CHAPTER 5

SOCIAL ORGANIZATION/SOCIAL
INSTITUTION
PRESENTATION BY:
GGROUP2-AD1102
 Members:
ANOVA,ALTHEA EVANO,ROSS

TANGO-AN ,
ARAÑA,HANNY GRACE MAYBELLINE

VILLACAMPA,
TAQUIQUI, JUNE PRINCESS NICOLE
HOW SOCIETY IS
ORGANISED
Society is a social system that is composed of people assigned to perform a definite task and
function in a social system called social institution. People have a tendency to form a group because
of their societal personality and maybe because they badly need it. But maybe in some cases both.

As Joan Baez sang in "No Man Is an Island," man has a societal personality, he cannot stand or live
alone. He needs the company of other people. Even the richest person in the universe who has
everything needs other people to do some job for theme. People need people to support their
needs.

A person has a diversity of needs like: social, spiritual, political, biological, economic. People need
love and be loved, foods to eat, shelter, clothing, and the security to his life and his properties.These
needs serve as motivating factors in the organization of a society. People form groups to meet and
satisfy their need for affection or love, food, clothing, and shelter. They want to belong and to have
security, or to uphold their political ambitions and gain recognition.
 WHAT IS A GROUP?

A group could be very small, such as a girl and a

boy talking to each other. Or it can be very huge,
such as thousands of people attending a prayer
rally. It can also be very intimate like a family or it
can be formal like employees of a business firm. A
group is constituted by two or more persons who
interact together and are together physically.
There are three requirements for a
group
1. THERE MUST BE TWO OR MORE PEOPLE,Even if you are with just one other
person,you are part of a group

2 THERE MUST BE INTERACTION,.If you meet a friend in a mall and each of you says
"hi." interaction has taken place.So interaction occurs when the action of one person
causes an-other person or persons to act. It consists of both an action and a
response.interaction involves the use of symbols. Symbol can be a word,gesture,facial
epressions or other ways of transmitting an idea. Most symbols take the form of
language. We talk to person and the person replies. We use symbols other than
language.

3. THE MEMBERS OF THE GROUP MUST BE TOGETHER PHYSICALLY,Talking to someone

over he phone,you are interacting but you are not a group since you are not together
physically.
 The concept of group is one of the important concerns of sociological inquiry To study
social behavior, one has to study the most common and most familiar of social
unit,which is the group (Homans 1950:2). Many sociologists claim that social interaction
or interpersonal behavior of group members is an important criterion in the concept. A
group may be temporary, like people in a basketball game, a group is composed of two
or more persons who have something in common, are interacting with each other, and
are guided by a set of norms. Sociologists observe the regularity and uniformities in a
group and analyze how the behavior of individuals is affected by the patterned ways of
the group. In so doing, they are able to predict the individuals' behavior.
Members of a group interact repeatedly and take each other into account by their norms.
Once they interact with one another, their interactions become patterned. The pattern
becomes the guide and controlling element in their behavior once it has been establish and
are being sustained over time and may continue as Members come and go interaction of
members of the group are the determined factor

The aggregate, the social category, and the collective are other forms of human clusters
that sociologists consider important.-
AGGREGATES

A group that is Basically are unstructured. The people are

found in one place but they do not interact with each other.
Occasionally, they may glance at each other and leave a sigh
of objection, but they are not worried about the opinions and
attitudes of others. This group is referred to as aggregate, the
important characteristic of which is the common physical
location.
SOCIAL CATEGORY

IS an agglomeration where members possess common

identifying status characteristics but do not interact socially,
These people may look similar in much important way like
biological features and so we can make distinctions on the
basis of sex, age, and race, income or social class, occupa-
tion, religion, political beliefs or ethnicity. It is imperative to
those people who belong to a certain social category to be
aware that they have common characteristics and identity.
These social categories often result in the development of According to (Fichter) the study of
groups social categories makes possible
the intelligent understanding of the
qualities and behavior of people
who are similar.
COLLECTIVE

