I

GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF RABBIT AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT

LEVELS OF FERMENTED PLANT JUICE MADE FROM MULBERRY

_________________________

A Thesis
Submitted to the Faculty of the
College of Agriculture Systems and Technology
Pampanga State Agricultural University

_________________________

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
(Animal Science)

By

JUSTIN P. ANTONIO
JHAZMINE CLAIRE D. DIZON
JAYSON C. ZARA

JUNE, 2023
 APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled “GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF RABBIT AS

INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT LEVELS OF FERMENTED PLANT JUICE
MADE FROM MULBERRY”, prepared and submitted by JUSTIN P. ANTONIO,
JHAZMINE CLAIRE D. DIZON, JAYSON C. ZARA, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Agriculture (B.S.A) major in Animal
Science is hereby recommended for approval and acceptance.

JELLA MAE C. TOLENTINO, BSA

Adviser, Technical Committee

_________________________
Date Signed

JOANARCH C. BRIONES, Ph.D ALVIN S. SANCHEZ, MSA

Member, Technical Committee Member, Technical Committee
_________________________ _________________________
Date Signed Date Signed

Approved and accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture (B.S.A.) major in Animal Science, Pampanga State
Agricultural University, Magalang, Pampanga.

ARRIZ L. CABIGTING, M.S.A ALVIN S. SANCHEZ, M.S.A

Statistician Chair, Department of Animal Science
_________________________ _________________________
Date Signed Date Signed

JOANARCH C. BRIONES, Ph
Dean, College of Agriculture
Systems and Technology

___________________
Date Signed
DATA ANALYSIS CERTIFICATE
 Republic of the Philippines
PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL
UNIVERSITY
Magalang, Pampanga

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY

This is to certify that the thesis manuscript entitled “GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF

RABBIT AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT LEVELS OF FERMENTED

PLANT JUICE MADE FROM MULBERRY” prepared and submitted by JUSTIN P.

ANTONIO, JHAZMINE CLAIRE D. DIZON, JAYSON C. ZARA, has been duly

edited and scrutinized by the Technical Critic whose signature is affixed below.

MARJORIE CLARISSE N. MANARANG, LPT

English Critic

_________________________
Date Signed
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, words alone cannot express the gratefulness of the researcher

to the God Almighty, for His immeasurable blessings and guidance throughout the study

and for the wisdom He bestowed upon the researchers to complete the research

successfully.

The following are the persons who contributed to the completion of this study:

The researcher would like to express my gratitude thank their mother and father,

Marilyn Zara and Rolando Zara, for giving him undying support and

unconditional love. And to his three siblings Rhonalyn Zara, Niel Zara and Richel

Zara for being supportive and one call away.

The researcher would like to express my gratitude thank her mother, father and

grandmother, Maribel Antonio, Ruben Antonio and Milagros Pineda, for giving her

undying support and unconditional love. And to his two siblings Michael Antonio and

Mary Rose Antonio for being supportive and one call away.

The researchers would like to express their gratitude thank her mother and father,

Ronnie Dizon and Maribel Dizon, for giving her undying support and unconditional

love. And to her grandmother Amalia Thompson and her grandfather Jeffrey

Thompson.

Also, the researcher would like to extend his deepest gratitude to their thesis

adviser, Ms. Jella Mae C. Tolentino, for giving his endless support, motivation,

guidance during my conduct, enthusiasm and constant support by sharing her expertise

throughout the study; Thanks to you sir.

 Moreover, the researcher is deeply indebted to the thesis committee, Mr. Joanach

C. Briones and Mr. Alvin S. Sanchez and to his English critic Ms. for their patience in

editing the manuscript.

The researcher would be remiss in not mentioning her institution, Pampanga State

Agricultural University, College of Arts and Sciences, headed by the dean Mr. Joanarch

C. Briones, for providing high-quality education.

The researcher would like to thank all who have contributed their help and sincere

appreciation is extended.

JUSTIN P. ANTONIO
JHAZMINE CLAIRE D. DIZON
JAYSON C. ZARA

Pampanga State Agricultural and University

Magalang, Pampanga
2022-2023
 ABSTRACT

JUSTIN P. ANTONIO, JHAZMINE CLAIRE D. DIZON, JAYSON C. ZARA

“GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF RABBIT AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT
LEVELS OF FERMENTED PLANT JUICE MADE FROM MULBERRY”
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture. Pampanga State Agricultural University, Magalang,
Pampanga.

