THE NATIONAL LAW INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY, BHOPAL

PROJECT

on

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOCIETY AND ECONOMY IN EARLY

AND

LATER VEDIC AGE

submitted by

Name of the Student: Divyank Dewan

Enrolment Number: A-2338

Roll Number: 2021BALLB41

Third Semester B. A. LL. B. (Hons.)

submitted to

Professor Dr. Uday Pratap Singh

Date of submission:
A Comparative Study of Society and Economy in Early and Later Vedic Age 1

DECLARATION

I, Divyank Dewan S/o Sumes and Bhavna Dewan Roll Number 2021BALLB41 Enrollment
Number A-2338 do hereby declare that the Project titled “A
comparative Study of Society and Economy in Early and Later Vedic Age” is an outcome of my
own independent research endeavor and has been carried out under the guidance of Professor
Dr. Uday Pratap Singh. Literature relied on by me for the purpose of this Project has been fully
and completely acknowledged in the footnotes and bibliography. The Project is not plagiarized
and all reasonable steps have been taken to avoid plagiarism. Similarity Index as per the
Turnitin Report is %. In case, my project is found to be plagiarized, the course teacher shall
have the full liberty to ask me to revise the Project. If I fail to comply with the instructions of
the teacher, my project may be referred to the Committee Against Use of Unfair Means and I
will comply with the decision of the said Committee.

Date: Divyank Dewan

Place: Bhopal Enrolment Number: A-2338

Roll Number: 2021BALLB41

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The collaboration of a student and teacher is paramount to the successful creation of a project.
Provision of the right resources as and when required, and assistance at every stage elevates the
quality of research manifold.

First and foremost, I would like to thank Professor Dr. Uday Pratap Singh, our History
instructor at NLIU, Bhopal for giving me this remarkable opportunity to select and work A
Comparative Study of Society and Economy in Early and Later Vedic Age. His critical feedback
has enabled me to see things from a different perspective and understand the nuances of this
topic. Under his eminent guidance, I was able to learn about a completely different concept
previously unknown to me through a comprehensive study of the same.
Additionally, I extend my heartfelt gratitude to NLIU, Bhopal, especially Mr Ankit Sharma and
his adjunct IT staff for giving the students VPN access, and through it, enabling subscriptions to
various legal and academic databases.

I take this opportunity to thank my parents, Bhavna and Sumes Dewan, for proofreading my
research and giving suggestions for improvement throughout.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

S. No. Heading Page Number

1 Introduction 4
2 Review of Literature 5
3 Statement of Problem 7
4 Hypothesis 7
5 Objectives of Study 7
6 Research Questions 7
7 Methodology 8
8 Concept 9
9 Nature of Government 10
10 Caste Treatment 12
11 Role of Women 14
12 Occupational Life 16
13 Trade and Economy 18
14 Conclusion and Suggestive 20
Measures
15 Bibliography 21

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INTRODUCTION

The Vedic time frame, or Vedic age (c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE), is the period in the late Bronze Age
and early Iron Age of the historical backdrop of India when the Vedas were made in the
northern Indian subcontinent, between the finish of the metropolitan Indus Valley Civilization
and a second urbanization which started in the focal Indo-Gangetic Plain.

The Vedas are ceremonial writings which framed the premise of the persuasive Brahmanical
philosophy, which created in the Kuru Kingdom, an ancestral association of a few Indo-Aryan
clans.

On the premise the time of structure, the entire corpus of the Vedic writing has been separated
into two segments, speaking to two stages:

1. Early Vedic
2. Later Vedic.

The explanation being that society went through extreme changes from the time the principal
Vedas were kept in touch with the presence of later Vedic sacred writings. The chief hotspot for
the investigation of the Vedic economy is the Vedic writing.

A gathering of people engaged with regular social collaboration, or a huge social gathering
having a similar social region, commonly subject to similar political power and prevailing social
desires is called Society.

A structured system that provides livelihood to the people of a country is called economy. It is
commonly known as a combination of primary, secondary & tertiary sector.

