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Effects of Rice Water in the Growth of Solanum lycopersicum

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 EFFECTS OF RICE WATER IN THE

GROWTH OF Solanum lycopersicum

LANTUD, CASANDRA HANNAH S.

MACALABO, JUMAIRAH JASMINE M.

TAN, CHRIST DUSTLY G.

PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL

CENTRAL MINDANAO CAMPUS

NANGKA, BALO-I, LANAO DEL NORTE

MARCH 2022
EFFECTS OF RICE WATER IN THE
GROWTH OF Solanum lycopersicum

A Research Paper

Submitted to the Faculty of

Philippine Science High School
Central Mindanao Campus
Nangka, Balo-i, Lanao del Norte

In Partial Fulfillment of
the Requirements in
Research 3

CASANDRA HANNAH S. LANTUD

JUMAIRAH JASMINE M. MACALABO
CHRIST DUSTLY G. TAN

March 2022

i
 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

The research paper, entitled “EFFECTS OF USING RICE WATER IN THE

GROWTH OF Solanum lycopersicum” prepared and submitted by CASANDRA

HANNAH S. LANTUD, JUMAIRAH JASMINE M. MACALABO, and CHRIST

DUSTLY G. TAN in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research 3, is hereby

accepted.

____________________________
SANTIAGO M. ANDO
Research Adviser

Accepted by the Panel on Oral Defense

____________________________ ____________________________
MARILOU V. CABILI JOCELYN O. PATTUINAN
Panelist Research Coordinator

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research 3

_________________________________
FRANKLIN L. SALISID
Campus Director

ii
 BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

Name: Casandra Hannah S. Lantud

Address: Steeltown Subdivision Santa Elena, Iligan

City

Birthdate: January 30, 2004

Contact Number:09654271052

Email Address: chslantud@cmc.pshs.edu.ph

Elementary School: Iligan City SPED Center

Father: Casan L. Lantud

Occupation: Police Officer

Mother: Clarinda S. Lantud

Occupation: Not applicable

Siblings: Abdulhafiez S. Lantud

Ayesah Hasmin S. Lantud

iii
 BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

Name: Jumairah Jasmine M. Macalabo

Address: 9th East Rosario Heights, Tubod,

Iligan City

Birthdate: December 1, 2003

Contact Number: Not Applicable

Email Address: jumairah.jmm@gmail.com

Elementary School: South I-A Central School

Father: Talib-Ali P. Macalabo Jr.

Occupation: None

Mother: Omaira M. Macalabo

Occupation: Physician

Siblings: Junairah M. Macalabo

Jonaisah Haniah M. Macalabo
Omar Ali M. Macalabo
Princess Jehan M. Macalabo

iv
 BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

Name: Christ Dustly G. Tan

Address: Purok 4 Carangan Ozamiz City

Misamis Occidental, 7200

Birthdate: November 24, 2003

Contact Number: 0968 423 3496

Email Address: christtan12@gmail.com

Elementary School: Ozamiz City Central School

Father: Dustin Jam H. Tan

Occupation: Operator

Mother: Lovely G. Tan

Occupation: Housewife

Siblings: Mary Dustly G. Tan

Saint Dustly G. Tan
Heaven Dustly G. Tan
Holy Dustly G. Tan

v
 ABSTRACT

Rice water has been widely produced in households as a result of cooking rice.

Oftentimes, rice water is discarded, wasting water from which the existing issue of

water scarcity is still prevalent in several countries. This paper aims to describe the

effect of using rice water as a watering agent, thereby recycling and reusing water.

Twenty in tnine plant samples were observed and collected data from. One-way

ANOVA analysis on the plant samples data was performed. The analysis showed a

significant difference between the means of the treatments’ absolute growth rate (AGR)

with rice water treatment having the highest average AGR (p = 0.018). Samples’

observations comparison were done still with rice water, having the highest fresh and

dry weight, and height. These results indicate that usage of rice water on plants has the

greatest growth performance when compared to the two treatments, tap and distilled

water. Hence, rice water on plants is a good and effective choice to use when watering

plants.

vi
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To our panel member, Ma’am Marilou Cabili. Thank you for sharing insightful

suggestions that helped us push through.

To our research adviser, Sir Santiago Ando. Thank you for being understanding

and supportive throughout the entire process.

To Ma’am Joy. Thank you for being so patient with us, believing in us and our

project.

To everyone that supported and believed in us. Thank you very much.

To us. Thank you for not giving up.

vii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................................. i

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL ................................................................................. ii

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA ........................................................................................... iii

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ vi

ACKNOLWEDGMENT ............................................................................................ vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... viii

LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................ x

LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... xi

LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................ xiii

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1

Background of the Study................................................................................... 1

Objectives of the Study .................................................................................... 4

Significance of the Study ................................................................................. 4

Scope and Limitations of the Study .................................................................. 5

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE..................................................................... 6

On Water and Rice ............................................................................................6

On Studies on Rice Water ................................................................................ 9

On Studies on Applications of Rice Water on Plants ...................................... 11

viii
METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................... 16

Materials ......................................................................................................... 16

General Experimental Procedure ..................................................................... 16

Planting ........................................................................................................... 16

Water Treatments ............................................................................................ 17

Set-up .............................................................................................................. 17

Absolute Growth Rate and Height ................................................................... 18

Calculation of the Fresh and Dry Weight ........................................................ 18

Data Analysis .................................................................................................. 18

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.................................................................................. 19

Findings .......................................................................................................... 19

Observations ................................................................................................... 21

Summary.......................................................................................................... 22

CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION ............................................................. 23