Crowds, masses, public and social movements are

temporary groups ,Temporary groups are clusters of
people interacting with eachother but the interactions
are temporary or short-lived. They are composed of
clusters of people who share some kind of belief which
prepare them for action, instinctively forming a
temporary or short-lived
reallyygreatsite.com group. Leaders and symbols,
such as slogans, flags and em- blems can represent the
core of the members' connection to each other. They are
characterized by the unstructured development of norms
and organizations which oppose the existing norms and
organization in a society.
FACTORS THAT INCLUENCE GROUPS Santos (1984) details a
1970 deviant group of
13 boys in Metro
Manila,
GROUPS are form based on social interaction and
centered on marijuana
shared experiences, cultural interests,and objectives, possession and
these group are formed to satisfy social needs ,promote use,which became their
belonging,and to satisfy affective or economic needs friendship and group
identity
MOTIVATIONAL BASE SHARED BY INDIVIDUALS.
individuals form groups nased on shared needs interest,
desires,noble activites,insecurities or problems,Group action
can result from shared experiences and situations, Common
hobbies and shared causes can motivate group formation,
this concept applies t yhe development of association or
formal organization in modern societies.
 Size of the group
group size can range from two to a million members, with dyads being two members. The size is
subjective and can vary across cultures. As the group size increases, interactions change, with
family interactions being more personal and intimate, while university interactions are more
formal and impersonal.As a group size increases, characteristics such as leadership type, division
of labor

Gro structure, and communication pattern change. Small groups have fewer relationships, while
Larger groups require specialized leadership and more formal structures. In small groups,
members interact equally and have stabilized communication lines. Larger groups may divide
work among committees or smaller groups, facilitating informal communication
 TYPES OF GROUP GOALS
Structural patterns in social groups are influenced by their goals, with the organization's parts
determined to facilitate progress and block those that hinder it, as per Mc Gee's 1977 research.
Among local governments, for instance, what structural arrange- ment would be more
advantageous to the tracking down of its goals?

a. Old centralized bureaucratic structure with the national government executives exercising
control over the local units.

b. The other structure is one where local units have autonomy in some aspects of governance
and just coordinate in other matters with the national government.
THE KIND OF GROUP COHESION
This refers to the extent to which the members of a. group have the capability to
function and interact collectively in the direction of their goals. (Santos1984).
Group cohesion could be influenced by size, goals, and the possibility of attaining
the goals of the group. According to Santos (1984), the cohesion of a goup
depends on the degree to which the group has developed the notion of what
Georg Simmel calls a "code of honor" as reflected in the sense of honor of each
member. This could be illustrated in the achievement of family honor, the honor of
the members of the army or the honor of members in a business. Group cohesion
is also determined by the extent to which individuals' needs and interest are
satisfied.
Social organization
Social organization is a scientific concept developed by social scientists to study
society, culture,And personality,used in two different ways by sociologists.

Sol organization refers to the process of bringing order and significance to human
social life, it is rooted in social interaction
Itt is a regulated, patterned pattern of relationships that can observed in diverse
forms,from the least friendly group to the most intricate society.These Social
organizations form a large social web, encompassing
According to McGee (1977:132) there are certain identifying characteristics of social
organizations which is the following:

a.Differentiation in statuses and roles on the basis of sex, age, and ability which may be
observed in the activities of different types of people.
b. Recurrent connection between sets of activities and the repeated tendency for one
type of
social activity to follow regularly after another.
 c. A system of norms and values govern the social activities.

d. Control: Some persons control the behavior of others, and a

system of sanctions maintain
orderly behavior.

e. Repeated activities and behavior

Social organization is the structure of roles and statuses within
various social systems or
groups, which may overlap but each has its unique structure
 Social structure
Social structure refers to the network of roles and hierarchy of statuses within social
organizations, defining reciprocal expectations and power arrangements. It is an
abstraction that cannot be directly observed but is inferred from human behavior.
Social status refers to memmbers' positions in the hierarchy of power relations, with
roles being the dynamic aspect oofthe status,roles convey ideal standards of behavior
and guide individuals in fulfilling their duties and obligations

In a family, various statuses are present, including husband, wife, daughter,

father,mother, brother, and sister. A father holds a status with accepted duties and
obligations, such as providing, loving, protecting, disciplinarian, and modeling good
behavior. However, these roles are mutually interdependent, and each member places
their role in relation to othe
 SOCIAL FUNCTION
Social function refers to the outcomes of actions within a specific social
structure,including the activities of individuals in specific statuses. It influences
adaptation and adjustment, as seen in families' roles in producing offspring,
socializing, and providing security.

