IEEE

NICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERIES FOR STATIONARY APPLICATIONS Std 1115-2000

320
280
L7
240 L5
L2

AMPERES
200
180 L4
120

80 L6
L3
L7
40
L1

.08 30 60 90 120 150 179.4 180 1

MINUTES min

1 2 3 4 5 6 R
SECTION 1 PERIODS
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
SECTION 5
SECTION 6

Figure A.1—Battery duty cycle diagram

Table A.1—Sample cell sizing data

Capacity removed
Period Loads Total amperes Duration (min)
(Ah)

1 L1 + L2 320 0.08 (5 s) 0.43

2 L1 + L3 100 29.92 49.87

3 L1 + L3 + L4 + L5 280 30 140.00

4 L1 + L3 + L4 200 60 200.00

5 L1 40 59.42 39.61

6 L1 + L6 120 0.58 (35 s) 1.16

7 L7 100 1 1.67

Total 432.74

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 IEEE
Std 1115-2000 IEEE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR SIZING

Table A.2—Hypothetical discharge currents for KM cell range manufactured by ABC Company
(Discharge amperes to 1.10 V/cell after prolonged float charging)

Rated
Cell type 1s 60 s 15 min 30 min 60 min 90 min 120 min 180 min 300 min 480 min
Ah

KM369P 369 878 627 334 266 207 166 138 107 72.0 45.4

KM392P 392 927 666 355 282 220 177 147 113 76.4 48.2

KM415P 415 984 705 375 299 233 187 155 120 80.9 51.0

KM438P 438 1041 743 396 315 246 198 164 127 85.4 53.9

KM461P 461 1090 786 417 332 258 208 173 133 89.9 56.7

KM505P 505 1197 857 457 364 283 228 189 146 98.5 62.1

KM555P 555 1317 942 502 400 311 250 208 161 108 68.3

KM625P 625 1480 1062 565 450 350 282 234 181 122 76.9

KM690P 690 1635 1175 624 497 387 311 258 200 135 84.9

KM740P 740 1756 1260 669 533 415 334 277 214 144 91.0

KM830P 830 1968 1409 754 598 465 374 311 240 162 102

KM920P 920 2181 1565 833 663 516 415 345 266 179 113

KM965P 965 2287 1643 876 695 541 435 361 279 188 119

KM1040P 1040 2464 1770 941 750 583 469 390 301 203 128

KM1150P 1150 2726 1954 1041 831 645 519 431 333 224 141

KM1220P 1220 2896 2074 1106 882 684 550 457 353 238 150

KM1390P 1390 3299 2365 1257 1000 776 627 521 402 271 171

The Kt factor for time t is calculated in the following table by interpolation using the formula

( K t2 – K t1 ) × ( t 2 – t )
K t = K t 2 – ------------------------------------------------
(t2 – t1)

Note that interpolation must be performed only on the Kt factors. Interpolation of current values will yield
incorrect results.

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 IEEE
NICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERIES FOR STATIONARY APPLICATIONS Std 1115-2000

Table A.3—Calculation of capacity rating factors (Kt) for KM438P Cell Type

(1) (2) Factor Kt Factor Kt

Discharge Time t1 Time t2 1 2
Amperes Amperes Factor Kt
time t from data from data for time t1 for time t2
for time t1 for time t2 for time t
(min) (min) (min) 438 ÷ (1) 438 ÷ (2)
(A) (A)

0.083 0.017 1 1041 743 0.421 0.590 0.432

0.583 0.017 1 1041 743 0.421 0.590 0.518

30 30 — 315 — 1.390 — 1.390

59.92 30 60 315 246 1.390 1.780 1.779

60 60 — 246 — 1.780 — 1.780

90 90 — 198 — 2.212 — 2.212

119.92 90 120 198 164 2.212 2.671 2.670

120 120 — 164 — 2.671 — 2.671

150 120 180 164 127 2.671 3.449 3.060

179.92 120 180 164 127 2.671 3.449 3.448

180 180 — 127 — 3.449 — 3.449

(Tt)

