A Research Project On

“A Study of Employee Job Satisfaction Levels Among the

Employees of Amul Dairy, Anand, Gujarat”
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of

POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA MANAGEMENT IN

Quantitative Finance
From
NARAYANA BUSINESS SCHOOL, AHMEDABAD

Subject : Perspective Management

Submitted By:

HARSHAL MACHCHHAR (03 QF)

KHUSHI PRITHIANI (08 DS)
SHIVAM TRIPATHI (10 QF)
UJJVAL JASANI (14 QF)
VIRAJ PATEL (15 QF)
YASHVI GOSWAMI (17 QF)

Under The Guidance Of:

NAME : Dr. Pragya Sharma
DESIGNATION : Professor
DEPARTMENT : Human Resources

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 INDEX
TOPIC PAGE NUMBER
Overview of Industry 3-5
Company Introduction 6-11
Overview of the Topic 12-13
Objectives of the Research 14
Data Analysis 15-23
Findings, Conclusion, & Recommendations 24-25
Bibliography 25
Annexure 26-30

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 OVERVIEW OF THE INDUSTRY
The global dairy market size reached US$ 893 Billion in 2022. Looking forward, IMARC
Group expects the market to reach US$ 1,243 Billion by 2028, exhibiting a growth rate
(CAGR) of 5.79% during 2023-2028. Some of the key drivers of the market are increased
urbanization, rising health and nutrition awareness, considerable technology breakthroughs,
growing popularity of dairy-based snacks, changing dietary choices, and supportive
governmental policies and regulations.

The term "dairy" refers to goods made from milk, typically generated by mammals like cows,
goats, and sheep. Milk, cheese, butter, yoghurt, and cream are some of the most popular dairy
products. Milk serves as a rich supply of important nutrients like calcium, protein, vitamins,
and minerals and is the starting point from which many dairy products are produced. Humans
must consume dairy products since they have several health advantages. Because they contain
calcium, they assist in maintaining healthy bones and lower the risk of osteoporosis. Dairy
products also provide protein, which promotes the development and repair of muscles. Vitamin
D, one of the vitamins found in dairy products, supports immunological function, and preserves
healthy skin.

Dairy Industry in India

India has the world's largest dairy herd with over three hundred million bovines, producing
over 187 million tons of milk. India leads all other nations in both milk production and
consumption. A minor amount of the milk is exported, while the majority is eaten domestically.
While South Indian food employs more yoghurts and milk, North Indian cuisine uses a variety
of dairy products like paneer. Milk and dairy products are used in Hindu mythology and
religious practices.

Dairy Production

In 1970, under the direction of Dr. Verghese Kurien, India began its ascent to the top of the
dairy market. India's transition from a milk-deficient country to its top producer began with
"Operation Flood," a significant dairy development program. In the fiscal year 2021, India,
which has over fifty-eight million milk cows, generated more than 209 million metric tons of
milk. Unsurprisingly, the nation raised three times as many milk cows that year as did the

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whole European Union. Additionally, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh were the
three states in India that produced the most milk.

Key market players

Despite being an important contributor to the country’s economy, the Indian dairy industry is
highly unorganized, fragmented, and lacks technological advancements. The unorganized
sector consisted of traditional milkmen who sold raw or unprocessed milk to their customers
and other vendors. The organized sector, on the other hand, consisted of various private
cooperatives. Amul, the Indian dairy cooperative society was one of the leading brands
worldwide with a brand value of 3.1 million U.S. dollars. Along with this Gujarat-based
cooperative, Karnataka Milk Federation were the two most dominating players in the country.

CREATING OPPORTUNITIES IN DAIRY SECTOR

The dairy sector is dominated by fluid milk with emerging value-added products such as
cheese, yogurt, flavored UHT milk growing at a faster rate than other products. Organized
players completely cater for this sub sector of value-added product. Increased consumption of
such innovative products and a higher organized market is the main reason for growth in this
segment.

The principal areas that will be the focus for investment in dairy sector are as follows:

1. Upstream supply management: More than any other food product, dairy products’
quality depends on upstream factors, from the very first input (the feed given to dairy cows) to
supply variability to cold-chain management to shelf life. Substandard quality impacts are
severe and can hurt both consumers and the brand. Sound upstream supply management thus
calls for securing a reliable, high-quality milk procurement (a special challenge for processors
not part of a cooperative). Managing supply quality entails everything from procuring quality
milk to instituting rigorous quality controls and training programs. We foresee investment
opportunities on the scale of $ 2-3 Billion in this value chain segment.