BIBLIOGRAPHIES ................................................................................................... 24

APPENDICES ............................................................................................................ 32

ix
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

G.1 Table of the weekly growth Height of the tomato plants on tap water

treatment in centimeters ……………..…………………………….. 50

G.2 Table of the weekly growth Height of the tomato plants on distilled

water treatment in centimeters ……………………..……………… 50

G.3 Table of the weekly growth Height of the tomato plants on rice water

treatment in centimeters ………………..………………………….. 51

H.1 Table of the weight of the tomato plants on tap water treatment in

grams ……………………………………………………………….. 52

H.2 Table of the weight of the tomato plants on distilled water treatment in

grams ……………………………………………………………….. 52

H.3 Table of the weight of the tomato plants on rice water treatment in

grams ……………………………………………………………… 52

I.1 Mean statistics for the treatments and parameters …………………. 53

I.2 Overall Central Tendencies of the Treatments ……………..………. 53

I.4 One-Way ANOVA analysis on the AGR of the treatments ………... 54

x
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

A.1 Set-up area in Steeltown Subdivision Santa Elena, Iligan City ……. 32

B.1 Tomato seed brand Diamante Max F1 ……………………………... 33

B.2 Pure Soil ………………………………………………………..…... 33

B.3 Tap Water from Nawasa ………………………………………..….. 34

B.4 Distilled Water from the brand Absolute …………………………... 34

B.5 Rice Water from the first wash of the rice Princess Bea ……….…... 35

C.1 Images of the tomato plants on its 8th week on tap water treatment . 36

C.2 Images of the tomato plants on its 8th week on distilled water

treatment ……………………………………………………………. 37

C.3 Images of the tomato plants on its 8th week on rice water treatment 39

D.1 Images of the tomato plants weighed on its 8th week on tap water

treatment …..………………………………………………………... 40

D.2 Images of the tomato plants weighed on its 8th week on distilled water

treatment ……………………………………………………………. 41

D.3 Images of the tomato plants weighed on its 8th week on rice water

treatment ……………………………………………………………. 42

E.1 Images of the tomato plants on tap water treatment after drying …... 44

E.2 Images of the tomato plants on distilled water treatment after drying 45

E.3 Images of the tomato plants on rice water treatment after drying ….. 46

xi
F.1 Images of the tomato plants on tap water treatment weighed after

drying ……………………………………………………………… 47

F.2 Images of the tomato plants on distilled water treatment weighed after

drying ………………………………………………………………. 48

F.3 Images of the tomato plants on rice water treatment weighed after

drying ………………………………………………………………. 49

I.3 Boxplot of the treatment’s Absolute Growth Rates ……..…………. 54

xii
 LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Set-Up ……………………………………………………………… 32

B Materials Used ……………………………………………………… 33

C Images of the Tomato Plants on its 8th Week …………….………... 36

D Images of the Tomato Plants Weighed on its 8th Week …………… 40

E Images of the Tomato Plants After Drying ………………..……….. 43

F Images of the Tomato Plants Weighed After Drying ……….……… 47

G Raw Data Table of the Weekly Growth of the Tomato Plant’s Height...

………………………………………………………………………. 50

H Raw Data Table of the Dry and Fresh Weight of the Tomato Plant .. 52

I Tables and Boxplots for the Results and Discussions …………….... 53

xiii
 INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Rice (Orya sativa) has been the staple food, everyday food for Filipinos founded

way back in the Spanish colonial period (Aguilar, 2005). Eighty percent (80%) of

Filipinos see rice as their staple food, accounting for 46% of their caloric intake and

35% of their protein consumption. The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) reported

that a single Filipino consumes 118.81 kilograms of rice annually, which is equivalent

to 325.5 grams of rice daily. With the Philippines’ current population of 108.66 million,

the country’s annual consumption of rice would amount to 12.9 million metric tons

(Layaoen, 2020). Rice has been identified as the single most important crop in the

Philippines and, thus, a significant source of income for millions of Filipino farmers

(Bordey, 2010).

Rice water has been continuously produced as a waste product in cooking rice.

Before the rice is served on the table, it undergoes several rinsing processes to remove

dirt and debris. Most importantly, remove the surface starch that causes the rice to

clump together or get gummy as it cooks (Emily T, 2017). After cleansing the rice, the

starchy water is rice water (Burgess, 2018).

Using the most straightforward and lowest ratio of 1:1, where a kilogram of rice

needs one liter of water to be washed, an approximate 12.9 billion liters of rice water is

produced and discarded, which can cause water scarcity. This approximated amount of

discarded rice water could have been reused and utilized in cosmetics, the agricultural

industry, and other areas.

Unbeknownst to most households, rice water contains numerous vitamins and

minerals. With its natural content, rice water has been applied and infused to different

1
fields, such as in cosmetics formulation (Marto et al., 2018), hair treatment (Inamasu et

al., 2010), and skin treatment (Morse, 2019).

Rice water is rich in amino acids, vitamins (A, B, C, & E), anti-oxidants,

flavonoids, and phenolic compounds (Burgess, 2018). It is also commonly used in

skincare and hair products because it contains ferulic acid, an antioxidant, and allantois,

with anti-inflammatory properties (Miranda, n.d.). Moreover, rice water is used as a

fertilizer and for pests and insect control like fruit flies, plant lice, flea beetles, and other

pests that can be reduced (Pramod Kumar, 2018).

Aside from these vitamins and minerals, rice water contains starch, giving its

opaque, white color. These starches are beneficial to plants as they encourage healthy

bacteria and fungi such as mycorrhizae to grow in the roots. The vitamins and minerals

from the rice add small amounts of NPK (nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus) into

the soil, which are also quite beneficial to plants (Dr. Kris, 2019).

A research study about rice water on kangkong plants was conducted at the

University of Putra Malaysia that resulted in the beneficial use of the said water to

plants (Dr. Kris, 2019). According to Teh Boon Sung (2017), the usage of rice water

on kangkong plants is said to be as effective as NPK fertilizers in promoting plant

growth in terms of the number of plant leaves produced and the plant biomass. Teh

Boon Sung added that the rice water could be a suitable replacement for NPK fertilizer.