In Philippine society, the family and related kinship groups form the basic social structure,
expressing local authority, rights, and obligations. Kinship determines interpersonal and
intergroup movements, and group alliances are formed based on these bases.
 TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS
Social groups vary in size, interaction quality, purpose, structure, and combinations.
Classifications include primary and secondary groups, in-group and out-group,
Gemeinschaft and Gesselschaft, formal and informal groups, and ideal types. These
classifications help understand actual or real types by comparing and analyzing
existing conditions or situations. Gemeinschaft and Gessellschaft

GEMEINSCHAFT and GESSELSCHAFT

Ferdinand Toennies (1951:82) developed a similar primary-secondary group
dichotomy, dividing it into Gemeinschaft (close communal relationships) and
Gessellschaft (organized impersonal relationships or society)
 A GEMEINSCHAFT is a community of individuals with close personal and family ties,
based on "natural will"and total personalities it consists of large family groups and
with activities, interests, and personalities centered on shared interests. Members are
bound to the community, living and working together, sharing a common language,
traditions, and customs. Unity is based on similar objectives, traits, and experiences,
exemplifying "mechanical
solidarity

GESSELSCHAFT a public life group with impersonal, secondary, contractual, and

Rational relationships. Members are rational wills guided by forethought and decisio
making. Interpersonal relationships are contractual and formal, guided by specific
rules and business-like agreements, allowing members to coexist independently
a large secondary group,Durkheim called this "organic" solidarity based on
differences in objectives and specialization. Despite challenges, Gesellschaft has
benefits like mass production, efficiency, and material advantages,
 THE PRIMARY GROUP AND SECONDARY GROUP
Primary group relationships consider an individual's total personality,
involving intimate, face-to-face interactions, strong communication, and
personal satisfaction. Family relationships are crucial, as they are intimate and
private. Social groups are classified into small, intimate
primary groups and large impersonal secondary groups
Charles W. Cooley introduced the concept of "Primary group" in 1957, describing it as follows:

1. “Primary groups” involve intimate face-to-face association and cooperation,

fundamentally shaping an individual's social nature and ideals. This fusion of
individualities forms a common whole, forming a "We" feeling of sympathy and Mutual
identification. One's self is a part of the group's life and purpose, guiding their chief
aims.
 2. “Primary groups”, such as family and friends, are small, intimate structures
where personalities fuse into a common whole, serving as the building blocks of larger
society, foster a sense of togetherness, belonging, and sympathy, with informal social
control and pakikisama, promoting a collective mindset.

3. Relationships can be intimate or indirect, such as pen-pals or phone-pals. However,

close physical proximity doesn't necessarily lead to personal relationships, as seen in
classrooms, sales, or chess groups. A tyrant family with constant conflicts may not
function as a primary group

4. Primary groups are the initial social groups a person joins, shaping their personality
and self-concept. They provide experiences in love, affection, sympathy, kindness,
rigjt and rong, virtues, and a sense of personal worth. These groups also serve as a
sourxe of social control and cohesion, connecting individuals to society.
 Family is the PRIMARY GROUP, followed by play groups, friendship or peer groups
gangs,sxhool,Groups, and cliques in large impersonal organizations.

SECONDARY GROUPare business-like, impersonal, casual, and contractual, with

rational,
individualistic, and segmental interpersonal relationships. They consist of
heterogeneous members and communicate through various channels. The focus is on
enchancing skills and specialized knowledge, contributing to efficient societal
functioning
 SECONDARY GROUP RELATIONSHIP

Secondary group relationships are casual, temporary, and limited in personal

Involvement they focus on an individual's function within the group, rather than their
Entire personality, employers may hire someone who can perform the same function, such
as a construction worker.SECONDARY GROUP Iimpose conformity

In-Groups and Out-Groups

Groups can be categorized as in-group and out-group, based on an individual's sense of
belonging. In-group members form a social unit with boundaries, separating "we" from
"They", this separation is crucial for understanding collective phenomena, solidarity,
cooperation ,conflict, and discrimination patterns between ethnic groups
 THE IN-GROUP
In-groups provide individuals with a sense of belonging, solidarity,
camaraderie and protective ttitude towards others. They share common norms, activities,
express togetherness through expressions like "engaged in these activities," "loyalty to
each goals and background and help one another," and "working for the welfare of society
However some in group identities may overlap, causing conflict within a group.
THE OUT-GROUP
out-group is often viewed as outsiders by the in-group, often mocked or criticized due to
lack of contact. Stereotypes of the out-group, such as "headhunters" or "dirty pigs," often
Exist, labeling them with negative connotations such as mayabang (arrogant) or kuripot
(tightwad).

REFERENCE GROUP
reference group refers to significant groups that serve as models for us, even if we are not
part of the group. These groups are important to us as they influence our judgments and
Values an individual takes the reference group as personal reference and identifies with
Them consciously or subconsciously. The central aspect of the reference group is self-
identification rather than actual membership .
 STEREOTYPES
Stereotypes are group-shared images of another group, often positive or negative, applied
indiscriminately to all members of the stereotyped group, without considering
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