Adviser: JELLA MAE C. TOLENTINO, BSA

The field study was conducted for 35 days from April 20, 2023 to May 24, 2023
at Ayala, Magalang, Pampanga to determine the growth performance of rabbit
supplemented with varying levels of Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ). The experimental that
was used in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three treatments and
three replication. The following were assigned are as follows: T1 - (Control) Pure water
(No FPJ), T2 – 20% Fermented Plant Juice + 80% water and T3 – 30% Fermented Plant
Juice + 70% water
The results of the study revealed the following: T3 ( 30% Fermented Plant Juice +
70% Water) had the highest mean in all of parameters followed by T1 (Control) in terms
of mean initial weight, mean final weight, mean gain weight, average daily gain weight,
Dm intake, average feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, T1 (Control pure water ) had
the highest water consumption.
The cost and return analysis of the study as influenced with different levels of
Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ). T3 (30% Fermented plant juice + 70% Water) registered the
highest cost of production and had highest net income with a corresponding amount Php
699.43 with a ROI of 27.89% followed by T1 with corresponding amount of Php 614.6
with a ROI of 25.79%.
The student researcher conclude that, Treatment 3 with 30% of fermented plant
juice + 70% of water and Treatment control groups was the most compelling treatment
among of all treatments to the rabbits in terms of outperforming them numerically. T3
(30% fermented plant juice + 70% water) and T1 (Control) performances obtained the
highest mean in all parameters.
However, there was no significant difference among treatments.
 VIII

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE…………………………………………………………………... i

TECHNICAL CERTIFICATION…………………………………………….. ii

APPROVAL SHEET…………………………………………………………... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………… iv

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………….. vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………. viii

LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………… xi

LIST OF PLATES……………………………………………………………… xii

LIST APPENDIX TABLES……………………………………………………. xiii

BODY OF THESIS
 IX

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………. 1

Objective of the study……………………………………………….. 5

Time and place of the study………………………………………….. 5

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE…………………………………….. 6

MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………………………..…... 11

Experimental animals………………………………………………… 11

Experimental Design…………………………………………………. 11

Preparation of treatment……………………………………………… 12

Experimental Lay-out..……………………………………………….. 13

CULTURAL MANAGEMENT………………………………………………... 14

Housing……………………………………………………………… 14

Weighing and distributing of the animals……………………………. 14

Feed and feeding management……………………………………….. 14

Provision drinking water……………………………………………... 14

Health management………………………………………………….. 14

Sanitation Practices……..……………………………………………. 14

Manure disposal……………………………………………………… 15

Statistical analysis of data……………………………………………. 15

DATA GATHERED…………………………………………………………….. 16

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………………………………………... 18

Initial weight…………………………………………………………. 18

Mean final weight……………………………………………………. 19

Mean gain in weight………………………………………………….. 20

Average daily gain weight……………………………………………. 21

Feed consumption…………………………………………………….. 22

Water consumption……………………………………………………. 23
 X

FCR………………………………………………………………… 24

Cost and return analysis………………………………………………. 25

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION……………………… 26

Summary…………………………………………………………….. 26

Conclusion ………………………………………………………….. 27

Recommendation…………………………………………………….. 27

Literature Cited.……………………………………………………… 28

APPENDICES………………………………………………………………… 32

PLATES…………………………………………………………………………. 41

CURICULUM VITAE………………………………………………………….. 50

LIST OF TABLES
 XI

Table No. Page

1 Initial weight…………………………………………………………. 18

2 Mean final weight……………………………………………………. 19

3 Mean gain in weight………………………………………………….. 20

4 Average daily gain weight……………………………………………. 21

5 Feed consumption…………………………………………………….. 22

6 Water consumption………………………………………………….. 23

7 FCR…………………………………………………………………… 24

8 Cost of and return analysis…………………………………………… 25

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix No. Page

 XII

1 Initial weight……………………………………………………... 33

2 Mean final weight………………………………………………... 34

3 Mean gain in weight……………………………………………… 35

4 Average daily gain weight……………………………………….. 36

5 Feed consumption………………………………………………... 37

6 Water consumption……………………………………………… 38

7 FCR………………………………………………………………. 39

8 Cost of study……………………………………………………... 40

LIST OF PLATES

Plate No. Page

1 The student researcher while weighing the initial weight……… 42
 XIII

2 The student researcher while gathering the supplement………... 42

3 The student researcher while rinsing the mulberry leaves……... 43

4 The student researcher while chopping the mulberry leaves…… 43

5 The student researcher while storing the mulberry leaves……... 44

6 The student researcher while adding the molasses for FPJ……. 44

7 The student researcher while weighing the paragrass………….. 45

8 Weight of concentrate feeds……………………………………. 45

9 The student researcher while straining the FPJ………………… 46

10 The student researcher while straining the FPJ………………… 46

11 The student researcher while measuring the FPJ ……………… 47

12 The student researcher cleaning the area………………………. 47

13 The student researcher gathering paragrass……………………. 48

14 The student researcher while feeding the weaned……………… 48

15 The student researcher while weighing the weaned……………. 49

16 Farm visit………………………………………………………. 49
GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF RABBIT AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT
LEVELS OF FERMENTED PLANT JUICE MADE FROM MULBERRY

_________________________

A Thesis
Submitted to the Faculty of the
College of Agriculture Systems and Technology
Pampanga State Agricultural University

_________________________

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
(Animal Science)

By

JUSTIN P. ANTONIO
JHAZMINE CLAIRE D. DIZON
JAYSON C. ZARA

JUNE, 2023
 2

INTRODUCTION
Importance of the Study

Today, nearly all rabbits raised for “meat” are descendents of the old-world

species Oryctolagus cuniculus. The most common breeds used are the New Zealand

white and the Californian, or hybrids of the two. They are the most desirable breeds due

to their relatively large size and white fur, which is highly valued in the fur trade because

it can be easily dyed (Food Empowerment Project, 2022).