2. Milk processing opportunities: Considering that by 2025, Indian milk production will
grow to 270 MMT, companies will need to invest in processing infrastructure. Milk can be
processed into a range of high-value-added products. This creates huge investment
opportunities in the sector to the tune of $ 10 Billion.

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3. Downstream supply management: Indian markets pose additional challenges to dairy
companies: underdeveloped retail channels and a hard-to-reach rural consumer base. This
portrays a rapidly and widely diversifying retail landscape that creates additional challenges
and opportunities for the go-to-market strategy for private companies. With the advent of
modern trade, direct-store-delivery distribution has gained ground - it is useful for high-
velocity products with a short shelf life, and it allows for more frequent deliveries and better
control over retail sales. Many companies have found workarounds (Direct-to-Consumer) and
other solutions (such as ambient formulations, which can be stored at room temperature), but
the need for a secure supply and a reliable distribution infrastructure is still strong. Companies
can invest in cold chains at the coordination level as well as at the retail level. We foresee
investment opportunities to the tune of $ 2-3 Billion in this segment.

Given the complex nature of the dairy value chain, vertically integrated companies can play a
critical role in economic development by creating jobs and enhancing farmer livelihoods as
well as by improving nutrition for a growing, increasingly urban population.

Government intervention is vital to creating the necessary conditions for private enterprises to
thrive, and it can be highly effective when planned with a long-term, full-system approach and
that’s why dairy is a priority sector of the government with multiple financial and non-financial
support under dedicated fund. Through convergence of various schemes of the Department of
Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Department
of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare, Department of Rural Development and state
governments, public investment to further incentivize private investments is being facilitated
in the dairy sector.

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 COMPANY INTRODUCTION
Amul Dairy, formally known as the Anand Milk Union Limited, stands as a beacon of
cooperative success and dairy excellence, rooted in the fertile lands of Anand, Gujarat, India.
Founded in the crucible of post-independence India in 1946, this visionary endeavor was
spearheaded by a group of farmers led by the indomitable Tribhuvan Das Patel. Their audacious
aim was to forge a collective force against the entrenched exploitative practices of
intermediaries in the dairy industry. This cooperative model was revolutionary, weaving
together the aspirations of countless farmers, pooling their resources and knowledge, thus
birthing an economic paradigm shift in rural India. Through this endeavor, Amul elevated the
socio-economic status of its member farmers, not merely as suppliers of milk, but as
stakeholders in a thriving cooperative enterprise.

In the annals of India's dairy sector, Amul has been a transformative force, epitomizing the
power of cooperative action. Dr. Verghese Kurien, the visionary architect of the 'White
Revolution', cemented Amul's legacy as a brand that transcends borders, with its iconic tagline
"Utterly Butterly Delicious". His seminal 'Operation Flood', a national dairy development
program, propelled India into becoming the world's largest producer of milk, fundamentally
changing the trajectory of rural economies across the nation. The mission of Amul Dairy
extends far beyond the confines of profit, driven by a commitment to providing a sustainable
and remunerative livelihood for farmers, underpinned by values of integrity, transparency,
quality, and social responsibility.

The product portfolio of Amul Dairy is a testament to its unwavering dedication to quality.
From the purest, freshest milk to the rich, golden ghee, and a delectable array of cheese, yogurt,
ice cream, and dairy-based beverages, Amul's offerings have become synonymous with
wholesomeness and taste. Rigorous quality control measures, fortified by innovative
technology, ensure that every product that bears the Amul name maintains the highest standards
of excellence. Technological innovation has been a cornerstone of Amul's success story, with
modern equipment and practices integrated seamlessly into its operations, enhancing
productivity, and ensuring a superior product.