Through this study, we shall be analyzing the differences between the society and the economy
of early Vedic age and later Vedic age on the basis of a certain few criteria. These differences
shall be deal with in an extensive manner. The assessment will be made for all the different
heads which shall be mentioned in the project per se.

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

 Society in Ancient India: Evolution Since the Vedic Times by S.C. Banerji is an entrancing,
fastidiously reported examination uncovering, unexpectedly, the old Indian culture in the
entirety of its variegated developmental articulations across around more than two centuries:
since the Vedic occasions (c. 1500 BC) with a wonderfully well-weave record of its religions
and cultic rehearses; monetary standards; country and statecraft; instructive set-up; customes,
habits, decorums; food propensities, drinks, dress styles; sports, distractions, methods of
entertainments; sexual coexistence and sexual profound quality; casteist chains of
importance; demeanor towards ladies; and its violations, disciplines and legitimate codes.
Exemplifying a long period of Dr. Banerji s research on antiquated India, the book strikingly
catches all various enunciations of sociological import from an entire assemblage of
conventional works: both sacrosanct and mainstream. Again, it ends up being the first
historically speaking investigation to independently investigate the sociological directions of
the Vedic Samhitas, Brahmanas, Upanishads, Kalpasutras, Vyakaranas, Puranas,
Smritishastras, Tantric writings, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, Kautilya s Arthashastra,
and numerous other Sanskrit works of art other than Buddhist and Jaina works in Pali, Prakrit
and Apabhramsha dialects. With profoundly educational addendums, broad bibliographic
references and a glossary of specialized/new words, the book holds out suffering appeal to
the two researchers and recognizing perusers.

 The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization: From Prehistoric Times to the Present Day
by AS Altekar is a book that has described the situation of women from the Vedic times. The
situation of women in Hindu Development will empower the peruser to comprehend the
subject in its actual point of view, as it depends on a basic and imparital review of all the
accessible information. The work not just reviews the situation of Hindu ladies during the last
4,000 years yet additionally shows the overall lines on which the current day issues standing
up to them ought to be fathomed. The treatment is very fair; the impediments of the Hindu
progress have not been disregarded nor its strengths overstated, nor the other way around.

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 Ancient India by RC Majumdar is a complete, coherent and intriguing picture of Ancient

Indian History and Civilization from a public authentic perspective. The work is separated
into three wide divisions of the regular course of social improvement in Ancient India: (1)
From the ancient age to 600 B.C., (2) From 600 B.C. to 300 A.D., (3) From 300 A.D. to 1200
A.D. The work depicts the political, monetary, strict and social states of the nation, the
expansionist exercises, the colonization plans of her rulers in the Far East. Political
speculations and regulatory associations are likewise examined yet more pressure has been
laid on the strict, scholarly and social parts of Ancient India. The book is of a further
developed sort. It would address the issues of general perusers as well as of sincere
understudies who require a careful handle of the basic realities and highlights prior to taking
up particular examination in any part of the subject. It would likewise satisfy necessities of
the possibility for serious assessments in which Ancient Indian History and culture is an
endorsed subject.

 India: From Indus Valley Civilization to the Mauryas by Gyan Swaroop Gupta was
distributed in the year 1999, it is a book that spins around the historical backdrop of
antiquated India, illuminating the Indus Valley Civilization and different rulers until the
Mauryan Empire held the rule. The substance of this book is an aftereffect of writer's
examination regarding the matters of old India and different realm's in the nation.

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STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

There are multiple common available grounds to evaluate and understand the working of the Early
Vedic Period along with the Later Vedic Period, however, we are concerned whether there were
any significant difference between the societies and economies of these two periods.

HYPOTHESIS

There are monumental changes in the society and economy when one compares the early and later
Vedic Period on the basis multiple available factors.

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

1. To analyse the different grounds of differences between the economies and society of the
Early Vedic Period and the Later Vedic Period.
2. To understand how the people of these two periods, their way of livelihood, their social
status, and their overall way of living were different from each other.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What are the different available grounds to determine the differences between the Early
Vedic Period and Later Vedic Period?
2. Were there any significant changes in the economy and society of the Early Vedic Period
when compared to the Later Vedic Period?