However, today the rabbit is reared systematically on a vast scale, with global

rabbit meat production reaching 1.8 million metric tonnes a year. Such production is, in

decreasing order, concentrated in Asia (48.8%), Europe (28.4%), Americas (18.1%), and

Africa (4.7% FAOSTAT, 2012). China is the major rabbit meat producer (735,021

tonnes/year), mainly for the purpose of export, followed by Italy, Spain, Egypt, and

France (262,436; 67,775; 56,338; and 52,955 tonnes/year, respectively; (FAOSTAT,

2012). In Italy, rabbit farming is the fourth leading zoo technical sector, accounting for

9% of the gross domestic product. About 100 million animals are slaughtered each year,

and annual consumption is 2.3 kg per capita (averaging commercial and rural estimates).

Mulberry it has high protein contents with antioxidant and antibacterial effects,

which can be used as green additives to replace antibiotics. As an excellent protein

supplement, mulberry leaves are widely used in the diets of terrestrial farm animals such

as pigs and sheep, which can promote the growth of animals. At the same time, it can

adapt to many environmental conditions, from harsh cold regions to tropical regions.

Therefore, mulberry leaves are biologically important feedstuff with important biological

activities.
 3

Mulberry leaves as unconventional feed resources are mainly used in ruminants,

such as sheep, beef cattle, and dairy calves (Yang et al. 2018). Fermented feed can be

used to improve the intestinal health of broilers and growth performance has been

reported. However, there are few studies on the application of mulberry leaves in poultry

production after fermentation (Zhang et al., 2016).

However, mulberry leaves have relatively high moisture content and high buffering

energy, making them difficult to store for a long time. It is known that gramineous forage

is better preserved than legumes due to a higher content of soluble carbohydrates, but its

relatively lower nutritional value and higher fiber content make it difficult to promote

animal production. In contrast, leguminous plants have less fermentable carbohydrates

but have greater protein and mineral content. Therefore, mixed silage of a certain

proportion of mulberry leaves and hybrid Pennisetum could increase the success rate of

silage and contain complementary of nutrients.

The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of the growth performance of

crossbred of Cali to New Zealand Rabbit as influenced by different levels of fermented

plant juice made from mulberry leaves. The growth performances of rabbit were

monitored, and data was gathered to see which varying levels is more effective to the

rabbit.
 4

Objectives of the Study

Generally, this study aimed to determined the growth performance of New

Zealand Rabbit as influenced by different levels of fermented mulberry leaves.

Specifically, this study aimed to determine the following:

1. Mean initial weight (g);

2. Mean final weight (g);

3. Mean gain in weight(g);

4. Average daily gain in weight;

5. DM intake (g);

6. Mean water consumption (l);

7. Feed conversion ratio (FCR); and

8. Cost of the study.

Time and Place of the Study

This study was conducted for 35 days from April 20, 2023 to May 24, 2023 at

Livestock Village, Brgy. Ayala, Magalang, Pampanga.

 6

phytochemical compositions and antioxidant properties of mulberry fruit varies

depending on the cultivar (Juan et al., 2012, Özgen et al., 2009).

Chemical Composition of mulberry leaves

The nutritional components of mulberry leaves are different in different studies,

which may be due to different varieties, genetics, environments, ecologies and plant

harvest conditions. Early studies reported that fresh mulberry leaves contain moisture

(71.13 ∼ 76.68%), crude protein (4.72 ∼ 9.96%), total ash (4.26 ∼ 5.32%), neutral

detergent fiber (NDF) (8.15 ∼ 11.32%), crude fat (0.64 ∼ 1.51%), carbohydrates

(8.01 ∼ 13.42%) and energy (69 ∼ 86 kcal/100 g). Moreover, in fresh MLs, the

proximate composition values.

Shayo (2017) cited results of chemical composition of mulberry fractions from

various authors are presented. Crude protein content in leaves varies from as low as 15%

to 28% depending on the variety, age of the leaves and growing conditions. In general,

crude protein values can be considered similar to most legume forages. Fibre fractions are

low in mulberry leaves compared to other foliage. A striking feature of mulberry leaves is

the mineral content, with ash values up to 25%. Typical calcium contents are around 1.8-

2.4% and phosphorus 0.14-0.24%. She found potassium values of 1.90-2.87% in leaves

and 1.33-1.53% in young stems, and magnesium contents of 0.47-0.63% for leaves and

0.26-0.35% for young stems.