Beyond the shores of India, Amul Dairy's footprint has expanded globally, exporting its
products to discerning consumers in numerous countries, further solidifying its status as an
ambassador of India's dairy prowess. However, this global reach is balanced by a profound
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commitment to sustainable practices. Amul Dairy fervently champions eco-friendly initiatives
in dairy farming and production processes, conscientiously working towards minimizing its
environmental footprint. Moreover, Amul Dairy is more than an economic engine; it is an
engine of social change. Through a plethora of community-driven initiatives, it has catalyzed
improvements in education, healthcare, and infrastructure in rural areas, uplifting countless
lives and contributing to the broader tapestry of rural development.

Mission and Vision of Amul:

Mission:

"Providing remunerative returns to the milk producers and ensuring availability of reasonably
priced quality milk and milk products to consumers."

This succinctly encapsulates Amul's commitment to its farmers, ensuring they receive fair
compensation for their produce, while also delivering high-quality dairy products to consumers
at affordable prices.

Vision:

"To be the most admired and innovative global dairy organization, enhancing stakeholders'
value."

Amul aspires not only to be a leader in the dairy industry but also an entity that garners
admiration for its innovation and positive impact. This vision underscores the company's
dedication to not just profitability, but also to creating value for all stakeholders, including
farmers, consumers, employees, and the communities it serves.

Departments at Amul:
Amul Dairy encompasses several departments that work cohesively to ensure the smooth
functioning of the cooperative and the production and distribution of high-quality dairy
products. Here are some of the key departments at Amul Dairy along with their functions:

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 1. Production Department

2. Quality Control and Assurance Department

3. Sales and Marketing Department

4. Supply Chain and Logistics Department:

5. Human Resources and Administration

6. Finance and Accounts Department:

7. Research and Development (R&D)

Department:

8.Legal and Compliance Department:

1. Production Department:

Function:

This department is responsible for overseeing the actual production of dairy products. It
includes various sub-departments focused on different product lines like milk, butter, cheese,
yogurt, ice cream, etc.

Activities:

• Milk Processing: Pasteurization, homogenization, and processing of milk into various

forms.
• Cheese and Butter Manufacturing: Production of cheese and butter from processed
milk.
• Ice Cream Production: Making various flavors and types of ice cream.
• Yogurt and Other Dairy Products: Production of yogurt, flavored milk, and other dairy
items.
2. Quality Control and Assurance Department:

Function:

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This department is responsible for ensuring that all products meet the required quality and
safety standards.

Activities:

• Quality Testing: Conducting regular tests on raw materials, intermediates, and finished
products to verify compliance with quality specifications.
• Compliance Checks: Ensuring adherence to industry and regulatory standards for food
safety and quality.

3. Sales and Marketing Department:

Function:

This department focuses on promoting and selling Amul dairy products to wholesalers,
retailers, and consumers.

Activities:

• Market Research: Identifying consumer preferences, market trends, and potential areas
for expansion.
• Sales Strategy: Developing sales plans, setting targets, and implementing distribution
strategies.
• Branding and Promotion: Managing advertising, promotions, and brand building
initiatives.

4. Supply Chain and Logistics Department:

Function:

This department oversees the movement of raw materials, intermediates, and finished products
within and outside the organization.

Activities:

• Procurement: Managing the sourcing of raw materials like milk, packaging materials,
etc.

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 • Inventory Management: Controlling stock levels to meet production requirements
while minimizing carrying costs.
• Distribution and Logistics: Coordinating transportation and distribution of products to
various markets.

5. Human Resources and Administration:

Function:

This department is responsible for managing the workforce and providing administrative
support to various departments.

Activities:

• Recruitment and Training: Hiring new employees and providing training and
development programs.
• Payroll and Benefits: Managing compensation, benefits, and HR policies.
• Administrative Support: Overseeing office operations, facilities management, and
employee services.

6. Finance and Accounts Department:

Function: This department manages financial transactions, budgeting, and financial reporting.

Activities:

• Accounting: Recording and managing financial transactions, maintaining ledgers, and

preparing financial statements.
• Budgeting and Financial Planning: Developing budgets, financial forecasts, and
financial models.

7. Research and Development (R&D) Department:

Function: This department is responsible for innovation, product development, and process
improvement

Activities:

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 • New Product Development: Researching and developing new dairy products.
• Process Optimization: Enhancing production processes for efficiency and quality
improvement.
8. Legal and Compliance Department:

Function: Ensuring compliance with legal and regulatory requirements and managing any legal
matters pertaining to the organization.