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METHODOLOGY

The method of research adopted for this research is analytical and descriptive. The methodology
adopted in the present study is in accordance with the research problem, research objective and
research questions. It follows the problem based doctrinal research methodology in the
compilation, organization, interpretation, and systemization of the primary and secondary source
material.

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CONCEPT

EARLY VEDIC PERIOD

The Early Vedic Period spanned over from 1500 BC to 1000 BC. Early Vedic Period is majorly
known because of the emergence of Rigveda during the period in question. Rigveda is a
comprehensive consolidation of 1028 hymns in around 10600 verses. The period is the earliest
known period with respect to Aryans; the period also had some books related families, these
books, which were known as ‘family books’,1 are attributed to the families of certain seer poets,
such as Gritsamada, Vasishtha, Bharadvaja, and Vishvamitra.

The Vedic writing doesn't present a pan-Indian situation. The Early Vedic Period speaks to the
economy of its region of creation, i.e., the Saptasindhavah, relating to parts of present
Afghanistan, the parts of Punjab in India and Pakistan, and the North-west frontier.

LATER VEDIC PERIOD

The Later Vedic Period spanned over from 1000 BC to 600 BC. It is the period that followed the
Early Vedic Period. The period is majorly known because it observed the composition of
Yajurveda Samhita, Atharvaved Samhita, and Samveda Samhita. However, the most known text
from this period is the two epics- Mahabharata and Ramayana. Yajurveda was basically a
compilation of the customs and rituals of the Aryans. Atharvaved was known as ‘knowledge
storehouse of atharvāṇas, the procedures for everyday life’.2 Samveda is the text that had
melodies and chants in it.

The Later Vedic writings discuss a territory further east, in the Gangetic Valley that broadened
up to north Bihar.

1
Early Vedic Literature (India Netzone, 8th January, 2004), https://bit.ly/3dAcp9k.
2
Insights into the Vedic Literature (Ancient History Encyclopedia, 24th March, 2009), https://bit.ly/3lTWDJQ.

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NATURE OF GOVERNMENT

EARLY VEDIC PERIOD

For the subsistence of every society, it is an essential that the leadership of the society is in good
hands. It becomes imperative to have rational and reasonable figurehead for the upkeepment and
development of the society.

During the Early Vedic Period, the nature of the government was very flexible; the rationale
behind realm being so fluid was that the kings during this period were elected through the most
unarbitrary and equitable process of elections. These kings were actually elected by the local
small known which was commonly known as ‘Samiti’.3

The politic body of the Early Vedic period was essentially an tribal polity with the tribal chief in
the middle. Jana was the common name to address the tribe and their leader was called Rajana.
Rajana cared for the issues of the tribe with the assistance of other ancestral individuals and two
tribal assemblies which were known as Sabha and Samiti. Sabha was comprised of senior
individuals from the tribe, and on the other hand, the Samiti's basic function was to manage
political business and strategy choices.

LATER VEDIC PERIOD

Soon after the end of the Early Vedic Period, there was a cultural shift in the society along with
a change in the mindset of the people and transformation in terms of the way of living. There
was a paradigm shift in the power and wealth that each individual in the society possessed.
There emerged people who had gathered enough valour, power, and money to lead the
development of the society from the forefront through their individual capabilities.

3
Polity in the Vedic India (The Indian History, 9th December, 2009), https://bit.ly/3dyohbI.

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Since the society also became more urbanized and modernized, there emerged the need for a
stable leadership. Kingship could no longer remain flexible and fluid. People started to realize
the importance of the absolute rule of the kings as it was more prominent, stable and
trustworthy.

The Political arrangement of the later Vedic period was moved towards Monarchy. Through the,
the Ruler (King) managed over a territory of land called Janapada. The Ruler began keeping up
a military and the Administration additionally got created. The Sovereignty was being given the
status of the heavenly character and furthermore this period observed the rise of the idea of King
of Kings.

