ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʴʰʹ
ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲ ʽʵʴʬʩʨʮʬ ʨʸ ˀʬʫʰʵʫʨ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩˀʰ.
ʨʳʨʹʯʨʴ, ʳʵʳˁʰʭʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʫʨʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʴʨʹʿʰʫʵʩʰʹ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʰʹ
ʱʬʯʰʲʹʰʴʫʰʹʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ ʨʴ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʨʸʰʫʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰ ʫʾʰʹ
˄ʬʹʸʰʪˀʰ ʨʸ ʫʨʳʫʪʨʸʨ.
ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʳʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʪʨʴˁʰʴʬʩʨˀʰ ʳʰʻʯʰʯʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹ
ʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʸʬʨʲʰʮʬʩʨ ʻʶʰʸʨʺʬʹʰ ˀʬʹʿʰʫʭʰʹ ʯʨʵʩʨʮʬ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʫʨ
ʯʭʰʯʴʬʩʻʸʨʫʫʨʨʸʨʺʨʸʬʩʫʨʪʨʴ˅ʭʸʬʺʨʫˆʨʹʰʨʯʹ.ʱʨʴʵʴʰ,ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ʳʵʳˁʰʭʴʰʹ
ʳʰʳʨʸʯ ʪʨʳʵʰʿʬʴʨ (ʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ - ʹʨʼʸʨʴʪʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʵ
ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ 668-ʬ ʳʻˆʲʰ), ʹʨʼʸʨʴʪʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʨʸ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʰʳʪʭʨʸʨʫ
ʼʵʸʳʻʲʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʰʹʳʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʪʨʳʵʰʿʬʴʬʩʵʫʨ.
ʮʬʳʵʯʯʽʳʻʲʰʹʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʰʯʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʰʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹʶʸʬ˂ʬʴʫʬʴʺʻʲ
ʶʸʨʽʺʰʱʨʮʬ ʫʨʿʸʫʴʵʩʰʯ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʫʨʭʨʹʱʭʴʨʯ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ
ʪʨʴ˅ʭʸʬʺʨʫʵʩʰʹ ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹ ʨʴ ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ
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ʫʨ ʨʫʭʰʲʨʫ ˆʬʲʳʰʹʨ˄ʭʫʵʳ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭ ʴʵʸʳʬʩʹ ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʯʨʭʰʹ
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ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʰʳʨʹ ʸʵʳ ʱʬʸ˃ʵ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʮʾʻʫʭʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʬʼʻ˃ʴʬʩʵʫʬʹ ˀʰʫʨ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭ ʴʵʸʳʬʩʹ ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʰʳʨʹʨ˂ ʸʵʳ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʴʵʸʳʬʩʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ ˆʬʲʳʰʹʨ˄ʭʫʵʳʰ ʸʵʳ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵ ʵʸʪʨʴʵʬʩʹ ʨʸ ʳʰʬ˂ʬʯ
ʯʭʰʯʴʬʩʵʩʰʹˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʲʵʩʨ
ĂĆąþýąēāāĊ ćāĉþýăā üùĄùċýúāĀā ĆĎĄāĊ ćāĉþýăā ĄČėăāĊ

üùĉďþýþùĄýĄČėăĀùąĄāĄùĉĀýúāĀ
ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʯʨ ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʪʨʴˁʰʴʬʩʨˀʰ

ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʫʨʸʾʭʬʭʨʳʰˁʴʬʻʲʰ
ʰʽʴʨ ʨʸʨ ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʨʫ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʳʬ-14 ʳʻˆʲʯʨʴ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʰʯ.
ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ Äʳʨʸʽʹʰ ʩʬʲʪʰʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ³ 0DUFN[ Y %HOJLXP MXGJHPHQW RI -XQH
ʫʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʪʨʴʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ʩʬʲʪʰʰʹ ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵ ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ ʬʸʯ-ʬʸʯʰ ʳʻˆʲʰ,
ʸʵʳʲʰʯʨ˂ ʫʨ˄ʬʹʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʫʰʹʱʸʰʳʰʴʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʰ ʽʵʸ˄ʰʴʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨʸʬˀʬ ʫʨʩʨʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʩʨʭˀʭʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʫʨ ʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ˀʬʮʾʻʫʭʬʩʹ ʨʳ ʩʨʭˀʭʬʩʰʹ
ʫʬʫʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ˂ʹʻʸʫʨʯ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯʰ ʽʵʴʬʩʨ ʨʴʫʬʸ˃ʰʯ ʫʨʬʺʵʭʬʩʰʴʨʯ
ʽʵʸ˄ʰʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʸʬˀʬ ʫʨʩʨʫʬʩʻʲʰʯʨʭʰʨʴʯʰ ʩʨʭˀʭʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ.
ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʳʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʫʨʨʫʪʰʴʨ ʸʵʳ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵ ʴʵʸʳʨ
˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʲʰʹ ʳʰʳʨʸʯ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰʳʻˆʲʰʹʫʨʸʾʭʬʭʨʹʳʬʳʻˆʲʯʨʴʳʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʰʯ
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ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʳʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʴʪʸ˃ʵʩʨʫʰ ʫʨʸʾʭʬʭʰʹ

ʱʵʴ˂ʬʼ˂ʰʨ ʳʨʸʯʬʩʻʲʨʫ ʳʰʰˁʴʰʨ. ʬʹ ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʰ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ
ʰʽʴʨʹ ʰʹʬʯ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʬʩˀʰ˂, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʻʱʨʴʵʴʵ ˆʬʲʿʵʼʨ
ˁʨʫʬʴʰʲʰʨ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʸʨʺʰʼʰʱʨ˂ʰʨʳʫʬ.
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'HFHPEHU ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʰ ʰʿʵ ʱʭʰʶʸʵʹʬʲʰ ʩʬʸ˃ʬʴʰ ʽʨʲʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʰʰˁʴʬʭʫʨ,
ʸʵʳ ʳʰʹ ʳʰʳʨʸʯ ʫʨʰʸʾʭʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴ
ʳʨʹ ʪʨʨˁʴʫʨ ʹʨˆʲʰ ʱʭʰʶʸʵʹʰʹ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯ ʴʨ˄ʰʲˀʰ ʫʨ ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʪʨˆʫʨ
ʫʨʬʺʵʭʬʩʰʴʨ 1974 ˄ʬʲʹ ʯʻʸʽʻʲʰ ʵʱʻʶʨ˂ʰʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ. ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʰ ʨ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʫʨ,
ʸʵʳ ʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʰʹ ʽʳʬʫʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʳʨʹ ʨʸ ˀʬʬ˃ʲʵ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʨ
ʫʨ ʬʹ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨ ʨʺʨʸʬʩʫʨ ʪʨʴʪʸ˃ʵʩʨʫ ˆʨʹʰʨʯʹ. ʯʻʸʽʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨ
ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʰ ʨʸ ʰʿʵ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʳʵʹʰʲʰ ʳʰʬʳʨʸʯʨ ʬʭʸʵʶʰʹ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʳʰʹʰ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲʿʵʼʰʹ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʮʬ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴ ʯʻʸʽʬʯʳʨ
ʳˆʵʲʵʫ 1990 ˄ʬʲʹ ʹ˂ʴʵ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʯʨ ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ
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ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʳʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʪʨʴˁʰʴʬʩʨˀʰ ʪʨʴʳʨʸʺʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʴ ʳʨʴʨʳʫʬ
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ʳʰʳʨʸʯ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵ ʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʬ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʨʹʯʨʴ ʳʰʬʸʯʬʩʨʳʫʬ
ʫʨ ʪʨʪʸ˃ʬʲʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʸʨʺʰʼʰ˂ʰʸʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ. ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ
ʯʭʨʲʹʨʮʸʰʹʰʯ ʲʵʰʮʰʫʻʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ ˀʬʬˆʬʩʵʫʨ ʹ˄ʵʸʬʫ ʪʨʴʪʸ˃ʵʩʨʫ ʫʨʸʾʭʬʭʨʹ
ʫʨ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʰ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʱʵʴʺʬʽʹʺˀʰ ʱʭʲʨʭʨ˂
ʰʯʭʲʬʩʵʫʨ ʻ˃ʸʨʭʰ ʽʵʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʬʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʫ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʱʭʲʨʭ ʬʮʾʻʫʬʩʵʫʨ
ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨ. ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʯʭʨʲʹʨʮʸʰʹʰʯ ʬ.˄.
Äˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯ ʱʭʰʶʸʵʹʰʹ ʯʻʸʽʻʲʰ ʸʬʹʶʻʩʲʰʱʰʹ³ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲʰ Äʱʨʴʵʴʰ³,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˆʬʲʿʵʼʫʨ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʴʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʹ ʳʰʹ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʨʮʬ, ʨʸ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʵʫʨ
ʳʰˁʴʬʻʲʰʿʵ ʴʨʳʫʭʰʲ ʱʨʴʵʴʨʫ. ʬʭʸʵʶʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʨʹʬʭʬ ʫʨʨʫʪʰʴʨ, ʸʵʳ
ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʹ 1974 ˄ʲʰʫʨʴ ʻʨʸʰ ʬʯʽʭʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʨʮʬ
ʫʨ ˄ʨʬʸʯʭʨ ʳʰʹ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ ʽʵʴʬʩʰʹ ʼʲʵʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʲʵʩʨ. ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʳʰʰˁʴʰʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲʰ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰ
ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʴˆʰʲʻʲʰʿʵ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ
˄ʬʹʰʹ ʫʨʸʾʭʬʭʰʹ ʱʵʴʺʬʽʹʺˀʰ ʫʨ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʰʯ
ˀʬʻʼʬʸˆʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʲʵʩʨ ʻʯʨʴʨʩʸʫʬʩʨ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰ
ˆʨʹʰʨʯʰʹ ʫʨʸʾʭʬʭʨʹ. ʪʨʴˁʰʴʬʩʨˀʰ ʨʾʰʴʰˀʴʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʬ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹ ʳʰʬʸ
Äʭʬʸʰʽʴʨʨˆʹʴʰʲʰʯʻʸʵʪʵʸʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʹʱʭʰʶʸʵʹʰʹʹʨʳˆʸʬʯˀʰʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʱʭʰʶʸʵʹʬʲʰ
ʯʻʸʽʬʩʰʹʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʨʽʭʬʿʴʰʹˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʴʨ˄ʰʲˀʰʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹˆʬʲʿʵʼʰʹ
ʼʨʽʺʹʸʨʳʨ˂ʳʵʳˁʰʭʴʰʹʳʰʳʨʸʯʳʰʰʾʵʱʨʺʬʪʵʸʰʻʲʰʫʨʪʨʴʪʸ˃ʵʩʨʫʰʨʱʸ˃ʨʲʭʰʹʹʨˆʬʫʨ
ʿʵʭʬʲʰʭʬʬʹʳʰʮʴʨʫʰʹʨˆʨʭʫʨʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹʬʽʹʶʸʵʶʸʰʨ˂ʰʨʹʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʰʱʵʳʶʬʴʹʨ˂ʰʰʹ
ʪʨʫʨˆʫʰʹʪʨʸʬˀʬ³ /RL]LGRXY7XUNH\MXGJHPHQWRI'HFHPEHU
ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫ, ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʳʰʭʰʫʨ ʰʳ ʫʨʹʱʭʴʨʳʫʬ, ʸʵʳ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʴʰʹ ʳʰʳʨʸʯ
ʫʨʸʾʭʬʻʲʰ ʰʽʴʨ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ
ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʨ.
45
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ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨʯʨʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʰʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹʶʰʸʭʬʲʰʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ
ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʳʻˆʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʪʨʴˁʰʴʬʩʬʩˀʰ
ˁʨʳʵʿʨʲʰʩʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ
ʻʼʲʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʮʾʻʫʭʰʹ ʻʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴʬʹʰ
ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʬʩʰ
ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʨʳ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʯʨʴʨˆʳʨʫ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʬʩʹ ʪʨʨˁʴʰʨʯ

ʼʨʸʯʵ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʳʵʹʰʲʬʩʨ ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʱʻʸʰ ʫʨ ʹʵ˂ʰʨʲʻʸʰ
ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʰʹ ʹʼʬʸʵˀʰ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʾʬʩʰʹʨʹ ʨʳʨʭʬ ʫʸʵʹ
ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʬʩʰʹ ʽʳʬʫʬʩʨ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲʿʵʼʰʹ
ʫʸʵʹ ʨʸ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʨʺʨʸʬʩʫʬʹ ʯʭʰʯʴʬʩʻʸ ʻʱʵʴʺʸʵʲʵ
ˆʨʹʰʨʯʹ ʹ˄ʵʸʬʫ ʨʳ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʬʩʹ ʨʸʱʭʬʭʹ ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ
ʹʨʶʸʬ˂ʬʴʫʬʴʺʵʶʸʨʽʺʰʱʨʸʵʳʲʰʹʯʨʴʨˆʳʨʫʯʰʯʵʬʻʲʰʹʨˁʰʭʸʰʹ
ʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʰʹʫʸʵʹʻʴʫʨʪʨʴʰʹʨʮʾʭʸʵʹʬʽ˂ʬʭʨʯʻʨʸʨʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ
ʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʨʴ ʽʵʴʬʩʨ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʼʨʸʪʲʬʩˀʰ ʨʽʭʹ ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ
£
ʻʼʲʬʩʰʹˁʨʳʵʸʯʳʬʭʨʹʨʴʹˆʭʨʪʭʨʸˆʬʲʿʵʼʨʹʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ
ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰʯ ʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʳʰ
˄ʬʹʰʫʨʴ ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʼʨʸʪʲʬʩˀʰ ʳʵˆʫʨ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲʿʵʼʨ
ʬʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʨ ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲʿʵʼʨ ʹʨˇʨʸʵ ʨʴ
ʹʨʬʸʯʵʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʰʯʪʨʴʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʻʲʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʳʰʮʨʴʹ
ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʰʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳʨʸʯʬʩʻʲʨʫʳʰʰˁʴʬʭʹʸʵʳʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹ
ʳʰʬʸ ʱʬʸ˃ʵ ʶʰʸʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ˁʨʳʵʸʳʯʬʭʰʹʨʹ
ʻʴʫʨ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʫʬʹ ʨʸʨ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʰʫʨʴ
ʪʨʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʰ ʳʰʮʨʴʰ ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʪʵʴʰʭʸʻʲʰ
ʯʨʴʨʮʵʳʰʬʸʬʩʨ ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʰʳ ʳʰʮʨʴʹ
ˀʵʸʰʹ ʸʵʳʲʰʹʱʬʴʨ˂ ʨʸʰʹ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʮʾʻʫʭʨ ʨʳʨʭʬ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʫʬʹ ʳʱʨʼʰʵʫ
ˁʨʳʵʿʨʲʰʩʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʨʫʭʰʲʨʫ ˆʬʲʳʰʹʨ˄ʭʫʵʳʰ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ
ʴʵʸʳʬʩʰʹˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ʯʨʭʰʹʳˆʸʰʭʻʴʫʨʶʨʹʻˆʵʩʫʬʹ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹʱʵʴ˂ʬʼ˂ʰʰʹʨʸʹʬʩʰʯʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʬʩʹ
46
£"
ąāąĆûþýąýċùĔý
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ
ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹʱʵʳʰʺʬʺʰʹʬʽʹʶʬʸʺʰ
ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʨʯʨʫʵʽʺʵʸʰ
ʽʨʸʯʻʲʨʳʬʸʰʱʻʲʰʻʴʰʭʬʸʹʰʺʬʺʰʹʶʸʵʼʬʹʵʸʰ
ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʯʨ ʫʨ ˃ʰʸʰʯʨʫ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨʯʨ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʰ

ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʳʬ-7 ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʵʽʳʰʹ ʳʬ-4 ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʳʬ-2 ʶʻʴʽʺʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ,
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʴʨˆʲʬʩʨ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʨʴ ʨˆʲʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʭʲʬʴʰʲʰ
£

ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʬʩʰʹ ʨʴʫʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹʨʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʰʯʰ ˆʨʸʭʬʮʰʹ
ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ.1
ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ˆʬʲʨˆʨʲʰ ʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʨ non bis in idem ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʰʹ ʳʰʮʴʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨ

(ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ) ʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʰʹ ʪʨʪʸ˃ʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʼʵʸʳʨʨ.2 ʨʳʫʬʴʨʫ, ʳʨʸʯʲʳʹʨˇʻʲʬʩʰʹ
ˆʨʸʭʬʮʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʫʪʬʴʨʫ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ˆʬʲʨˆʨʲʰ ʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʨ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʰʹ ʪʨʪʸ˃ʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʼʵʸʳʨʨ ʫʨ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʨʹʯʨʴ ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʰʨ.
non bis in idem ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʰ ʪʻʲʰʹˆʳʵʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ

ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨʳ ʳʰʰʾʵ ʹʨʩʵʲʵʵ ˆʨʹʰʨʯʰ, ʨʴʻ ʰʹ ʪʨˆʫʨ res judicate.
ʹʨʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨ ˆʫʬʩʨ
ʹʨʩʵʲʵʵ, ʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲˀʰ. ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵ ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ 279-ʬ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ: “ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸ
˃ʨʲʨˀʰ ˀʬʫʰʹ ʫʨ ʨʾʹʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʲʨʫ ʳʰʰʽ˂ʬʭʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʰʹʰ ʹʨˇʨʸʵʫ
ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʰʹʯʨʴʨʭʬ.3 ʨʳʨʹʯʨʴ, ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʹʨʨʶʬʲʨ˂ʰʵ
ʫʨ ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʬʩʰ. ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʰʴʹʺʨʴ˂ʰʬʩʰʹ ʳˆʨʸʬʯʨ ʳʰʬʸ ʨʳʵ˄ʻʸʭʰʹ
ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ, ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʯ ʨʸ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʹ ʪʨʹʨˁʰʭʸʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʲʵʩʨ. ˀʺʬʼʨʴ ʺʸʬʽʹʬʲʰ ʻʯʰʯʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʪʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʨ ʨʴ ʳʹˇʨʭʸʫʬʩʨ
ʹʨʩʵʲʵʵʨ, ʯʻ ʨʾʨʸ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ ʪʨʹʨˁʰʭʸʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʲʵʩʨ. ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨ
ʳʰʰˁʴʬʭʨ ʹʨʩʵʲʵʵʫ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʱʰ ʰʹ ˆʫʬʩʨ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ˃ʨʲʰʹ ʳʨʺʨʸʬʩʬʲʰ,
ʰʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ˂ ʱʰ, ʯʻ ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʰ, ʨʴʻ ʪʨʸʱʭʬʻʲʰ ʼʨʽʺʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʨʴ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ˀʬ˂ʫʵʳʬʩʰʨ ʫʨˀʭʬʩʻʲʰ (ʳʵʽʳʬʫʰ ʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵ ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫ, ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʰ, ʫʨʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʨʴʰ. (ʳʻˆ. 259)). ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲˀʰ non bis in idem ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʰ ʫʨʰʸʾʭʬʭʨʯʻ
1 Stefan treqseli adamianis uflebebi sisxlis samarTlis procesSi, Tbilisi 2009, gv. 447
2 jeremi makbraidi, adamianis uflebebi da sisxlis samarTlis procesi, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli
sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali, evropis sabWo 2011 w. gv. 357
3 ix. sssk-is 292-e _ 309-e muxlebi. apelacia da kasacia. saproceso kanonmdeblobiT daregulirebulia
ganaCenis saapelacio da sakasacio wesiT gasaCivreba.
47
ʫʨʰ˄ʿʬʩʨ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʫʬʭʴʨ ʫʨ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʨ. 4
ʳʨʸʯʲʳʹʨˇʻʲʬʩʰʹ ˆʨʸʭʬʮʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʰʹ ʪʨʴʨˆʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʻʲʰ

ʳʵʫʬʲʰ ʨʽʺʻʨʲʻʸʰʨ ʯʨʴʨʳʬʫʸʵʭʬ ʽʸʯʻʲʰ ʳʨʸʯʲʳʹʨˇʻʲʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ.
ʻʱʨʴʵʴʵ, ʫʨʻʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʬʲ ʫʨ ʻʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʪʨʫʨʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨʯʨ ˀʬʫʬʪʬʩʰʹ
ʨʾʳʵʼˆʭʸʨ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹʨʹ ʫʨˀʭʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʨʸʭʬʮʰʹ
ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʹ ʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʰʹ ʫʨʸʬʪʻʲʰʸʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʸʬˀʬ. 5
ʽʨʸʯʻʲ ʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵ ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʵʫʬʲʰ

ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʴʨˆʲʬʩʨ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʨʴ ʨˆʲʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʭʲʬʴʰʲʰ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵ, ʸʨ˂ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʹʰʴˇʭʰʹ ˄ʬʹʹ ʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʨʭʹ, ʨʸʰʹ ʬʸʯ-ʬʸʯʰ ʳʬʽʨʴʰʮʳʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʹʨʨʶʬʲʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵˀʰ ʪʨʴʹˇʨʫʵʩʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʰʯʰ
ʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʰʹ ˄ʬʹʹ ʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʹ. ʬʹ ˄ʬʹʰ ʰʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʹ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʹ ˀʬ˂ʭʲʰʹ,
ʪʨʻʽʳʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʹ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʹ ʨʴ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʹ ʻ˂ʭʲʬʲʨʫ ʫʨʺʵʭʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʲʵʩʨʹ. (ʹʹʹʱ-ʰʹ 313-ʬ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʳʬ-4 ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʫʨ 314-ʬ ʳʻˆ.) ʨʳʨʭʫʸʻʲʨʫ,
ʹʨʨʶʬʲʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʮʬ ˀʬʫʰʹ ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨˁʰʭʨʸʰ.
ʳʵʽʳʬʫʳʨ ʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵ ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʨʳ ʻʨʸʰ ʯʽʭʨ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ

ʪʨʴʨˆʲʬʩʰʹ ˃ʭʬʲ ʳʵʫʬʲʮʬ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʼʨʽʺʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʨʴ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ˆʨʹʰʨʯʰʹ
ʨˆʲʨʫ ʨʾʳʵˁʬʴʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʨˆʲʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʭʲʬʴʰʲʰ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʰʯ ʰʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʫʨ
£
ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʹʨʫʨʹˆʭʨʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʰʹʪʨʫʨʹʰʴˇʭʰʹˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʲʵʩʨʹ.6
ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʫ ʰʳʰʹʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵ ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹʳʵʽʳʬʫ ʸʬʫʨʽ˂ʰʨˀʰ ˀʬʴʨʸˁʻʴʫʨ
ʫʨ ʪʨʨʼʨʸʯʵʭʫʨ ʱʰʫʬ˂ ʨˆʲʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʭʲʬʴʰʲʰ
4 >@ VHH %UXPăUHVFX FLWHG DERYH ˀʺʬʼʨʴ ʺʸʬʽʹʬʲʰ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʶʸʵ˂ʬʹˀʰ
ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰ ʪʭ. 435 ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʳʬ-7 ʵʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʸʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʩʨʸʨʯʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨ ʹʨʩʵʲʵʵʨ
ʯʻ ʳʨʴ ʳʰʰʾʵ “res judicata”-ʹ˃ʨʲʨ
5 Ministry of justice of Georjia ʨʳ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʯʨʴ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʰʯ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ ʰʻʹʺʰ˂ʰʰʹ ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹ ʻ˄ʿʬʩʨʯˀʵʸʰʹʰ

ʱʵʳʰʹʰʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʵʳʮʨʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʶʸʵʬʽʺʰ ”ʳʨʸʯʲʳʹʨˇʻʲʬʩʰʹ ˆʨʸʭʬʮʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʲʰ ʫʸʵʬʩʰʯʰ
ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʰʹ ˀʬʽʳʴʰʹ ʯʨʵʩʨʮʬ” ĐũƌŽƐΛũƵƐƟĐĞ͘ŐŽǀ͘ŐĞ
6 ʰˆ. ʰˆ. ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʵʸʪʨʴʻʲʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʻʮʬʴʨʬʹʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʳʻˆ.10 1999˄. 12
ʳʨʰʹʰ #1947-IIʹ (˃ʨʲʨʫʨʱʨʸʪʻʲʰʨ-ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ 2009 ˄ʲʰʹ 4 ʫʬʱʬʳʩʸʰʹ ʵʸʪʨʴʻʲʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʰ ʋ2257-ʹʹʳI,
ʋ81, 08.12.2009˄., ʳʻˆ.300) ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʹʰʴˇʭʨ ʨˆʲʨʫ ʨʾʳʵˁʬʴʰʲ
ʫʨ ʨˆʲʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʭʲʬʴʰʲ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨʯʨ ʪʨʳʵ. ʳʻˆ. 559-599, ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵ
ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰ 1998 ˄ʲʰʹ ʸʬʫʨʽ˂ʰʰʯ. ʨˆʲʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʭʲʬʴʰʲ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨʯʨ ʹʨˆʬʬʩʰ, ʰ ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰʯʨ˂ ˀʬʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʻʲʰʨ
ʻʱʨʴʵʴʵ ʨʴ ʫʨʻʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʹʰʴˇʭʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰʨ: ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ
ʹʨʱʵʴʹʺʰʺʻ˂ʰʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨ, ʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʨʸʨʱʵʴʹʺʰʺʻ˂ʰʻʸʨʫ ˂ʴʵ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸ ˃ʨʲʨˀʰ
ˀʬʹʻʲʰ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʹ ʨʴ ʹˆʭʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʹʨʹ ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʰ; ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸ
˃ʨʲʨˀʰ ˀʬʹʻʲʰ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʺʨʴʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʹ ʳʰʾʬʩʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʨʻʽʳʬʩʹ ʨʴ ʨʳʹʻʩʻʽʬʩʹ
ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭ ʶʨʹʻˆʰʹʳʪʬʩʲʵʩʨʹ ûùĉýĄĆýúýúā ĉĆĄăýúāē ĄāČĀāĀýúüąýą üùđþýúČă
ĊùĊùĄùĉĀăĆ đýēüĆĄùÿý ĉĆĄýăĄùē Āùþā āĒāąù ûùąùĒýąāĊ ĂùąĆąāýĉ Ĕùăùđā đýĊþăāĊ đýĄüýû
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ˀʬ˂ʫʵʳʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʹʰʴˇʭʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʹʨˁʰʭʨʸʰ ʻˀʻʨʲʵʫ ˀʬʨʽʭʯ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ
ʻʮʬʴʨʬʹʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʹʨʮʬʫʨʳˆʬʫʭʬʲʵ ʶʨʲʨʺʨˀʰ ʹʨˁʰʭʸʰʹ ˀʬʺʨʴʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʨʽʭʯ ʳˆʨʸʬʬʩʹ ˆʵʲʵ
ʳʹˇʨʭʸʫʬʩʻʲʰʹ ʪʨʸʫʨ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ± ʳʰʹ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʹ ʫʨʳ˂ʭʬʲʹ ʨʴ ʹˆʭʨ ʫʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʻʲ ʶʰʸʹ
ʨˆʲʨʫ ʨʾʳʵˁʬʴʰʲ ʨʴ ʨˆʲʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʭʲʬʴʰʲ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨʯʨ ʪʨʳʵ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʹʰʴˇʭʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʹʨˁʰʭʨʸʰ
ˀʬʰ˂ʨʭʫʨ ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨˁʰʭʸʰʹ ʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʬʲ ʸʬʱʭʰʮʰʺʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʫʨ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʫʨʹʱʭʴʬʩʹ ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂
ʨʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʬʴʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸ˃ʨʲʨˀʰˀʬʹʻʲʰʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʹʨʫʨ ʨʴ ˀʬʳʫʪʵʳʰʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʰʹʪʨʻʽʳʬʩʰʹ
ʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʲʵʩʨʹʹʨʮʬʫʨʳˆʬʫʭʬʲʵʶʨʲʨʺʰʹʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨʹʨʩʵʲʵʵʨʫʨʨʸʪʨʹʨˁʰʭʸʫʬʩʨ
48
ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʬʩʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʬʩʰ ʨˆʲʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʭʲʬʴʰʲ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʬʸʯʰ ʹʨˆʬ
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂˄ʲʰʹʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ˄ʲʰʹʳʨʰʹʰʹʸʬʫʨʽ˂ʰʰʯʰʿʵ
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ʪʨʻʽʳʫʨ ˄ʲʰʹ ʵʽʺʵʳʩʸʰʹ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵ ʱʵʫʬʽʹʳʨ
³ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ˀʬ˂ʫʵʳʨ´ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨˆʬ ʼʨʽʺʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʨʴ
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ʪʨʴʨˆʲʬʩʰʹʨʹʨʸʪʨʰʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʨ
ʭʼʰʽʸʵʩʯ ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʰʹ ʴʬʩʨ ʬʼʻ˃ʴʬʩʵʫʨ ʰʳ ʱʸʰʺʬʸʰʻʳʬʩʹ ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂

˄ʲʰʹ ʳʨʰʹʰʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʯ ʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵ ʱʵʫʬʽʹˀʰ ˂ʭʲʰʲʬʩʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʺʨʴʰʹ
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ʹʨʮʬʫʨʳˆʬʫʭʬʲʵʶʨʲʨʺʨʰʱʭʲʬʭʫʨʰʳʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʬʩʹʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ʳʰʻʯʰʯʬʩʫʴʬʴ
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˃ʨʲʨˀʰ ˀʬʹʭʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʳʨʸʯʲʳʹʨˇʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʴʭʰʯʨʸʬʩʰʹ
ʰʳ ʬʺʨʶʮʬ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʪʵʴʰʭʸʻʲʰ ʪʨˆʫʨ ʰʳʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʨ ʸʵʳ
ʪʨʺʨʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʸʬʼʵʸʳʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ˀʬ˂ʫʵʳʰʹ ˀʬʳ˂ʰʸʬʩʰʹʨ
ʫʨ ʨʳʫʬʴʨʫ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ˀʬ˂ʫʵʳʰʹ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ˆʬʲʨˆʨʲʰ ʪʨʫʨʹʰʴˇʭʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʻʽʳʬʩʰʹ ʰʳʬʫʹ ʰ˃ʲʬʵʫʨ ʨʳʨʹʯʨʴ ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʰ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ
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ʿʭʬʲʨ ʱʨʺʬʪʵʸʰʰʹ ʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʯʨʴ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʨˀʰ ʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵ ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ ʬ
ʳʻˆʲʰ ʨʾʰʨʸʬʩʫʨ ʶʰʸʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʪʨʴˆʰʲʻʲʰʿʵ ʵʸ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ
ʰʴʹʺʨʴ˂ʰʨˀʰ ʸʨ˂ ʳʹˇʨʭʸʫʬʩʻʲʹ ʫʨʮʨʸʨʲʬʩʻʲʹ ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵ ʳʵʹʨʸˁʬʲʬʹʨ
ʫʨ ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵ ʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʬʹ ʨʸʨʴʨʱʲʬʩ ʵʸ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʰʴʹʺʨʴ˂ʰʨˀʰ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ
ʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʰʹ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʰʹ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʲʵʩʨʹ ʨ˃ʲʬʭʫʨ ʪʨʹʨˁʰʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨ
ʹʨʨʶʬʲʨ˂ʰʵ ʫʨ ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵ ʰʴʹʺʨʴ˂ʰʨˀʰ ʨʸ ʰʿʵ ʪʨʸʯʻʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨˁʰʭʸʰʹ
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ʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʰʹʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʰʰʿʵʸʨʰʵʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʽʨʲʨʽʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʹʨʯʻ
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7 ʰˆ. ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵ ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ ʳʻˆʲʰ 310. ʨˆʲʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʭʲʬʴʰʲ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨʯʨ ʪʨʳʵ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʹ
ʪʨʫʨʹʰʴˇʭʰʹ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʬʩʰ. ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰ ʨˆʲʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʭʲʬʴʰʲ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨʯʨ ʪʨʳʵ ʪʨʫʨʰʹʰʴˇʬʩʨ, ʯʻ: ʨ) ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ
ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸ ˃ʨʲʨˀʰ ˀʬʹʻʲʰ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʯ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʰʨ, ʸʵʳ ʿʨʲʩʰʨ ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʨʫ ʫʨʬʫʵ
ʪʨʫʨʹʨʹʰʴˇ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʹ; ʩ) ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʵ˄ʳʵʩʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸ ˃ʨʲʨˀʰ ˀʬʹʻʲʰ
ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʹ ʫʨʳʫʪʬʴʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʻʱʨʴʵʴʵ ˀʬʳʨʫʪʬʴʲʵʩʨʹ ʨʴ ʰʳ ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʻˀʭʬʩʲʵʩʨʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʨʫ ʫʨʬʫʵ ʪʨʫʨʹʨʹʰʴˇ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʹ; ʪ) ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸ ˃ʨʲʨˀʰ ˀʬʹʻʲʰ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʯ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʰʨ,
ʸʵʳ ʳʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʳ, ʶʸʵʱʻʸʵʸʳʨ, ʪʨʳʵʳ˃ʰʬʩʬʲʳʨ, ʴʨʼʰ˂ʳʨ ʳʹʨˇʻʲʳʨ ʨʴ ʴʨʼʰ˂ʰ ʳʹʨˇʻʲʰʹ ʳʰʳʨʸʯ ʹˆʭʨ ʶʰʸʳʨ
ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬʹʯʨʴ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʰʯ ˁʨʰʫʰʴʨ ʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʰ; ʫ) ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʹʨʱʵʴʹʺʰʺʻ˂ʰʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ
ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʨʸʨʱʵʴʹʺʰʺʻ˂ʰʻʸʨʫ ˂ʴʵ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʰ;
ʬ) ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʯʨ ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸ ˃ʨʲʨˀʰ ˀʬʹʻʲʰ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨ
(ʪʨʴˁʰʴʬʩʨ), ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʫʨʨʫʪʰʴʨ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʯʨ ʫʨ ˃ʰʸʰʯʨʫ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨʯʨ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʰ
ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʨʴ ʳʰʹʰ ʵʽʳʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʸʾʭʬʭʨ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬʹʯʨʴ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʰʯ, ʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʹʨʹʰʴˇʰ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰ ʨʳ ʫʨʸʾʭʬʭʨʹ
ʬʼʻ˃ʴʬʩʨ (27.03.2012. N5925); ʭ) ʨˆʨʲʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʰ ʨʻʽʳʬʩʹ ʨʴ ʨʳʹʻʩʻʽʬʩʹ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭ ʶʨʹʻˆʰʹʳʪʬʩʲʵʩʨʹ
ʰʳ ʽʳʬʫʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ˁʨʫʬʴʰʹʯʭʰʹʨ˂ ʶʰʸʹ ʪʨʫʨʹʨʹʰʴˇʰ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʯ ʳʹˇʨʭʸʰ ʫʨʬʫʵ; ʮ) ˄ʨʸʫʪʬʴʰʲʰʨ
ʨˆʨʲʰ ʼʨʽʺʰ ʨʴ ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʪʨʫʨʹʨʹʰʴˇʰ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʺʨʴʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʨʸ ʰʿʵ ˂ʴʵʩʰʲʰ ʫʨ
ʯʨʭʰʹʯʨʭʨʫ ʯʻ ʹˆʭʨ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨʹʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ ʳʹˇʨʭʸʫʬʩʻʲʰʹ ʻʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʵʩʨʹ ʨʴ
ʳʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʰʳ ʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʮʬ ʻʼʸʵ ʳʹʻʩʻʽʰ ʨʴ ʻʼʸʵ ʳ˃ʰʳʬ ʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʰʹ ˁʨʫʬʴʨʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹʯʭʰʹʨ˂ ʳʨʹ ʳʹˇʨʭʸʰ
ʫʨʬʫʵ, ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ ʪʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʻʲʰʹ ʩʸʨʲʬʻʲʵʩʨʹ ʨʴ ʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʰʹ ʰʳ ʶʰʸʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ˁʨʫʬʴʨʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ
ʳʰʳʨʸʯʨ˂ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʫʬʭʴʨ ˀʬ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʰ ʰʿʵ.
8 ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʰ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵ ʱʵʫʬʽʹˀʰ ˂ʭʲʰʲʬʩʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ, 1999
˄ʲʰʹ 13 ʳʨʰʹʰʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʰ №1958 - ʹʹʳ I, №16(23), 14.05.1999 ˄., ʳʻˆ.522-565
9ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨˁʰʭʸʰʹ ʫʨʹʨˀʭʬʩʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʨ ʹʹʹʱ-ˀʰ 2005 ˄ʲʰʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʯ ʫʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʫʨ.ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ 2005 ˄ʲʰʹ
25 ʳʨʸʺʰʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʰ №1204 – ʹʹʳ I, №14, 18.04.2005 ˄., ʳʻˆ.94
49
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ʰʳʨʭʫʸʵʻʲʨʫ ʰʽʳʴʬʩʵʫʨ ʹʨʨʶʬʲʨ˂ʰʵ ʫʨ ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʫʨʺʭʰʸʯʭʰʹ ʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʨ ʸʨ˂ ˀʬʳʫʪʵʳ ʬʺʨʶʮʬ ˄ʲʰʫʨʴ
ʹʨˁʰʭʸʰʹ ʫʨʹʨˀʭʬʩʵʩʰʹ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʼʵʸʳʨʲʻʸʰ (ʹʨʨʶʬʲʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨˁʰʭʨʸʯʨʴ
ʳʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʨˀʰ) ʰʹʬ,ʬ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʱʸʰʺʬʸʰʻʳʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʺʨʴʰʯ ʻʴʫʨ
ʫʨ˃ʲʬʻʲʰʿʵ. ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʰʴʵʭʨ˂ʰʻʸʰ ʳʰʫʪʵʳʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʨʳ ʫʸʵʯʨ
ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʪʨʴʨʶʰʸʵʩʨ ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨˁʰʭʸʰʹ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʳʰʮʨʴˀʬ˄ʵʴʰʲʵʩʰʹ
ʫʨ ʹʨˁʰʭʨʸʰʹ ʫʨʹʨˀʭʬʩʵʩʨʮʬ ʫʨʻʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʲʨʫ ʻʨʸʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ
ʶʸʨʽʺʰʱʰʹ ˁʨʳʵʿʨʲʰʩʬʩʨ. ʪʨʹʨˁʰʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʳʬʽʨʴʰʮʳʬʩʰʹ ʬʼʬʽʺʻʸʰ ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʰʹ
ʻʮʸʻʴʭʬʲʿʵʼʨ ˄ʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰ
10 ʰˆʹʨʽʳʬ “Monnel and Morris v. the United kingdom” ʫʨ “Magharian v. Sweden”. ʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʰʳʰʹ ʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʨ,
ʸʵʳ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʯʨ ʻʳʸʨʭʲʬʹʵʩʨˀʰ ʶʸʵʱʻʸʵʸʹ ʨʽʭʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨ, ʪʨʨʹʨˁʰʭʸʵʹ ʪʨʳʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʨʴ, ʳʰʹʰ
ʨʮʸʰʯ ʮʬʫʳʬʺʨʫ ʳʹʻʩʻʽʰ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰ. ʨʹʬʭʬ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʨ ʨʸ ʰ˂ʨʭʹ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʹ ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʰʹʨʪʨʴ “reformatio in pejus”
ʨʴʻʪʨʹʨˁʰʭʸʬʩʰʹˀʬʫʬʪʨʫʻʼʸʵʳʱʨ˂ʸʰʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʹʪʨʳʵʺʨʴʰʹʨʪʨʴˀʺʬʼʨʴʺʸʬʽʹʬʲʰʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ
ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰʹʰʹˆʲʰʹʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹʶʸʵ˂ʬʹˀʰʪʭ
11ʰˆ. ʰʽʭʬ ʪʭ. 411
12ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵ ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ 547-ʬ ʳʻˆʲʳʨ ʪʨʰʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʨ ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨˁʰʭʸʰʹ
ʫʨʹʨˀʭʬʩʵʩʨ ʯʻ: ʨ) ʹʨʽʳʬ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴʰʨ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʭʰʯʨʸʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʬʸʯʪʭʨʸʵʭʨʴʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ
ʶʸʨʽʺʰʱʰʹ ˁʨʳʵʿʨʲʰʩʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ;ʩ) ʹʨʨʶʬʲʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨ ʪʨʴʹˆʭʨʭʫʬʩʨ ʨʳ ʱʨʺʬʪʵʸʰʰʹ
ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ ʻʮʬʴʨʬʹʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʳʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ ʶʸʨʽʺʰʱʰʹʨʪʨʴ; ʪ) ʹʨʨʶʬʲʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʹʨʽʳʬ
ʪʨʴˆʰʲʻʲʰʨ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʨʴ ʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵ ʫʨʸʾʭʬʭʰʯ, ʯ ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ˀʬʬ˃ʲʵ ʨʸʹʬʩʰʯʨʫ
ʬʳʵʽʳʬʫʨ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʰʹ ˀʬʫʬʪʮʬ(ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ 2005 ˄ʲʰʹ23 ʰʭʴʰʹʰʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʰ –ʹʹʳI,2005,#36. ʳʻˆ.223)
50
ʪʨˆʫʨ ʨʸʨ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʪʨʳʨʸʺʰʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ ʨʴʻ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ
CCʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵ ˀʬʯʨʴˆʳʬʩʰʯ”13 (ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʨʶʬʲʨ˂ʰʵ ʰʴʹʺʨʴ˂ʰʰʹ
ʫʵʴʬʮʬ) ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ 85%-90% ʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ,

ʵ ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵ ʪʨʹʨˁʰʭʸʬʩʰʹ
ʳʬʽʨʴʰʮʳʰʯ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʰ ʱʸʰʺʬʸʰʻʳʬʩʰ ʭʬʸ ʬʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʵʫʨ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸ ʳʰʮʨʴʹ
ʫʨ ˆʬʲʿʵʼʫʨ ʯʭʰʯ ʪʨʹʨˁʰʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʨʸʹʹ.14
ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʫʰʳʰʹʨʸʵʳʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹʳʬʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰʵʽʳʰʹʳʬʳʻˆʲʰʹʳʬ
ʶʻʴʽʺʰʳˆʵʲʵʫʬʸʯˆʬʲʪʨʹʨˁʰʭʸʬʩʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨʹʬˆʬʩʨʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʰʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ
ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬ ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʰʫʪʵʳʨ ʶʨʺʰʭʹ ʹ˂ʬʳʹ ˀʰʫʨ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʬʩʸʰʭ
ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʨʹ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʰʴʹʺʨʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʳʵʺʨʴʰʲʰ

ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʹ ʪʨʹʨˁʰʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʳʨʸʬʪʻʲʰʸʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʨʶʬʲ˂ʰʵ ʫʨ ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵ ˄ʬʹʰ
ʰʳʰʹ ʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʰʯ ʸʵʳ ʹʨˁʰʭʸʰʹ ʫʨʹʨˀʭʬʩʵʩʰʹ ʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʰ ʼʨʽʺʵʩʸʰʭʨʫ
ʨʸʨʹ˄ʵʸʨʫ ʪʨʪʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʰʹ ʪʨʺʨʸʬʩʰʯ
ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʹʨˁʰʭʸʰʹ ʫʨʻˀʭʬʩʲʵʩʨ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʳʰʮʨʴˀʬ˄ʵʴʰʲʵʩʰʯ
˄ʿʫʬʩʵʫʨ ˆʬʲʹ ʻˀʲʰʫʨ ʪʨʹʨˁʰʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʨʹ
ʫʨʻʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʲʨʫ ʻʨʸʰʹ ʯʽʳʨ ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨˁʰʭʸʰʹ ʫʨʹʨˀʭʬʩʵʩʨʮʬ ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵ
£

ʰʴʹʺʨʴʰʨˀʰ ʪʨʴˆʰʲʻʲ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʸʨʵʫʬʴʵʩʰʫʨʴʨ˂ ʳʺʱʰ˂ʫʬʩʨ ʳʨʪ ˄ʬʲʹ
ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨˁʰʭʸʰʫʨʴ ʶʰʸʰʹ ʳʰʳʨʸʯ ʫʨʻˀʭʬʩʲʨʫ ˂ʴʵʩʰʲ ʰʽʴʨ
ʹʨˁʰʭʨʸʰ ʶʰʸʰʹ ʳʰʳʨʸʯ ˆʵʲʵ ˄ʬʲʹ ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨˁʰʭʸʰʫʨʴ
ʶʰʸʰʹʳʰʳʨʸʯʹʨˁʰʭʨʸʰʶʰʸʰʹʳʰʳʨʸʯ
ˀʬʽʳʴʰʲʰ ʸʬʨʲʵʩʨ ʳʨʸʯʲʳʹʨˇʻʲʬʩʰʹ ˆʨʸʭʬʮʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵˀʵʩʰʹ ʰʳ ʬʸʯʬʸʯʰ

ʳʰʮʬʮʰʹ ʴʨʯʲʨʫ ˄ʨʸʳʵˁʬʴʰʹ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʲʵʩʨʹ ʽʳʴʰʹ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʪʨʳʵʰˆʨʺʬʩʨ
ʳʨʸʯʲʳʹʨˇʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʹʺʬʳʰʹ ʪʨʻʳʨʸʯʨʭʰ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʯ ʸʨʹʨ˂ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʨʫ
ʻʫʬʭʹʴʨʱʲʵʭʨʴʰʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʨʫʨʶʸʨʽʺʰʱʨʪʨʻʳʨʸʯʨʭʰʰʴʹʺʰʺʻ˂ʰʬʩʰʫʨ
ʹʰʹʺʬʳʰʹʰʫʬʵʲʵʪʰʮʨ˂ʰʨ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ

ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʹʨʫʨʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹʴʵʸʳʬʩʰʹʨʸʹʬʩʰʯʰʫʨʸʾʭʬʭʬʩʰʹ
13 ʨʲʺʬʸʴʨʺʰʻʲʰ ʺʰʶʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʨ ʸʬʱʵʳʬʴʫʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʬʭʸʵʶʰʹ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʹ ʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʯʨ ʱʵʳʰʺʬʺʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ.
Committee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Member States of the Council of Europe (Monitoring
Committee) Honouring of obligations and commitments by Georgia 2011. ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ I ʰʴʹʺʨʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵˀʰ
ʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵ ˀʬʯʨʴˆʳʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʴˆʰʲʻʲʰ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰ (ʶʸʵ˂ʬʴʺʰ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʺʨʴʰʯ ʪʨʴˆʰʲʻʲ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩˀʰ: 2011
˄. 12718 ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ (87,5%), ˆʵʲʵ 2012 ˄. 7897 ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹʹʨʽʳʬ ʨʴʻ (87,8%)
14 Krombach v. France ʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫʰ 58188/00
15ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵ ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ ʳʻˆʲʰ 297. ʹʨʨʶʬʲʨ˂ʰʵ ʹˆʫʵʳʨ ʹʨʨʶʬʲʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨˁʰʭʨʸʰ
ʪʨʴʰˆʰʲʬʩʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʰʴʹʺʨʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵˀʰ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʰʯʰ ʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʰʹʨʹ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʰ ʴʵʸʳʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ˂ʭʲʰʲʬʩʬʩʰʯ: ʪ) ʹʨʨʶʬʲʨ˂ʰʵ ˄ʬʹʰʯ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʰʹʨʹ ʫʨʹʨˀʭʬʩʰʨ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ
ʹʨʨʶʬʲʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵˀʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʰʲʰ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʭʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ
ʰʴʹʺʨʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵˀʰ ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʻʲʰ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ ʳʰʰˁʴʬʭʨ ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʻʲʨʫ, ʪʨʸʫʨ ʰʳ
ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʰʹʨ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʻʲʰʨ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʰʯʰ ʫʨʸʾʭʬʭʰʯ ʫʨ ʳˆʨʸʬ ʨʿʬʴʬʩʹ
ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʨʹ ʨʳʪʭʨʸʰ ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʻʲʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲʨˆʲʨ ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʭʰʹ ʯʨʵʩʨʮʬ; ʫ) ʳˆʨʸʰʹ ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʰʹ
ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʵʨ ʪʨʳʵʰʱʭʲʰʵʹʹʨʨʶʬʲʨ˂ʰʵ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵˀʰ, ʯʻ ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʰʹ ʨʭʺʵʸʰ ʫʨʨʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʰʪʰ ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʯ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴʰʨ ʳʰʹʰ
ʶʵʮʰ˂ʰʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʰʴʹʺʨʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵˀʰ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʰʹʨʹ ʳʰʹʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʨ
ʵʩʰʬʽʺʻʸʨʫ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʰʿʵ; ʬ) ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʻʲʬʩʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʭʨ ʨʸ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨ˂ʫʬʹ ʹʨʨʶʬʲʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨˁʰʭʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʳʰʹʰ ˀʬʹʨʪʬʩʲʰʹ ʼʨʸʪʲʬʩʹ
16 supremecourt.ge ʹʺʨʺʰʹʺʰʱʨ
17 Peter Van koppen-Miscrriages of justice in Inpuisitorial and Accusatorial Legal Systems, 2007. p.134
51
ʪʨʸʬʳʵʳ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʳʨʸʯʲʳʹʨˇʻʲʬʩʨ ˆʨʸʭʬʮʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʭʬʸ ʫʨʰ˂ʭʨ ʰʳʰʹ
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ʹʰʹʺʬʳʨˀʰ ʪʨʸʫʨʻʭʨʲʰʨ ʫʨ ʸʵʳ ʳʨʸʯʲʳʹʨˇʻʲʬʩʨ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʻʸʰ
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ʨʸ ʪʨʳʵʸʰ˂ˆʨʭʹ ʨˆʨʲ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʨʹ ʳʹˇʨʭʸʫʬʩʻʲʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʫ
ʯʻʳ˂ʨ ʻˆʨʸʭʬʮʵ ʨʳ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʰʯ ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʻʱʭʬ ʨʾʭʴʰˀʴʬʯ
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ʨʸ ˆʫʬʩʨ ʨʳʫʬʴʨʫ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʸʬʲʵʩʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ʳʨʸʯʲʳʹʨˇʻʲʬʩʰʹ
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ʯʨʴʨʳʬʫʸʵʭʬ ʼʰʲʺʸʰʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨ ʸʵʪʵʸʰ˂ʨʨ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ˄ʰʴʨʹ˄ʨʸʰ
ˀʬʳʵ˄ʳʬʩʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʼʵʸʳʨʲʻʸʰ ʨʴ ʨʸʹʬʩʰʯʰ ʹʨʫʨ˂
ʱʵʳʰʹʰʨ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʨʭʹ ʹʨʯʨʴʨʫʵ ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʭʨʹ ʫʨʱʰʯˆʭʬʩʹ ʫʨʶʰʸʰʹʶʰʸʬʩʬʩʹ
ʫʨ ˀʬʳʵ˄ʳʬʩʨʹ´ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʭʰʹ ˁʨʺʨʸʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʨ ʰʾʬʩʹ
ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨʹ ʹʨˁʰʭʸʰʹ ʻʨʸʿʵʼʰʹ ʨʴ ʫʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʳʬʵʸʬ
ʼʰʲʺʸʰʹʹʨˆʰʯʹʨʽʳʬˆʬʲʨˆʲʨʪʨʴʹʨˆʰʲʭʬʲʨʫʪʨʫʨʬ˂ʬʳʨ³ʹʨʸʬʭʰʮʰʵ´ (re-
YLVLRQ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʨʳ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʰʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʰʺʵʹ ʪʨʴʨʨˆʲʫʬʹ
ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʨ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʵʹʨʲʵʫʴʬʲʰʨ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵʭʲʬʴʰʹˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʲʵʩʨʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ʨʸʰʿʵ˂ʴʵʩʰʲʰʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʰʹ
ʫʸʵʹ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʪʨʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨʴʨˆʲʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʰʹ ˂ʵʫʴʨ ʨʴ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʨ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʰʿʵ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʬʩʰʹʨʹ ʼʨʽʺʵʩʸʰʭʨʫ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʰʹ ˆʬʲʯʨʨ
ʯʻʳ˂ʨ ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯʰ ʳʵʫʬʲʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ʰʴʪʲʰʹʻʸʰ ʳʵʫʬʲʰ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʰʹ
ʫʨʹʱʭʴʨʨʸʨʸʰʹʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵʫʨˆˀʰʸʰʨˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʬʩʰʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ
ʨʸʰʮʰʨʸʬʩʹʱʵʳʰʹʰʰʹʫʨʹʱʭʴʨʹ
18 Stewen Wisotski, Miscarriages of Justice- Their Causes and Cures, 1997 (St. Thomas Law review p.3)
19 ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵ ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰ 2009 ˄. ʯʨʭʰ XXVII

20 Stefan treqseli,adamianis uflebebi sisxlis samarTlis procesSi, 2009w. gv.447
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21 Cristine Van DenWingaertʬʭʸʵʪʨʬʸʯʰʨʴʬʩʰʹʽʭʬʿʴʬʩʰʹʹʰʹˆʲʰʹʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵʰʴʹʺʰʺʻʺʬʩʰ˄
ʪʭ
22 ʷʨʴ ʶʸʨʫʬʲʰ, ˀʬʫʨʸʬʩʰʯʰ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲʰ, 1999˄. ʪʭ.411
23 Role of Innocence Commissions: p.7
52
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ʪʨʳʵʹʨʿʬʴʬʩʲʨʫ"
ʯʻ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʨ ʭʬʸ ʻʮʸʻʴʭʬʲʿʵʼʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʨʴ ʩʨʲʨʴʹʹ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʲʰʹ

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ˁʭʬʴʬʩʰʹʨʴʽʸʯʨʳʰʹʳʰ˂ʬʳʰʹˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʬʩʰʸʨʳʨ˂ʪʨʭʲʬʴʨʳʵʨˆʫʰʴʨʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ
ʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʨʮʬ ʨʭʺʵʸʰ ʰˀʭʬʲʰʬʩʹ ʪʨʬʸʯʰʨʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʳʬʼʵʹ ʹʨʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵ
ʫʨʯʽʳʨʹ ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ʪʨʳʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʬʩʰ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ
ʪʨʹʨˁʰʭʸʫʬʹ ʯʻ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʳʹʨˇʻʲʰʹ ʨʴ ʳʵ˄ʳʰʹ ʫʨˀʰʴʬʩʰʹ ʨʴ ʳʨʹʮʬ
ʮʬʪʨʭʲʬʴʰʹʳ˂ʫʬʲʵʩʨʹ
ʭʼʰʽʸʵʩʯ ʳʰʯʰʯʬʩʻʲʰ ʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʹʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʨʫ ʳʨʸʯʲʳʹʨˇʻʲʬʩʰʹ

ˆʨʸʭʬʮʰʹʬʼʬʽʺʻʸʨʫʫʨʹʨ˃ʲʬʭʨʫʫʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʨʴʰʳʨʸʯʲʳʹʨˇʻʲʬʩʰʹʳʰʮʴʰʹ
ʳʰʹʨʾ˄ʬʭʨʫ ʫʬʺʨʲʻʸʨʫ ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʫʬʹ ˆʨʸʭʬʮʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʹ˄ʵʸʬʩʰʹ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂
ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʰ ʰʹʬ ʹʨʬʸʯʵ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʽʭʬʿʴʬʩʰʹ ʯʨʴʨʳʬʫʸʵʭʬ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰ
ʳʬʽʨʴʰʮʳʬʩʰ
24 ˀʺʬʼʨʴ ʺʸʬʽʹʬʲʰʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʶʸʵ˂ʬʹˀʰ, 2009˄. ʪʭ.448
25 Criminal Appeal Act .1995
53
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ʹʨʪʨʴʯʨʴ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʰʯ ʻ˄ʿʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʽʭʬʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʹˇʨʫʵʩʰʹ ʹ˄ʵʸʨʫ
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ʪʨʴʹˆʭʨʭʬʩʻʲʰʼʻʴʽ˂ʰʨ
ʻ˄ʿʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʽʭʬʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʨ ʨˆʫʬʴʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵ ʵʸʪʨʴʵʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ

ʻʼʲʬʩʨʳʵʹʰʲʬʩʨʯʨ ʰʻʸʰʹʫʰʽ˂ʰʰʹ ʪʨʳʰˇʭʴʨʹ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʯʨʴ
ʳʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ ʰʴʰ˂ʰʨʺʰʭʰʯ ʨʳʵ˄ʳʬʩʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ʯʻ ʨʸʨ
ʳʰʰʾʵʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʰˆʰʲʵʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʺʨʴʨ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʻ˄ʿʬʩʸʰʭʨʫ ʨʸ ʬʽʭʬʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʩʨ ʨʸʰʹ ʨʳ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨʻʽʳʬʩʰʹʨʩʹʵʲʻʺʻʸʰʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʰ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʻ˄ʿʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʽʭʬʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʫʬʩʰʯʨʫ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ

ʪʨʫʨʫʰʹ ʪʨʴʹˇʨʫʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰʹ ʪʨʸʱʭʬʭʨʮʬ ʪʨʴʹˇʨʫʵʩʨ ʨʸʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ
ʵʸʪʨʴʵʬʩʰʹʨʫʳʰ ʻ˄ʿʬʩʸʰʭʨʫ ʫʨʽʭʬʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʩʨ
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ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʵʴʹʺʰʺʻ˂ʰʰʹ ʬ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʳʬ ʶʻʴʽʺʰʹ ʯʨʴʨˆʳʨʫ ʿʵʭʬʲʰ

ʶʰʸʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʴʹʨˇʵʹ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʰʳ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʰʻʸʰʹʫʰʽ˂ʰʨʹʨ˂
1ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰʻʼʲʬʩʨʨʹʬʭʬʪʨʸʨʴʺʰʸʬʩʻʲʰʨʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨʯʨʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʰʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹʳʬʳʻˆʲʰʯ
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2ʫʨ˄ʭʸʰʲʬʩʰʯʰˆʯʬʴʪʰʮʲʰʲʻʨˀʭʰʲʰʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʪʭʫʨʴ
3ʰˆʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹʬʳʻˆʲʰʹʪ³ʽʭʬʶʻʴʽʺʰ
4 ʫʨ˄ʭʸʰʲʬʩʰʯʰˆʳʨʰʨʱʵʶʨʲʬʰˀʭʰʲʰʴʻʪʮʨʸʹˆʰʸʺʲʨ˃ʬʬʱʨʺʬʸʰʴʬʽʨʸʫʨʭʨʶʨʨʺʨʺʻʸʨʭʨ
ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹʹʨˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʵʪʭʫʨʴ
54
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ʳʵʹʨʸˁʬʲʬʹ ʳʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʨ ʪʨʴʹˇʨʫʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʰʯ ʨʸ
ʨʸʰʹ ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵ ʰʳ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹʯʭʰʹ ʭʰʹʨ˂ ʪʨʫʨʬʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʬʹ ʹʨʸˁʬʲʰ
ʪʨʴʹʨˆʰʲʭʬʲʨʫ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰʹ ʻʯʨʴˆʳʵʬʩʨ ˆʫʬʩʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʬʩʹ
ˀʵʸʰʹʪʨʴʹˇʨʫʵʩʰʹˀʬʹʨˆʬʩʫʨʭʰʹʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʰʹʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʰʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ʪʨʴʰˆʰʲʬʩʨ
ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵˀʰʨʳʫʬʴʨʫʻʮʬʴʨʬʹʰʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲ
5 ʯʰʯʵʬʻʲʰʫʨ˄ʭʸʰʲʬʩʰʯʰˆʳʨʰʨʱʵʶʨʲʬʰˀʭʰʲʰʴʻʪʮʨʸʹˆʰʸʺʲʨ˃ʬʬʱʨʺʬʸʰʴʬʽʨʸʫʨʭʨʶʨʨʺʨʺʻʸʨʭʨ
ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹʹʨˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʵʪʭʫʨʴ
6 ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʴʵʸʳʰʹ ʳʬ ʫʨ ʫʨ ʳʬ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʩʰ ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʫ ʳʰʹʰ ʹʨʯʨʻʸʰʹʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʪʨʴʹˇʨʫʰ
ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰ³ ʨ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʬʩʹʻ˄ʿʬʩʸʰʭʰʽʭʬʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʰʹʹʨʱʰʯˆʬʩʹ
7 ʰˆʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹʳʬʳʻˆʲʰʹʳʬʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ
8 ʹʨʹʻʸʭʬʲʰʨʹʨʹʱʰʹʳʬʳʻˆʲʰʹʶʰʸʭʬʲʰʴʨ˄ʰʲʰʨʫʪʬʴʫʬʹʮʵʪʨʫʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʹˆʵʲʵʳʬʴʨ˄ʰʲˀʰʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲʰ
ʰʿʵʹʰʹˁʨʳʵʴʨʯʭʨʲʰʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ʨʸʨʸʰʹʨʳʵʳ˄ʻʸʨʭʰ
9 ʰˆʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹʬʳʻˆʲʰʹʳʬʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ
10 ʰˆʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹʬʳʻˆʲʰʹʳʬʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ
55
ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʱʨʺʬʪʵʸʰʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʶʨʲʨʺʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʻʲʰ ʪʨʴˁʰʴʬʩʬʩʰ ʨʸʰʹ
ʪʨʴʹˇʨʫʵʩʰʹ ʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʨʹʯʨʴ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʰʯ ʬʸʯʪʭʨʸʵʭʨʴʰ ʶʸʨʽʺʰʱʰʹ
ˁʨʳʵʿʨʲʰʩʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʨʳ ʴʨˀʸʵʳʰʹ ʼʨʸʪʲʬʩˀʰ ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ
ʰʽʴʬʩʨʻʮʬʴʨʬʹʰʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʬʩʰʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʹʨʱʰʯˆʯʨʴ
ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʰʯ
ùüĄāąāĊċĉùēāČăāûùąĊĘùüĆúāĊüùüûýąāĊĂĉāċýĉāČĄýúā
ĊùĎĄāùąĆúāĊĊùĄùĉĀăýúĉāþāčĆĉĄýúāĊĊùćĉĆēýĊĆ
ĊùĄùĉĀăýúĉāþāčČąĎēāù
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ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʼʻʴʽ˂ʰʨ ʸʨ˂ ʪʻʲʰʹˆʳʵʩʹ ʰʳʨʹ ʸʵʳ ʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
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ʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʨ ʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲ ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭ
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ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʬʲʰ ʨʹʬʭʬ ʰʿʬʴʬʩʹ ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭ ʼʵʸʳʨʹ ʹʨʹʱʰʹ ʳʬ
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ʱʸʰʺʬʸʰʻʳʰ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭ ʼʵʸʳʰʹ
ʹ˄ʵʸʨʫʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʰʹʹʨʱʰʯˆʯʨʴ
ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʫʨ˂ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵˀʰ ʫʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʪʨʴʰ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʰʴʫʰʭʰʫʻʨʲʻʸʰ

ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʨʽʺʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʵʩʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ
ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʨʹʯʨʴʪʨʴʹˇʨʫʵʩʰʹʹʨʱʰʯˆʰʹʫʨʫʪʬʴʨʻˀʻʨʲʵʫʻʱʨʭˀʰʸʫʬʩʨ
ʰʳʰʹʪʨʸʱʭʬʭʨʹʹʨʫʨʭʵʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʨˀʰʪʭʨʽʭʹʯʻʨʸʨʹʨˆʬʮʬʰʴʫʰʭʰʫʻʨʲʻʸʰ
ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰʨʽʺʰ
11 ʳʨʸʯʲʳʹʨˇʻʲʬʩʰʹʹʰʹʺʬʳʰʹˆʨʸʭʬʮʨʫʻʴʫʨˁʨʰʯʭʨʲʵʹʰʹʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨʸʵʳʫʨʭʨʹʪʨʴʹˇʨʫʵʩʨʮʬʪʨʴʰˆʰʲʨʭʹ
ʻʮʬʴʨʬʹʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʶʨʲʨʺʨ ʹʨʹʻʸʭʬʲʰʨ ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʬʲʳʨ ʪʨʰʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʵʹ
ʫʨʭʰʹʶʨʸʰʺʬʺʻʲʹʨ˄ʿʰʹʬʩʮʬˀʬʽʳʴʰʲʰˀʬʳʨʫʪʬʴʲʵʩʰʹʳʰʬʸʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʰʹʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵʩʨ
12 ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰʵʸʪʨʴʵʹʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʰʹʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰʼʵʸʳʬʩʰʫʨ˄ʭʸʰʲʬʩʰʯʰˆʶʨʨʺʨʺʻʸʨʭʨʴʨʯʰʨ
˄ʱʬʶʲʨ˃ʬʮʵʪʨʫʰʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹʹʨˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʵʪʭʫʨʴ
13 ʰˆʹʨʹʱʰʹʳʬʳʻˆʲʰʹʶʰʸʭʬʲʰʴʨ˄ʰʲʰʹʨ³ʽʭʬʶʻʴʽʺʰ
56
ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰʹ ʴʨʯʲʨʫ ˄ʨʸʳʵʹʨˁʬʴʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʭʰʿʬʴʵʯ ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʬʸʯ
ʬʸʯʰ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨ ʳʵʹʨʸˁʬʲʬʳ ʹʨʹʨʸˁʬʲʵ ʪʨʴ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʰʯ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʨ
ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰʹ ʹʨʽʨʲʨʽʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʱʵʲʬʪʰʨʹ ʫʨ
ʳʵʰʯˆʵʭʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʼʰʴʨʴʹʯʨ ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹ ˀʬʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʰʹ
ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰʹ ʸʬʪʰʵʴʨʲʻʸʰ ˂ʬʴʺʸʰʹ (ʹʨʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʵ ʰʴʹʶʬʽ˂ʰʰʹ) ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʰʹ
ʩʨʯʰʲʨʫ˂ʴʵʩʨ, ʸʵʳʲʰʯʨ˂ʰʴʫʰʭʰʫʻʨʲʻʸʰʩʰʴʨʯʳˀʬʴʬʩʲʵʩʰʹʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʵʩʰʹ
ʯʨʭʳˇʫʵʳʨʸʬʫ ʫʨʼʰʽʹʰʸʫʨ ʮ. ʯ-ˀʭʰʲʰ. ʳʵʹʨʸˁʬʲʬʳ ʪʨʴʳʨʸʺʨ, ʸʵʳ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʼʰʴʨʴʹʯʨ ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹ ˀʬʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʰʹ ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰʹ
ʸʬʪʰʵʴʨʲʻʸʰ ˂ʬʴʺʸʰʹ (ʹʨʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʵ ʰʴʹʶʬʽ˂ʰʰʹ) ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʰ,
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʼʰʴʨʴʹʯʨ ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹ ˀʬʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵˀʰ ʰʿʵ ʹʨʫʨʭʵ, ʸʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˂ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʼʰʴʨʴʹʯʨ ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹ
ˀʬʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʰʹ ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰʹ ʸʬʪʰʵʴʨʲʻʸ ˂ʬʴʺʸʹ (ʹʨʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʵ
ʰʴʹʶʬʽ˂ʰʨʹ), ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʮʵʪʨʫʰ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ 182-ʬ
ʳʻˆʲʰʹ 1-ʬʲʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰʹ ʩ³ ʽʭʬʶʻʴʽʺʰʹ, ʨʳʨʭʬ ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ 53-ʬ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʳʬ-5
ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰʹ, ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ29-ʬʳʻˆʲʰʹ
1-ʬʲʰʴʨ˄ʰʲʰʹ, ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ 184-ʬʳʻˆʲʰʹ
ʳʬ-2 ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ 183-ʬ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʳʬ-3 ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰʹ ʯʨʴʨˆʳʨʫ, ʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʨʸ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ
ʪʨʴʬˆʰʲʨ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰ, ʰʪʰ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ, ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʨ
£

ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʾʬʩʨʳʫʬ ˀʬʬˁʬʸʬʩʰʴʨ. ʳʵʹʨʸˁʬʲʬʳ
ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʼʰʴʨʴʹʯʨ ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹ ˀʬʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʰʹ ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰʹ ʸʬʪʰʵʴʨʲʻʸʰ ˂ʬʴʺʸʰʹ (ʹʨʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʵ ʰʴʹʶʬʽ˂ʰʰʹ)
ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ ʳʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʹʨˁʰʭʸʰʯ ʰʽʴʨ ʪʨʹʨˁʰʭʸʬʩʻʲʰ, ʯʻʳ˂ʨ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹʼʰʴʨʴʹʯʨʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹˀʬʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʩʰʹʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʰʯʳʨʹ
ʻʨʸʰʬʯʽʭʨʹʨˁʰʭʸʰʹʫʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʨʮʬ.
ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰʹ ʹʨʽʨʲʨʽʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʱʵʲʬʪʰʨʳ

ʹʨʸˁʬʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʹˇʨʫʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵ˄ʳʬʩʰʹʨʹ ʪʨʳʵʰʿʬʴʨ ʪʨʴʹˇʨʫʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʹ
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ʮʵʪʨʫʰʨʹʬʭʬʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲʰʱʸʰʺʬʸʰʻʳʰʫʨʫʨʨʫʪʰʴʨʸʵʳ ʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲ
ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʹʨʹʨʸˁʬʲʵ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʨ ʨʸ ʪʨʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʵʩʫʨ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʫʨʴ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʱʬʸ˃ʵ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰ
ʶʰʸʬʩʰʹ ʸʬʪʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʳʵʴʨ˂ʬʳʬʩˀʰ ˂ʭʲʰʲʬʩʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʺʨʴʨ ʸʬʪʻʲʰʸʫʬʩʵʫʨ
ʳʬ˄ʨʸʳʬʯʨ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ³ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʰ ʴʵʸʳʬʩʰʯ.
ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʹʨʽʳʬʯʨʱʵʲʬʪʰʨʳʨʹʬʭʬʳʰʻʯʰʯʨ ʸʵʳʹʨʫʨʭʵ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʬʩʰʨ
ʨʸ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʰʴʫʰʭʰʫʻʨʲʻʸ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲ-ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭ
ʨʽʺʹ ʰʨʹʨ , ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʬʩʰ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʵʸʪʨʴʵʹ
ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʨʸʨ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʱʬʸ˃ʵ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ
ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʹʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬ.
ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰʹ ʹʨʽʨʲʨʽʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʱʵʲʬʪʰʨ ʨʸ
ʫʨʬʯʨʴˆʳʨ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʱʵʲʬʪʰʰʹ ʳʵʺʰʭʨ˂ʰʨʹ ʫʨ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʨ, ʸʵʳ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹʹʨʸˁʬʲʰʹʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʰʹʨʹʱʬʸ˃ʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʯ
ʨʸ ʻʴʫʨ ʬˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʨ ʸʨʫʪʨʴ ʪʨʴʹʨˆʰʲʭʬʲ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʫʨʭʰʹ ʨʸʹʰ
ʨʸ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʫʨ ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʵʩʰʹ ˄ʬʭʸʯʨ ʹʨʬʸʯʵ ʱʸʬʩʰʹ ʨʴ ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʵʩʰʹ
ʯʨʭʳˇʫʵʳʨʸʰʹ ʨʸˁʬʭʰʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵ˄ʳʬʩʨˀʰ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʫʨ˂ ʳʵʹʨʸˁʬʲʬ
ʹʨʫʨʭʵ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʬʩʰʹ ʩʨʯʰʲʨʫ ˂ʴʵʩʨʹ ʰʯˆʵʭʫʨ ʨʸʨ ʱʬʸ˃ʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ
ʴʵʸʳʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʸʾʭʬʭʰʹ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬ ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʼʵʸʳʨʲʻʸʰ ʯʭʨʲʹʨʮʸʰʹʰʯ
14 ʰˆʹʻʹʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʫʨʹˆʭʨʱʨʺʬʪʵʸʰʰʹʹʨʽʳʬʯʨʶʨʲʨʺʰʹʪʨʴˁʰʴʬʩʨʹʨʽʳʬʩʹ-181-174(ʪ-10) 8 ʨʶʸʰʲʰ,
2010 ˄.,
ʽ. ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰ
57
ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʵʸʪʨʴʵʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʮʵʪʨʫʰ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ
ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ ʬ ʫʨ ʬ ʳʻˆʲʬʩʰʯ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʰ ˄ʬʹʰʹ ʫʨʸʾʭʬʭʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʫʨʭʨ
ʻʴʫʨʪʨʴˆʰʲʻʲʰʿʵʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ˄ʬʹʰʯ
ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʪʨʴʹˇʨʫʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʭʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʰʹ ʼʨʸʪʲʬʩˀʰ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ
ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨˀʰ ʳʵʨˆʫʰʴʨ ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʼʵʸʳʰʹ
ʫʨ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰʹ ʪʨʳʰˇʭʴʨ ʫʨ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʨ, ʸʵʳ ʼʵʸʳʨʲʻʸʰ ʯʭʨʲʹʨʮʸʰʹʰʯ
ʪʨʹʨˁʰʭʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʽʺʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʨʽʺʰʹ (ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʰʹ)
ʼʵʸʳʰʯ, ˆʵʲʵ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʵʩʸʰʭʨʫ ʫʨʭʰʹ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʨʸʹʰ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʫʨ ʰʳʨˀʰ,
ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʫʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʨʫˁʨʺʨʸʫʨʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʵʩʰʹ ˄ʬʭʸʯʨʹʨʬʸʯʵʱʸʬʩʨ, ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʫ
ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʨʫ ʳʵˆʫʨ ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʵʩʰʹ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʯʨʭʳˇʫʵʳʨʸʰʹ ʨʸˁʬʭʨ ʫʨ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʫ
ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʨʫˀʬʭʰʫʨ˂ʭʲʰʲʬʩʨʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʵʩʰʹʹʨʸʬʪʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʵʳʵʴʨ˂ʬʳʬʩˀʰ
ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʳʵʹʨʮʸʬʩʨ ʳʰʻʯʰʯʬʩʹ ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰʹ
ʹʨʽʨʲʨʽʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʱʵʲʬʪʰʰʹ ʳʵʹʨʮʸʬʩʰʹ
ʨʸʨʳʨʸʯʬʩʻʲʵʩʨʮʬʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ʬʹʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʰʨʾʴʰˀʴʨʭʹʸʵʳʹʨʫʨʭʵ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ
ʨʸ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ʰʨʹʨʹ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ
ʵʸʪʨʴʵʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʨʸʨ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʱʬʸ˃ʵ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬ. ʹʨʽʨʲʨʽʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ
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ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʫ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʰʨ ʰʹ ʨʸ ʨˆʫʬʴʹ ʮʬʪʨʭʲʬʴʨʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲ ʸʬʨʲʵʩʨʮʬ ʫʨ
ʵʸʪʨʴʵʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʾʵʴʰʹ˃ʰʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʼʵʸʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ
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ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʼʵʸʳʰʹ ʫʨ ʳʵ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʰʹ
ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰʹ ʪʨʳʰˇʭʴʨ ʳʨˀʰʴ ʨʸʰʹ ʨʽʺʻʨʲʻʸʰ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʬʹ ʵʸʰ ʨʸ ʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨ
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ʼʵʸʳʨ ʰʨʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʵ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʨʸʨ ʹʨˇʨʸʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʨʸʨʳʬʫ
ʱʬʸ˃ʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʨ
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ʫʨʸʾʭʬʭʨ ʼʵʸʳʨʲʻʸʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʬʩʨ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʫʨʭʨ ʪʨʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʵʩʹ
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ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʳˆʨʸʬ ʻʯʰʯʬʩʹ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʽʺʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
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ʳʵʳ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʬʩʬʲʰ ʴʵʸʳʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʸʾʬʭʨʮʬ ʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʬʩʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲ
ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʻʫʨʭʵʨ ʸʵʳ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʪʨʴˆʰʲʻʲʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʽʴʨʹ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ ˄ʬʹʰʯ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʫʨ˂ ʨʽʺʰʹ ʼʵʸʳʨʲʻʸʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ
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ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʬʩʹ ʪʨʨˁʴʰʨʯ ʶʸʨʽʺʰʱʨˀʰ ʪʨʻʪʬʩʸʵʩʨʹ ʰ˄ʭʬʭʹ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʨ ʳʬʹʨʳʬ
ʱʨʺʬʪʵʸʰʨ ʳʬʵʸʬ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʯʻ ʱʰ ʳʵ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʬʩʻʲʰ ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʨ ʨʸʰʹ
15 ʰˆ:ROI5XHGLJHU6FKHQNH9HUZDOWXQJVSUR]HVVUHFKW ʪʭ
58
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ʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʨ ʳʵˆʫʬʹ ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ ˄ʬʹʰʯ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʫʨ˂
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ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ʼʵʸʳʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭ ʩʻʴʬʩʨʹ ʳʨʪʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ
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ʳʰʹʰ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲ ʨʴ ʱʬʸ˃ʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʨʫ ʳʰˁʴʬʭʨ
ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫ ʪʨʴʹˇʨʫʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʨ ʰʨʹʨʹ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʳʵ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʬʩʻʲʰ
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ʫʨʹʨʫʪʬʴʨʫ
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ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʰʹ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʳʵʹʨ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʬʩʲʨʫ
ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʼʵʸʳʰʹ ʪʨʳʰˇʭʴʨ ʨʸ
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ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰʹ ʪʨʸʱʭʬʭʰʹʨʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʬʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʰʴʨ ʰʹ ʼʨʽʺʰ ʸʵʳ
ʳˆʨʸʬ ʹʨʫʨʭʵʫ ˆʫʰʫʨ ʰʳ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨʹ ʸʵʳ ʫʨʰʸʾʭʨ ʨʽʺʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʯ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʰ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʬʩʰ ʫʨ
ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʫ ʨʳ ʨʽʺʰʯ ʳʵ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʰʹ
ʱʬʸ˃ʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰʹʨ ʫʨʭʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʰʬˁʴʰʨ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭ ʫʨʭʨʫ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʫʨ˂ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʨʾʭʴʰˀʴʬʯ ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵ
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˂ʴʵʩʰʹʹʨʱʰʯˆʮʬ
ĊùĄùĉĀăýúĉāþāČĉĀāýĉĀĆúùĉĆĄýăāēûùĄĆĄüāąùĉýĆúĊ
ùüĄāąāĊċĉùēāČăāĊùĄùĉĀăāĊĂùąĆąĄüýúăĆúāüùą
ʰʹʬʯ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʬʩˀʰ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʪʨʴʹˇʨʫʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʨ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʹʨʹʱʰʹ

ʳʬ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʶʻʴʽʺˀʰ ʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲʰ ʱʸʰʺʬʸʰʻʳʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʳʵʰʿʬʴʬʩʨ ʨʳʨʭʬ
ʳʻˆʲʰʹʳʬʶʻʴʽʺˀʰʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲʰʮʵʪʨʫʰʱʸʰʺʬʸʰʻʳʰʹʨʫʨʭʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ
ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʵʩʫʬʹ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ
ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʫʨʴʫʨʭʰʹʹʨˇʨʸʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰʩʻʴʬʩʰʹʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʰʯʰ ʳʵʹʨʸˁʬʲʰʹ ʨʴ ʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʨ
ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʴʹˇʨʫʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʯʨʴ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʰʯ ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴʰʨ
59
ʼʨʽʺʵʩʸʰʭ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʬʩʰ ʬʸʯʰ ˀʬˆʬʫʭʰʯ ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʪʨʴʹˇʨʫʵʩʰʹ
ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰ ʴʨʯʲʨʫ ʨʸʰʹ ˁʨʳʵʿʨʲʰʩʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʶʸʨʽʺʰʱʨˀʰ ʪʭˆʫʬʩʨ
ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʨ ʱʵʳʶʲʬʽʹʻʸʰ ˆʨʹʰʨʯʰʹʨʨ ʫʨ ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʫʬʩʨ
ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹʭʨ ʫʨʸʪʰʹ ʴʵʸʳʬʩʰʯ ʨʴ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʴʵʸʳʰʹ ʳʱʭʬʯʸʨʫ
ʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲ ʫʨʸʪʯʨʴ ʱʻʯʭʴʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʨ ʴʵʸʳʰʹ ʱʻʯʭʴʰʲʬʩʨ
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ʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʰʹ ʯʭʨʲʹʨˁʰʴʵʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʴʭʰˆʰʲʵʯ ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ
ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨ ʪʨʴʹʨˆʰʲʭʬʲʰ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʨʸʹʰ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ
ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰʹ ʹʨʽʨʲʨʽʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʱʵʲʬʪʰʨʹ
ʹʨʹʨʸˁʬʲʵ ʪʨʴ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʰʯ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʨ ˀʶʹ ʳ˂ˆʬʯʨʳ” ʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʬʬʩʰʹ - ʼʰʴʨʴʹʯʨ
ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹ ʫʨ ˀʰʴʨʪʨʴ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹ ʳʰʳʨʸʯ. ʳʵʹʨʸˁʬʲʬʹ ʪʨˆʹʴʰʲʰ
ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʹʶʬ˂ʹʨʫʪʵʳʰ³, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʨˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʫʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵ
ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ 763-779-ʬ ʳʻˆʲʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʻʲ ʳʰʩʨʸʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʨʹ.
ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʰʹʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬʹʨʪʨʴʪʬʩʵ ʲʬʪʰʵʴʰ ˀʶʹ ʳ˂ˆʬʯʨʹ³ ʹʶʬ˂ʹʨʫʪʵʳʮʬ
ˀʬʰʿʭʨʴʫʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʨʯʨʭʹʬʩʫʨ ʫʨʱʨʭʬʩʻʲ ʺʭʰʸʯʬʩʹ, ʫʨʲʻʽʨʭʫʨ ʳʨʯ, ˆʵʲʵ ˀʶʹ
ʳ˂ˆʬʯʨ³ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ‚ ˀʬʬʴʨˆʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʬ˂ʭʨ ʺʭʰʸʯʰ. ʨʳ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʰʯ
ʪʨʴʰʹʨʮʾʭʸʨ ʺʭʰʸʯʰʹ ˀʬʴʨˆʭʰʹ ʺʨʸʰʼʰ˂ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʰʹ
ʼʨʸʪʲʬʩˀʰˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʰʹʳˆʨʸʬʹˀʶʹʹ˄ʰʴʨˀʬ˄ʨʸʳʵʬˀʭʨʺʭʰʸʯʰʹ ˀʬʴʨˆʭʰʹ
£
ʾʰʸʬʩʻʲʬʩʰʹ 48000 ʲʨʸʰʹʪʨʫʨˆʫʰʹʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ. ˀʶʹʳ ʨʾ˃ʸʨ ʹʨʸˁʬʲʰ

ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵˀʰ ʫʨ ʳʵʰʯˆʵʭʨ ʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʬʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʳʵʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʰʹ ʾʰʸʬʩʻʲʬʩʰʹʨ
ʫʨ ʳʰʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʮʰʨʴʰʹ ʨʴʨʮʾʨʻʸʬʩʨ. ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʻʮʬʴʨʬʹʳʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ
ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʰʯ ˀʶʹ ʳ˂ˆʬʯʨʹʨ³ ʫʨ ʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʬʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʫʨʫʬʩʻʲʰ
ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʨ ʺʭʰʸʯʰʹ ˀʬʴʨˆʭʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ, ʳʰˁʴʬʻʲʰʰʽʴʨ ʩʨʯʰʲ ʪʨʸʰʪʬʩʨʫ,
ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʬ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʬʩʵʫʨ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ
ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʬʩʹ. ʰʳʨʭʬ ʫʸʵʹ, ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʫʨʫʨʹʺʻʸʬʩʻʲʨʫ ʳʰʰˁʴʰʨ ʸʨ
ʳʵʹʨʸˁʬʲʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʬʯʨ ʹʨʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʫ ʺʭʰʸʯʰʹ ˀʬʴʨˆʭʰʹ ʼʨʽʺʰ,
ʳʰʻʯʰʯʨ, ʸʵʳ ˀʶʹ ʳ˂ˆʬʯʨʹ³ ˀʬʬ˃ʲʵ ʨʳ ʳʵʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʰʹ ʨʴʨʮʾʨʻʸʬʩʰʹ
ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʨ ʨʸʨ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʹˆʭʨ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ
ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʰʯ. ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʳʰʯʰʯʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬ
ˀʶʹʳʫʨʭʨʪʨʨʪʸ˃ʬʲʨʻʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʵʪʨʳʫʰʫʸʬʩʰʹʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ
ʰʴʹʺʰʺʻʺʮʬ ʫʨʿʸʫʴʵʩʰʯ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲ ʹʨʽʳʬʹʯʨʴ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʰʯ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ
ʰʴʹʺʨʴ˂ʰʰʹʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʬʩʹˀʵʸʰʹʫʨʰ˄ʿʵʫʨʭʨʪʨʹˇʨʫʵʩʰʹˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ
ʹʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʳʨʹʨʲʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʹˇʨʫʵʩʰʹ ʯʨʵʩʨʮʬ

ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʯʨ ʳʵʹʨʮʸʬʩʬʩʰʹ ʪʨ˂ʴʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʫʬʪʨʫ ʳʰʰˁʴʰʨ, ʸʵʳ ˀʶʹ
ʳ˂ˆʬʯʰʹ” ʹʨʸˁʬʲʰ ʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʬʬʩʰʹ - ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʼʰʴʨʴʹʯʨ ʫʨ ˀʰʴʨʪʨʴ
ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʳʨʸʯ, ʻʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʵ ʪʨʳʫʰʫʸʬʩʰʯ ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲʰ
ˀʬʳʵʹʨʭʲʰʹ ʨʴʨʮʾʨʻʸʬʩʰʹ ʯʨʵʩʨʮʬ ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰʹ ʹʨʽʨʲʨʽʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ
ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʱʵʲʬʪʰʰʹ ʪʨʴʹˇʨʫ ʫʨʭʨʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʹʨˆʰʲʭʬʲʨʫ
ʳʨʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʬʽʭʬʳʫʬʩʨʸʵʹ. ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʪʨʴʳʨʸʺʨʭʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʹʱ-
ʰʹ ʳʬ-11 ʳʻˆʲʰ ˀʬʬˆʬʩʨ ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰʹ ʻ˄ʿʬʩʸʰʭ ʫʨʽʭʬʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʩʨʹ
16 ʰˆ:ROI5XHGLJHU6FKHQNH9HUZDOWXQJVSUR]HVVUHFKW ʪʭ
17 ʹʨˇʨʸʵ ʫʨ ʱʬʸ˃ʵ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʪʨʳʰˇʭʴʰʹ ʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʨʹʯʨʴ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʰʯ ˀʬʰʽʳʴʨ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʸʰʪʰ ʯʬʵʸʰʬʩʰ
ʸʵʪʵʸʰ˂ʨʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʯʨʯʬʵʸʰʨʹʻʩʵʸʫʰʴʨ˂ʰʰʹʯʬʵʸʰʨʹʶʬ˂ʰʨʲʻʸʰʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹʺʬʵʸʰʨʫʨ˄ʭʸʰʲʬʩʰʯ
ʰˆ ʶʨʨʺʨ ʺʻʸʨʭʨ ʴʨʯʰʨ ˄ʱʬʶʲʨ˃ʬ ʮʵʪʨʫʰ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʵ ʪʭ ʫʨʴ
ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬʰˆʳʨʰʨʱʵʶʨʲʬʰˀʭʰʲʰʴʻʪʮʨʸʹˆʰʸʺʲʨ˃ʬʬʱʨʺʬʸʰʴʬʽʨʸʫʨʭʨʶʨʨʺʨʺʻʸʨʭʨʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ
ʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹʹʨˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʵʪʭʫʨʴ
18 ʰˆʹʻʹʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʫʨʹˆʭʨʱʨʺʬʪʵʸʰʰʹʹʨʽʳʬʯʨʶʨʲʨʺʰʹʪʨʴˁʰʴʬʩʨʩʹ-1047-1000(ʪ-07) 26
ʫʬʱʬʳʩʬʸʰ, 2007 ˄.‚ ʽ. ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰ
60
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʬʩʰʹʨʫʳʰ. ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʴʨ˄ʰʲˀʰ ˁʨʳʵʯʭʲʰʲʰʨ
ʰʹ ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʪʨʴʰˆʰʲʨʭʹ ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ ˄ʬʹʰʯ. ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫ, ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵ
ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ ʳʬ-2 ʳʻˆʲʰ˂ ʰ˃ʲʬʭʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʪʨʴʹˇʨʫʰ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ
ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰʹ ʸʬʪʲʨʳʬʴʺʨ˂ʰʨʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯʨ˂, ʨʳ ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʯ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʰ
˄ʬʹʰʯ ʹʨʬʸʯʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʬʩˀʰ ʪʨʴʰˆʰʲʬʩʨ ʫʨʭʨ ʰʳ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭ
ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʬʩʯʨʴ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʰʯ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ
ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʵʩʹ. ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʨʹʬʭʬ ʻʯʰʯʬʩʹ ʨʳʨʭʬ
ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ ʳʬ-2 ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʳʬ-2 ʴʨ˄ʰʲʮʬ ʫʨ ʨʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʬʩʹ, ʯʻ ʸʨ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ
˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʬʹ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʫʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʪʨʴʹ, ʱʬʸ˃ʵʫ, ʳʰʯʰʯʬʩʻʲʰ
ʳʻˆʲʰʹ«ʪ” ʽʭʬʶʻʴʽʺʰʹˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫ, ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵˀʰʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰʫʨʭʰʹ
ʹʨʪʨʴʹ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʬʹ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʵʸʪʨʴʵʹ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ
ʮʰʨʴʰʹ ʨʴʨʮʾʨʻʸʬʩʰʹ, ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲ-ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʨʽʺʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʹ
ʨʴ ʹˆʭʨ ʸʨʰʳʬ ʽʳʬʫʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʯʨʵʩʨʮʬ. ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰʫʨʴ
ʪʨʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ, ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ˀʬʼʨʹʬʩʰʯ ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʬʲʳʨ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʰʹ ˃ʰʸʰʯʨʫ ʬʲʬʳʬʴʺʨʫ ʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʨ ʫʨʭʰʹ
ʹʨʪʨʴʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˄ʨʸʳʵˀʵʩʰʲʰʨ ʰʳ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʰʫʨʴ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
ʹʨˇʨʸʵ, ʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲʨʫ, ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʯ
£

ʨʸʰʹ ʳʵ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʬʩʻʲʰ. ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ, ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʬʲʳʨ
ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʰʹ ˃ʰʸʰʯʨʫ
ʬʲʬʳʬʴʺʨʫ ʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʨ ʨʸʨ ʳʨʸʺʵ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬ ʹʻʩʰʬʽʺʬʩʰ (ʳˆʨʸʬʬʩʰ),
ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʫʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʪʨʴʰ.
ʳʰʪʭʨˁʴʰʨ ʼʨʽʺʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨ ʸʵʳ ˀʶʹ ʳ˂ˆʬʯʰʹ³ ʹʨʸˁʬʲʰ ʨʾ˃ʸʻʲʰʨ

ʻʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʵ ʪʨʳʫʰʫʸʬʩʰʯ ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲʰ ˀʬʳʵʹʨʭʲʰʹ ʨʴʨʮʾʨʻʸʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ
ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʰʯ ʫʨ ʳʵʹʨʸˁʬʲʬ ʹʨʸˁʬʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʨʫ ʻʯʰʯʬʩʹ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵ ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ 976-ʬ, 979-ʬ, 991-ʬ ʫʨ 412-ʬ ʳʻˆʲʬʩʮʬ
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ʸʵʳ ʹʨʫʨʭʵ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʨ ʨʸ ʪʨʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ
(ʹʨˇʨʸʵ) ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʫʨʴ. ʳʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʨʸʪʻʳʬʴʺʰ ʸʵʳ
ʹʨʹʨʸˁʬʲʵ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʬʩʰ ʳʯʲʰʨʴʨʫ ʫʨʼʻ˃ʴʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵ
ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ ʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸ ʴʵʸʳʬʩʮʬ ʫʨ ʫʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʪʨʴʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʻʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʵ
ʪʨʳʫʰʫʸʬʩʰʯ ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲʰ ˀʬʳʵʹʨʭʲʰʹ ʨʴʨʮʾʨʻʸʬʩʨ³ ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ ʹʨʱʳʨʸʰʹʰ
ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʰʪʨʴʹˇʨʫʵʩʰʹʹʨʱʰʯˆʰʹʫʨʹʨʫʪʬʴʨʫ
ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʾʬʩʰʹʨʹ ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ

ʳˆʬʫʭʬʲʵʩʰʫʨʴʪʨʳʵʸˁʨʰʹʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨʸʵʳʴʵʸʳʰʹʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
ʱʻʯʭʴʰʲʬʩʨʨʸʨʸʰʹʹʨʱʳʨʸʰʹʰʸʵʳʨʳʴʵʸʳʰʯʳʵ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʬʩʻʲʰʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ
ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʨ ʳʰʭʰˁʴʰʵʯ ʱʬʸ˃ʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭ ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʨʫ ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ
ʻʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʵ ʪʨʳʫʰʫʸʬʩʨ ʨʸʰʹ ʱʬʸ˃ʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʰʴʹʺʰʺʻʺʰ ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʨʹʬʯ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʨʽʭʹ ʹʨˇʨʸʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʼʻʴʽ˂ʰʰʹ
ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʶʸʵ˂ʬʹˀʰ ʰʹ ʰ˃ʬʴʹ ʹʨˇʨʸʵ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭ ˆʨʹʰʨʯʹ ˀʶʹ
ʳ˂ˆʬʯʨʹʨ³ ʫʨ ˀʰʴʨʪʨʴ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʹʨˇʨʸʵ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭ ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʰʹ ʼʨʸʪʲʬʩˀʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵʰˀʭʨ
ʻʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʵ ʪʨʳʫʰʫʸʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʨ ʨʸʰʹ ʹʨˇʨʸʵ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰʻʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʵʪʨʳʫʰʫʸʬʩʰʹʰʴʹʺʰʺʻʺʰʹʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬʮʰʨʴʰʹ
ʨʴʨʮʾʨʻʸʬʩʰʹʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʨ˂ˆʫʬʩʨʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ
19 ʰˆ+DUWPXW0DXUHU$OOJHPHLQHV9HUZDOWXQJVUHFKWʪʭʬʸʫʰʫʨʴ
61
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ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʱʬʸ˃ʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʰˇʭʴʰʹ

ʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʨ ʻˀʻʨʲʵʫ ʨʸʰʹ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʪʨʴʹˇʨʫʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰʹ
ʪʨʸʱʭʬʭʨʹʯʨʴ ʹʨʫʨʭʵʨ ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʬʸʯʪʭʨʸʵʭʨʴʰ ʶʸʨʽʺʰʱʨ
ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʯʨʴʨˆʳʨʫʨ˂ ʹʨˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʵ ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ˀʰʴʨʪʨʴ
ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹ ʹʹʰʶ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʶʵʲʰ˂ʰʰʹ ʫʬʶʨʸʺʨʳʬʴʺʹʨʫʨʱʬʸ˃ʵʶʰʸʬʩʹ
ˀʵʸʰʹʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ˀʰʴʨʪʨʴ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹ ʹʹʰʶ
ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʶʵʲʰ˂ʰʰʹ ʫʬʶʨʸʺʨʳʬʴʺʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʨʾ˃ʸʻʲʰʨ ʹʨʸˁʬʲʰ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʰʯ
ʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨʭʨʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʨʴʨʮʾʨʻʸʬʩʰʹ ʯʨʵʩʨʮʬ ʳʰˁʴʬʻʲʰʨ
ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰʹʨʳʨʸʯʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ˄ʬʹʰʯʪʨʴʹʨˆʰʲʭʬʲʫʨʭʨʫ
ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʬʯʨʴˆʳʬʩʨ ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʱʵʲʬʪʰʰʹ ʫʨʹʱʭʴʨʹ

ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰʹ ʫʨʭʰʹ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲ ʱʨʺʬʪʵʸʰʨʫ ʳʰˁʴʬʭʰʹ
ʯʨʵʩʨʮʬ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʳʨʸʺʨʭʹ, ʸʵʳ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵ ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ ʳʬ-2
ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰʹ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ, ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ ˄ʬʹʰʯ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʴʹˇʨʫʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʹʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʨʫ
ʨʳʵʹʨʭʨʲʰʨ ʹʨʫʨʭʵ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʰʹ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰ, ʸʰʹ ʪʨʹʨʸʱʭʬʭʨʫʨ˂
ʨʸʹʬʩʰʯʰʨ ʫʨʭʰʹ ʻˀʻʨʲʵ ʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʰ
£
- ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʨ. ʨʳʨʭʬ ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ ʳʬ-2

ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʳʬ-2 ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʨʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʬʩʹ, ʯʻ ʸʨ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʬʹ
ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʫʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʪʨʴʹ. ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʴʵʸʳʰʹ ʩ³ ʽʭʬʶʻʴʽʺʰʹ
ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ, ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵˀʰ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʫʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʪʨʴʰ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʰʿʵʹ
ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʫʬʩʨ, ˀʬʹʸʻʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ ˀʬ˄ʿʭʬʺʨ.
ʮʵʪʨʫʰ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ ʳʬ-2 ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʮ³ ʽʭʬʶʻʴʽʺʰʹ ʯʨʴʨˆʳʨʫ,
ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʨ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʵʸʪʨʴʵʹ
ʳʰʬʸ ʹʨˇʨʸʵ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʳʵʹʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʮʴʰʯ ʼʰʮʰʱʻʸ ʨʴ
ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲ ʶʰʸʯʨʴ, ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ, ʹˆʭʨ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲ ʵʸʪʨʴʵʹʯʨʴ ʫʨʫʬʩʻʲ
ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʨʹ. ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ʳʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʨʾʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ
ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʵʸʪʨʴʵ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʳʵʹʰʲʰʨ‚ ʪʨʳʵʰʿʬʴʵʹ ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹʨˇʨʸʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ, ʨʹʬʭʬ‚ ʱʬʸ˃ʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʼʵʸʳʬʩʰ,
ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʫʨʫʵʹ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ, ʰʹʬ‚ ʱʬʸ˃ʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ
ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʨ. ʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʫʨ
ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʰˇʭʴʨ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʨʳ
ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʨʯʨ ʳʰʮʴʰʹ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʹ ʪʮʰʯ. ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʳˆʨʸʬʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭ ʹʺʨʺʻʹʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʰʯʰ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʨ ʨʸ ʨʽʭʹ. ʰʹ ʼʨʽʺʰ, ʸʵʳ
ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯ-ʬʸʯʰ ʳˆʨʸʬ ʨʸʰʹ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʵʸʪʨʴʵ, ʨʸ
ʨʸʰʹ ʨʳʵʹʨʭʨʲʰ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ,
ʸʨʫʪʨʴ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʵʨ, ʵʸ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲ ʵʸʪʨʴʵʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʫʨʰʫʵ
ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʶʰʸʰʽʰʯ, ˂ʨʲʱʬʻʲ
ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʬʩˀʰ, ʹʨʯʨʴʨʫʵ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʰʹʨʹ, ʱʬʸ˃ʵ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ
ʹʻʩʰʬʽʺʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʰʹ
ʫʨʫʬʩʨ.
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨˀʰ ʭʱʰʯˆʻʲʵʩʯ ʫʨʭʰʹ ʪʨʴʹˇʨʫʵʩʰʹ

20 ʰˆʹʻʹʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʫʨʹˆʭʨʱʨʺʬʪʵʸʰʰʹʹʨʽʳʬʯʨʶʨʲʨʺʰʹʪʨʴˁʰʴʬʩʨ# ʩʹ-901-862(ʪ-06) 19 ʰʭʴʰʹʰ, 2007˄.,
ʽ.ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰ # ʩʹ-1078-1030(ʪ-07) 24 ʰʨʴʭʨʸʰ, 2008 ˄., ʽ. ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰ
62
ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰʹ ʪʨʹʨʸʱʭʬʭʨʫ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʰʸʱʭʬʹ, ʫʨʫʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʬʹ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʨ
ʹʹʰʶ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʶʵʲʰ˂ʰʰʹ ʫʬʶʨʸʺʨʳʬʴʺʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʰʹ ʻˀʻʨʲʵ ʹʨˇʨʸʵ ʱʵʳʶʬʺʬʴ˂ʰʨˀʰ
ˀʬʳʨʭʨʲʰ ʼʻʴʽ˂ʰʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʮʴʰʯ, ʯʻ ʫʨʫʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʳʵʹʨʸˁʬʲʰʹ
ʻˀʻʨʲʵ ʱʵʳʶʬʺʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʹʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʲʨʫ. ʳʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʹ
ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʨˇʨʸʵ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʳʵʹʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʼʨʸʪʲʬʩˀʰ
ʫʨʫʬʩʻʲʨʫ ʳʰˁʴʬʭʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʨʸʪʻʳʬʴʺʨʫ ʳʵˈʿʨʭʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʼʨʽʺʵʩʸʰʭʰ
ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʬʩʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʶʸʬʮʰʫʬʴʺʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʻʲʬʩʰʯ ˀʬʰʽʳʴʨ
ʹʨˇʨʸʵ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰ ʶʰʸʰ - ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʶʵʲʰ˂ʰʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʫʨ
ʳʰʹʰ ˄ʬʹʫʬʩʨ. ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ˄ʬʹʫʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʴʰʹʨʮʾʭʸʨ, ʸʵʳ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʶʵʲʰ˂ʰʰʹ
ʨʳʵ˂ʨʴʬʩʰʨ ʫʨʫʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʼʨʸʪʲʬʩˀʰ ʳʬʹʨʱʻʯʸʰʹ ʽʵʴʬʩʰʹʨ
ʫʨ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʰ ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʨ ʳʨʸʯʲʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵ ˆʬʲʿʵʼʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨ ʨʳ
ʨʳʵ˂ʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʮʴʰʯ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʶʵʲʰ˂ʰʨ ʨˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʹ ʼʰʮʰʱʻʸ
ʫʨ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲ ʶʰʸʯʨ (ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʫ ʳʨʯʰ ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʻʲ-ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ
ʼʵʸʳʰʹʨ) ʫʨ˂ʭʨʹ. ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʶʸʬʮʰʫʬʴʺʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʹʨˇʨʸʵ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰ ʶʰʸʰ - ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʶʵʲʰ˂ʰʨ ʸʬʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʬʩʻʲ ʰʽʴʨ
ʹʨˇʨʸʵ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲ ʶʰʸʨʫ - ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʶʵʲʰ˂ʰʰʹ ʫʬʶʨʸʺʨʳʬʴʺʨʫ,
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ˀʰʴʨʪʨʴ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʰʯ ʫʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʫʨ ʹʨˇʨʸʵ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰ ʶʰʸʰʹ - ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʶʵʲʰ˂ʰʰʹ ʫʬʶʨʸʺʨʳʬʴʺʰʹ
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ʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳʲʰʯʨ˂ ʪʨʴʰʹʨʮʾʭʸʨ, ʸʵʳ ʫʬʶʨʸʺʨʳʬʴʺʰ ʨʸʰʹ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ
ʶʸʬʮʰʫʬʴʺʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʻʲʬʩʰʯ ˀʬʰʽʳʴʨ ʹʨˇʨʸʵ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰ ʶʰʸʰʹ
- ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʶʵʲʰ˂ʰʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʳʵʴʨ˂ʭʲʬ. ʨʳʨʭʬ ʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʯʨʴʨˆʳʨʫ, ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
ʶʵʲʰ˂ʰʰʹ ʫʬʶʨʸʺʨʳʬʴʺʰʹ ʨʳʵ˂ʨʴʬʩʰʨ ʫʨʫʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʼʨʸʪʲʬʩˀʰ
ʳʬʹʨʱʻʯʸʰʹ ʽʵʴʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʰ ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʨ ʳʨʸʯʲʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵ
ˆʬʲʿʵʼʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʨʳʵ˂ʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʮʴʰʯ ʫʬʶʨʸʺʨʳʬʴʺʰ
ʨˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʹ ʼʰʮʰʱʻʸ ʫʨ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲ ʶʰʸʯʨ (ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʫ ʳʨʯʰ
ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʻʲ-ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʼʵʸʳʰʹʨ) ʫʨ˂ʭʨʹ. ʨʳʫʬʴʨʫ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂
ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵ ʹʺʸʻʽʺʻʸʬʩʰʹ, ʰʹʬ ʱʬʸ˃ʵ ʶʰʸʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬ
ʫʨ˂ʭʨ ʬʸʯʴʨʰʸʨʫ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʶʵʲʰ˂ʰʰʹ ʫʬʶʨʸʺʨʳʬʴʺʰʹ ʹʨˇʨʸʵ
ʻʼʲʬʩʨʳʵʹʰʲʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʻˀʻʨʲʵ, ʶʰʸʫʨʶʰʸ ʼʻʴʽ˂ʰʨʹ, ʨʴʻ ʨʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ
ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʶʵʲʰ˂ʰʰʹ ʫʬʶʨʸʺʨʳʬʴʺʰ ʨˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʹ ʹʨˇʨʸʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭ
ʻʼʲʬʩʨʳʵʹʰʲʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʹ˄ʵʸʬʫ ʨʳ ʳʰʮʴʰʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʫʨʫʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʨ,
ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬ˂ ʳʵʹʨʸˁʬʲʬ ʰʯˆʵʭʹ ʹʨʫʨʭʵ ʯʨʴˆʬʩʰʹ ʨʴʨʮʾʨʻʸʬʩʨʹ,
ʸʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˂ ʰʪʰ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʨʹ ʪʨʴʬʱʻʯʭʴʬʩʨ.
ʮʬʳʵʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ, ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʳʰʰˁʴʬʭʹ, ʸʵʳ
ʹʨˆʬʮʬʨ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵ ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ ʳʬ-2 ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʳʬ-2 ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰʹ
ʩ³ ʽʭʬʶʻʴʽʺʰʯ ʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʹʨʽʳʬ, ʸʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˂
ʰʪʰ ʪʨʴʹˇʨʫʵʩʰʯ ʪʨʴʹʨˆʰʲʭʬʲʨʫ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʬ˂ʬʹ ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰʹ ʹʨʽʨʲʨʽʵ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʱʵʲʬʪʰʨʹ.
ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʭʰʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʵʯ ʰʹ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨ ʸʵʳ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹʨʱʨ˂ʨʹʰʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ

ʯʨʭʨʫ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʻʲ ʳʵ˄ʿʵʩʨʹ ʸʨʹʨ˂ ʸʨʺʵʳʾʨ˂ ʫʰʫʰ
ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʬʯʳʵʩʨ ʫʨʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʨˀʰ ʨʸʨ ʨʽʭʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʰʯʰ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʨ ʳʯʨʭʨʸʰʨ
ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʽʳʬʫʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʩʻʴʬʩʨ ʳʬʹʨʱʻʯʸʰʹ ʽʵʴʬʩʰʹʨ
ʫʨ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʰ ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʨ ʳʨʸʯʲʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵ ˆʬʲʿʵʼʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʨʸʰʹ
ʶʵʲʰ˂ʰʰʹ ʹʨˇʨʸʵ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʼʻʴʽ˂ʰʨ ʫʨ ʰʹ ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʫʬʩʨ ʹʨʶʵʲʰ˂ʰʵ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʴʵʸʳʬʩʰʯ ʶʵʲʰ˂ʰʨ ʨʳ ʼʻʴʽ˂ʰʨʹ ʨˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʹ ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ
ʹʨˇʨʸʵ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʼʵʸʳʬʩʰʹ ʰʴʫʰʭʰʫʻʲʨʻʸʰ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰʨʽʺʰʹʨʴʸʬʨʲʨʽʺʰʹʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʰʹʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʯʰʹʬʯʰʹʨʶʵʲʰ˂ʰʵ
63
ʼʻʴʽ˂ʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʨ ʸʵʪʵʸʰ˂ʨʨ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʨ
ʽʵʴʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʰ ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʨ ʳʨʸʯʲʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵ ˆʬʲʿʵʼʰʹʨʪʨʴ
ʨʸ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʹ ʫʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʻʲ ʳˆʨʸʬʹʯʨʴ ˀʬʯʨʴˆʳʬʩʨʹ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʹʨˇʨʸʵ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰʼʻʴʽ˂ʰʨʨʸˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨʪʨˆʫʬʹˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʰʹʹʨʪʨʴʰʿʰʫʭʨ
ʪʨʿʰʫʭʰʹ³ ʵʩʰʬʽʺʰ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʶʵʲʰ˂ʰʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʨ
ʨʸ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʰʳ ʹʨˇʨʸʵ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʼʻʴʽ˂ʰʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʨʹ ʸʨ˂
ʶʵʲʰ˂ʰʨʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʯ ʨʽʭʹ ʳʰʴʰ˅ʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʰʹ ʨʸʰʹ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ
ʹʬʸʭʰʹʰ ʨʳʨʮʬ ʳʬʺʿʭʬʲʬʩʹ ʯʻʴʫʨ˂ ʰʹ ʼʨʽʺʰ ʸʵʳ ʨʸ˂ ʬʸʯʰ ʳˆʨʸʬ ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ
ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰʫʨʫʵʹʬʹˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʨʯʻʱʰʬʹʰʽʴʬʩʵʫʨʹʨˇʨʸʵʼʻʴʽ˂ʰʰʹ
ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʨʨʸʪʭʬʽʴʬʩʵʫʨʳˆʨʸʬʬʩʰʹʨʹʬʯʨʸˁʬʭʨʴʰʹʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨʹʻʲ
ʳ˂ʰʸʬ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʶʵʲʰ˂ʰʨ ʰʽʴʬʩʵʫʨ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʳʹʻʸʭʬʲʯʨʴ ʫʨʬʫʵ
ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʨʻʴʫʨʪʨʭʳʰˇʴʵʯˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʬʩʰʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʼʻʴʽ˂ʰʰʹ
ʫʬʲʬʪʰʸʬʩʨʹʨˆʫʬʴʹʱʬʸ˃ʵʫʨ˂ʭʰʹʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʮʬʫʨʳʨʯʰʫʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʰʯʨˆʫʬʴʹ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʯʨʭˀʬʿʸʰʹʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰʫʨʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʬʩʸʰʭʨʫʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴ
ʵʩʰʬʽʺʬʩˀʰʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʰʹʫʨ˂ʭʨʹ
ʪʨʴʹˆʭʨʭʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʳʵʹʨʮʸʬʩʰʹʨ ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰʹ ʹʨʽʨʲʨʽʵ

ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʱʵʲʬʪʰʰʹ ʪʨʫ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨˀʰ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʨʴʨʫ ʨʸʰʹ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʸʵʳ ʹʨˇʨʸʵ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰ ʶʰʸ
£
ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʶʵʲʰ˂ʰʰʹ ʫʬʶʨʸʺʨʳʬʴʺʹʨ ʫʨ ˀʶʹʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʫʨʫʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʰʹ

ʯʨʴʨˆʳʨʫ, ʳʵʹʨʸˁʬʲʬ ʱʰʹʸʻʲʵʩʫʨ ʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨʹ,
ˆʵʲʵ ʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʬ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ, ʪʨʫʨʬˆʨʫʨ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʳʵʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʰʹ
ʾʰʸʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʯʭʰʻʸʨʫ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʨ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ
ʵʸʪʨʴʵʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʩʰʯʰ ʾʵʴʰʹ˃ʰʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨʹ
ʱʰ ʨʸ ˀʬʰ˂ʨʭʫʨ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʰʪʰ ʱʬʸ˃ʵ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʹʻʩʰʬʽʺʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʳʵʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨ˄ʬʭʨʹ ʰʹʨˆʨʭʫʨ ʳʰʮʴʨʫ. ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʴʨʱʰʹʸʰ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ
ʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʰʹ ʳʰʳʨʸʯ ʳʵʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʰʹ ʪʨ˄ʬʭʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʹʨˇʨʸʵ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʳʵʹʰʲʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʮʨʴʹ ʨʸ ʬʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʵʫʨ, ʸʨ˂ ʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʬʲ ʶʰʸʵʩʨʹ
˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʨʫ
ʳʰˁʴʬʭʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ. ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʫʨ˂ ʳˆʨʸʬʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʫʨʫʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʨ
ʰʿʵ ʱʬʸ˃ʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ, ʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʸʻʲʬʩʨʹʯʨʴ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨʭʨ˂,
ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫ, ʪʨʴˆʰʲʻʲʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ
˄ʬʹʰʯ
ùüĄāąāĊċĉùēāČăāĉýùăùĎċā
ʸʬʨʲʨʽʺʯʨʴ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʴʹˇʨʫʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰʹ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʹʨʹ ʱʭʲʨʭ

ʨʽʺʻʨʲʻʸʰ ˆʫʬʩʨ ʼʵʸʳʰʹ ʫʨ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰʹ ʪʨʳʰˇʭʴʨ ʸʬʨʲʨʽʺʰ ʼʨʽʺʰʻʸʰ
ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʨ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʫʬʹ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵ ʨʹʬʭʬ
ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬ ʹ˄ʵʸʬʫ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰ
ʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʨʭʹ ʳʰʹ ʱʻʯʭʴʰʲʬʩʨʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲʰ ʫʨʸʪʰʹʨʫʳʰ ʳʨʪ
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ʨʫʪʰʲʰʨʽʭʹʹʨˇʨʸʵʳʵʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʬʩʰʹʳˆʸʰʫʨʴʰʹʬʯʰʰʴʼʵʸʳʨ˂ʰʰʹ
ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʨʹ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˆʬʲʿʵʼʹ ʹˆʭʨ ʶʰʸʯʨ ʶʨʺʰʭʹ ʫʨ ʾʰʸʹʬʩʨʹ ʫʪʬʩʨ
ʻʼʲʬʩʰʹʫʨ˂ʭʰʹʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʹʹ˄ʵʸʨʫʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʰʹ
ʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʨ ʰʳʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʸʵʳ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʨ ʹʨˇʨʸʵ ʳʵʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʳ ʯʨʭʰ ˀʬʰʱʨʭʵʹ
21 ʰˆʹʻʹʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʫʨʹˆʭʨʱʨʺʬʪʵʸʰʰʹʹʨʽʳʬʯʨʶʨʲʨʺʰʹʪʨʴˁʰʴʬʩʨ# ʩʹ-901-862(ʪ-06) 19 ʰʭʴʰʹʰ, 2007˄.,
ʽ.ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰ
64
ʨʹʬʯʰʰʴʼʵʸʳʨ˂ʰʰʹʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴʨʴʻʨʸʿʵʹʨʹʬʯʰʰʴʼʵʸʳʨ˂ʰʨ ʽʳʬʫʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʨ ʪʨʴˆʰʲʻʲʰ ʰʽʴʨʹ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ
˄ʬʹʰʯ ʫʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʪʨʴʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʸʬʲʨʽʺʰ ʶʰʸʭʬʲ
ʸʰʪˀʰ ʹʨˆʬʮʬ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʻʲʰ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʰʹ ʳʵ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʬʩʰʹʨʱʬʴ ˄ʨʸʳʵˀʵʩʰʹ ˀʬ˂ʭʲʰʹ ʨʴ
ˀʬ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʯʻʳ˂ʨ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʼʵʸʳʰʹ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʨ ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ ʹʨʱʳʨʸʰʹʰ ʨʹʬʯʰ
ʫʬʼʨʽʺʵ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʰʹ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰ ʨʴʻ ʹʨˇʨʸʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ˆʨʹʰʨʯʰ ʳʰˇʴʨʭʹ
ʳʨʹʱʬʸ˃ʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰʹʪʨʴʯʻʱʰʹʨˇʨʸʵʳʵˆʬʲʰʹʳˆʸʰʫʨʴʰʴʼʵʸʳʨ˂ʰʰʹ
ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʨˆʫʬʩʨʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʵʩʸʰʭʰʳʵʭʨʲʬʵʩʰʹʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʩʰʹʼʨʸʪʲʬʩˀʰ
ʬʹ ʾʵʴʰʹ˃ʰʬʩʨ ʰ˃ʬʴʹ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʸʬʨʲʨʽʺʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭ ʩʻʴʬʩʨʹ
ʹˆʭʨ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʰʹ ʰʽʴʬʩʵʫʨ ʱʬʸ˃ʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʫʨ ʫʨʭʨ ʪʨʴʰˆʰʲʬʩʨ
ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ˄ʬʹʰʯ
ʽʳʬʫʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʰʯ ʹʨʸˁʬʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʹˇʨʫʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ

ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʰʿʬʴʬʩʹ ʪʨʴʹˆʭʨʭʬʩʻʲ ʳʰʫʪʵʳʨʹ
ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʳʰʰˁʴʬʭʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨʨʶʬʲʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ
ʳʵʹʨʸˁʬʲʬʹʯʨʴʻʴʫʨʪʨʨʸʱʭʰʵʹ, ʯʻʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲʨʫʸʵʳʬʲʰʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ
ʴʵʸʳʰʹʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬʰʯˆʵʭʹʰʪʰʮʰʨʴʰʹʨʴʨʮʾʨʻʸʬʩʨʹ.ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ
£

ʪʨʴʳʨʸʺʨʭʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨʨʶʬʲʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʨʫʪʰʴʵʹ, ʳʵʹʨʸˁʬʲʬ
ʮʰʨʴʰʹʨʴʨʮʾʨʻʸʬʩʨʹʰʯˆʵʭʹ: 1. ʹʨʶʨʺʸʻʲʵʶʵʲʰ˂ʰʰʹʻʼʸʵʹʰʹʪ. ʪ-ʵʸʰʹʨʪʨʴ,
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵ ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ 992-ʬ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂
ʼʰʮʰʱʻʸʰ ʶʰʸʰʹʨʪʨʴ; 2. ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵ ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ 1005-ʬ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰʴʨ˄ʰʲʰʹʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬ, ʪ. ʪ-ʵʸʰʹ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʳʵʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʰʹʨ
ʫʨ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹʨʪʨʴ ʹʵʲʰʫʨʸʻʲʨʫ; ʯʻ 3. ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʮʵʪʨʫʰ
ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ 208-ʬ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰʹ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬ
ʳˆʵʲʵʫʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹʨʪʨʴ. ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʨʾʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ, ʰʳˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ,
ʯʻʹʨʨʶʬʲʨ˂ʰʵʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʫʨʨʫʪʬʴʹ, ʸʵʳʳʵʹʨʸˁʬʲʬʮʰʨʴʰʹʨʴʨʮʾʨʻʸʬʩʨʹ
ʰʯˆʵʭʹ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵ ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ 992-ʬ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬ,
ʳʨˀʰʴ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ ˄ʬʹʰʯ ʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʨʹ
ʫʨʬʽʭʬʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʩʨ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʮʵʪʨʫʰ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ
ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ 208-ʬʳʻˆʲʰʹʯʨʴʨˆʳʨʫ, ʳʰʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰʮʰʨʴʰʹʨʴʨʮʾʨʻʸʬʩʰʹʹʨʱʰʯˆʰ
ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ ˄ʬʹʰʯ, ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʰʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ,
ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʪʨʴˆʰʲʻʲʰ, ʯʻ ʹʨʫʨʭʵ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʰʹ ʬʸʯ-
ʬʸʯ ʳˆʨʸʬʹ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʵʸʪʨʴʵ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ, ʸʨʹʨ˂ ʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲ
ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʨʸ ʬʽʴʬʩʨ. ʹʨʱʨʹʨ˂ʰʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʪʨʴʳʨʸʺʨʭʹ, ʰʳ
ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ, ʯʻ ʳʵʹʨʸˁʬʲʬ ʮʰʨʴʰʹ ʨʴʨʮʾʨʻʸʬʩʨʹ ʳʵʰʯˆʵʭʹ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ
ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ1005-ʬʳʻˆʲʰʹ 1-ʬʲʰʴʨ˄ʰʲʰʹʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬʪ. ʪ-ʵʸʰʹ,
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʳʵʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹʨʪʨʴ ʹʵʲʰʫʨʸʻʲʨʫ
ʨʴ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʮʵʪʨʫʰ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ 208-ʬ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰʴʨ˄ʰʲʰʹʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬ, ʳˆʵʲʵʫʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹʨʪʨʴ, ʳʨˀʰʴʹʨʨʶʬʲʨ˂ʰʵ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʳʵʹʨʸˁʬʲʬʹʯʨʴ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʨʸʱʭʰʵʹ, ʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲʨʫ ʸʵʳʬʲ
ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʵʸʪʨʴʵʹʨʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʹʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʬʫ.23
ʫʨʭʰʹ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ ˄ʬʹʰʯ ʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
ʨʸʹʬʩʰʯʰʨ ʨʸʨ ʰʹ ʼʨʽʺʰ ʯʻ ʸʵʳʬʲ ʴʵʸʳʬʩʹ ʻʯʰʯʬʩʹ ʳʵʹʨʸˁʬʲʬ ʫʨ ʨʸʰʹ
22 ʰˆʳʨʰʨʱʵʶʨʲʬʰˀʭʰʲʰʴʻʪʮʨʸʹˆʰʸʺʲʨ˃ʬʬʱʨʺʬʸʰʴʬʽʨʸʫʨʭʨʶʨʨʺʨʺʻʸʨʭʨʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ
ʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹʹʨˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʵʪʭ
23 ʰˆʹʻʹʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʫʨʹˆʭʨʱʨʺʬʪʵʸʰʰʹʹʨʽʳʬʯʨʶʨʲʨʺʰʹʪʨʴˁʰʴʬʩʨʩʹ-233-224(ʪ-10) 8 ʨʶʸʰʲʰ, 2010 ˄.,
ʽ. ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰ
65
ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʬʹ ʴʵʸʳʨ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʨʸʨʳʬʫ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʰʹ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʻʴʫʨ
ʫʨʨʫʪʰʴʵʹʵʩʰʬʺʻʸʨʫʳˆʨʸʰʹʶʵʮʰ˂ʰʰʹʪʨʴʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʨʫ
üùĊĂþąù
˄ʰʴʨʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʴʨˀʸʵʳʰʹ ʼʨʸʪʲʬʩˀʰ ʪʨʴˆʰʲʻʲʰ ʰʽʴʨ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ

ʪʨʴʹˇʨʫʵʩʰʹʹʨʱʰʯˆʰʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ʫʨʭʨʬˆʬʩʨʹʨʬʸʯʵʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʬʩʰʹʹʰʹʺʬʳʨˀʰ
ʫʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵ ʯʻ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ ˄ʬʹʰʯ
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ʨ˄ʭʫʰʫʰʯ ʸʨʭʨʹʨʱʰʬʩʹ UDYDVDNLD ʸʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˂ ʳʬ ʳʵʳʨʱʲʫʨ ˇʬʸʵʭʨʴʰ
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ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʰʯʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʬʲʹˆʻʯʫʾʰʨʴʰʶʨʺʰʳʸʵʩʨʳʰʻʹʨˇʨ
,,,ăýĎĊāĂĆąā
ʩʬʸ˃ʴʻʲʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ǏĮǃĮıƾǉǈĮ UDYDVDNLD ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ

ǏĮǃĮıƾǉǈ UDYDVDNL ʰʹ ʳʸʨʭʲʵʩʰʯ ʼʵʸʳʨʹ ʫʨ ʨʽʭʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ
ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʨ
L ʹʨʹʰʿʭʨʸʻʲʵˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰʹˀʬʳ˂ʭʬʲʰʳʵʱʲʬʫʨʹʨʰʫʻʳʲʵ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ
ˁʨʴʨ˄ʬʸʰ
LL ʹʨʹʰʿʭʨʸʻʲʵ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ
LLL ʹʨʹʰʿʭʨʸʻʲʵ˄ʬʸʰʲʰʹʨʰʫʻʳʲʵʫʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʰʲʰˁʨʴʨ˄ʬʸʰ
LY ʳʵʱʲʬ ˄ʬʸʰʲʵʩʰʯʰ ʪʮʨʭʴʰʲʰ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ˄ʬʹʰ
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Äʹʰʹˆʲʰʹʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʰʹʨʹ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ ʨʽʭʹ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ

ʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʹ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬ ˀʬʽʳʴʰʲʰ ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʬʲʰ ʫʨ
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ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʬʲʳʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʹʨˁʰʭʸʰʹ ʳʰʮʬʮʨʫ ʫʨʨʹʨˆʬʲʨ ʰʹ ʸʵʳ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʭʬʸ ʫʨʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʳʰʻʱʬʸ˃ʵʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʬʩʰ ʵʸʰʭʬ
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ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʽʳʬ ˀʬʬˆʬʩʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʻʶʨʺʰʭ˂ʬʳʻʲʵʩʨʹ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂

ʳʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʯʨʳʰʳʨʸʯʶʰʸʵʭʴʻʲʨʫʨʸʰʹʪʨʳʵʭʲʬʴʰʲʰʳʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʬʩʰ
˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʴʬʴ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʲʰʹ ʱʸʰʺʰʱʰʹ ʶʰʸʫʨʶʰʸ ʹʨʪʨʴʹ ʳʨʯ ʳʰʬʸ
˄ʨʸʳʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʰʳʨʭʬ ʳʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʬʩʳʨ
ʪʨʳʵʰʺʨʴʬʹʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʲʰʹʫʬʭʴʰʹˀʬʹʨˆʬʩʪʨʴʰˆʰʲʬʹ
ʳʰʹʰ ʽʳʬʫʬʩʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵˀʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʮʬʮʬʩʰ ʫʨʨʫʪʰʴʬʹ ʩʸʨʲʰ ʫʨ ˀʬʻʼʨʸʫʬʹ
ʶʨʺʰʳʸʵʩʨ ʨʳ ʹʰʺʻʨ˂ʰʨˀʰ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʰʹ ʳʵ˄ʳʰʹ ʩʸʨʲʳʫʬʩʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʳʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹʸʵʲʰʹʨʾʸʬʭʨʹˀʬʬ˃ʲʵʯʨʭʰʹʯʨʭʨʫ˄ʨʸʳʵʬˀʭʨʵʩʰʬʽʺʻʸʨʫ
ʪʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʬ˅ʭʰ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʯʨʴ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʨˀʰ
ʸʵʳʲʰʹʯʨʴʨˆʳʨʫʨ˂ʨʸʨʭʰʴʻʴʫʨʪʨʴʹʨˇʵʹʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰʹʨʽʳʬ
ʮʬʳʵʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰʹʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʨʫʪʬʴʹʸʵʳʹʨʽʳʰʹʼʨʽʺʵʩʸʰʭʰ
ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʬʩʰʱʭʰʶʸʵʹʰʹʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹʳʰʻʱʬʸ˃ʵʬʩʲʵʩʨʹʬ˅ʭʽʭʬˀʨʿʬʴʬʩʫʨ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʨʹʬʭʬ ʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʸʵʳ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʲʰʹ ʬ˅ʭʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ
ʳʰʻʱʬʸ˃ʵʬʩʲʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʰʯ ʵʩʰʬʽʺʻʸʨʫ ʪʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ
ʫʨ ʱʭʰʶʸʵʹʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʭʬʸ ˀʬʨʹʸʻʲʨ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʯ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʰ
ʳʰʻʱʬʸ˃ʵʬʩʲʵʩʰʹʹʺʨʴʫʨʸʺʰʵʩʰʬʽʺʻʸʰʺʬʹʺʰʹˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫ
ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯ ˁʰʵʫʨ ʸʵʳ ʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲʰ ʳʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʬʩʰ

ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʫʴʬʴʶʰʸʵʭʴʻʲʰʳʰʱʬʸ˃ʵʬʩʻʲʵʩʰʯ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʨʸ ʨʿʬʴʬʩʹ ʬ˅ʭʽʭʬˀ ʱʭʰʶʸʵʹʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲʰ

ʳʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʨʸʯʲʳʹʨˇʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʰʸʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ʯʻ ʬʸʯʵʩʲʰʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
ʳʰʮʴʰʯ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʻʲ ʽʳʬʫʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʰʳʨʹ ʸʵʳ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰʫʨʴ
69
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ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʨ ʨʳʨʹʯʨʴʨʭʬ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʳʰʰˁʴʬʭʹ ʸʵʳ ʱʭʰʶʸʵʹʰʹ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹʳʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʬʩʳʨʭʬʸʳʵʨˆʬʸˆʬʩʹˀʬʽʳʴʰʲʰʹʰʺʻʨ˂ʰʰʹʨʪʨʴ
ʹʨʱʳʨʸʰʹʰʫʰʹʺʨʴ˂ʰʸʬʩʨ
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ʨʳ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʳʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʯʨ ʶʰʸʨʫʰ ʽʳʬʫʬʩʬʩʰʹ

ʪʨʴʹˆʭʨʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʬʲʬʳʬʴʺʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʵʩʲʰʵʩʨˀʰ ʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʰʯ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ
ʳʰʰˁʴʬʭʹ ʸʵʳ ʩʨʺʵʴʰ ʱʰʶʸʰʨʴʻʹ ʳʰʬʸ ˄ʨʸʫʪʬʴʰʲʰ ʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʨ
ʱʭʰʶʸʵʹʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʳʰʻʱʬʸ˃ʵʬʩʲʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʰʯ ʰʿʵ ʨʹʬʭʬ
ʪʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʻʲʰʹʻʩʰʬʽʺʻʸʰʺʬʹʺʰʹˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫ
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ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʶʸʬ˂ʬʫʬʴʺʻʲʰ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʰ
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ʳʰʰˁʴʬʭʹʸʵʳʱʭʰʶʸʵʹʰʹʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʨʸʰʿʵʳʰʻʱʬʸ˃ʵʬʩʬʲʰʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ
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ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹʯʭʰʹ˄ʨʸʫʪʬʴʰʲʰʨʸʪʻʳʬʴʺʬʩʰ
D ûùąĄēėùüýúýăā
ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʬʲʳʨ ʳʰʻʯʰʯʨ ʸʵʳ ʳʰʹʰ ʳʹˇʨʭʸʫʬʩʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʼʨʸʫʬʩʻʲʰ

ʹʨʹˇʬʲʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ʨʸʨʶʸʵʶʵʸ˂ʰʻʲ Äˁʨʸʬʭʨʹ³ ʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʭʰʹ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨˀʰ
ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ ʹʨʹˇʬʲʰʹ ʶʸʵʶʵʸ˂ʰʻʲʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʼʨʹʬʩʰʹʨʹ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʬʲʰ

ʻʯʰʯʬʩʫʨʸʵʳʸʵ˂ʨʹʨʽʳʬˀʬʬˆʬʩʵʫʨʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʹʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʫʨ
ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲ ʹʨ˄ʿʰʹʬʩʮʬ ʫʨ ʱʬʯʰʲʹʰʴʫʰʹʰʬʸʨʫ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʳʹʻʩʻʽʰ
ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʹʨʹˇʬʲʰʹ ˀʬʼʨʸʫʬʩʨ˂ ʱʰ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʰʿʵ
ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʻʲ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʬʩˀʰ ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ
ʨʾʱʭʬʯʰʹ ˀʬʼʨʸʫʬʩʨ ʫʨʹʨˀʭʬʩʰ ʰʿʵ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʳ˃ʰʳʬ ʻʶʨʺʰʭ˂ʬʳʻʲʵʩʰʹ
ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ
ʻʼʸʵ ʳʬʺʰ˂ ʹʨʶʨʺʰʳʸʵ ʹʨʹˇʬʲʰʹ ˀʬʼʨʸʫʬʩʨ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹʯʭʰʹ

ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʰʹʰ ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʹ˄ʵʸʨʫ ʯʻ ʳ˂ʫʨʸʨʫ ʨˆʫʬʴʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ
ʱʲʰʬʴʺʰʹ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʨʹ ʰʽʵʴʰʬʩʫʨ Äʳʹʻʹˆʨʭ ʬʼʬʽʺʹ³
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵˀʰ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʽʳʬʫʬʩʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʳʨʸʯ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ
ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹʪʨʴʳʨˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʬʲʰʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ˃ʰʸʰʯʨʫʰʳʵʭʨʲʬʵʩʨʰʿʵʯʨʭʰʹʰ
70
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ˀʬʼʨʹʬʩʨʯʨʼʨʸʪʲʬʩˀʰʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰʹʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʰʹʨʹʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹʯʭʰʹ
ʮʵʪ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʪʨʨʹʨˁʰʭʸʵʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʨ
ʫʨ ˄ʰʴ ʨʾʻʫʪʬʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʮʬ˄ʵʲʨʹ ʨʴ ʻʫʰʬʸ ʳʵʶʿʸʵʩʨʹ ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʯʻ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ ˂ʴʵʩʰʲʰ ʰʽʴʬʩʵʫʨ ʸʵʳ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ
ʳʨʯʰ ʪʸ˃ʬʲʭʨʫʰʨʴʰ ʫʨʶʨʺʰʳʸʬʩʨ ʳʰʻʾʬʩʬʲʰ ʬʽʹʶʸʬʹʰʻʲʰ ʺʵʴʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʨʴ ˀʬʻʼʬʸʬʩʬʲʰ ʪʨʳʵʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʨʴʫʨ ʹʺʸʬʹʰʹ
ʽʭʬˀ ʬʳʵ˂ʰʰʹ ʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʭʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʰʨʸʹʬʩʬʩʫʨ ʸʬʨʲʻʸʰ ʸʰʹʱʰ ʰʳʰʹʨ ʸʵʳ
ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʬʩʰˀʬ˄ʿʭʬʺʫʴʬʴʯʨʭʰʨʴʯʽʳʬʫʬʩʬʩʹʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵˀʰʱʲʰʬʴʺʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨʮʰʨʴʵʫ ˀʬʫʬʪʨʫ ʶʨʺʰʳʸʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʼʨʸʫʬʩʨ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʱʲʰʬʴʺʰʹ
ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʨʹ ʶʰʸʫʨʶʰʸ ʨʮʨʸʨʲʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʭʲʬʴʨʹ ʨˆʫʬʴʹ ʨʸʨ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ
ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ ʳʬ ʳʻˆʲʰʯ ʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʻʲ ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʮʬ ʨʸʨʳʬʫ
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ʸʵ˂ʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʳʰʰˁʴʬʭʫʨ ʸʵʳ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʳʨ ʫʨʨʸʾʭʰʨ ʫʨʹʨˀʭʬʩʰ

ʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʭʰʹ ˇʬʸʵʭʨʴʰ ʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ
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ˀʬʮʾʻʫʭʨ ʪʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʫʨ ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹ ʹʨʶʨʹʻˆʵ
ʾʵʴʰʹ˃ʰʬʩʨʯʨ ʨʸˁʬʭʨʴʰ ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭ ʳʹˇʨʭʸʫʬʩʨʮʬ
ʶʰʸʫʨʶʰʸʰʪʨʫʨʹʭʲʨʫʨʹʨʱʳʨʵˆʴʰʯʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹʨʾʱʭʬʯʰʹˀʬʼʨʸʫʬʩʨ
ʨʸ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʵʫʨ ʪʨʴʳʨʸʺʬʩʻʲʰʿʵ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʨʭʺʵʸʰʺʬʺʰʹ
ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʬʲʰʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʯʳ˂ʰʸʬʪʨʴ˂ʨʲʱʬʭʬʩʻʲʰ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲʫʨʸʾʭʬʭʰʹʨʹ
ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ ʱʭʰʶʸʵʹʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʫʨʱʨʸʪʨ ʪʨʴʹʨˆʰʲʭʬʲ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴ

ʱʵʴʹʺʰʺʻ˂ʰʻʸ ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʯʨ ʫʨʩʨʲʨʴʹʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʼʨʹʬʩʰʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨ
ʻʼʸʵ ʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲʨʫ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰ
˄ʨʸʳʵʯʽʳʻʲ ʰʽʴʨ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʵʴʨʲʰ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʳʵʹʰʲʬʩʰʹ
ʼʨʸʪʲʬʩˀʰ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʰʪʰ ˂ʫʰʲʵʩʫʨ ʫʨʬ˂ʭʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʱʲʰʬʴʺʰʹ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ
ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰ ʳʨʹ ʨʸ ʻʯʽʭʨʳʹ ʻʨʸʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʰ ʯʻ ʻʱʨʴʵʴʵ
ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʰʹʫʨʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʨʮʬʨʹʬʭʬʳʨʹʨʸʪʨʳʵʻʿʬʴʬʩʰʨʻˆʨʳʹʰʪʨʳʵʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ
ʱʸʰʺʰʱʨ ʪʨʳʵʯʽʳʻʲ ʰʽʴʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵˀʰ ʫʨ ʨʸʨ ʳʰʹ ʼʨʸʪʲʬʩʹ ʪʨʸʬʯ
ʳʬʫʰʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨˀʬ ʰʹ ʬˆʬʩʵʫʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʨˀʱʨʸʨ ʰʴʫʬʼʬʸʬʴʺʻʲʵʩʨʹ
ʰʳ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʯʨʴ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʨˀʰ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʲʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ˇʭʨʸʬʫʰʴʰ
ʫʨʱʰʯˆʭʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʨʸʯʭʨʹʯʨʴ ʰʿʵ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʨʸ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ
ʱʵʳʬʴʺʨʸʹ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʪʨʳʵʯʽʳʻʲ ʰʽʴʨ ʻˆʬˀʰ ʼʵʸʳʰʯ ʳʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʯʨ
ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ˆʿʵʼʰʹʬʸʯʨʫʬʸʯʰʳʰʮʴʰʯʨʴʸʨʰʳʬʹʨˆʰʯʬ˅ʭʽʭʬˀʨʿʬʴʬʩʫʨʳʨʯ
ʶʨʺʰʵʹʴʬʩʨʹʨʴʳʰʻʳˆʸʵʳʲʵʩʨʹʰʹʸʨ˂ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹʳʰʬʸʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʫʨ
ʰʿʵ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʹʨˁʰʭʸʰʹ ʪʨ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʨ ˃ʲʰʬʸʰ ʫʨ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʵʨ ʬʳʵ˂ʰʻʸʰ
ʼʵʸʳʰʯʨ˂ ʰʳʰʹ ʯʨʵʩʨʮʬ ʸʵʳ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʻʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʫ ˀʬʮʾʻʫʨ
ʳʰʹʰ ˇʭʨʸʬʫʰʴʰ ʫʨʱʰʯˆʭʨ ʸʨʫʪʨʴ ʳʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʬʩʰ ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʻʲʬʩʬʩʮʬ
ʱʵʴ˂ʬʴʺʸʰʸʬʩʰʹ ʴʨ˂ʭʲʨʫ ʹʨʻʩʸʵʩʫʴʬʴ ʫʨ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ ʨ˄ʭʫʰʫʴʬʴ
ʩʨʸʨʯʬʩʹ
ʨʳʨʹʯʨʴ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʬʲʳʨ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʨ ʸʵʳ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰ

ʵʫʬʹʳʬ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʨʳʪʭʨʸ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨˀʰ ʫʨ ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫ ʨʾʳʵˁʬʴʰʲʨ
ʨʴʨʲʵʪʰʻʸʰ ʫʰʲʬʳʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨˀʬ ˃ʰʸʰʯʨʫʨʫ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʪʵʴʰʭʸʻʲ
ʪʨʳʵʹʨʭʲʨʫ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʨ ʨʸ ʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫʵ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵ ʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʰ
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʫʨʿʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʽʴʬʹ ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʨ
ʱʻʲʳʰʴʨ˂ʰʻʸʳʵʳʬʴʺˀʰˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʳʨʪʨʳʵʰʿʬʴʵʹʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰ
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ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ʳʰʹʬʳʵ˂ʰʬʩʹʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʨʭʫʨʨʴʳ˂ʫʨʸʰʰʴʺʬʸʶʸʬʺʨ˂ʰʰʹʹʨʪʨʴʰ
ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵʨʴʫʨʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʻʲʰʿʵʻˆʬˀʰʼʵʸʳʰʯʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨʶʸʵʺʬʹʺʬʩʹ
ˀʬʬ˃ʲʵ ʪʨʳʵʬ˄ʭʰʨ ʹʰʺʻʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʪʨʻʨʸʬʹʬʩʨ ʪʨʳʵʹ˄ʵʸʬʩʰʹ ʴʨ˂ʭʲʨʫ
ʮʬʳʵʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ˀʬˇʰʩʸʬʩʰʯʰ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ
ʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʰʹ ʸʬʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʳʿʨʸʵʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʹ ʨʳ ʱʵʴʺʬʽʹʺˀʰ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʬʲʳʨ
ʨʾʴʰˀʴʨʸʵʳʳʰʹʳʰʬʸʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰʨʸʻʴʫʨʪʨʴʳʨʸʺʬʩʻʲʰʿʵ
ʬʽʹʱʲʻʮʰʻʸʨʫʨʴʨˀʱʨʸʨʫˀʬʻʸʨ˂ˆʳʿʵʼʲʨʫʹʰʺʿʭʨʸʨʭʨʹʨʱʰʨ ʸʨʭʨʹʨʱʰʨ
ʬʽʭʬʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʩʵʫʨʵʸʴʨʰʸʰʴʺʬʸʶʸʬʺʨ˂ʰʨʹ
ʪʨʸʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʨ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʬʲʳʨ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʨ ʸʵʳ ʳʰʹʰ ʱʵʳʬʴʨʺʨʸʰ ʰʿʵ

ʫʨʻʪʬʪʳʨʭʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʱʬʯʫʨ ʹʺʸʬʹʻʲʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʰʹ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩˀʰ
ʸʵ˂ʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʨ ʰʽʴʨ ʪʨʱʸʰʺʰʱʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʯʬʲʰ
ʰʴ˂ʰʫʬʴʺʰ ʪʨʪʸ˃ʬʲʫʨ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˄ʻʯʰ ʨʹʰʮʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʨʸ
ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʪʨʳʵʬʯʽʭʨ ʶʸʬʺʬʴʮʰʨ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʲʰʹ ʽʳʬʫʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʰʹ˄ʰʴʨʸʬʹʺʨʫʰʬʩʮʬʬʹʨʸ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨʹʸʵ˂ʨ
ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʬʲʰ ʨʸʰʹ ʶʬʸʳʨʴʬʴʺʻʲʨʫ ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ˆʳʿʵʼʬʲʰ ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʫ
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˄ʰʴʨʸʬʪʨʼʸʯˆʰʲʬʩʬʩʰʹʨ
ʮʬʳʵʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʬʲʹ ʳʰʨˁʴʰʨ ʸʵʳ ʻʨʸʬʹ

ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʳʰʹʰ ʪʨʱʸʰʺʰʱʬʩʨ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʵʫʨ ˀʬʼʨʹʬʩʰʹ ʳ˂ʫʨʸʰ ʼʵʸʳʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʫʨ ʬʹ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʴˆʰʲʻʲʰʿʵ ʱʭʰʶʸʵʹʰʹ
ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʨˀʰ ʳʰʹʰ ˆʨʴʪʸ˃ʲʰʭʰ ʫʨ ʻʳ˄ʰʱʭʲʵ ˄ʲʰʨʴʰ
ʱʨʸʰʬʸʰʹʱʵʴʺʬʽʹʺˀʰ
ʹʨʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʵ ˄ʨʳʿʭʨʴʰ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ ʳʹˇʨʭʸʫʬʩʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ

ʻʶʨʺʰʭ˂ʬʳʻʲʵʩʰʹʪʨʳʵʫʨʳʰʹʯʭʰʹˆʻʯʫʾʰʨʴʰʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹʨʾʱʭʬʯʰʹ
ˀʬʼʨʸʫʬʩʨʹʨʽʳʰʹʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʬʩʰʫʨʴʪʨʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨʨˀʱʨʸʨʫ
ʨʸʨʶʸʵʶʵʸ˂ʰʻʲ ʶʨʹʻˆʹ ʰʳ ʻʬ˂ʨʸ ˀʬʼʨʹʬʩʨʮʬ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʫʨ
ʳʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʱʲʰʬʴʺʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʰʹ ʶʸʵ˂ʬʹˀʰ ʹʺʸʬʹʻʲ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩˀʰ
ʳʱʭʲʬʲʵʩʰʹʹʨʽʳʰʹʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʰʹʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹˆʫʵʳʨʮʬ
ʫʨʹʨʹʸʻʲʹ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʬʲʰ ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ ʸʵʳ ʨʳ ʪʨʴʹʨˆʰʲʭʬʲʰ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ

ʳʨʹˀʺʨʩʰ ʪʨ˂ʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʻʼʸʵ ʳʬʺʰ ʰʿʵ ʭʰʫʸʬ ʱʭʰʶʸʵʹʰʹ ʸʬʪʰʵʴʨʲʻʸ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵˀʰ ʫʨ˃ʨʩʻʲ ʨʮʸʯʨ ʪʨ˂ʭʲʨʪʨʳʵ˂ʭʲʨ ʸʨ˂ ʪʻʲʰʹˆʳʵʩʫʨ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʾʰʸʹʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰ
ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯˀʬʸ˄ʿʳʨʹ
ʸʨʫʪʨʴ ʰʹʰʴʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʬʴ ʳʨʸʯʳʲʹʨˇʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʰʸʬʩʰʹ
ʶʸʵ˂ʬʹˀʰ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʸ˄ʳʬʴʰʹ ˀʬʴʨʸˁʻʴʬʩʰʹ ʻʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴʬʹ
ʼʨʽʺʵʸʬʩʹ
E ĄĀùþĉĆúù
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʨ ʸʵʳ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʲʰʹ ʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ

ʻʼʲʬʩʨˀʰ ˁʨʸʬʭʨ ʬʼʻ˃ʴʬʩʵʫʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʱʨʴʵʴʹ ʫʨ
ʱʵʴʹʺʰʺʻ˂ʰʨʹʫʨˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫÄʰʿʵʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʻʲʰʱʨʴʵʴʰʯ³
72
ʸʨ˂ ˀʬʬˆʬʩʨ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʲʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʮʾʻʫʭʰʹ Äʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʲʵʩʨʹ³
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʨ ʸʵʳ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ ʶʸʨʽʺʰʱʰʯ
ʳʱʨʼʰʵʫʨʨ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʸʯʲʳʹʨˇʻʲʬʩʰʹ
ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʰʸʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʨ ʪʨʻʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʬʲʰ ˀʬʺʬʭʬʩʰʹʪʨʴ
ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʯ ʱʰ ʳʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʬʩʰʹ ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʳʨʯʰ ʸʵʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʳʵʭʨʲʬʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʫʰʹʱʸʬ˂ʰʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ʨʸ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʳʵʹʰʲʴʰ
ʬʶʨʹʻˆʨʯ ʶʰʸʨʫʰ ˆʨʹʰʨʯʰʹ ʪʨʴ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʬʩʮʬ ʳʬʫʰʰʹ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʯ
ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʵʹʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨʹˆʭʨʹʨˇʨʸʵʼʰʪʻʸʬʩʰʹʳʹʪʨʭʹʨʫʳʨˀʰʴʨ˂ʱʰʸʵ˂ʨ
ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʹ ʨʽʭʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʶʰʸʨʫʰ ʳʵʹʨʮʸʬʩʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹˆʫʵʳʰʹʫʨʸʩʨʮˀʰʰʹˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨˀʬʰʮʾʻʫʵʹʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ
ʨʭʺʵʸʰʺʬʺʰʹˀʬʴʨʸˁʻʴʬʩʰʹʳʰʮʴʰʯ
ʳʰʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ˆʿʵʼʰʹ ˆʨʸʰʹˆʰʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʲʰʹ ʫʨʳ˂ʰʴʨʭʰ

ʳʵʶʿʸʵʩʰʹʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʰʯˀʬʼʨʸʫʬʩʻʲʰʹʨʴʽ˂ʰʨʰʿʵʪʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʻʲʰ
ʫʨ ʨʸ ʹ˂ʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʫʨ˂ʬʳʻʲʰ ˀʬʼʨʹʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʹ
ʨʳʨʹʯʨʴ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʰʯ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʨ ʸʵʳ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʬʲʰ ʰʿʵ
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ʪʨʳʵˁʬʴʰʲʰ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰ ʵʸʳʵ˂˄ʲʰʨʴʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʶʨʸʲʨʳʬʴʺʰʹ
ʿʵʼʰʲʰ˄ʬʭʸʰʫʨʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʻʸʰʶʸʵʱʻʸʨʺʻʸʰʹʿʵʼʰʲʰʳʨʾʨʲˁʰʴʵʹʨʴʰ
ʳʰʹʰ ʯʨʭˀʬʻʱʨʭʬʩʬʲʰ ʪʨʳʵˆʫʵʳʨ ʰ˄ʭʬʭʫʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʫʨ
ʳʨʸʯʲʳʹʨˇʻʲʬʩʰʹʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʰʸʬʩʰʹʳʰʳʨʸʯʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰʸ˄ʳʬʴʰʹ
ʫʨʱʴʰʴʬʩʰʹ ʸʰʹʱʹ ʵʽʳʰʫʨʴ ʴʨʯʲʨʫ ˁʨʴʫʨ ʸʵʳ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʬʲʳʨ ʨʸ
ʪʨʳʵʰʿʬʴʨ ʳʵʩʵʫʰˀʬʩʰʹ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʲʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʹ ʳʨʪʰʭʸʨʫ
ʻʼʲʬʩʨʳʵʹʰʲʬʩʰʹʪʨʫʨʳʬʺʬʩʨʹʫʨʨʳʨʺʨʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹʨ˂ʰʲʬʩʨʹʨʴʽ˂ʰʰʹ
ʶʸʵʶʵʸ˂ʰʻʲʵʩʨʶʰʸʭʬʲʸʰʪˀʰʬʽ˂ʬʵʫʨ˄ʬʭʸʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʯʨˀʬʼʨʹʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩˀʰ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ ˀʬʼʨʸʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʶʨʺʰʳʸʵʩʰʹ ˆʨʴʪʸ˃ʲʰʭʵʩʨ ʨʸ
˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨʳʨʽʹʰʳʨʲʻʸʭʨʫʨʹ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹˀʬʼʨʹʬʩʨ
D āĐĆĀČùĉùĒùĉýþùĊùėýÿý
ʰʹ ʼʨʽʺʰ ʸʵʳ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʯʨ ʳʰʬʸ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ

ʻʶʨʺʰʭ˂ʬʳʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʲʰʹ ʳʹˇʨʭʸʫʬʩʨ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ
ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʳʻˆʲʰʯ ʪʨʸʨʴʺʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ
ʻʼʲʬʩʨˀʰ Äˁʨʸʬʭʨʹ³ ʨʸ ʪʨʳˆʫʨʸʨ ʹʨʫʨʭʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʨʸ ʪʨʨˁʴʰʨ ʹˆʭʨ
ʫʨʹʱʭʴʰʹʪʨʳʵʺʨʴʰʹʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʰ
E āĐĆĀČùĉùĒùĉýþùûùĄùĉĀăýúČăā
ʶʰʸʰʹʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʭʰʹʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨˀʰˁʨʸʬʭʨʰ˄ʭʬʭʹʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹʳʬʳʻˆʲʰʹ
ʫʨʸʾʭʬʭʨʹʯʻʰʪʰʨʸʳʰʬʱʻʯʭʴʬʩʨʨʳʨʭʬʳʻˆʲʰʹʳʬʶʻʴʽʺʰʯʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲ
ʬʸʯʬʸʯʪʨʳʵʴʨʱʲʰʹʹ
ʳˆʨʸʬʬʩʰ ʯʨʴˆʳʫʬʩʵʫʴʬʴ ʸʵʳ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʲʰʹ ʳʹˇʨʭʸʫʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʹˇʬʲʰ

ʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʻʲʰʰʿʵʱʨʴʵʴʰʯʱʬʸ˃ʵʫʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʬʩʰʹˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ˄ʲʰʹ
ʱʨʴʵʴʰʹʬʳʻˆʲʰʹʶʰʸʭʬʲʰʫʨʳʬʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʩʰʯʫʨʱʵʴʹʺʰʺʻ˂ʰʰʹ
73
ʬ ʳʻˆʲʰʯ ʨʹʬʭʬ ʻʫʨʭʵ ʰʿʵ ˁʨʸʬʭʰʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʰ ʳʰʮʨʴʰ ʸʨ˂ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ
ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʰˆʨʺʬʩʵʫʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʨʭʺʵʸʰʺʬʺʰʹ
ʫʨ˂ʭʨˀʰ
ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫ ʪʨʴʹʨˆʰʲʭʬʲʰ ʸˁʬʩʵʫʨ ʬʸʯʨʫʬʸʯʰ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰ ʰʿʵ ʯʻ

ʨʸʨ ʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨˀʰ ˁʨʸʬʭʨ Äʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʫʬʳʵʱʸʨʺʰʻʲʰ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ³
L ʮʵʪʨʫʰʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʬʩʰ
Äʫʬʳʵʱʸʨʺʰʻʲ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰ ʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ³ ʺʬʹʺʰ ʳʵʰʯˆʵʭʹ

ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʳˆʸʰʫʨʴ ʰʳʰʹ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʨʹ ˀʬʬʹʨʩʨʳʬʩʨ ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ˁʨʸʬʭʨ
Äʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʬʲ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʨʹ³ ˄ʬʭʸ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʬʩʹ ʨʽʭʯ
ʪʨʸʱʭʬʻʲʰ ˀʬʼʨʹʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʰ ʨʳʪʭʨʸʰ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʰʹʨʹ
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ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʬʽʭʬʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʩʨ ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲ ʮʬʫʨʳˆʬʫʭʬʲʵʩʨʹ ʸʨ˂

ʪʻʲʰʹˆʳʵʩʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬ ʪʨʳʵʺʨʴʰʲʰ
ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵ˄ʳʬʩʨʹ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʬʲʰ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹʳʰʬʸʳʰʾʬʩʻʲʰʹʨ˂
ʻʼʸʵ ʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲʨʫ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʨʫʪʰʴʵʹ ʯʻ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʫ

ʰʿʵ ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʾʵʴʰʹ˃ʰʬʩʨ Äʫʨʹʨˆʻʲ ʲʬʪʰʺʰʳʻʸ ʳʰʮʨʴʯʨʴ
ʶʸʵʶʵʸ˂ʰʻʲʰ³ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʻʴʫʨ
ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʬʹ ʸʵʳ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʻ˄ʿʬʩʬʩʰ ʬʿʸʫʴʵʩʵʫʴʬʴ ʸʬʲʬʭʨʴʺʻʸʰ
ʼʨʽʺʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʼʨʹʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʰʿʬʴʬʩʫʴʬʴ ʰʳ ʹʺʨʴʫʨʸʺʬʩʹ ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂
ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʵʩʨˀʰʨ ʳʬ ʳʻˆʲʰʯ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲ ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʬʩʯʨʴ ʨʳʨʹʯʨʴʨʭʬ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʨʴʵʩʨ ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʰ ʶʸʵ˂ʬʫʻʸʻʲʰ
ʪʨʸʨʴʺʰʬʩʰʫʨˀʬʼʨʸʫʬʩʻʲʰʹʨʹˇʬʲʰʹʩʻʴʬʩʨʫʨʹʰʳʱʨ˂ʸʬ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ
ʼʨʽʺʵʸʬʩʹʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ʻʴʫʨʰʽʴʬʹʳˆʬʫʭʬʲʵʩʨˀʰʳʰʾʬʩʻʲʰʸʵ˂ʨˆʫʬʩʨ
ʳʬ ʳʻˆʲʰʯ ʪʨʸʨʴʺʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨˀʰ ˁʨʸʬʭʰʹ
ʶʸʵʶʵʸ˂ʰʻʲʵʩʰʹˀʬʼʨʹʬʩʨ
ʼʸʨʮʨ Äʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʨʭʺʵʸʰʺʬʺʰ³ ʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲʨʫ ʪʻʲʰʹˆʳʵʩʹ

˂ʴʬʩʨʹ ʸʵʳ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʬʩʰ ʼʨʸʯʵ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʨʾʽʳʻʲʴʰ
ʨʸʰʨʴ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʫʨʭʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʪʭʨʸʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹ ʼʵʸʻʳʨʫ ʫʨ
ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʰʹ ʯʨʵʩʨʮʬ ʶʰʸʯʨ ʩʸʨʲʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ
ʨʴ ʨʸʨʩʸʨʲʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʲʬʩʨʫ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʨʭʺʵʸʰʺʬʺʰʹ
ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹʱʻʯˆʰʯʫʬʳʵʱʸʨʺʰʻʲʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʵʨʹʨʼʸʯˆʰʹʽʭʬˀ
ʳʵʬʽ˂ʬʹʸʵʪʵʸ˂˂ʨʲʱʬʻʲʰʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰʹʨʹʬʭʬʳʯʬʲʰʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹʨʫʳʰʴʫʵʩʨʹʰʹˆʲʰʹʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹʨʹ
ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨʹʶʬ˂ʰʨʲʻʸʰʹʺʨʺʻʹʰʳʨʸʯʲʳʹʨˇʻʲʬʩʰʹʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʰʸʬʩʰʹʨʹ
ʳʨʯʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʹʨʫʨʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹˀʵʸʰʹˀʻʨʳʨʭʲʰʹ˂ʬʴʺʸʨʲʻʸʸʵʲʹ
ʨʸʪʻʴʬʩʹ ʨʳʪʭʨʸʰ ʶʵʮʰ˂ʰʨ ʪʨʴʨʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʽʳʬʫʬʩʬʩʰʹ ˁʭʬʻʲ
ˀʬʮʾʻʫʭʬʩʹʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨʸʵʲʰʹʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʰʯʲʬʪʰʺʰʳʻʸʰʰʽʴʬʩʨ
ʳʨʯʯʭʰʹ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʨ ʸʨʯʨ ˆʬʲʰ ˀʬʻ˄ʿʵʴ ʳʨʸʯʲʳʹʨˇʻʲʬʩʰʹ ˇʬʸʵʭʨʴ
ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʰʸʬʩʨʹʫʨˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫˀʬʰʴʨʸˁʻʴʵʴʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹʴʫʵʩʨ
74
ʳʬ ʳʻˆʲʰ ʰ˂ʨʭʹ ʨʸʨ ʳʨʸʺʵ ʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʻʲ ʰʫʬʨʯʨ ʫʨ ʰʴʼʵʸʳʨ˂ʰʨʯʨ
ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʬʩʹʨʸʨʳʬʫʳʨʯʰʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʹʼʵʸʳʨʹʨ˂ʳʨˀʰʴʸʵ˂ʨʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʬʩʹʨ˂
ʨʽʭʯ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰ ʳʨʸʯʲʳʹʨˇʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʰʸʬʩʨʮʬ
ʱʵʳʬʴʺʰʸʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʳʨʯʰ ʱʸʰʺʰʱʨ ʨʸ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʹ˂ʫʬʹ ʪʨʸʱʭʬʻʲ
ʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʹ ʻʼʸʵ ʳʬʺʰ˂ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʹˆʫʵʳʰʹ ʫʨʸʩʨʮˀʰ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʭʰʹʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨʨʸʨʸʰʹˀʬʻʮʾʻʫʨʭʰʫʨʪʨʸʱʭʬʻʲʰʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰ
ʸʵʪʵʸʰ˂ʨʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʨʭʺʵʸʰʺʬʺʰ ʨʸʰʹ ʹʨʱʳʨʸʰʹʨʫ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ
ʰʳʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʸʵʳ ʪʨʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʴ ʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʮʾʻʫʭʨ ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʫ
ʰʳʰʹʨʸʵʳʹʨʹˇʬʲʰʹˀʬʼʨʸʫʬʩʨʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʯʨʱʵʳʶʬʺʬʴ˂ʰʨʹ
ʳʰʬʱʻʯʭʴʬʩʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʻʯʰʯʬʩʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ ʶʸʨʽʺʰʱʨʹ
ʸʵʳʲʰʹʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯʨ˂ʳˆʵʲʵʫʪʨʳʵʴʨʱʲʰʹˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʬʩˀʰˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
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ʳʨʯˀʵʸʰʹʿʭʬʲʨʮʬʳ˂ʰʸʬʹʰʹˆʲʰʹʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʸʰʭʰʹʨʹˇʬʲʰʹ ʳʰˁʴʬʭʨ
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ʴʨʯʬʲʰʨ ʸʵʳ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʬʩʰ ʳʨʯʰ ʱʲʰʬʴʺʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹʨʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵˀʰ
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ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʯʱʰˀʬˇʰʩʸʬʩʰʯʹʰʹˆʲʰʹʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʮʬˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ
ʨʾʳʵˁʴʫʴʬʴ ʫʬʲʰʱʨʺʻʸ ʹʰʺʻʨ˂ʰʨˀʰ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʳʨʯ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʰʺʵʴ
ʪʨʨʶʸʵʺʬʹʺʵʴ ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʨʭʫʸʵʻʲʨʫ
ʰʼʰʽʸʵʴ ʳʨʯ ʳʰʬʸ ˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʰʲʰ ʶʰʸʬʩʰʹ ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʨʮʬ
ʹʨʶʨʺʰʳʸʵ ʹʨʹˇʬʲʰʹ ˀʬʼʨʸʫʬʩʨʹ ʳʰʹʰ ʩʻʴʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ʬʽʴʬʩʨ
ʯʨʴʨʳʫʬʭʰ Äʳʹʻʹˆʨʭʰ ʬʼʬʽʺʰ³ ʨʸʨ ʳʨʸʺʵ ʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲʰ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʬʩʰʹ
ʳʰʳʨʸʯ ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʰʹʯʭʰʹʨ˂ ʮʵʪʨʫʨʫ ʳʨʯ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʵʨ
ʯʨʭʰ ˀʬʮʾʻʫʻʲʨʫ ʰʪʸ˃ʴʵʴ ʮʬʶʰʸʰ ʶʵʮʰ˂ʰʰʹ ʫʨʼʰʽʹʰʸʬʩʰʹʨʹ
ʶʸʵ˂ʬʫʻʸʻʲʰˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʬʩʰʹʪʨ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʰʹʨʹʫʨʹˆʭʨˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʬʩˀʰ˂
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ˄ʰʴʨˀʬ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʵʩʰʹʨʹ ʳʨʯʰ
ʱʲʰʬʴʺʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʮʬ ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰʹ ʨʸʫʨʮʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʰʳʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʸʵʳ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʹ ˈʽʵʴʫʬʹ ʸ˄ʳʬʴʨ ʳʨʸʯʲʳʹʨˇʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʰʸʬʩʰʹ
ʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʰʹʨʫʳʰ ʳʨʯ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʨˁʴʫʬʯ ʴʫʵʩʨ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʰʹ
ʳʰʳʨʸʯ ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʻʴʫʨ ʻʮʸʻʴʭʬʲʿʵʹ ʬʼʬʽʺʰʨʴʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʲʵʩʨ
ʹʨʶʨʺʰʳʸʵ ʹʨʹˇʬʲʰʹ ˀʬʼʨʸʫʬʩʨʳ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʳˆʨʸʰʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹʯʭʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʵʨ ʪʨʸʱʭʬʻʲ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʬʩˀʰ ʰʽʵʴʰʵʹ ʪʨʭʲʬʴʨ ʨʸʨ ʳʨʸʺʵ
ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹʳʬʳʻˆʲʰʯʪʨʸʨʴʺʰʸʬʩʻʲʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʮʬʨʸʨʳʬʫʨʹʬʭʬʳʰʹʰ
ʱʲʰʬʴʺʰʹ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʳʬ ʳʻˆʲʰʯ ʫʨ˂ʻʲ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʨʴʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ
ʻʼʲʬʩʨʮʬ˂ ʨʳʸʰʪʨʫ ʴʬʩʰʹʳʰʬʸʰ Äʳʹʻʹˆʨʭʰ ʬʼʬʽʺʰ³ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ
ʼʨʽʺʵʸʰʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʽʴʬʹ ʳˆʬʫʭʬʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲʰ ʸʵ˂ʨ ˆʫʬʩʨ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʰ ʩʨʲʨʴʹʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʨ
ʬʼʬʽʺʰʨʴʰʳʨʸʯʲʳʹʨˇʻʲʬʩʰʹʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʰʸʬʩʰʹʱʵʴʺʬʽʹʺˀʰ
LL ʮʬʳʵʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʬʩʰʹʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʨʨʳʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ
ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʬʲʰ ʳʹˇʨʭʸʫʬʩʻʲ ʰʽʴʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ

ʻʶʨʺʰʭ˂ʬʳʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʰʪʰ ʰ˂ʨʭʫʨ
ʳʱʭʲʬʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʻʲ ʶʰʸʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵˀʰ ʳʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʬʩʳʨ
ʳʰʰˁʴʰʬʹ ʸʵʳ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʬʲʳʨ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʨ
ʨˀʱʨʸʨʻʶʨʺʰʭ˂ʬʳʻʲʵʩʨʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹʳʰʳʨʸʯ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳʻʴʫʨˀʬʨʼʨʹʵʹʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʫʰʽʴʨʫʨ˂ʻʲʰʹʨʽʳʬˀʰʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʨʴʰ
ʩʨʲʨʴʹʰʬʸʯʰʳˆʸʰʭʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹʨʭʺʵʸʰʺʬʺʰʹʫʨ˂ʭʰʹʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʲʵʩʨʹʨ
75
ʫʨ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʳˆʸʰʭ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʲʰʹ ʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʨʹ
ˀʵʸʰʹʹʨʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʵʻʼʲʬʩʨʳʵʹʰʲʬʩʰʹʶʸʵ˂ʬʹˀʰ
ʱʭʰʶʸʵʹʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʬʲʹ ˀʬʻʼʨʸʫʨ ˆʻʯʰ ʫʾʰʯ

ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʨʾʱʭʬʯʨ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʨʸ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʰʽʴʬʹ ʳʰˁʴʬʻʲʰ
ʨʸʨʳʱʨ˂ʸ ʹʨʹˇʬʲʨʫ ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʯ ʰʳ ʼʵʴʮʬ ʸʵʳ ʰʪʰ ʨʾʹʸʻʲʫʨ
ʻʳʨʲʭʬ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ˀʬʳʫʪʵʳˀʰ˂ ˃ʨʲʨˀʰ ʫʨʸˁʨ ʻʮʬʴʨʬʹʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ
ʳʰʬʸʳʰʾʬʩʻʲʰʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʰʯ
ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʲʰʹʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʨˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨʰʽʴʬʹʳʰˁʴʬʻʲʰʸʵʪʵʸ˂ʪʨʸʱʭʬʻʲʰ
ʻʶʨʺʰʭ˂ʬʳʻʲʵʩʰʹʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʭʨʳʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʯʨʳʰʳʨʸʯʳʨʪʸʨʳʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʫ
ʻˆʬˀʵʩʰʹʨ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ ʱʵʳʬʴʺʨʸʬʩʰ ʳʰʮʨʴʳʰʳʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʫʨ ʬˆʬʩʵʫʨ
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ˇʭʨʸʬʫʰʴ ʫʨʱʰʯˆʭʨʹ ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʬʲʰ ʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ
ʱʲʰʬʴʺʰʹʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰʹʫʨ˂ʭʰʹʨʹʳʱʭʲʬʲʵʩʰʹʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʨˀʰ
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ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʨʸʪʻʳʬʴʺʨ˂ʰʨ ʸʵʳ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʲʰʹʯʭʰʹ ˀʬʼʨʸʫʬʩʻʲʰ
ʹʨʶʨʺʰʳʸʵ ʹʨʴʽ˂ʰʨ ʨʸʰʹ ʯʨʴʨʮʵʳʰʬʸʰ ʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʰʹ ʹʰʳ˃ʰʳʬʹʯʨʴ
ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʯ ʰʳʰʹ ʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʰʯ ʸʵʳ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʬʲʰ ʨʸʰʹ
ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʫʨʳˆʬʫʭʬʲʵʩʨˀʰʻʴʫʨʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵʳʰʾʬʩʻʲʰʨʲʺʬʸʴʨʺʰʭʬʩʰ
ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ˀʬʼʨʹʬʩʰʯ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʹˇʬʲʰ ʰʿʵ

ʨʸʨʶʸʵʶʵʸ˂ʰʻʲʨʫ ʳʱʨ˂ʸʰ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʲʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʫʨ ʨˆʫʬʴʹ Äʳʹʻʹˆʨʭ
ʬʼʬʽʺʹ³ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʳʵʹʰʲʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʨʮʬ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʫʨʹʱʭʴʨ ʸʵʳ ʶʸʵ˂ʬʫʻʸʻʲʰ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʨʴʵʩʨ ʰʽʴʨ ʫʨʸʾʭʬʻʲʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʻʶʨʺʰʭ˂ʬʳʻʲʵʩʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵ ʳʰʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ʪʨʳʨʸʺʰʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹʨʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʽʴʬʹ
ʪʨʴˆʰʲʻʲʰʶʸʵʶʵʸ˂ʰʻʲʵʩʰʹʫʨʸʾʭʬʭʨʹʯʨʴʬʸʯʨʫ
ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʳʰʰˁʴʬʭʹ ʸʵʳ ʱʭʰʶʸʵʹʰʹ

ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʭʬʸ ʫʨʰ˂ʭʨ ʹ˄ʵʸʰ ʩʨʲʨʴʹʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʨʭʺʵʸʰʺʬʺʰʹ
ʫʨ˂ʭʨʹʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʲʰʹ ʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ
ʰʹʼʨʽʺʰʸʵʳʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʬʲʳʨʳʵʰˆʨʫʨʹʨʹˇʬʲʰʹʳˆʵʲʵʫʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʨʸ
˂ʭʲʰʹʨʳʫʨʹʱʭʴʨʹ
ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʸʵʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʳʬ

ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʫʨʸʾʭʬʭʨʹ ʰʳ ʳʰʮʬʮʰʯ ʸʵʳ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʬʲʹ ˀʬʬʼʨʸʫʨ
ʨʸʨʶʸʵʶʵʸ˂ʰʻʲʰʹʨʹˇʬʲʰ
ùĄĄāÿýÿĀùûùĄĆĊùĊùĄùĉĀăĆ
1. ʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʬʸʯˆʳʨʫ ʸʵʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ

ʫʨʸʾʭʬʭʨʹ
2. ʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʯʬʽʭʹʳʬʺʰˆʳʰʯʬʸʯʰʹ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʸʵʳʨʸʨʸʰʹʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʬʲʰ
ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʳʻˆʲʯʨʴ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʲʰʹ ʹʨˁʰʭʸʰʹ
˂ʨʲʱʬʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʨ
76
3. ʨʫʪʬʴʹʬʸʯˆʳʨʫʸʵʳʨʸʨʸʰʹʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʬʲʰʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹʳʻˆʲʯʨʴ
ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʰʯʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʲʰʹʹʨˁʰʭʸʰʹ˂ʨʲʱʬʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʨ
4. ʻʨʸʿʵʼʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ˄ʰʴʨʹ˄ʨʸʶʸʬʺʬʴʮʰʨʹʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹʳʬʳʻˆʲʯʨʴ
ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʰʯ
5. ʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʬʸʯˆʳʨʫ ʸʵʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʳʬ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ
ʫʨʸʾʭʬʭʨʹ
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D ʸʵʳʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʬʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʳʱʵʴʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹʳʻˆʲʰʹˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫ
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ʪʨʫʨˆʫʰʹ ʫʾʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ ʱʻʸʹʰʯ ʱʭʰʶʸʵʹʻʲ ʼʻʴʺˀʰ
ʬʭʸʵʹʬʱʭʰʭʨʲʬʴʺʰ" ʪʨʫʨʻˆʨʫʵʹʪʨʴʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʬʲʹ
L (85 " ʨʯʨʹ ˆʻʯʨʹʰ ʬʭʸʵ ʯˆʻʯʳʬʺʰ ʨʯʨʹʰ ʬʭʸʵ
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LL (85 ʵ˂ʫʨʯˆʻʯʳʬʺʰ ʨʯʨʹʰ ʬʭʸʵ ʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵ
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E ʮʬʳʵʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʳʯʭʰʨʴʰ ʭʨʫʰʹ ʪʨʹʭʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʯʨʴˆʰʹ
ʹʸʻʲ ʪʨʫʨʸʰ˂ˆʭʨʳʫʬ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʫʬʲ ʯʨʴˆʨʹ ʹʨˇʨʸʰʳʵ ʶʬʸʰʵʫʰʹ
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ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨʹ ʰ˂ʨʭʹ ʨʳʨʭʬ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʭʰʹ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʮʾʻʫʭʰʹ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʬʩʹ ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʻʲʰʨ
ʱʨʴʵʴʰʯ ʫʨ ʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʫʬʳʵʱʸʨʺʰʻʲ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰ ʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʭʰʹ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʲʬʪʰʺʰʳʻʸʰ ˀʬʮʾʻʫʭʰʹ ʬʸʯʬʸʯ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʹ ´ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ
ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹʨʭʺʵʸʰʺʬʺʰʹˀʬʴʨʸˁʻʴʬʩʨ´ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ
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ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨʯʨ ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʳʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ ʱʰʶʸʰʨʴʻ ʱʭʰʶʸʵʹʰʹ
˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʻʶʨʺʰʭ˂ʬʳʻʲʵʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ ʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʭʰʹ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹˀʬʮʾʻʫʭʰʹʳʨʸʯʲʮʵʳʰʬʸʬʩʨʮʬʰʳʹˇʬʲʨʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʰʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ
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ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ ʪʨʴʳʨʸʺʬʩʬʩʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʰʴʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʳˆʸʰʭ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʳˆʸʰʭ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ
ʨʭʺʵʸʰʺʬʺʰʹ ˀʬʴʨʸˁʻʴʬʩʰʹ ʱʻʯˆʰʯ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺ ʱʰʶʸʰʨʴʻʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲʰ ʱʵʳʬʴʺʨʸʰ ʱʭʰʶʸʵʹʬʲʳʨ ʳʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʬʩʳʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʳʰʳʨʸʯ
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ʳʰʳʨʸʯ ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʹˇʬʲʰʹ ʮʵʳʨ ´ʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʫʬʳʵʱʸʨʺʰʻʲ
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ʪʨʴʳʨʸʺʬʩʰʹ ʶʨʸʨʲʬʲʻʸʨʫ ˀʬʨʼʨʹʨ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʸʵʲʰ ʫʨ
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ʩʻʴʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʹʰʳʱʨ˂ʸʬ ʬʭʸʵʶʻʲʳʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʱʰʶʸʰʨʴʻʹ ˆʻʯʫʾʰʨʴʰ
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82

Advokati Saqarthvelos Advokattha Asotsiatsiis Zhurnali 1

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Advokati Saqarthvelos Advokattha Asotsiatsiis Zhurnali 1

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Copyright:

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ʷʻʸʴʨʲʰʹʳʵʳʮʨʫʬʩʨʫʨʪʨʳʵ˂ʬʳʨˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʪʨˆʫʨʨʳʬʸʰʱʬʲʰ

ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʪʻʲʻˆʭʰ ʫʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʨˀˀ

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          

ʷʻʸʴʨʲˀʰ ʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲʰ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ ʰ ʰʴʼʵʸʳʨ˂ʰʨ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʨˀʰ

ʷʻʸʴʨʲʹ ʬʽʴʬʩʨ ʹʨʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʵ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ

ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ

ʳʨʫʲʰʬʸʬʩʨʹ ʪʨʳʵʭˆʨʺʨʭʯ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʹ ʳʰʳʨʸʯ ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂

ʪʰʲʵ˂ʨʭʯ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʰ ʷʻʸʴʨʲʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʬʳʨʹ

ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ

ʾʰʸʹʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʩʵʲʵʳʫʬ ʰʩʸ˃ʵʫʨ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʨʹʬʯ ʾʰʸʹʬʻʲ

ʻʱʨʴʵʴʵʫ ʫʨʱʨʭʬʩʻʲ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʨʫ ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʳʨ

ʨʹʬʭʬ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʻʨˆʲʬʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨˀʰ ʫʨʰʴʬʸʪʨ ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵ

ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʹ ˃ʨʲʰʹˆʳʬʭʰʯ ˀʬʭʰ˃ʰʴʬʯ ʵʼʰʹʬʩʰ

ˁʭʬʴʰ ʹʻʸʭʰʲʰʨ ʷʻʸʴʨʲʰ ʪʨˆʫʬʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʪʰʫʵ ˄ʰʪʴʰ ʪʰʹʻʸʭʬʩʯ

_ didi madloba, rom stumrobT advokat-

xelisuflebis pirobebSi arsebuli ka-

advokatebisa, da, zogadad, saxelmwi-

_ didi madloba mowvevisTvis! CemTvis pativia Tqveni Jurnalis pirvel

savsebiT geTanxmebiT, rom mdgradi sakanonmdeblo garemo nebismier

Cvens komitetTan Seiqmneba mrCevelTa sabWo, romelSic gaerTiandebian

_ sxvaTa Soris, aRniSnuli cvlilebebi momzadebulia advokatTa aso-

_ samarTlebriv wreebSi arsebobs azri, rom problemebis gadawyveta

_ konstituciiT unda ganisazRvros ZiriTadi CarCoebi, Tumca saxelm-

arc Tu iSviaTad, SeuZlebeli xdeba samarTliani gadawyvetilebis miReba

_ irRveva an institutebi araTanabrad viTardeba.

_ diax, swored es araTanabroba asustebs konstruqcias.

_ swored am konstruqciis erT nawils Sevexebi, es aris mudmivad aqt-

cvalebadia. ras gamoiwvevs Tqveni gezi am mimarTulebiT? xom SeiZle-

_ Tu gaecnobiT `qarTuli ocnebis~ saarCevno programis im nawils, romel-

_ davuSvaT, gadaidga pirveli nabijebi da dRes arsebuli winaaRm-

_ Tqveni kiTxvis erTi nawili marTlmsajulebis formalur mxares exe-

_ am bolo faqtorebis TvalsazrisiTac SeiZleba Secdes is…

_ rasakvirvelia, arsebobs amis albaToba! swored amitom aris instanci-

_ romlis simciris gamoc wina xelisuflebam asakobrivi zRvaric

_ Tumca asakobrivi zRvris daweva am saqmes ar uSvelis. sasamarTlo sis-

_ xom ar fiqrobT, rom Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebulia

sasamarTlom Seqmnil krizisul situaciaSi iTamaSa garkveuli roli,

lom gaauqma konkretuli arCevnebis Sedegebi, ZalaSi darCa mxolod

_ ver dageTanxmebiT, am SemTxvevaSi uzenaesma sasamarTlom gadaaWarba

_ es kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom xelisuflebam SeiZleba gadaaWar-

sasamarTlos xelisuflebad Camouyalibeblobas imanac Seuwyo xeli,

_ SemoviReT nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo, romelsac me Tavidan mar-

_ pirvel rigSi, vityvi, rom ar var moxibluli nafic msajulTa sasamarT-

_ savsebiT veTanxmebi kiTxvaSi gamoTqmul arsebuli situaciis Tqveneul

jibrebiTobis principi sisxlis samarTalSi, Tu ar Sewyda inkviziciuri

varT TanamSromlobisTvis advokatTa asociaciasTan, aramed moxaruli

_ didi madloba sagulisxmo saubrisaTvis! intervius bolo pasaJi

ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʩ˅ʵ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ

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ʪʨʴʪʸ˃ʵʩʨʫʰ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰ ʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʨ ʪʻʲʰʹˆʳʵʩʹ ʹʨʪʨʴʳʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʲʵ ʫʨ

ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʩ˅ʵ ʰʿʬʴʬʩʹ ʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʨ˂ʰʰʹ ˀʬʸʬʻʲ ʹʰʹʺʬʳʨʹ ʸʨ˂

ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʩ˅ʵ ʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʨ˂ʰʨʹ ʨʴʰ˅ʬʩʹ ʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲ ʱʻʸʹʹ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂

ʳʰʬʸ ʱʻʸʹʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʨʸʺʰʭʬʩʻʲ ʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʨ˂ʰʨʹ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ ˂ʬʴʺʸʰʹ

ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲ ʹʨʩ˅ʵˀʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʰʲʰ ʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫʰ ʱʻʸʹʰʹ ʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʨ˂ʰʰʹ

 ʱʻʸʹʰʹ ʯʬʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵʰ˂ʨʭʫʬʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲ ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ

ʱʻʸʹʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʭʨʫʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʺʬʸʰʺʵʸʰʨ ʫʬʫʨʽʨʲʨʽˀʰ 

 ʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫʹ ʯʨʴ ʻʴʫʨ ʬʸʯʭʵʫʬʹ ʱʻʸʹʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʲʰ ʶʰʸʬʩʰʹ

ʶʸʵʭʨʰʫʬʸʰ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʰ ˁʨʺʨʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʬʳʰʴʨʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ

ʼʨʹʰʨʴʰ ʱʻʸʹʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʯʨʭʨʮʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʶʸʵʭʨʰʫʬʸʰ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰʨ

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ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʪʻʲʻˆʭʰ ʫʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʨˀˀ

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ʷʻʸʴʨʲʹ ʬʽʴʬʩʨ ʹʨʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʵ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ

ʳʨʫʲʰʬʸʬʩʨʹ ʪʨʳʵʭˆʨʺʨʭʯ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʹ ʳʰʳʨʸʯ ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂

ʾʰʸʹʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʩʵʲʵʳʫʬ ʰʩʸ˃ʵʫʨ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʨʹʬʯ ʾʰʸʹʬʻʲ

ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʹ ˃ʨʲʰʹˆʳʬʭʰʯ ˀʬʭʰ˃ʰʴʬʯ ʵʼʰʹʬʩʰ

ˁʭʬʴʰ ʹʻʸʭʰʲʰʨ ʷʻʸʴʨʲʰ ʪʨˆʫʬʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʪʰʫʵ ˄ʰʪʴʰ ʪʰʹʻʸʭʬʩʯ

ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʩ˅ʵ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ

ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʩ˅ʵ ʰʿʬʴʬʩʹ ʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʨ˂ʰʰʹ ˀʬʸʬʻʲ ʹʰʹʺʬʳʨʹ ʸʨ˂

ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʩ˅ʵ ʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʨ˂ʰʨʹ ʨʴʰ˅ʬʩʹ ʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲ ʱʻʸʹʹ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂

ʳʰʬʸ ʱʻʸʹʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʨʸʺʰʭʬʩʻʲ ʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʨ˂ʰʨʹ ʨʹʵ˂ʰʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ ˂ʬʴʺʸʰʹ

ʱʻʸʹʰʹ ʯʬʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵʰ˂ʨʭʫʬʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲ ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ

ʱʻʸʹʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʭʨʫʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʺʬʸʰʺʵʸʰʨ ʫʬʫʨʽʨʲʨʽˀʰ

ʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫʹ ʯʨʴ ʻʴʫʨ ʬʸʯʭʵʫʬʹ ʱʻʸʹʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʲʰ ʶʰʸʬʩʰʹ

ʼʨʹʰʨʴʰ ʱʻʸʹʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʯʨʭʨʮʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʶʸʵʭʨʰʫʬʸʰ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰʨ

ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʩ˅ʵ ʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʬʸʯ ˄ʲʰʨʴ ʭʨʫʨʹ ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵ ʱʸʬʫʰʺ

ûùąûĉĔĆúùüā āČĉāüāČăā ûùąùĀăýúāĊ ĊùþùăüýúČăĆ Ăĉýüāċ

ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʩ˅ʵ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ ˂ʬʴʺʸʰʹ ʹʨʪʨʴʳʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʲʵ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʹ

ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰ ʱʸʬʫʰʺʹʨʨʯʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʳʫʬʭʴʵ ˄ʲʰʹ ʹʨʨʴʪʨʸʰˀʵ

ʳʰʮʴʵʩʸʰʭʰ ˇʪʻʼʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʺʸʬʴʰʴʪʬʩʰ ˁʨʺʨʸʫʬʩʨ ʫʨ ˄ʲʰʹ ʬʯʰʱʰʹ

ʳʰʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ˄ʲʰʹ ʩʵʲʵʹ ʺʸʬʴʰʴʪʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʭʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵ ʱʸʬʫʰʺ

ʱʸʬʫʰʺʹʨʨʯʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʭʨʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʽʵʴʬ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʹʰʨʹ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ ˂ʬʴʺʸʰʹ

ˀʬʾʨʭʨʯʰ ʰʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʹ ʪʨʸʱʭʬʻʲʰ ʱʸʬʫʰʺʹʨʨʯʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʪʸʵʭʬʩʨʹ

ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʬʩʮʬ ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ˂ ʳʰʴʰ˅ʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʽʭʯ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʵʸʰʹ ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ

ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʬʩʮʬ ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ˂ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯʰ ʨʭʺʵʸʵʩʰʯ ʸʬʼʬʸʰʸʬʩʨʫ

ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʬʩʮʬ ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ˂ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯʰ ʨʭʺʵʸʵʩʰʯ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲʰ ʨʽʭʯ

ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʬʩʮʬ ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ˂ ʳʰʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʵʩʨ

ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʬʩʮʬ ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʳʰʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ʹʨʨʴʪʨʸʰˀʵ ʶʬʸʰʵʫʰʹ

ʹˆʭʨ ʹʨˆʰʹ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʬʩʰ ʪʨʴʰˆʰʲʬʩʨ ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʹ ʳʰʬʸ

ċĉýąāąûāĊ ĒùċùĉýúāĊ üĉĆ ĎČĀùāĊđā $ ˇʪʻʼʹ ʺʸʬʴʰʴʪʰ

ċĉýąāąûýúāĊ ĒùċùĉýúāĊ ùüûāăā ʽ ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰ ± ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ

ʹʨʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʵ ʱʵʲʬʪʰʨʳ ʳʰʰˁʴʰʨ ʸʵʳ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ ʼʨʽʺʵʩʸʰʭʰ

ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʹ ʱʲʰʬʴʺʳʨ ³ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʵʩʨʳ´ ʪʨʻʼʵʸʳʨ ʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂

ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ ʱʲʰʬʴʺʰʹ ³ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʵʩʰʹ´ ʹʨʸˁʬʲʰʹ ʻʮʸʻʴʭʬʲʿʵʼʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ

ʬʯʰʱʰʹ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʨʳ ʫʨʨʫʪʰʴʨ ʸʵʳ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʳʨ ʫʨʨʸʾʭʰʨ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ³

ʬʯʰʱʰʹ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʨʳ ʳʰʰˁʴʰʨ ʸʵʳ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʳʨ ʱʲʰʬʴʺʰʹ ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰʹ

ʬʯʰʱʰʹ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʨʳ ˄ʲʰʹ ʳʨʸʺʰʹ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʫʰʹ˂ʰʶʲʰʴʻʸ

ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬ ³ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʵʩʨʳ´ ʹʨʸˁʬʲʰʹ

ʬʯʰʱʰʹ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʨʳ ʳʰʰˁʴʰʨ ʸʵʳ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʻ˃ʸʨʭʰ ʽʵʴʬʩʰʹ

ʬʯʰʱʰʹ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʨʳ ʳʰʰˁʴʰʨ ʸʵʳ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʹ ˀʬʬ˃ʲʵ ʫʨ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ

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¢ £ ¢

ʬʯʰʱʰʹ ʱʵʫʬʽʹˀʰ ˀʬʹʨʺʨʴ ˂ʭʲʰʲʬʩʨʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʨʯʨ ʶʸʵʬʽʺʮʬ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʫʨ

ʱʲʰʬʴʺʰʹ ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʫ ʹʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʵʨ ʨʳ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʰʹ

ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʵʩʨ ʳʬʹʨʳʬ ʶʰʸʯʨ ʮʬʪʨʭʲʬʴʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʹˆʭʨ

ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʵʩʨ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ ʶʰʸʨʫʰ ʳʵʹʨʮʸʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʰʹ

ʨʳʨʭʬ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨˀʰ ʪʨʴʳʨʸʺʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʸʵʳ ³ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʬʩʳʨ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʰ

ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʹˆʭʨ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵ ʵʸʪʨʴʵʹʨ ʯʻ

ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʨ ˆʬʲʹ ʻ˄ʿʵʩʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰʹ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂

ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨʫ ʳʵʰʨʮʸʬʩʨ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲ ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʨˀʰ

ʨ ˀʬʹ˃ʲʵʴ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯʰ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʰ ʼʻʴʽ˂ʰʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʸʻʲʬʩʨ ʫʨˀʰʴʬʩʰʹ

ʪ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯʰ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʰʻʲʰ ʳʵʭʨʲʬʵʩʬʩʰʹ ˄ʬʹʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʬʯʰʱʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫ

ʴʫʵʩʰʹ ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʰ ʨʸʨ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʸʬʫʨʽ˂ʰʻʲʨʫ ʫʨʰˆʭʬ˄ʨ ʨʸʨʳʬʫ

³ʫʨʹʨ˂ʨʭʰ ʶʰʸʰ ʳʰʹʰ ʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʰʯ ʰʸˁʬʭʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʹ ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂

ʬʭʸʵʪʨʬʸʯʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʯʨ ʽ˂ʬʭʰʹ ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ &&%( ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʹ