HAL AMCA

The Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA)

Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft
is an Indian single-seat, twin-engine, all-weather fifth-
generation stealth, multirole combat aircraft being
developed for the Indian Air Force and the Indian
Navy. The Mark-1 variant of the aircraft will be a fifth
generation fighter while the Mark-2 variant will have
sixth-generation technologies.[3] The aircraft is
designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency
(ADA) - an aircraft design agency under MoD. A
Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) consisting of ADA, AMCA model displayed at the Aero India 2021
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and a private Role Stealth multirole combat
company is being formed for the development and aircraft
production of AMCA.[4] In March 2024, the project National origin India
received approval from India's Cabinet Committee on
Manufacturer Hindustan Aeronautics
Security for the prototype development.[5][6] Limited

AMCA is designed as a single-seat, twin-engine Design group Aeronautical Development

combat aircraft. The AMCA Mark 1 will come Agency
equipped with 5.5 generation technologies and Mark 2 Aircraft Research and Design
will have the incremental 6th generation technology Centre (HAL)[1]
upgrades.[7][8][9] The AMCA is intended to perform a Defence Research and
multitude of missions including Air supremacy, Development Organisation
Ground-Strike, Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses Introduction 2032 (planned)
(SEAD) and Electronic Warfare (EW) missions. It is Status Prototype development[2]
intended to supplant the Sukhoi Su-30MKI air
Primary users Indian Air Force (intended)
superiority fighter, which forms the backbone of the
Indian Navy (intended)
IAF fighter fleet.[7][10]

The AMCA design is optimized for low radar cross section and supercruise capability.[11][12] Feasibility
study on AMCA and the preliminary design stage have been completed, and the project entered the detailed
design phase in February 2019.[13] The AMCA is currently the only 5th generation fighter under
development in India.[14]

Development

AMCA Programme
The AMCA programme, earlier known as the Medium Combat Aircraft (MCA) programme, is an Indian
programme to develop a fifth-generation combat aircraft. It began as a parallel programme to the Indo-
Russia Sukhoi/HAL FGFA.[15] The AMCA programme was launched in 2010.[16] Although envisioned as
a 20-tonne class fighter earlier,[15] now AMCA is 25-tonne class fighter.[17] A feasibility study was
launched in October 2010,[18] followed by Project Definition and
Preliminary Design phase in 2013.[19] From November 2013 to
December 2014, 9 design configurations of AMCA, starting from
3B-01 to 3B-09, were studied using CAD, low-speed - high-speed
wind tunnel testing, and radar cross section (RCS) testing. By the
end of 2014, configuration 3B-09 was chosen.[20] In 2015, the A wind tunnel model of the HAL
basic design configuration of AMCA was finalized, [21] and has AMCA
been accepted by IAF in 2016. [22] The design work was completed
in 2023, and approval for the ₹15,000 crore (US$1.9 billion)
project for prototype development was received in March 2024.[23] DRDO expects to roll out the first
prototype in three years and the first flight in one to one and (a) half years after that".[17][24] Total 5
prototypes are to be built.[5][6]

The IAF plan to procure at least 125 AMCA in Mark-1 and Mark-2 configurations.[25] The Mark 2 of
AMCA is expected to have a more powerful engine,[17] sixth-generation features and technologies to stay
relevant in the coming decades.[26]

Sixth-generation technologies
In an interview given in 2020, the then Air Force Chief R. K. S. Bhadauria stated that "The planning
process is already underway for combat systems like optionally manned sixth generation technologies,
smart wingman concept, swarm drones, long persistent HALE (High-Altitude Long Endurance) platforms
and hypersonic weapons, among others.[27] He also added that it is imperative to incorporate such
advanced technologies to keep AMCA relevant.[28] It is also reaffirmed by IAF's current chief Vivek Ram
Chaudhari.[29]

Design

Overview
The AMCA is a twin-engine, stealth supersonic multi-role fighter designed for the IAF.[7] At present, the
AMCA is planned as a fifth generation fighter but will integrate emerging, best of breed sixth generation
technologies over time.[28] The AMCA would be the first fifth generation fighter to enter service with the
Indian Air Force.[30][31]