However, Teh Boon Sung noted that further research needs to be conducted on the

effect of rice water on plants or crop types to evaluate rice water’s effectiveness fully.

The Center for Sustainable Development (2018), a research facility based in the

Bahamas, proposed using several biofertilizers in household gardens. They listed starch

biofertilizer, a fertilizer made of rice water and milk, eggshell; bone fertilizer, a

2
fertilizer made of eggshells and bones from viands; and organic material fertilizer, a

fertilizer made of seaweed leaves, manure, etc.

Starch biofertilizer is a concentrated solution made up of fermented rice water

and milk that takes advantage of the reaction by mixing the two ingredients as time

passes. The solution creates lactic acid bacteria, which is extremely useful for the soil,

promoting plant growth and seed germination (Center for Sustainable Development,

2018).

Solanum lycopersicum, commonly known as Tomato, a fruit crop, is a nutrient-

dense superfood that benefits a range of bodily systems. Its nutritional content supports

healthy skin, weight loss, and heart health (Ware, 2017) and is considered the most

crucial vegetable globally. It is planted to about 4.4 million hectares around the world.

In the Philippines, around 17,500 hectares are grown to tomatoes, with Pangasinan and

Bukidnon as the top producing areas (PCARRD, 2017).

Tomato plants are widely used as a model crop for fruit development and

various physiological, cellular, biochemical, molecular, and genetic studies. It can be

quickly grown in greenhouses or growth chambers, in which using appropriate

cultivation techniques makes tomatoes a convenient model plant for researchers, even

for beginners (Schwarz et al., 2014).

Hence, this study aims to see the growth effect in rice water as the watering

agent in Tomato plants. This study explores further and strengthens the previous

research on rice water as a potential fertilizer on plants by determining its effect on fruit

plants. The study seeks to create an efficient, cost-effective method to reuse and save

water..

3
 This study proposes to analyze the effectiveness of rice water on Solanum

lycopersicum plants by comparing several plant parameters with different watering

types.

Objectives of the Study

This study aims to measure the growth of Solanum lycopersicum using rice water as the

watering agent. Specifically, the study aims to:

1. To evaluate the effect of rice water as a watering agent on tomato plants by

comparing it with different water types: distilled, and tap water;

2. To compare the effects of the water type by comparing them through their

absolute growth rate, height, dry matter production, and distribution; and

3. To determine a method to utilize the food processing waste, rice water.

Significance of the Study

The innovative use of rice water makes the study significant as it allows people

to reuse their waste products whenever they cook rice. The study could help people

preserve water and reduce wastage in their respective households. Moreover, it could

benefit them by saving money as they lessen their water bills. The study could also give

out an efficient and effective method to people, especially gardeners, who observe

simple and small details such as seed germination and plant growth, thus saving them

more time.

The study could also be a significant contribution to agricultural science. The

use of rice water on plants, its effect on the growth of a plant in terms of its height,

weight, etc., will be added to the existing library of agricultural studies. Different

researches on rice water may breakthrough to further analyze the effectiveness of rice

4
water. Consequently, this study could also improve the Philippines’ economy,

especially in the agricultural sector. The farmers could utilize the knowledge about rice

water and create a rice water irrigation system for a fast growth rate of the plants on

their farm.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The study focuses only on the effect of rice water on Solanum lycopersicum as

a watering agent. Data collection on the status of the tomato plants is only for the

duration of 2 months and only focuses on general observations, plant height per week,

and its final fresh and dry weight on 30 tomato plants with 10 on each treatment. One–

way ANOVA is used for data analysis.

The study will not collect data that cannot be obtained for the 2 month duration

such as number of flowers and fruits and will not be covering other plant types and only

tomato plants. Each tomato plant is given the same ratio in its respective treatment. The

results of the study is only applicable on tomato plants and not on other plant types.

The status of the tomato plants for 2 months are the only sources of data.

5
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents a review of the literature and studies considered relevant

in the present investigation of the effect of the use of rice water on the growth

performance of Solanum lycopersicum plants. These pieces of information are taken

from books and journal articles that examine the components and utilizations of rice

water, where it mainly focuses on its effects as a fertilizer, watering agent, and other

related studies. These readings are beneficial in strengthening the analysis and

interpretation of the study.

On Water and Rice

A simple molecule composed of two small hydrogen atoms and one large

oxygen atom is water. Identified as the universal solvent because of its molecular

structure and solubility properties, this simple compound acted plentiful roles and

functions in sustaining life on Earth (Sargen, 2019).

Water is an essential thing that makes life on Earth possible. It plays a vital

component in all living things, in ecosystems, and the planet. The survival of living

organisms depends on the availability of water itself (What is Water? | AMNH, n.d.).

Hydrating through drinking, supporting cellular structures, building and breaking down

important cell components by chemical reactions are just some of the important

functions of water which sustain the lives of living organisms (Sargen, 2019).

An estimate of seventy-one percent (70%) of Earth’s surface is covered in water

with the oceans’ covering around 97% of the whole (Water Science School, 2018).

However, even with the large percentage, only 3% are freshwater, the water that

humans use to drink, bathe in, and irrigate farms with. To add more to it, two-thirds of

6
the freshwater’s percentage is not available for human consumption as it is either

usually enclosed in frozen glaciers or located several feet below ground where the

humans do not have access to. As a result of this phenomenon, approximately 1.1 billion

people around the world lack water access and 2.7 billion suffer from water scarcity

(Water Scarcity | Threats | WWF, n.d.).

Water scarcity is not uncommon even to countries with adequate supply of

water. Some of the factors that contribute to this scarcity include collapsed

infrastructure and distribution systems, contamination, conflict, and poor management

of water resources which are a mixture of the factors between climate change and

human actions (UNICEF, n.d.). According to UNICEF (n.d.), water scarcity denies

children’s right to access safe water and sanitation, thereby changing their lifestyle and

putting their health and life at risk.