Mulberry Leaves on Ruminants

Prasad and Reddy (2017) stated that one of the main features of mulberry as

forage is its high palatability. Small ruminants avidly consume the fresh leaves and the

young stems first, even if they have never been exposed to it before. Then, if the branches
 7

are offered unchopped, they might tear off and eat the bark. Cattle consume the whole

biomass if it is finely chopped. There is a report of ad libitum dry matter intake of 4.18%

of liveweight (average of three lactating goats), which is much higher than in other tree

fodders. He reported dry matter intakes of mulberry leaves of 3.44% of body weight in

sheep under experimental conditions. In a comparative study, reported higher daily dry

matter intakes of mulberry leaves in sheep than in goats (3.55 vs 2.74 kg DM/100kg body

weight).

Fermented Mulberry Leaves on Rabbit

 8

Chang et al. (2016) stated that the feeding value of fermented mulberry leaves for

rabbits was quantitatively evaluated based on a single-factor design with five levels in

diets (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%). Results showed that rabbits given mulberry at 20 and 15%

had a relatively lower body weight gain, higher feed conversion ratio, and lower meat

ether extract contents than that in the 0% group (P < 0.05). Increased activities of

antioxidant enzymes and reduced formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances

were detected in the plasma of mulberry-treated rabbits. Fermented mulberry reduced the

production of trichloroacetic acid perceptible N and NH3-N and increased total volatile

fatty acids in rabbit cecum content through optimizing the intestinal micro-flora.

Comparative analysis revealed that the content of phytochemicals in mulberry may be the

main factor responsible for the feeding levels in rabbit diet, contributes to the effect of

enhancing the antioxidant capacity of rabbit bodies and also optimizes intestinal micro-

flora.

Premalatha et al. (2014) reported the utilization of fermented mulberry leaves as

a nutrient source for rabbits has been previously studied. At first, it was advised that
 9

mulberry leaves could be used as a single feed for adult rabbits. However, subsequent

substitution experiments indicated that the use of fermented mulberry leaves in feed

should be appropriately limited; otherwise, the food intake and live-weight gain of rabbits

would decrease, resulting in the production of lean meat.

Effect of Fermented Plant Juice on Non-Ruminants

According Ampode (2017), the supplementation of fermented kangkong juice into

the drinking water did not significantly affect the growth performance of the Japanese

quails. However, the overall result on return above feed and chick cost disclosed a bright

prospect of FKJ. A similar study should be conducted to assess the long-term effects of

FKJ supplementation and establish the optimum level of FKJ incorporation into the

drinking water of quails.

 10

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimental Animals

A total of eighteen (18) female of two months old crossbred of Cali to New

Zealand rabbit was used in this study. Rabbits have long ears, a short tail, long hind legs,

and continuously growing incisors. Most species are gray or brown and range in size

from 10 to 18 in. (25 to 45 cm) long and 1 to 4 lb (0.5 to 2 kg). They feed primarily on

grasses (Britannica, 2021)

Experimental Design and Treatments

The experimental design that was used is a single factorial experiment in a

Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with (3) three treatments and three (3)

replication.

The experimental treatments supplement ratio were are as follows:

T1 - (Control) Pure water (No FPJ)

T2 – 20% Fermented Plant Juice + 80% water

T3 – 30% Fermented Plant Juice + 70% water

 11

Preparation of Treatment

The mature mulberry leaves was collected at Pampanga State Agricultural

University. The mulberry leaves collected were minced and washed thoroughly to

remove insects or anything that might be toxic to rabbits and placed in a container

measuring 31.5cm x 27.5cm. Molasses was poured in the container with mulberry leaves.

The amount of mulberry leaves was similar to the amount of molasses (1kg of Mulberry

Leaves: 1kg of Molasses). The mulberry leaves was then fermented with the molasses

solution for 3-5 days. The fermented mulberry leaves was then be strained before given

to the experimental rabbit following the treatments.

 12

Experimental layout

BLOCK I BLOCK II BLOCK III

T3 T1 T2

T1 T2 T3

T2 T3 T1

Total number of treatment = 3

Total number of replication = 3

Total number of rabbit per replication = 3

Total number of rabbits = 18

Space requirements/animal = 2 sq. ft/rabbit

 13

CULTURAL MANAGEMENT

Housing

The rabbit housing must allow for proper ventilation and free airflow. It is made

up of iron and metal screen with a measurement of 1ft height, 1ft width and 2ft length.

Weighing and Distribution of Animals

The initial weight of the experimental rabbits were taken using weighing scale

and was recorded before the start of the study, followed by the distribution of the rabbits

to their respective pens. Grouping of rabbits to their respective treatment were done by

random picking. The final weight of the rabbits were taken and recorded at the end of the

study.

Feeds and feeding

The experimental Rabbits was fed 70% Para grass and 30% concentrates.

Provision of Drinking water

The rabbits under Treatment 1 were given pure water. Rabbits under Treatment 2

was given 200ml of Fermented Plant Juice/L of water and Treatment 3 were given 300ml

of Fermented Plant Juice/L of water.