The AMCA is designed with shoulder mounted diamond shaped trapezoidal wings, a profile with
substantial area-ruling to reduce drag at transonic speeds, and a stabilator V-tail with large fuselage mounted
tail-wing.[32] Flight control surfaces include leading and trailing-edge flaps, ailerons, rudders on the canted
vertical stabilizers, and all-moving tailplanes; these surfaces also serve as air brakes. The cockpit features a
single seat configuration which is placed high, near the air intakes and wings of the aircraft to provide good
visibility to the pilot with a single bubble canopy.[32] A leading-edge root extension (LERX), which is a
small fillet, is situated on the front section of the intake and wings of the aircraft. It has a typically roughly
rectangular shape, running forward from the leading edge of the wing root to a point along the fuselage.[32]
The aircraft features a tricycle landing gear configuration. The weapons bay is placed on the underside of
the fuselage between the nose and main landing gear. The AMCA is designed to produce a very small radar
cross-section, to accomplish this it features "S-shaped" air-intakes to reduce radar exposure to the fan blade
which increases stealth, uses an internal weapons bay and features the use of composites and other
materials.[32] The flight control surfaces are controlled by a central management computer system. The
AMCA will have some sixth generation characteristics such as an optionally crewed, directed energy
weapons, capable of controlling UCAVs, and swarm drones.[33][28]

Stealth and radar signature

The AMCA design has inherent radar stealth, achieved through twin-tail layout,[16] platform edge
alignment and serration, body conformal antenna and low intercept radar, diverterless supersonic inlet (DSI)
with serpentine ducts which conceal engine fan blades, internal weapons bay and extensive use of
composites in airframe.[16] According to Janes Information Services quoting ADA, the airframe of AMCA
will have 38–40% composite. As of October 2022, designers are still in the process of refining the radar
deflection capability of AMCA.[34] It will also use radar-absorbent materials wherever necessary.[35]

Sensors and avionics

The AMCA is expected to have distributed passive sensors with Artificial intelligence (AI) assisted multi-
sensor data fusion to increase situational awareness and to work in tandem with the advanced electronic
warfare (EW) suite onboard AMCA.[36][37] The AMCA has a distributed processing system employing fast
processors and smart subsystems.[38] The AMCA will also have an integrated vehicle health monitoring
system which works on sensor fusion.[39]

AMCA will be equipped with a larger and powerful variant of the Uttam AESA Radar which will use
gallium nitride (GaN) technology.[40] It will be mounted on a mechanically steerable mount.[32] An
onboard condition monitoring system is also planned to be included in the AMCA.[41] The platform will be
equipped with a quadruple digital fly-by-optics control system using fibre optic cables to reduce weight,
increase the rate of data transfer and reduce electromagnetic interference.[35]

Cockpit
The AMCA will have a glass cockpit equipped with a wide panoramic touchscreen display for enhanced
man-machine interaction, a multi function display (MFD) placed in portrait orientation and a wide-angle
holographic head-up display (HUD). The AMCA will have hands-on throttle-and-stick (HOTAS)
arrangement with right hand on stick and left hand on throttle settings to ease the pilot workload.[42][37]

Propulsion
The AMCA is to be powered by two afterburning turbofan engines. The plan is to equip General Electric
F414 afterburning turbofan engine on AMCA Mark-1,[43] while a more powerful joint venture (JV) engine
is planned for AMCA Mark-2.[39][44]

As per Government statement in Rajya Sabha during Winter Session 2021, there is a proposal to jointly
develop engine for AMCA with the help of foreign partner using the know how from Kaveri engine
development programme.[45]

On 15 July 2023, India and France agreed to collaborate for the joint development of a combat aircraft
engine, which would power the Mark-2 variant of AMCA as part of the Horizon 2047 document for India-
France strategic partnership. A roadmap for this project will be prepared between French firm Safran and
India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) before the end of 2023.[46][47]

On 18 November 2023, Dr. Samir V. Kamat of DRDO announced that the United States has provided the
necessary permits, opening the door for GE Aerospace and HAL to jointly produce the General Electric
F414 engine in India for HAL Tejas Mark 2 and for the first two squadrons of AMCA.[48][49]

Armament
The AMCA features an internal weapons bay for carrying missiles and standoff precision guided munitions
in stealthy configuration, while also has provision for external hardpoints for carrying ordinance externally
for non-stealthy missions.[50][51] Directed energy weapons are also planned to be equipped on the
AMCA.[52]

Operators
India

Indian Air Force – 7 squadrons (planned)[53]

Specifications (projected)
Specifications can vary as the aircraft is still in development. All the information is based on available non-
official sources - approximate and preliminary.

Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft[54]

General characteristics
Crew: 1
Length: 17.6 m (57 ft 9 in)
Wingspan: 11.13 m (36 ft 6 in)
Height: 4.5 m (14 ft 9 in)
Wing area: 55 m2 (590 sq ft)
Empty weight: 12,000 kg (26,455 lb) (estimated)
Gross weight: 18,000 kg (39,683 lb)
Max takeoff weight: 25,000 kg (55,116 lb) (estimated)
Fuel capacity: 6,500 kg (14,300 lb)
Payload: 6,500 kg (14,300 lb) ― 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) internal and 5,000 kg (11,000 lb)
external stores[55]
Powerplant: 2 × Modified GE F414 (initial production)[56] afterburning turbofan
Performance
Maximum speed: 2,600 km/h (1,600 mph, 1,400 kn)
Maximum speed: Mach 2.15
Range: 3,240 km (2,010 mi, 1,750 nmi)
Combat range: 1,620 km (1,010 mi, 870 nmi)
Ferry range: 5,324 km (3,308 mi, 2,875 nmi)
Service ceiling: 20,000 m (65,000 ft)
Armament
Guns: 23 mm GSh-23 cannon
Hardpoints: 14 (in non stealth version) with a capacity of around 6.5 tons (expected), with
provisions to carry combinations of:
Rockets: S-8 rocket pods (expected)
Air to air missiles
Astra IR
Astra Mark 1
Astra Mark 2
Astra Mark 3
NG-CCM[57]
Air to ground missiles

BrahMos NG[58]
SANT
Rudram-1
Bombs:
Laser-guided bomb
NG-LGB
Precision-guided munition
HSLD-100/250/450/500
DRDO SAAW
DRDO Glide Bombs

Avionics
A larger variant of LRDE Uttam AESA Radar

See also
India portal

Aviation portal

Fifth-generation jet fighter

Related development

HAL HLFT-42
Sukhoi/HAL FGFA
HAL Tejas
HAL Tejas Mk2
HAL TEDBF
HAL ORCA
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
 KAI KF-21 Boramae (First flight: 2022)
Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor (First flight: 1997)
Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II (First flight: 2006)
Lockheed YF-22 (First Flight: 1990, developed into F-22)
Mikoyan LMFS (cancelled)
Mitsubishi X-2 Shinshin (First flight: 2016)
Northrop YF-23 (First Flight: 1990, cancelled)
Shenyang FC-31 (First flight: 2012)
Sukhoi Su-75 Checkmate (First flight: expected 2024)
TAI TF-X Kaan (First flight: 2024)
Related lists

List of fighter aircraft

List of active Indian military aircraft

References

Notes

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External links
Flight videos and photos

Images of a modelre-designed AMCA Fighter (http://livefist.blogspot.in/2013/02/first-photos-

model-of-indias-re.html) at Aero India – 2013
HAL AMCA official video (https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112155/http://www.livefistdef
ence.com/2015/02/official-amca-video-out-at-aeroindia.html?m=1)
BASIC FLIGHT SIMULATOR FOR AMCA (https://www.nal.res.in/en/technology/basic-flight-s
imulator-for-amca)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HAL_AMCA&oldid=1214517483"