Figure A.2—Hypothetical temperature derating curves

for KM cell manufactured by ABC Company

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 IEEE
Std 1115-2000 IEEE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR SIZING

The data in Table A.3 and Figure A.2 are entered in Figure A.3. In this case, the calculation yields a required
cell size of 905 Ah. Since the original Kt factors were derived for a cell with a rated capacity of 438 Ah, it is
necessary to check that these are compatible with the Kt factors for the larger cell. In this case, an examina-
tion of the data in Table A.2 shows that the Kt factors for the KM920P are essentially the same as for the
KM438P, so no further work is necessary. If the Kt factors are different, the calculation should be repeated
with the new values. This iterative process should be continued until the Kt factors for the calculated cell
type are compatible with those used in the sizing worksheet.

Project: Example Duty Cycle Date: 2/2/98 Page: 1

Lowest Expected Minimum
Electrolyte Temp: 0 °C Cell Voltage: 1.10 V Cell Mfg: ABC Co. Cell Type: M Sized By: J.McD
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
Temperature Required Section Size
Change in Duration Time to End Capacity Rating Derating (3) x (6) x (7)
Load Load or Period of Section Factor at Factor for = Rated Amp Hrs
Period (amperes) (amperes) (minutes) (minutes) (Ktt ) )
t Min Rate (K (Ttt))
t Min (T Pos. Values Neg. Values
Section 1 - First Period Only - if A2 is greater than A1, go to Section 2
1 A1= 320 A1-0= 320 M1= 0.08 t=M1= 0.08 0.432 1.23 170.0 ***
Sec 1 Total 170.0 ***
Section 2 - First Two Periods Only - if A3 is greater than A2, go to Section 3
1 A1= A1-0= M1= t=M1+M2=
2 A2= A2-A1= M2= t=M2=
Sec Sub Total
2 Total ***
Section 3 - First Three Periods Only - if A4 is greater than A3, go to Section 4
1 A1= 320 A1-0= 320 M1= 0.08 t=M1+M2+M3= 60 1.780 1.15 655.0
2 A2= 100 A2-A1= -220 M2= 29.92 t=M2+M3= 59.92 1.779 1.15 450.1
3 A3= 280 A3-A2= 180 M3= 30 t=M3= 30
Sec Sub Total 655.0 450.1
3 Total 205.0 ***
Section 4 - First Four Periods Only - if A5 is greater than A4, go to Section 5
1 A1= 320 A1-0= 320 M1= 0.08 t=M1+...M4= 120 2.671 1.12 957.3
2 A2= 100 A2-A1= -220 M2= 29.92 t=M2+M3+M4= 119.92 2.670 1.12 657.9
3 A3= 280 A3-A2= 180 M3= 30 t=M3+M4= 90 2.212 1.13 449.9
4 A4= 200 A4-A3= -80 M4= 60 t=M4= 60 1.780 1.15 163.8
Sec Sub Total 1407.2 821.6
4 Total 585.6 ***
Section 5 - First Five Periods Only - if A6 is greater than A5, go to Section 6
1 A1= A1-0= M1= t=M1+...M5=
2 A2= A2-A1= M2= t=M2+...M5=
3 A3= A3-A2= M3= t=M3+M4+M5=
4 A4= A4-A3= M4= t=M4+M5=
5 A5= A5-A4= M5= t=M5=
Sec Sub Total
5 Total ***
Section 6 - First Six Periods Only - if A7 is greater than A6, go to Section 7
1 A1= 320 A1-0= 320 M1= 0.08 t=M1+...M6= 180 3.449 1.11 1225.1
2 A2= 100 A2-A1= -220 M2= 29.92 t=M2+...M6= 179.92 3.448 1.11 842.0
3 A3= 280 A3-A2= 180 M3= 30 t=M3+...M6= 150 3.060 1.12 616.9
4 A4= 200 A4-A3= -80 M4= 60 t=M4+M5+M6= 120 2.671 1.12 239.3
5 A5= 40 A5-A4= -160 M5= 59.42 t=M5+M6= 60 1.780 1.15 327.5
6 A6= 120 A6-A5= 80 M6= 0.58 t=M6= 0.58 0.518 1.23 51.0
Sec Sub Total 1893.0 1408.8
6 Total 484.1 ***
Section 7 - First Seven Periods Only - if A8 is greater than A7, go to Section 8
1 A1= A1-0= M1= t=M1+...M7=
2 A2= A2-A1= M2= t=M2+...M7=
3 A3= A3-A2= M3= t=M3+...M7=
4 A4= A4-A3= M4= t=M4+...M7=
5 A5= A5-A4= M5= t=M5+M6+M7=
6 A6= A6-A5= M6= t=M6+M7=
7 A7= A7-A6= M7= t=M7=
Sec Sub Total
7 Total ***
Random Equipment Load Only (if needed)
R AR= 100 AR-0= 100 MR= 1 t=MR= 1 0.590 1.23 72.6 ***