According to the World Wildlife Fund (n.d.), an organization which advocates

for and supports organizations to become responsible water stewards, agriculture uses

70% of the world’s accessible freshwater. However, 60% of this was said to be wasted

due to unstable irrigation systems, inefficient application methods and the cultivation

of crops that are not suitable for the environment they are grown in. This wasteful

occurrence results in the drying out of rivers, lakes, and underground aquifers which

are some of the primary resources of freshwater (Water Scarcity | Threats | WWF, n.d.).

Hence, the need for effective and efficient water management is important to solve this

problem.

Water conservation has been one of the simplest ways to eradicate or lessen the

repercussions of water scarcity as it can be easily applied to various households. Several

organizations have used water conservation as their main theme for their projects or

7
campaigns such as the Department of Environmental Protection in Pennsylvania and

The Wildlife Trusts (DEP, n.d.; How to Conserve Water | The Wildlife Trusts, n.d.).

Water conservation is defined as the proper and wise use of water, reducing

unnecessary water wastages (How to Conserve Water | The Wildlife Trusts, n.d.). The

conservation of water comes in many forms where several of them are the use of

dishwashers, turning off running faucets, managing outdoor water use, wisely picking

right washing machines, and recycling water (What Is Water Conservation?, n.d.).

Water reuse, or commonly known as water recycling or water reclamation, is

the act of recovering water from a variety of sources and utilizing it after for beneficial

purposes such as potable water supplies, replenishment of groundwater, industrial

processes, environmental restoration, and agriculture and irrigation (Basic Information

about Water Reuse, 2022). With rice water commonly regarded as a food processing

waste (Marto, 2018), or generally, a waste product commonly discarded in households,

recycling and utilizing this water produced when cooking rice is a great practice of

water conservation.

Rice water can be seen easily in various households as a waste product in

cooking, as people cook rice every day to sustain their daily needs. Rice (Oryza sativa)

is a complex carbohydrate which serves as the primary source of energy for the human

population. Rice varies by strains and it can contain fibre, protein, vitamin B, iron and

manganese which is vital for fighting malnutrition (Westlake, 2019). It is the staple

food in the Philippines, essential to people with low incomes and also to the economy,

which can be important for the promotion of agricultural development and the

alleviation of poverty (Tibao, n.d.). Rice is rinsed before it is cooked to remove any

debris present and prevent the rice from being gummy as they cook because of the

8
surface starch present from rice grains (Foster, 2016). The waste product obtained from

this action is called rice water.

With the rice water’s branding of a waste product, people drain it in their sinks

to eliminate them. Unbeknownst to everyone, rice water contains several nutrients and

minerals that are quite beneficial to living organisms such as humans, animals, and

plants.

On Studies on Rice Water

Burgess (2018) stated that rice water is rich in amino acids, vitamins (A, B, C,

& E), anti-oxidants, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds which in turn, are beneficial

for the hair. She described that women back in the Heian period, a period in Japanese

history, had floor length hair keeping them healthy by bathing it in rice water. She

suggested that rice water helps the hair grow fast, smooth and shiny because of the

vitamins and minerals that it contains after washing rice (Burgess, 2018).

Rice water is also commonly used in skincare and hair products because it

contains ferulic acid, an antioxidant, and allantois which contains anti-inflammatory

properties (Miranda, n.d.). A study conducted by Binic, et. al (2013) showed that rice

wine, a fermented rice water, helps improve skin damage from the sun. It increases the

collagen in the skin, which keeps your skin supple and helps prevent it from wrinkling.

Their study concluded that rice water contains natural sunscreen properties which

protects the skin from the harmful ultraviolet light emitted by the sun (Binic, et. al,

2013).

Another study conducted by Marto, et. al. (2018) showed that rice water

contains anti-aging properties which can be incorporated into cosmetic formulations.

The gel formulation with rice water as its major component was found to be compatible

9
with human skin and showed suitable cosmetic properties. Thus, it was concluded that

rice water should be considered as an anti-aging ingredient that can be used as a raw

material for products.

A research study conducted by De Paepe, et al. (2002) showed that the rice

starch present in rice and rice water helps dermatitis patients heal their damaged skins

by using the rice starch as a bathing additive. The application of the rice-starch

containing bath solution on patients with atopic dermatitis resulted in positive

improvements on the patient’s skin. Their study had concluded that the usage of rice

starch formulated in a bath product, produces a potential skin repairing bath additive

for barrier damaged skin.

Merriam-Webster Dictionary (n.d) defines tomatoes as the usually large,

rounded, edible, pulpy berry of an herb (genus Solanum) of the nightshade family native

to South America that is typically red but may be yellow, orange, green, or purplish in

color and is eaten raw or cooked as a vegetable. Tomatoes are often labeled as a

vegetable for nutritional purposes. Tomatoes contain vitamins, carotenoids, and

phenolic compounds. They are a good source of vitamin C and the phytochemical

lycopene (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, n.d.). Furthermore, most of the

world’s tomato crops are used and undergo processing producing products such as

canned tomatoes, tomato juice, ketchup, puree, paste, and “sun-dried” tomatoes or

dehydrated pulp (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, n.d.).

Tomato is branded as the most common “vegetable” in the world with the

highest economic value (Infoagro, n.d.). A study conducted by Renna et al. (2018)

recognized tomato as a species with great importance, widely cultivated in the world.

In an article published in InfoGuide Nigeria, tomatoes were identified as a potential--

driving factor that could be extremely profitable for the country should there be an

10
investment to it (Athanasius, 2019). According to the Agricultural Marketing Resource

Center (2021), an approximate of 12,000 tons of fresh market tomatoes and 11 million

tons of tomato processed products amounted to a total value of one billion dollars

(Tomatoes, 2021). In 2020 alone, a total estimated value of the production of tomatoes

amounted to 39.2 million metric tonnes worldwide (WPTC Crop Situation as of 3 July

2020 - Tomato News, 2020).