Health program

The experimental rabbit have shown signs of disease infection, they were isolated

and proper medication was administered and provide dextrose and electrolytes upon the

arrival.

Sanitation Practices

Before the arrival of the experimental Rabbits, the growing pens was cleaned with

soap and water. This were thoroughly cleaned with disinfectant before the start of the
 14

experiment. The feeders, waterers and other equipment were cleaned and prepared before

the arrival of the experimental rabbits.

Manure disposal

Removal of rabbit manure was done three times a week to avoid bad odor and

accumulation of ammonia.
 15

DATA GATHERED

The data acquired came from the performance of rabbit with various treatments

were recorded.

1. Mean initial weight (g)

This was obtained at the beginning of the experiment using digital weighing scale

for each replicate.

2. Mean final weight (g)

This was obtained at the end of the experiment using digital weighing scale for

each replicate.

3. Mean gain in weight (g)

The gain in weight of the animals was computed by deducting the initial weight

from the final weight.

4. Average daily gain in weight

The average daily gain in weight was computed by dividing the gain in weight to

the number of feeding days of the study.

Gain in Weight
ADG = -------------------------
No. of Feeding Days

5. DM Intake (g)

This was determined by recording the dry matter intake of rabbit from the start at

the end of the experiment.

DM intake = Total consumed * DM%

 16

6. Mean water consumption

The average water consumption was determined by subtracting the water refused

from the total amount water offered. Water consumption was computed using the formula

below.

Water consumption = Total amount of water offered - Leftover water

7. Feed conversion ratio

The feed conversion ratio was computed by dividing the total feed consumed by

the mean gain in weight.

Formula:
FCR = Total DMI /Gain in weight

8. Cost of the study

The cost of the study was recorded operation cost and inputs used in the

experiment.
 17

CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSION
Mean initial weight

The mean initial weight shows the acceptance measures of the water

supplemented reflected in Table 1. The mean initial weight of the rabbit was taken at the

start of the study.Numerically speaking, the rabbit in Treatment 3 recorded the highest

initial weight with a mean of 872.00 respectively.

No significant difference are observed on the initial weight of the rabbit. That

mean during the start and conduct of the study, all the rabbit were comparable with each

other.

Table 1. Mean initial weight (g) of rabbit

TREATMENT BLOCK
Total Meanns
I II III
T1 - Control 872 828 747 2447.00 815.67

T2 - 20% FPJ + 80% Water 846 774 748 2368.00 789.33

T3 - 30% FPJ + 70% Water 994 832 790 2616.00 872.00

CV = 4.32%
 18

Mean final weight

The mean final weight reflects the acceptability measurements of the water

supplemented, as shown in table 2, which demonstrated no significant changes in daily

food consumption between the groups when different levels of Mulberry Fermented Plant

Juice were used. Statistical analysis shows there no significant changes in final weights

observed during the experiment.

The dietary supplementation with Fermented Mulberry Leaves (FML) had no

significant (P > 0.05) impact on rabbit final body weight, average daily gain (ADG), or

feed to gain ration (F/G) (Qin et al., 2022).

Table 2. Mean final weight (g) as supplemented with varying levels fermented plant juice
(FPJ)

TREATMENT BLOCK
Total Meanns
I II III
T1 - Control 1232.5 1305 1254.5 3792.00 1264.00

T2 - 20% FPJ + 80% Water 1164.5 1121 1049.5 3335.00 1111.67

T3 - 30% FPJ + 70% Water 1499.5 1264 1244.5 4008.00 1336.00

CV = 6.93%
 19

Mean gain in weight (g)

As indicated in table 3, there were no significant differences in daily feed intake

throughout groups when varied quantities of Mulberry Fermented Plant Juice were

consumed. During the experiment, no significant differences in gain in weight was

observed.

Chang et al. (2016) stated that the feeding value of fermented mulberry leaves for

rabbits was quantitatively evaluated based on a single-factor design with five levels in

diets (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%). Results showed that rabbits given mulberry at 20 and 15%

had a relatively lower body weight gain, higher feed conversion ratio, and lower meat

ether extract contents than that in the 0% group (P < 0.05).

Table 3. Mean gain in weight (g) as supplemented with varying levels fermented plant juice
(FPJ)

TREATMENT BLOCK
Total Meanns
I II III
T1 - Control 360.5 523 507.5 1391.00 448.33

T2 - 20% FPJ + 80% Water 318.5 347 301.5 967.00 322.33

T3 - 30% FPJ + 70% Water 505.5 423 454.5 1383.00 463

CV = 16.37%
 20

Average daily gain weight

The average daily gain in weight reflects the acceptability measurements of the

water supplied, as shown in table 4, which demonstrated no significant difference in daily

feed consumption between the groups when different levels of Mulberry Fermented Plant

Juice were used. There was no significant difference in average daily gain was observed

during the experiment.