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CASTE TREATMENT

EARLY VEDIC PERIOD

The caste system under this period is considered to be one of the best among all the systems
which the history of India has seen. Among all the caste systems, it is considered to be a
paragon and a system with paramount importance.

A major chunk of people, under the current period, aspire to have a casteless or atleast
oppression less caste system; during the Early Vedic Period, the society, if not equal to the
aspiration, was somehow close to it. Under the said period, the caste system was solely based
upon the profession of the people, and not upon the typical birth criterion. The system believed
that people working in the profession shall belong to the same community i.e. the caste. There
was no concept of untouchables under the given system.

There were four classes that were called Varnas which emerged in this period. These four
classes were Brahmins (Priestly class), Kshatriyas (Warrior class), Vaishyas (Trader class), and
Sudras (Menial class). These classes were solely based upon an individual’s profession, and
caste shift was possible under this system as a child of Brahmin could change into a Kshatriya
by changing his or her profession.4

LATER VEDIC PERIOD

Soon after the end of the Early Vedic Period, there was a cultural shift in the society along with
a change in the mindset of the people and transformation in terms of the way of living. There
was a paradigm shift in the caste system as well.

4
The 4 Varnas (History Discussion, 4th February, 2014), https://bit.ly/2H7nX7Q.

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Now the four Varnas that had emerged through Early Vedic Period were becoming widespread
and more prevalent. However, there was a little change in the whole system which brought a
very significant fluctuation in the history of caste system in India. The change was that the
determination of one’s caste was now shifted from his or her profession to his or her birth. It led
to caste system becoming more rigid and birth becoming the main criterion for determining
one’s caste.

In furtherance to this, the system also brought a negative aspect into the picture which was the
concept of Untouchability; in this period, the shudra class of people were specifically obligated
to perform the sole function of serving the people from upper castes; people started relegating
the people from Shudra class.

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ROLE OF WOMEN

EARLY VEDIC PERIOD

The freedom of women and the concept of women empowerment and feminism is on a rise in
our country at this moment. However, when we throw a gleam of light upon the history of our
country with reference to the concept of women empowerment, then we find a few
flabbergasting facts about the same.

In the Early Vedic Period, surprisingly, the condition and status of women was much better than
what it was in the later period. Women were allowed to participate in politics and political
process to a certain extent. Furthermore, they had their own freedom in a much favorable
condition when compared to later periods; there was a degree of freedom.

There was absolute economic freedom to women in this period, they occupied with callings for
expanding wellbeing and prosperity, just as in showing callings as achāryās in Apparatus Vedic
culture.5 During this period, ladies likewise brought in cash through the turning and weaving of
garments at home, while additionally helping their spouses in farming exercises. Moreover, in
early Vedic pious functions, women had the advantage and full option to consistently take an
interest in functions and customs.6 In Rigvedic culture, the ladies would have been regarded to
complete forfeits together with their significant other. Ladies likewise had the freedom to peruse
holy writing, and furthermore reserved the option to participate as debaters in open gatherings.7

In early Vedic family issues, ladies who appreciated both their independence and their function
as spouses were viewed as ardhangini (better half) and sahadharmini (equivalent accomplice). 8
Marriage was never persuasively forced on ladies in Rigvedic culture. After adolescence and the
fruition of their schooling, young ladies had consent to take up wedded life by choosing their
life accomplices through swayamvara (picking a spouse). The Rigveda has unveiled the
presence of both polygamy and polyandry during the early Vedic period.

5
The Role of Women in Ancient India (Shodhganga, 16th May, 2017), https://bit.ly/2HmRD1c.
6
Ibid.
7
Ibid.
8
Ibid.

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LATER VEDIC PERIOD

Soon after the end of the Early Vedic Period, there was a cultural shift in the society along with
a change in the mindset of the people and transformation in terms of the way of living. There
was a paradigm shift in the way women were treated in the society as well.