Tomatoes do not only excel in production or nutritional value, but also in the

development and experiment sector. An example would be Al-Amri (2013) study of

the growth, productivity, and quality of tomato plants when applied with shikimic acid

or Sidhu et al. (2017) study on the nutritional and antioxidant activity of four different

types of organic tomatoes.

In a study conducted by Quinet et al. (2019), they noted that tomatoes have

become the model for the study of fleshy fruit development in addition to its economic

and nutritional importance. A research conducted by Passam, et al (2007), shows that

tomato is one of the most researched of all horticultural crops in the field of plant

breeding, and molecular techniques which have opened new horizons for genetic

improvement. Tomatoes have been widely used as a crop model for fruit development

but also for diverse physiological, cellular, biochemical, molecular, and genetic studies

as it can be easily grown in greenhouses or growth chambers (Schwarz, 2014).

On Studies on Applications of Rice Water on Plants

According to Pramod Kumar (2018), rice water is a well-known nourishing

organic fertilizer for the plants, and at the same time, can be used as a pest and insect

control on fruit flies, plant lice, flea beetles, and other pests that can be reduced.

11
 However, the study conducted by Noviyanty and Salingkat (2018), entitled The

effect of Application of rice dishwater and manure as organic fertilizer to the growth

of mustard (Brassica Juncea L.), showed that the use of rice water on mustard plants

bear no significant effect on the plant’s height and number of leaves.

Noviyanty and Salingkat (2018) conducted a study that determined the effect of

giving rice washing water waste and manure on mustard plants' growth and yield. The

researchers used quantitative data analysis techniques. The study used a randomized

block design with two factors consisting of 16 treatments repeated three times. The first

factor used is to control rice washing water with a concentration of 10, 20, and 30

ml/liter of water, and the second factor is manure consisting of control, manure 5, 10,

and 15 grams. According to the result presented in the study, rice washing water did

not significantly affect plant height and number of leaves on the mustard green.

After testing and observing the different variables on limited sample size, the

researcher may have been reasonable to claim that there is no significant interaction

between the concentration of rice washing water and manure doses on the growth and

yield of mustard greens. However, the study only focuses on a limited sample size and

only tested the different fertilizer concentrations on one plant, the mustard green. This

study could have been more comprehensive if the researchers did not limit merely

observing factors such as the plant height and the number of mustard plants' leaves. It

could also have been more extensive had the researchers used a larger sample size.

This study is similar to the present study because both investigated and tested

the effect of using rice water. Both studies aim to show the significant difference

between the height and number of leaves of a plant with and without rice water.

However, the differences lie in the concentration of rice water and the plant to be used.

12
The present study investigates the significance of using rice water to tomato plants,

while this study used the mustard green plant to test out rice water's effectiveness.

At the same time, several studies also suggest that rice water can be used as an

alternative fertilizer for plants. The Center for Sustainable Development (2018) located

in Bahamas came up with several biofertilizers that are extremely helpful in a healthy

and nutritious vegetation such as a concentration made up of rice water and milk, called

the starch water biofertilizer. They aimed to provide easy and accessible biofertilizers

to reduce community waste by creating effective, non-polluting, and non-toxic organic

fertilizers that can be utilized in garden homes and farms (Center for Sustainable

Development, 2018).

The starch water biofertilizer depends on the chemical reaction made by the

combination of starch water and milk. The combination produces lactic acid bacteria

that improves soil health by decomposing organic matters and reducing unwanted

pathogens that are associated with decaying materials. It also removes foul odors

associated with composting and manure. The starch water allows the growth of

indigenous bacteria while the milk isolates bacterias needed for fertilizer leaving

unwanted bacterias to die off. These findings showed that the starch water biofertilizer

is a good organic fertilizer for garden homes as it is easy to create and can be accessed

anytime (Center for Sustainable Development, 2018).

The starch water biofertilizer is similar to the present study in a sense that both

are using the waste product, rice water in investigating its effect on plants. The starch

water biofertilizer is also beneficial in the present study, in a way that it gives insight

on what the rice water could possibly do and contributes to the growth of the selected

plant, which is tomato. However, the difference lies in the mode of utilization of the

13
rice water. The present study uses rice water as its watering agent on the plants while

the starch water biofertilizer uses it as a fertilizer for the plants.

In one study conducted by Syuhaibah (2017), rice water was used as a watering

agent, and was tested on kangkong, and was compared with NPK fertilizer and tap

water. For data collection, 5 replications were procured and plant growth parameters

(leaf number, plant height, fresh and dry plant weight, leaf area, and specific leaf area

or leaf thickness) and plant nutrient content (N, K, Ca, and Mg) were measured.

Additionally, soil properties such as pH, K, Ca, and Mg were measured. According to

the findings of the study, it showed that using water from washed rice is as effective as

NPK fertilizer in promoting plant growth, at least in terms of the number of plant leaves

produced and the higher plant biomass.

The researchers may be reasonable with their claims since they used statistical

analysis and many plant growth and soil parameters were measured with a level of

confidence of 90%. However, a larger sample size results would be statistically

significant at a higher level or more plant growth parameters would be found to be

statistically significant from using washed rice water. This study could have significant

results had the researchers included a larger sample size.

This study is similar to the present study, wherein both are investigating the

effects of rice water as a watering agent. However, the difference lies in the subject

being tested and the parameters measured. This study used kangkung and plant growth,

nutrient content, and soil properties were measured, while the present study used tomato

plants and only measured the plant growth properties (plant height, fruit weight, and

the number of fruits beared).