Premalatha et al. (2014) reported the utilization of fermented mulberry leaves as a

nutrient source for rabbits has been previously studied. At first, it was advised that

mulberry leaves could be used as a single feed for adult rabbits. However, subsequent

substitution experiments indicated that the use of fermented mulberry leaves in feed

should be appropriately limited; otherwise, the food intake and live-weight gain of rabbits

would decrease, resulting in the production of lean meat.

Table 4. Average daily gain in weight (g) of rabbit

TREATMENT BLOCK
Total Meanns
I II III
T1 - Control 10.30 14.94 14.50 39.74 13.25

T2 - 20% FPJ + 80% Water 9.10 9.91 8.61 27.63 9.21

T3 - 30% FPJ + 70% Water 14.44 12.34 12.98 39.77 13.26

CV = 15.91%
 21

DM intake (g)
Table 5 shows that there were no significant differences mean DM intake across

groups when different levels of Mulberry Fermented Plant Juice were consumed. During

the study, there were no significant changes in mean average feed consumption.

Table 5. Dry matter intake of rabbit (g)

TREATMENT BLOCK
Total Meanns
I II III
T1 - Control 1063.18 1061.42 982.99 3107.59 1035.86

T2 - 20% FPJ + 80% Water 997.35 954.93 927.6 2879.88 959.96

T3 - 30% FPJ + 70% Water 1264.28 1059.19 1052.68 3376.15 1125.38

CV = 5.44
 22

Mean water consumption

The mean average water intake represents the acceptability measures of the water

given, as shown in table 6, which indicated no significant variation in daily water

consumption across the groups when varied quantities of Mulberry Fermented Plant Juice

were employed. During the trial, there was no significant change in average water

intake.The water consumption of T2 and T3 had the lowest consumption of Fermented

Plant Juice (FPJ) due to its bitterness.

Table 6. Mean water consumption of rabbit (l)

TREATMENT BLOCK
Total Meanns
I II III
T1 - Control 28,660 29,763 29,182 87605.00 29201.67

T2 - 20% FPJ + 80% Water 28,621 28,710 28,897 86228.00 28742.67

T3 - 30% FPJ + 70% Water 28,573 28,832 28,484 85889.00 28629.67

CV = 1.04%
 23

Mean feed conversion ratio

The mean feed conversion ratio reflects the acceptability measurements of the

water supplied, as shown in table 7, which shown no significant changes in daily food

intake among the groups when different levels of Mulberry Fermented Plant Juice were

used. There were no significant variations in feed conversion ratios observed during the

experiment. The lower the Feed Conversion Ratio means the good growth performance.

High FCR is obtained when feed intake is low and growth rate is high as would happen

with an unbalanced diet.

According to Hou (2018), The phytochemicals contribution to the feeding value

of mulberry leaves for rabbits. The feed conversion ratio of the ML20 group was higher

(P < 0.05) than that of the control and other mulberry groups; whereas there were no

significant differences among the control, ML5, ML10, and ML15 groups.

Table 7. Mean feed conversion ratio of rabbit

TREATMENT BLOCK
Total Meanns
I II III
T1 - Control 2.94 2.029 1.93 6.92 2.31

T2 - 20% FPJ + 80% Water 3.13 2.75 3.07 8.96 2.99

T3 - 30% FPJ + 70% Water 2.50 2.50 2.31 7.32 2.44

CV = 11.84%
 24

Cost of the Study

Reflected in Table 8 the cost of the study as influenced with different levels of

FPJ. T3 (30% Fermented plant juice + 70% Water) registered the highest cost of

production with corresponding amount of Php 2,506.97 and T1 (Control) registered the

lowest cost of production amounting of Php 2,417.97. However, The highest net income

were registered on Treatment 3 with a corresponding amount Php 699.43 with a ROI of

27.89% followed by T1 with corresponding amount of Php 614.6 with a ROI of 25.79%

TABLE 8. Cost of the study as influenced with different levels of FPJ

A. ITEMS Unit Quantity T1 T2 T3
STOCKS (F1) Php/300 18 1,800 1,800 1,800
Integra 3,000 Php/38 12.9 165 154 177
(4.3kg) (4kg) (4.6kg)

Mollases 35 75
Water/Electricity 150 3 50 50 50
Gasoline 200 3 66.67 66.67 66.67
Screen 300 3 100 100 100
Cable tie 100 1 33.33 33.33 33.33
Feeders 180 9 60 60 60
Waterers 225 9 75 75 75
Dextrose Powder 210 3 70 70 70
B. Gross Income
Live weight 7.584 6.670 8.016
Sales of rabbits @ (Php400) 400 6 3,053.6 2,668 3,206.4
Total Cost 2,417.97 2,433.97 2,506.97
Net Income 614.6 224.03 699.43
ROI 25.79% 9.16% 27.89%
 25

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

SUMMARY

The field study was conducted from April 30, 2023 to May 24, 2023 at Ayala,

Magalang Pampanga to determined the growth performance of rabbit supplemented with

varying levels of fermented plant juice (FPJ). The experimental that was used in

Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three treatments and three

replication. The following were assigned are as follows:

T1 - (Control) Pure water (No FPJ)

T2 – 20% Fermented Plant Juice + 80% water

T3 – 30% Fermented Plant Juice + 70% water

The results of the study revealed the following: T3 ( 30% Fermented Plant Juice +

70% Water) had the highest mean in all of parameters followed by T1 (Control) in terms

of mean initial weight, mean final weight, mean gain weight, average daily gain weight,

Dm intake, average feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, T1 (Control {pure water} )

had the highest water consumption.