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 OVERVIEW OF THE TOPIC
Job satisfaction refers to an employee's overall evaluation of their job and work experience. It
reflects the extent to which an individual likes or enjoys their job. This concept is crucial in
understanding employee attitudes and behaviors within an organization. It is a complex and
multifaceted construct that encompasses various aspects of the work environment, job role,
relationships, and personal fulfillment derived from one's employment.

Here are some key points about job satisfaction from the field of organizational behavior:

1. Components of Job Satisfaction:

• Intrinsic Factors: These are related to the job itself, including tasks,
responsibilities, challenges, and opportunities for growth. For example, a person
might derive satisfaction from a sense of achievement, the nature of the work,
or opportunities for creativity.

• Extrinsic Factors: These are external to the job itself and include factors like
pay, benefits, job security, and the work environment. For instance, a
comfortable office space or competitive salary can contribute to job satisfaction.

• Social Factors: These involve interactions with colleagues, supervisors, and the
overall work environment. Positive relationships and a supportive work culture
can enhance job satisfaction.

• Organizational Factors: These relate to the broader context of the

organization, including its mission, values, and policies. A clear organizational
mission and alignment with personal values can lead to greater job satisfaction.

2. Theories of Job Satisfaction:

• Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory: Frederick Herzberg proposed that there are

"hygiene" or maintenance factors (e.g., pay, working conditions) that, if lacking,
can lead to dissatisfaction. However, true job satisfaction comes from
"motivator" factors (e.g., recognition, responsibility, achievement) that are
inherent to the job itself.

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 • Expectancy Theory: This theory emphasizes the importance of individuals'
beliefs about the relationship between their efforts and rewards. If employees
believe that their efforts will lead to desirable outcomes (such as recognition or
promotions), they are more likely to be satisfied.

3. Measurement of Job Satisfaction:

• Surveys and Questionnaires: Organizations often use structured surveys or

questionnaires to gather feedback on various aspects of job satisfaction. These
instruments may include Likert scales, where employees rate their level of
satisfaction on a numerical scale.

• Interviews and Focus Groups: Qualitative methods like interviews and focus
groups can provide deeper insights into specific issues affecting job satisfaction.

4. Factors Influencing Job Satisfaction:

• Work-Life Balance: A balance between work and personal life is critical for
overall job satisfaction.

• Recognition and Appreciation: Feeling valued and recognized for one's

contributions can significantly impact job satisfaction.

• Career Development Opportunities: Opportunities for growth, learning, and

advancement within the organization are crucial for employee satisfaction.

• Organizational Culture: A positive, inclusive, and supportive organizational

culture can enhance overall job satisfaction.

• Job Security and Compensation: Adequate compensation and a sense of job

security are important extrinsic factors contributing to satisfaction.

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 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH
• To identify the level of Job Satisfaction of employees.
• To identify the level of work-life balance for employees at the workplace.
• To identify the level of employee satisfaction regarding relationships with Superiors
and Colleagues.
• To identify the level of employee satisfaction regarding the work environment and
culture of the organization.
• To identify the level of employee satisfaction in respect to job security provided by the
organization.

INFORMATION ABOUT THE SAMPLE

• Our sample comprises of fifty-six employees from various departments of Amul

Dairy, Anand, Gujarat.
• The departments covered are Finance, Human Resources, IT, Operations, Production
& Procurement, and Marketing.
• This sample enabled us to cover our topic intra-department and come up with the
findings of various employee’s job satisfaction from different domains and expertise.

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 DATA ANALYSIS
Q: Are you satisfied with your Compensation & Benefits?
SCALE NO. OF RESPONDENTS
Very Dissatisfied 2
Somewhat Dissatisfied 4
Neutral 7
Somewhat Satisfied 17
Very Satisfied 26
TOTAL 56

COMPENSATION & BENEFITS

Very dissatisfied Somewhat dissatisfied Neutral Somewhat satisfied Very satisfied

4%
7%

13%

46%

30%

INTERPRETATION:
From the above graph, we can interpret that 46% of the respondents are very satisfied with the
compensation & benefits given by AMUL.

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Q: Are you satisfied with the work-life balance at your workplace?