The contrasting results that the rice water application had given on leafy plants

strengthens the mportantance to analyze the relationship between the application of rice

14
water and non-leafy plants, specially fruit bearing plants. With tomato as one of the

best crop models, analysis on the application of rice water on this plant type’s growth

performance could lead to remarkably promising results. Hence, the present study aims

to determine the effects of the rice water application on Solanum lycopersicum plants.

The average weight, absolute growth rate, and the dry weight are several

parameters that could show a plant’s growth performance. The absolute growth rate

(AGR) is the simplest index of plant growth, determining a rate of change in size of a

plant such as the plant’s weight, height, or total leaf area (Hunt, 1990). The dry weight

of a plant is the weight of the plant after removing its water content through drying (Dry

Weight, n.d.). Dry weight provides precise measurement of the plant’s biomass which

removes the differing water content between samples (Fresh Weight vs. Dry Weight,

2021). Dry weight refers to all the constituents of the plant except the water content,

making it a finer measurement to use than the raw fresh weight where the water content

is included (Biology Online, 2020).

All these studies on the effectiveness of rice water on various plants’ growth

showed varying results from one another. It is important to note that based on these

related studies, rice water has diverse effects on various animate and inanimate objects.

The contrasting ideas presented in the related studies might give off confusion and

unreliability on the knowledge about rice water. Determining the effectiveness of the

rice water on plants firsthand gives certain and reliable information that can be used for

future basis and purposes. Moreover, knowing the different usage and contents of rice

and rice water provides essential information in the present study, as this gives insights

on what could possibly be the contents and factors that could affect the growth of the

tomato plants.

15
 METHODOLOGY

Materials

The materials that are used in the study are the following: tomato seeds, soil,

pots, and the three different water types, namely the rice water, tap water, and distilled

water.

General Experimental Procedure

A total of thirty tomato plants were observed. Three different sets of sixty

tomato seeds are planted in pots. Each pot has been planted two seeds each, an inch

below the surface area of the soil. Each set of tomato plants are watered every other day

by different water types to their respective pots, the tap, distilled, and rice water. Plant

height, dry matter weight, and fresh matter weight are recorded throughout the

experiment to ensure significant findings. The length of the plant is noted down weekly

for eight consecutive weeks for transparency and recording purposes. Centimeters will

be used as the unit of measurement for the height of the plants. A comparison of each

batch’s growth of tomato plants will be conducted using the set parameters.

Planting

Thirty tomato plants are planted in the same place and soil type. The same brand

of tomato seeds are used in all the plants. The tomato plants are placed in a spot where

they would all equally receive the same amount of sunlight. The area for the experiment

has a roof and plastic covers to prevent rainwater from soaking the pots that could alter

the results of the experiment. The thirty plants are then be divided into three sets: set T,

set D and set R. Set T is watered with 40 ml of tap water. Set D is watered with 40 ml

16
of distilled water. Lastly, the set R is watered with 40 ml of rice water. During the fourth

and sixth week of the seedlings, the introduction of the fertilizer happened to boost the

growth of the plant. The fertilizer that is used is 18-46-0, and one tablespoon and one

liter of water are mixed to form the solution.

Water Treatments

The water type that are used on the plants in set T is tap water. It is the water

that comes from faucets in households. No additional chemicals are added to the tap

water. The water type for set D is distilled water. Distilled water are bought in stores,

particularly the Absolute Distilled water, and no additional chemicals are added. Only

one brand of distilled water is used throughout the experimental period to ensure no

errors or extraneous variables would affect the experiment.

The last water type that is for set R is the rice water. The rice water are obtained

by washing the rice before cooking. The ratio of the cups of water and cups of rice

being washed would be 1:1. Only the rice water obtained in the first washing of rice is

used throughout the experiment to ensure no variability in the rice water type.

Set-up

The study used the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in comparing

the effectiveness of rice watered plants to distilled water and tap watered plants. The

sets served as the “block” to easily determine the difference between each treatment.

All of the sets of tomato plants are watered daily with their corresponding water types.

The plant height is recorded weekly throughout the experiment period.

17
Absolute Growth Rate and Height

For the weekly recording of data gathering, the plant height is measured using

centimeters as the unit of measurement. The height of the plant is measured from the

surface area of the soil up to the highest point of the stem. Thirty plants are recorded

weekly throughout the duration of the experiment.

Calculation of the Fresh and Dry Weight

The fresh weights are measured by uprooting the plants from their respective

plants, and then measured by the use of the digital weighing scale. After pulling the

plants, it is washed to remove soil residue, pat dry to remove excess water, and placed

in the room to be air-dried. The dry weight of the plant is then measured.

Data Analysis

Central tendencies of each parameter of each setup are calculated to determine

basic statistical figures that represent the data set. The AGR of each plant sample is

calculated, followed by a one-way ANOVA analysis. The ANOVA test is used to

determine if there is any significant difference between the means of each treatment.

Pairwise comparison is followed up to determine similar growth performance among

the treatments. The ANOVA test determines which setups are closely similar to each

other. The results of these tests are used to analyze the effectiveness of introducing rice

water to plants.

18
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The study was set out to observe and investigate the effect of the application of

rice water on Solanum lycopersicum plants through the comparison of its results with

the results of the two other water types: distilled and tap water. Gathering of the data

needed was done after eight (8) weeks of observation period.

Findings

An average height of 23.8 centimeters was recorded for rice-water treated plant

samples, 16.7 centimeters for tap-water treated samples, and 15.22 centimeters for

distilled-water treated samples. The rice-water treated plants recorded an average of

3.85 grams on their 8th week, with 1.16 grams for tap-water plants, and 1.67 grams for

distilled-water plants. The results showed that the highest data parameters were

gathered from the rice-water treatment while the lowest in the distilled-water

parameters as shown in Appendix I Table I.1.

In the fifth week of the observation period, one plant sample from the distilled-

water treatment group died, resulting in an unequal number of samples observed.