Under this period, there were strong subjugation women’s rights. The participation of the
women was restricted due to their relegation to subordinate and submissive roles. There were
continuous changes in the situation of women in this period. From Rigvedic times to the later
Vedic period it declined discernibly. The fundamental explanation behind this was the
advancement of certain ideas, which prompted the conviction that only the sons were capable to
redeem their parents from hell and girls, were unequipped for playing out this otherworldly
capacity. Lady was considered significant just as long as she had the option to hold up a son.
The Atharva Veda has mentioned that “as for daughters, the gods were requested to give them
elsewhere”. There was a general craving for having a son, and on the other hand, the birth of a
girl was viewed as a curse.

The Brahmanas from this period were by and large more negative towards women. In their
writings, we go over individuals who have begun discarding their undesirable girls in early
stages; even infancy started to become a common practice amon them. Yet, the Atharva Veda
isn't as brutal as the Brahmanas on ladies. Despite the Atharva Veda not favouring the birth of a
daughter, it does not recognize or mention anything about infanticide.

According to A.S. Altekar,

“The reasons why daughters were relatively less unpopular in ancient India during
the early centuries are not difficult to understand. They could be 32 initiated in
Vedic studies and were entitled to offer sacrifices to gods; the son was not absolutely
necessary for this purpose. The marriage of the daughter was not a difficult
problem; the daughter herself often solved it. The dread of a possible widowhood
did not very much weigh upon the mind of parents; for, [evirate and remarriage
were allowed by society and were fairly common.”9

Therefore, in a nutshell, we can conclude that the position of women in the Later Vedic Period
brought a significant negative change when compared to the Ancient Vedic Period.
9
A.S. Altekar, The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1956. p.337.

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OCCUPATIONAL LIFE

EARLY VEDIC PERIOD

The nature of the society in the Early Vedic Period was semi-nomadic and pastoralist. During
this period, there was an abundance of livestock in the society. People were heavily dependent
on the livestock.10

Semi-Nomadic is defined as a person who is, in general, inclined towards living in portable or
makeshift dwelling places. These people used to practice seasonal migration and also owned a
permanent sport where they used to cultivate crops.

On the other hand, pastoralist were those people who were involved in the activity of
pastoralism. The major cum primary function of these people was to raise livestock. They used
to practice the activity of herding livestock, without any permanent place to dwell or set a
farm.11

Animals like goats, cattle, horses, and sheep are mentioned in the text of Early Vedic Period but
there is an abundant reference to cows which makes it clear that it was considered to be one of
the most important animals during the aid period.

LATER VEDIC PERIOD

Soon after the end of the Early Vedic Period, there was a clinical shift in the society along with
a change in the thinking and purpose of the people and transformation in terms of the way of
living. There was a paradigm shift in the occupational life of the people as well.

With the increasing needs and demands of the people, there arose the ultimatum to have a
settled and permanent occupation. People and the society as a whole were no longer interested
in moving

10
Occupations in Early Vedic Period (Oshobaba, 8th August, 2011), https://bit.ly/3lTy2EW.
11
Occupational Structure of the Early Vedic Period (Byju’s, 7th September, 2019), https://bit.ly/36SwpRA.

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from one pace to another on a regular basis. Due to this, the inclination of people from rearing
and herding shifted to agriculture, and they became centered towards all the agriculture and its
related activities.12

So the crux of the whole analysis is that when occupational structure of Early Vedic Period and
Later Vedic Period are compared, they it is very perceptible that the Later Vedic Period had
more balanced, settled, and stable occupational structure.

12
Later Vedic Period: Economy (Bengal Students, 9th November 2016), https://bit.ly/370t1E6.

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TRADE AND ECONOMY

EARLY VEDIC PERIOD

The restricted measure of surplus creation made an obstacle to the development of exchange.
Still the Rigveda alludes to the excursion of the vendors to inaccessible grounds looking for
riches. Indeed, even there are psalms in the Rigveda, routed to Pusha, the God, to ensure the
vendors on their way. The term pani likely alludes to dealers. They were affluent. However, the
mentality of the arrangers of the songs towards them is negative. Likely the panis incorporated
the first occupants of the land preceding the happening to the Rigvedic public. That is the reason
they have been viewed as dasas or dasyus.