The cost and return analysis of the study as influenced with different levels of

Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ). T3 (30% Fermented plant juice + 70% Water) registered the

highest cost of production and had highest net income with a corresponding amount Php

699.43 with a ROI of 27.89% followed by T1 with corresponding amount of Php 614.6

with a ROI of 25.79%

 26

CONCLUSION

The student researcher conclude that, Treatment 3 with 30% of fermented plant

juice + 70% of water and Treatment control groups was the most compelling treatment

among of all treatments to the rabbits in terms of outperforming them numerically. T3

(30% fermented plant juice + 70% water) and T1 (Control) performances obtained the

highest mean in all parameters.

RECOMMENDATION

The student researcher recommended that the T3 (30% fermented plant juice +

70% water) and T1 (Control) was the most effective treatment to boost the growth

performance of the crossbred of Cali to New Zealand rabbit in terms of mean initial

weight, mean final weight, mean gain weight, average daily gain weight and cost and

return analysis.
 27

LITERATURE CITED

Ampode, Keiven Mark. (2019). Effects of Fermented Kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica

Forssk.) Juice Supplementation On the Growth Performance of Japanese Quails.
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP). 9.
10.29322/IJSRP.9.11.2019.p9571.
Araque G, Arce ON, Martínez-Paredes E, Ródenas L, Cervera C, Pascual JJ (2015).
Effect of inclusion of distillers dried grains and solubles from barley, wheat and
corn in isonutritive diets on the performance and caecal environment of growing
rabbits. World Rabbit Science 22:195-205.

Bamikole MA, Ikhatua MI, Ikhatua UJ, Ezenwa IV (2015). Nutritive value of mulberry
(Morus Spp.) leaves in the growing rabbits in Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of
Nutrition 4:231-236.

Chang YC, Yang MY, Chen SC, Wang CJ (2016). Mulberry leaf polyphenol extract
improves obesity by inducing adipocyte apoptosis and inhibiting preadipocyte
differentiation and hepatic lipogenesis. Journal of Functional Foods 21:249-262
.
Chi Z., Deng M., Tian H., Liu D., Li Y., Liu G., Sun B., Guo Y (2022). Effects of
Mulberry Leaves and Pennisetum Hybrid Mix-Silage on Fermentation Parameters
and Bacterial Community.

Hou, Q. R., Zhao, W. G., Chen, T. Li, L. 2018. Phytochemicals (phenolic acids,
flavonoids, and alkaloids) contribution to the feeding value of mulberry (Morus
spp.) for rabbits. Article Number - 49B4B9959568. Vol.13(51), pp. 2881-2888 ,
December 2018 https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2018.13551.

Kyriazakis, D. and Emmans, C. (2015). Dietary supplementation with mulberry leaf

flavonoids inhibits methanogenesis in rabbits. Animal Science Journal 88:72-78.

Lukefahr S, Samkol P, (2008) A challenging role for organic rabbit production towards
poverty alleviation in south east asia.

Martínez, M., Motta, W., Cervera C. and Pla, M. (2017) Feeding mulberry leaves to
fattening rabbits: effects on growth, carcass characteristics and meat quality.
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 09 March 2017.

Miyahara C, Miyazawa M, Satoh S, Sakai A, Mizusaki S (2004). Inhibitory Effects of

Mulberry Leaf Extract on Postprandial Hyperglycemia in Normal Rats. Journal of
Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 50:161-164.

Oviedo C, Premalatha N, Saravanakumar VR, Sivakumar K, Jagatheesan PNR, Ramesh

V (2014). Growth and carcass characteristics of Soviet Chinchilla rabbits fed
mulberry and hedge lucerne leaves. Indian Journal of Small Ruminants 18:85-89.
 28

Sánchez MD (2020). World distribution and utilization ofmulberry and its potential for
animal feeding. FAO Electronic Conference on Mulberry for Animal Production.
FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 147:1-9.
Shayo T. (2017). Intake of mulberry 1-deoxynojirimycin prevents diet-induced obesity
through increase in adiponectin in rabbits. Food Chemistry 139:16-23.

Veneracion (2017) An Overview of the Rabbit Industry in the Philippines

Yao W, Pattarajinda V, Lowilai P, Priprem S (2018). Effects of using Indian mulberry

leaves as feed additives on feed digestion of young rabbits. Pakistan Journal of
Nutrition 14:620-624.