Shown in Appendix I Table I.2, are the central tendencies computed among the

three treatment groups. Overall mean fresh weight of the three treatments valued to 2.55

grams with the median fresh weight equivalent to 1.70 grams. The maximum recorded

fresh weight amounted to 10.20 grams belonging to the rice-water group while the

minimum weight belonging to both the tap-water and distilled-water group with a value

of 0.38 grams.

Additionally, the dry weight of the plants were measured with data summary

still on Appendix I Table I.1. The mean dry weight was ten times smaller than the fresh

19
weight amounting to 0.247 grams. Both the median and minimum dry weight values to

0 grams, the dried plants being light. The maximum dried weight recorded was 1.17

grams belonging to the rice water treatment group.

The Absolute Growth Rate (AGR) of each treatment group were computed
𝐻1 −𝐻0
through the formula 𝐴𝐺𝑅 = where H1 and H0 are the height of the plant at week
𝑇1 −𝑇𝑜

8 and week 1, respectively while T1 - T0 are the time interval between the recorded

height used, as in this case amounts to seven (7) as the height used were from the week

8 and 1.

Computation of the mean Absolute Growth Rate (AGR) of each treatment group

was performed, resulting in 3.27 centimeters per week for the rice-water treated group,

2.3 centimeters per week for tap-water treated group, and 2.079 centimeters per week

for distilled-water treated group. A one-way ANOVA analysis was then conducted with

results showing a significant difference between the means of the absolute growth rate

of each treatment group, F(2, 29) = 4.706, p = 0.018.

Pairwise ANOVA was conducted to determine the distinctive group. Results

showed significant difference between the means of the rice-water and distilled-water

treatments (p = 0.0221) while no significant difference was present between the means

of the tap-water and distilled-water treatments (p = 0.8554). There was also no

significant difference between rice-water and tap-water treatments (p = 0.0624). These

results showed that both rice-water and distilled-water treated groups completely varied

from each other while the rice-water treated plants exhibit both characteristics of rice-

water and distilled-water plants. Shown in Appendix I Figure I.3 is a boxplot of the

Absolute Growth Rates of each treatment group, with the rice-water treatment group

having the highest mean value among all followed by the tap-water treated group.

20
 The results obtained using ANOVA shows that the rice-water treated plants

grew the greatest among the three. The mean AGR of rice-water treated plants showed

significantly higher numbers compared to the distilled-water treated plants, but non-

significant when compared to the tap-water treated ones. However, even with the

insignificant result, the AGR boxplot in Appendix I.3 Figure I.3 presents that the rice-

water treatment leads this category, proving its growth performance better than the tap-

water and distilled-water.

Analysis on the variance in terms of plants’ dry weight bear insignificant results

between treatment groups. This indicates that the effect of the rice-water treatment is

limited only to/manifests in terms of the plant height, but not on its biomass. However,

even with the statistical insignificance, the highest measured dry weight was still in the

rice water group displaying its effect.

Observations

In the first week of the experiment, it was observed that all the seeds in the setup

of rice water have a visible stem, unlike the set-up of distilled and tap water which only

has seven and six seedlings, respectively. For the first few weeks, the germination of

the seedling was slow, but the difference between the lengths and amount of leaves

among the three setups can be visibly seen and having the rice water leading in terms

of the growth. In terms of the thickness of the stem, all thirty seedlings show a thin

branch. Upon the introduction of the fertilizer on the setup, the length from the previous

week, fifth week, and the week where the fertilizer was used, sixth week, was

immensely different. There was a fluctuation of growth of the seedling as well as the

thickness of the stem, but the difference in data measurements between treatments is

still distinctly dissimilar.

21
Summary

From the data and statistical analysis performed, plants treated with distilled

water grew the least in terms of the data parameters calculated, with the risk of casualty.

Rice water treated plants, on the other hand, grew the best among the three treatment

groups with the data results backing it up, proving its competence to be the best to use

when planting. Tap water treated plants manifest both characteristics of rice-water and

distilled-water treated plants, with little to no risk of casualty. With the data results

backing it up, using rice water as the watering agent for growing fruit crops is optimal

to use when planting to achieve substantial results.

22
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Previous studies that have been conducted regarding the increased growth

performance after the application of rice water aligns with the results obtained in the

present study. Statistical results indicate that the use of rice water as the watering agent

when growing Solanum lycopersicum effectively improves the height of the tomato

plants. Application of rice water mainly has an effect on the height of the plants whereas

further observation periods are recommended to see whether it has an effect on its

biomass. Comparison of the numerical values of each treatments’ central tendencies,

results in the rice water group containing the maxima values while the distilled water

containing the lowest, indicating their effectivity rank which can be described as rice

water > tap water > distilled water. Using tap water is still efficient enough when

growing tomato plants while the use of distilled water is the least recommended as

casualty could happen. However, further extensive studies on the effectivity of rice

water are recommended with longer observation period, comparison of the dry matter

production and distribution of the plant, increased plant samples, and varied plant crops

are conducted to efficiently come up a strong supporting evidences on the rice water

effectivity as well as, creating a general trend map on the its effect on various plant

types.

23
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31
 APPENDIX A

SET-UP

Figure A.1. Set-up area in Steeltown Subdivision Santa Elena, Iligan City. (Photo taken
on September 20, 2021.)

32
 APPENDIX B

MATERIALS USED

Figure B.1. Tomato seed brand Diamante Max F1 (Photo taken on September 20,
2021.)

Figure B.2. Pure Soil (Photo taken on September 20, 2021)

33
Figure B.3. Tap Water from Nawasa (Photo taken on September 20, 2021)

Figure B.4. Distilled Water from the brand Absolute (Photo taken on September 20,
2021)

34
Figure B.5. Rice Water from the first wash of the rice Princess Bea (Photo taken on
September 20, 2021)

35
 APPENDIX C

IMAGES OF THE TOMATO PLANTS ON ITS 8TH WEEK

I
Figure C.1. Images of the tomato plants on its 8th week on tap water treatment (Photo
taken on November 15e, 2021.)