SCALE NO. OF RESPONDENTS

Very Dissatisfied 1
Somewhat Dissatisfied 7
Neutral 2
Somewhat Satisfied 18
Very Satisfied 28
TOTAL 56

WORK-LIFE BALANCE
Very dissatisfied Somewhat dissatisfied Neutral Somewhat satisfied Very satisfied

2%
12%

4%

50%

32%

INTERPRETATION:
From the above graph, we can interpret that 50% of the employees are very satisfied with the
work-life balance maintained by AMUL.

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Q: Are you satisfied by the career development opportunities provided by your
organization?

SCALE NO. OF RESPONDENTS

Very Dissatisfied 1
Somewhat Dissatisfied 3
Neutral 5
Somewhat Satisfied 20
Very Satisfied 27
TOTAL 56

CAREER DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES

Very Dissatisfied Somewhat Dissatisfied Neutral Somewhat Satisfied Very Satisfied

2% 5%
9%

48%

36%

INTERPRETATION:
From the above graph, we can see that 48% of the employees are very satisfied with the career
development opportunities provided by AMUL.

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Q: How satisfied are you with your relationships with colleagues?
SCALE NO. OF RESPONDENTS
Very Dissatisfied 2
Somewhat Dissatisfied 1
Neutral 5
Somewhat Satisfied 18
Very Satisfied 30
TOTAL 56

RELATIONSHIP WITH COLLEAGUES

Very Dissatisfied Somewhat Dissatisfied Neutral Somewhat Satisfied Very Satisfied

4%2%
9%

53%
32%

INTERPRETATION:
From the above graph, we can see that 53% of the employees are very satisfied with their
relationships with colleagues in AMUL.

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Q: How satisfied are you with the relationships with your superiors?

SCALE NO. OF RESPONDENTS

Very Dissatisfied 2
Somewhat Dissatisfied 4
Neutral 8
Somewhat Satisfied 19
Very Satisfied 23
TOTAL 56

RELATIONSHIP WITH SUPERIORS

Very Dissatisfied Somewhat Dissatisfied Neutral Somewhat Satisfied Very Satisfied

4%
7%

14%
41%

34%

INTERPRETATION:
From the above graph, we can see that ONLY 41% of the employees are very satisfied with
their relationships with superiors in AMUL.

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Q: Are you satisfied with the work environment of your organization?
SCALE NO. OF RESPONDENTS
Very Dissatisfied 0
Somewhat Dissatisfied 5
Neutral 2
Somewhat Satisfied 19
Very Satisfied 30
TOTAL 56

WORK ENVIRONMENT
Very Dissatisfied Somewhat Dissatisfied Neutral Somewhat Satisfied Very Satisfied

0% 9%
4%

53%
34%

INTERPRETATION:
From the above graph, we can see that 53% of the employees are very satisfied with the work
environment in AMUL.

There are zero employees who are dissatisfied with the work environment in AMUL.

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Q: Are you satisfied by the culture of your organization?

SCALE NO. OF RESPONDENTS

Very Dissatisfied 1
Somewhat Dissatisfied 3
Neutral 3
Somewhat Satisfied 17
Very Satisfied 32
TOTAL 56

ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE
Very Dissatisfied Somewhat Dissatisfied Neutral Somewhat Satisfied Very Satisfied

2% 5%
5%

57% 31%

INTERPRETATION:
From the above graph, we can see that 57% of the employees are very satisfied with the
organizational culture of AMUL.

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Q: Are you satisfied by the level of job security provided by your organization?
SCALE NO. OF RESPONDENTS
Very Dissatisfied 2
Somewhat Dissatisfied 3
Neutral 4
Somewhat Satisfied 20
Very Satisfied 27
TOTAL 56

JOB SECURITY
Very Dissatisfied Somewhat Dissatisfied Neutral Somewhat Satisfied Very Satisfied

4%
5%
7%

48%

36%

INTERPRETATION:
From the above graph, we can see that 48% of the employees are very satisfied with the job
security provided by AMUL.

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Q: Overall, how satisfied are you with your current job?
SCALE NO. OF RESPONDENTS
Very Dissatisfied 0
Somewhat Dissatisfied 4
Neutral 6
Somewhat Satisfied 17
Very Satisfied 29
TOTAL 56

OVERALL JOB SATISFACTION

Very Dissatisfied Somewhat Dissatisfied Neutral Somewhat Satisfied Very Satisfied

0% 7%

11%

52%

30%

INTERPRETATION:
From the above graph, we can see that 52% of the employees are very satisfied with their
current jobs in AMUL.