Zhang, J., Chen, T. Hou, Q.R. and Zhao (2017). Effects of dietary supplement of
fermented mulberry leaf (Morus alba) on growth and meat quality in
rabbits.10.18805/ijar.B-1006.
 29

APPENDICES
 30

Table 1. Mean initial weight (g) as supplemented with varying levels fermented plant juice
(FPJ)

TREATMENT BLOCK
Total Meanns
I II III
T1 - Control 872 828 747 2447.00 815.67

T2 - 20% FPJ + 80% Water 846 774 748 2368.00 789.33

T3 - 30% FPJ + 70% Water 994 832 790 2616.00 872.00

Table 1a. Analysis of variance on mean initial weight

SOURCE OF
DF SS MS Fc Pr(>F)
VARIATION
31312.666

REPLICATION 2 7 15656.3333 12.3 0.0196

10700.666

TREATMENT 2 7 5350.3333 4.2 0.1039

Error 4 5090.6667 1272.6667

47104.000

Total 8 0

CV = 4.32%
 31

Table 2. Mean final weight (g) as supplemented with varying levels fermented plant juice
(FPJ)

TREATMENT BLOCK
Total Meanns
I II III
T1 - Control 1232.5 1305 1254.5 3792.00 1264.00

T2 - 20% FPJ + 80% Water 1164.5 1121 1049.5 3335.00 1111.67

T3 - 30% FPJ + 70% Water 1499.5 1264 1244.5 4008.00 1336.00

Table 2a. Analysis of variance on mean final weight

SOURCE OF
DF SS MS Fc Pr(>F)
VARIATION
REPLICATION 2 20418.7222 10209.3611 1.39 0.348

TREATMENT 2 78714.8889 10209.3611 5.36 0.0739

Error 4 29376.4444 7344.1111

Total 8 128510.0556

CV = 6.93%
 32

Table 3. Mean gain in weight (g) as supplemented with varying levels fermented plant juice
(FPJ)

TREATMENT BLOCK
Total Meanns
I II III
T1 - Control 360.5 523 507.5 1391.00 448.33

T2 - 20% FPJ + 80% Water 318.5 347 301.5 967.00 322.33

T3 - 30% FPJ + 70% Water 505.5 423 454.5 1383.00 463

Table 3a. Analysis of variance on mean gain in weight

SOURCE OF
DF SS MS Fc Pr(>F)
VARIATION
REPLICATION 2 2098.1667 1049.0833 0.23 0.8067

39210.666

TREATMENT 2 7 19605.3333 4.24 0.1028

18510.666

Error 4 7 4627.6667

59819.500

Total 8 0

CV = 16.37%
 33

Table 4. Average daily gain weight as supplemented with varying levels fermented plant
juice (FPJ)

TREATMENT BLOCK
Total Meanns
I II III
T1 - Control 10.3 14.94286 14.5 39.74 13.25

T2 - 20% FPJ + 80% Water 9.1 9.91429 8.61429 27.63 9.21

T3 - 30% FPJ + 70% Water 14.44286 12.34286 12.98571 39.77 13.26

Table 4a. Analysis of variance on average daily gain weight

SOURCE OF
DF SS MS Fc Pr(>F)
VARIATION
REPLICATION 2 1.9528 0.9764 0.27 0.7749

TREATMENT 2 32.6895 16.3447 4.55 0.0931

Error 4 14.3565 3.5891

Total 8 48.9987

CV = 15.91%
 34

Table 5. Mean feed consumption as supplemented with varying levels fermented plant juice
(FPJ)

TREATMENT BLOCK
Total Meanns
I II III
T1 - Control 1063.18 1061.42 982.99 3107.59 1035.86

T2 - 20% FPJ + 80% Water 997.35 954.93 927.6 2879.88 959.96

T3 - 30% FPJ + 70% Water 1264.28 1059.19 1052.68 3376.15 1125.38

CV = 5.44

Table 5a. Analysis of variance on mean feed consumption

SOURCE OF
DF SS MS Fc Pr(>F)
VARIATION
22827.917

REPLICATION 2 5 11413.9587 3.57 0.129

41140.025

TREATMENT 2 6 20570.0128 6.43 0.0563

Error 4 12797.114 3199.2785

Total 8 76765.057
 35

Table 6. Mean water consumption as supplemented with varying levels fermented plant
juice (FPJ)

TREATMENT BLOCK
Total Meanns
I II III
T1 - Control 28,660 29,763 29,182 87605.00 29201.67

T2 - 20% FPJ + 80% Water 28,621 28,710 28,897 86228.00 28742.67

T3 - 30% FPJ + 70% Water 28,573 28,832 28,484 85889.00 28629.67

CV = 1.04%

Table 6a. Analysis of variance on mean water consumption

SOURCE OF
DF SS MS Fc Pr(>F)
VARIATION
REPLICATION 2 350960.6667 175480.3333 1.93 0.2585
TREATMENT 2 550634.0000 275317 3.03 0.1578

Error 4 362981.3333 90745.3333

Total 8 1264576.0000