In spite of the fact that the term samudra emerges a few times, still it might have just implied the
conjunction of the Indus with the ocean and not the ocean appropriate. In addition, there is an
absence of reference to any huge vessel equipped for venture into the ocean. Considering the
nonappearance of surplus in sufficient amount, it is hard to think about the act of sea exchange
in the Rigvedic time frame.13

Considering that there was negligible availability of any monetary value for the exchange of
commodities, the people from this period had the only recourse of using the barter system.
Through the barter system, people used to exchange commodities with each other instead of
selling or purchasing them in consideration for money.

LATER VEDIC PERIOD

Soon after the end of the Early Vedic Period, there was a clinical shift in the society along with
a change in the thinking and purpose of the people and transformation in terms of the way of
living. There was a great shift in the way of managing the economy and trade as well.

13
S.C. Banerji, Society in Ancient India: Evolution Since the Vedic Times (1993).

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The financial advancement set off by the extension of agrarian economy, improvement of
artworks and businesses added to the advancement of exchange. The term sresthi, utilized
without precedent for the Later Vedic writings allude to an affluent vendor. Individuals could
fathom that abundance can be gained through exchange.14 The Yajurveda alludes to Vanija
(child of a Vanik). This maybe shows that that the calling of a vendor got genetic. This is
likewise characteristic of the advancement of exchange. The Satapatha Brahmana alludes
toward the eastern and the western ocean. Along these lines the term sagara plainly alludes to
the ocean in the Later Vedic writings.

In this period, although there was a use of barter system, however, majority of the barter system
was replaced by the gold and silver coins that emerged in this period; these coins were
commonly termed as ‘Krishnala’.15

The Vedic writings from the later period have also suggested about sea journeys; this shows that
now ocean borne exchange was carried on by the Aryans. Cash loaning was also a thriving
business during this period.

In furtherance to the points mentioned above, the references to the word Sreshthin shows that
there were rich dealers and presumably they were coordinated into organizations. The Aryans
did not utilize coins however explicit loads of gold were utilized for the motive of having gold
currencies. Bullock trucks were utilized to convey merchandise ashore. For foreign tardeing,
exchange boats and ships were utilized. The utilization of silver was expanded and adornments
were made out of it.

14
Gyan Swarup Gupta, India: From Indus Valley Civilizations to the Mauryas (2004).
15
R.C. Majumdar, Ancient India (1997).

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CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIVE MEASURES

The conclusion that we can draw through an analysis and assessment of all the mentioned texts
and available literature on the topic of differences between Early and Later Vedic Period is that
there exists huge discrepancies between the two consecutive periods. Through this project, it is
perceptible to conclude that there were few good changes along with some negative changes that
were brought in the society with the evolvement of the same.

Taking into account the economy of both the periods, the social status of different people in
both the periods, occupational structure of the society, trade and commerce techniques in the
society, it gives us a very descriptive picture of how both the societies survived during their
respective times.

According to the author, taking into account social status of women during both the period along
with the treatment and condition of marginalized society in both the periods, the Early Vedic
Period had better and liberated principles when compared to the other one. Nonethelss, in light
of all the perusal and research, I would like to state that our hypothesis was correct and the
results do match with the same

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS

 Society in Ancient India: Evolution Since the Vedic Times by S.C. Banerji
 The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization: From Prehistoric Times to the Present Day by
AS Altekar
 Ancient India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar
 India: From Indus Valley Civilizations to the Mauryas by Gyan Swarup Gupta

INTERNET SOURCES

 India Netzone - https://bit.ly/3dAcp9k

 Ancient History Encyclopedia - https://bit.ly/3lTWDJQ
 Bengal Students - https://bit.ly/370t1E6
 Oshobaba - https://bit.ly/3lTy2EW
 Shodhganga - https://bit.ly/2HmRD1c
 Sciendo - https://bit.ly/3nKkjkf
 The Indian History - https://bit.ly/3dyohbI
 History Discussion - https://bit.ly/2H7nX7Q
 Byju’s - https://bit.ly/36SwpRA

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