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 FINDINGS

1) Twenty-six employees are very satisfied with the compensation & benefits given by
AMUL.
2) Twenty-eight employees are very satisfied with the work-life balance maintained by
AMUL.
3) Twenty-seven employees are very satisfied with the career development opportunities
provided by AMUL.
4) Thirty employees are very satisfied with their relationships with colleagues in AMUL.
5) Twenty-three employees are very satisfied with their relationships with superiors in
AMUL.
6) Thirty employees are very satisfied with the work environment in AMUL. There are
zero employees who are dissatisfied with the work environment in AMUL.
7) Thirty-two employees are very satisfied with the organizational culture of AMUL.
8) Twenty-seven employees are very satisfied with the job security provided by AMUL.
9) Overall, twenty-nine employees are very satisfied with their current jobs in AMUL.

CONCLUSIONS

Employee job satisfaction has a real and noticeable impact on an organization's performance,
culture, and bottom line; it is not merely a soft statistic. A positive work environment and long-
term performance depend on placing a high priority on employee well-being and job
satisfaction. It enhances productivity and performance, reduces turnover and recruitment costs,
greater organizational commitment, positive workplace morale, stimulus for innovation and
creativity. A crucial element that affects every aspect of a business, from individual well-being
to overall performance and competition, is employee job satisfaction. Its importance cannot be
overstated, so businesses must make job satisfaction a priority and an integral part of their
strategic plans and workplace cultures.

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 RECOMMENDATIONS

• Amul can introduce new initiatives where the employees’ relationships with their
superiors are improved and made more sustainable for the organization.
• Amul can also inculcate activities which foster team spirit among its employees to
instill coordination and cooperation among its employees.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

WEBSITES:

• https://www.investindia.gov.in/
• https://www.statista.com/
• https://www.wikipedia.org/
• https://amul.com/

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 ANNEXURE (QUESTIONAIRE)

Q1: Name:
Q2: Gender:
• Female
• Male
• Non-binary
• Prefer not to say
Q3: Age:
• 21-30
• 31-40
• 41-50
• 51-60
• 61 & Above
Q4: Designation:
• Trainee
• Supervisor
• Manager
• Executive
• Senior Manager
• Assistant General Manager/ General Manager
• Others
Q5: Department:
• Finance
• HR
• Marketing
• Operations
• IT
• Production & Procurement
Q6: Are you satisfied by your compensation & Benefits?
• Very dissatisfied
• Somewhat Dissatisfied
• Neutral
• Somewhat Satisfied
• Very satisfied

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Q7: Are you satisfied with the work-life balance at your workplace?
• Very dissatisfied
• Somewhat Dissatisfied
• Neutral
• Somewhat satisfied
• Very satisfied
Q7: Are you satisfied by the career development opportunities provided by your
organization?
• Very dissatisfied
• Somewhat dissatisfied
• Neutral
• Somewhat satisfied
• Very satisfied
Q8: How satisfied are you with your relationships with colleagues?
• Very dissatisfied
• Somewhat dissatisfied
• Neutral
• Somewhat satisfied
• Very satisfied
Q9: How satisfied are you with the relationships with your superiors?
• Very dissatisfied
• Somewhat dissatisfied
• Neutral
• Somewhat satisfied
• Very satisfied
Q10: Are you satisfied with the work environment of your organization?
• Very dissatisfied
• Somewhat dissatisfied
• Neutral
• Somewhat satisfied
• Very satisfied
Q11: Are you satisfied by the culture of your organization?
• Very dissatisfied
• Somewhat dissatisfied
• Neutral
• Somewhat satisfied

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 • Very satisfied
Q12: Are you satisfied by the level of job security provided by your organization?
• Very dissatisfied
• Somewhat dissatisfied
• Neutral
• Somewhat satisfied
• Very satisfied
Q13: Overall, how satisfied are you with your current job?
• Very dissatisfied
• Somewhat dissatisfied
• Neutral
• Somewhat satisfied
• Very satisfied

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