36
Figure C.2. Images of the tomato plants on its 8th week on distilled water treatment
(Photo taken on November 15, 2021)

37
38
Figure C.3. Images of the tomato plants on its 8th week on rice water treatment (Photo
taken on November 15, 2021)

39
 APPENDIX D

IMAGES OF THE TOMATO PLANTS WEIGHED ON ITS 8TH WEEK

Figure D.1. Images of the tomato plants weighed on its 8th week on tap water treatment
(Photo taken on November 15, 2021)

40
Figure D.2. Images of the tomato plants weighed on its 8th week on distilled water
treatment (Photo taken on November 15, 2021)

41
Figure D.3. Images of the tomato plants weighed on its 8th week on rice water treatment
(Photo taken on November 15, 2021)

42
 APPENDIX E

IMAGES OF THE TOMATO PLANTS AFTER DRYING

43
Figure E.1. Images of the tomato plants on tap water treatment after drying (Photo taken
on November 22, 2021)

44
Figure E.2. Images of the tomato plants on distilled water treatment after drying (Photo
taken on November 22, 2021)

45
Figure E.3. Images of the tomato plants on rice water treatment after drying (Photo
taken on November 22, 2021)

46
 APPENDIX F

IMAGES OF THE TOMATO PLANTS WEIGHED AFTER DRYING

Figure F.1. Images of the tomato plants on tap water treatment weighed after drying
(Photo taken on November 22, 2021)

47
Figure F.2. Images of the tomato plants om distilled water treatment weighed after
drying (Photo taken on November 22, 2021)

48
Figure F.3. Images of the tomato plants on rice water treatment weighed after drying
(Photo taken on November 22, 2021)

49
 APPENDIX G

RAW DATA TABLE OF THE WEEKLY GROWTH OF THE PLANT’S

HEIGHT

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Week 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1

Week 2 3 4.5 3.5 2.5 2.5 1.5 3.5 3 3 3.5

Week 3 4 4.5 4.5 3.5 4 3 4.5 4 4.5 4

Week 4 5.5 5 5 5 4.5 4.5 4.5 6 6.5 5.5

Week 5 7 6 8.5 7.5 6 6 6 11.5 13 10

Week 6 10 6.5 10 11 7 7 6 15 17 14

Week 7 13 11 12.5 15.5 8 7.5 9.5 15 25 15.5

Week 8 19 17 14 21 10 9 12 18 30 17

Table G.1. Table of the weekly growth Height of the tomato plants on tap water in
centimeters

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Week 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0

Week 2 4 4 3 3 3.5 2.5 3.5 2 3.5 3

Week 3 4 5 5 4 5 3.5 4.5 3 5 3.5

Week 4 0 5.5 5 5 6.5 4 5 4.5 5 5

(dea
d)

Week 5 - 7 7 6 7.5 5.5 6 6.5 6 10

Week 6 - 8 7.5 7 10 7 7.5 7 7 17

Week 7 - 15 8 10 12.5 12 11 12 10 24

Week 8 - 20 9 13 14 15 13 13 13 27

Table G.2. Table of the weekly growth Height of the tomato plants on distilled water in
centimeters

50
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Week 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Week 2 3.5 3.5 5 3.5 3.5 3.5 4.5 4 3 5

Week 3 5 4 6 4 5.5 4 5 5 4 6

Week 4 7 7 7 4.5 6 5 5 5 6 8

Week 5 13 14.5 8.5 6 8.5 10.5 8 5 7.5 14.5

Week 6 17 17 10 9 14.5 14 10 5 10 17

Week 7 23 30 17 14 24 17 22 10 17 25

Week 8 28 38 20 19 27 21 25 12 20 28

Table G.3. Table of the weekly Height of the tomato plants on rice water treatment in
centimeters

51
 APPENDIX H

RAW DATA TABLE OF THE WEIGHT OF THE TOMATO PLANTS FRESH

AND DRY

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Weight 1.16 1.00 1.42 3.95 0.58 0.38 1.09 2.34 6.40 2.09

Dry 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.9 0.0

Table H.1. Table of the weight of the tomato plants on tap water treatment in grams

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Weight - 4.24 0.38 1.03 1.08 1.06 0.68 1.13 0.91 4.55

Dry - 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6

Table H.2. Table of the weight of the tomato plants on distilled water treatment in grams

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Fresh 3.3 10.2 2.8 1.7 6.06 2.66 3.37 0.8 1.94 5.64

Dry 0.43 1.17 0.26 0.30 0.80 0.29 0.34 0.0 0.0 0.70

Table H.3. Table of the weight of the tomato plants on rice water treatment in grams

52
 APPENDIX I

TABLES AND BOXPLOTS FOR THE RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Average Parameters

Treatment Week 8 Week 8 Fresh Dry Number of

Height Weight Weight Samples
(cm) (grams) (grams)

Distilled Water 15.22 1.673 0.122 9

Tap Water 16.7 1.16 0.18 10

Rice Water 23.8 3.847 0.429 10

Table I.1. Mean statistics for the treatments and parameters

Weight Type Mean Weight Median Maximum Minimum

Weight Weight Weight

Fresh Weight 2.55 g 1.70 g 10.20 g 0.38 g

Dry Weight 0.2479 g 0.00 g 1.17 g 0.00 g

Table I.2. Overall Central Tendencies of the Treatments

53
 Figure I.3. Boxplot of the treatments’ Absolute Growth Rates

df Sum of Squares Mean Square F-Value p-value

Treatments 2 7.615 3.808 4.706 0.018

Residuals 26 21.035 0.809

Table I.4. One-Way ANOVA analysis on the AGR of the treatments

54

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