Maximum Section Size (9) 585.6 + Random Section Size (10) 72.6 = Uncorrected Size (US) (11) 658.2 _
US (12) 658.2 x Design Margin (13) 1.10 x Aging Factor (14) 1.25 = (15) 905.0 _
When the cell size (15) is greater than a standard cell size, the next larger cell is required.
Required cell size (16) 905 Ampere Hours. Therefore cell (17) M920 is required.

Figure A.3—Sample worksheet

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NICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERIES FOR STATIONARY APPLICATIONS Std 1115-2000

Annex B
(informative)

Converting constant power loads to constant current loads

Loads applied to the battery are normally typed as constant power, constant resistance, or constant current.
The designer should review each system carefully to ensure all possible loads and their variations have been
included.

Battery voltage decreases as the battery discharges. The amount by which the battery voltage decreases
depends on the internal battery resistance and the load placed on the battery.

Inverters and dc/dc power supplies are usually constant power loads. For constant power loads, the battery’s
discharge current increases as its voltage decreases. The voltage drop may be increased by the cable
resistance and the resulting discharge current will be higher. It is desirable to consider the increase in
discharge current as battery voltage declines. This can be calculated as follows:

P
I av = --------
E av

where

Iav is the average discharge current in amperes for the discharge period
P is the discharge load, in W
Eav is the average discharge voltage for the discharge period

Since the average battery voltage is dependent on a number of factors, information is not readily available
from the battery manufacturer. A conservative method of converting watts to amperes assumes a constant
current for the entire load duration which is equal to the current being supplied by the battery at the end of
the discharge period (minimum volts, maximum amperes). Thus,

P
I max = ----------
E min

where

Imax is the discharge current at the end of the discharge period

P is the discharge load, in W
Emin is the minimum permissible battery voltage

Example: For a nominal 48 V system with a minimum battery voltage of 42 V and a voltage drop from the
battery to the load of 2 V, a constant power load of 5000 W will discharge the battery at a current no greater
than

5000 W
I max = ------------------- = 125 A
40 V

For constant resistance loads, current decreases as the voltage decreases. Dc motor starting, emergency light-
ing, relays, contactors, and indicating lights are usually constant resistance. A constant resistance load may
be conservatively estimated as a constant current load with the following formula:

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IEEE
Std 1115-2000 IEEE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR SIZING

E nom
I max = -----------
R av

or

WR
I max = -----------
E nom

where

Imax is the maximum discharge current

Enom is the nominal system voltage
Rav is the resistance of the load(s)
WR is the discharge power at the nominal system voltage

Similarly, as for power loads, the load current can be calculated using the average battery voltage. System
voltage drop to the loads can also be considered.

For constant current loads, current is approximately constant as the voltage decreases. Running dc motors
can be approximated as constant current. Within the normal battery voltage range, the flux is fairly constant
in the motor. Modeling a dc motor as a constant current is conservative if the voltage maintains the motor in
saturation.

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