WH 454485u 0566506 180 om NORME CEl INTERNATIONALE IEC INTERNATIONAL 1109 STANDARD se ANENDEMENT 1 ‘AMENDMENT 1 1935-04 Amendement 1 Isolateurs composites destinés aux lignes aériennes courant alternatif de tension nominale supérieure & 1000 V— Définitions, méthodes d'essai et critéres d'acceptation Amendment 1 Composite insulators for a.c. overhead lines with a nominal voltage greater than 1 000 V - Definitions, test methods and acceptance criteria ©CEI1205 Drie do ceprecacion verde — Copyight — al ighte vesanvod eva Cota ein Cems Ecctcniq buaalnale 3,060 Varanins Contre, Gale Commission Eleevowetriqs nenatinale CODE PRIX Iomatoraltecretecinesiconsisses PRICECODE = E fo Perrier viene (evan soc coneteaaigee 1 inermational Electrotechnical CommasTon 56:38 2008 ight by 1 16mm uau4a91 0586588 153 a 1109 Amend. 1 @IEC-1995 FOREWORD This amendment has been prepared by IEC technical committee 36: Insulators, e The text of this amendment is based on the following documents: . os Ropar on veting 95/1150018 36115808 sertemnvo Full information on the voting for the approval of this amendment can be found in the report on voting indicatod in the above table. Page 11 2 Normative roforonces Insert, in the existing list, tho titles of the following standards: IEC 707: 1981, Methods of test for the ination of the flammability of solid electrical Ingvlating materials when exposed to an igniting source 10 9452: 1964, Non-destructive testing - Penotrant inspoction - General principles Page 19 5 Design tests ‘Add, on page 28, the following new subclause: 58 Flammabilty test This test is intended to check the housing material for ignition and sett properties. atinguishing 5.5.1 Test procedure ‘The test shall be pertormed according to IEC 707, method FV. 5.5.2 Evaluation of the test . ‘The test is passed if the test specimen belongs to catecory FVO incicated in IEG 707. ‘Copyright by tho intemational ETedirotechnical Commission ‘Mon Oct 26 09:56:47 2008mm 4844593 058590 LOL mm 1109 Amend. 1 © IEC:1995 -5- Page 29 6 Typetests Replace, on page 21, tho existing ttle and toxt of 6.4 by the following: G4 Mechanical load timo test and tos! of the tightness of the interface between end ttings and insulator housing 6.4.1 Test specimens Four insulators taken from the production line shall be tested. In the ease of long insulators, specimens may be manufactured, assembled on the production tine, with an insulation length (metal to metal spacing) not less than 800 mm. Beth metal fittings shall be the same as on standard production insulators. The fitings shall be assembled such that the insulating pert from the fiting te the closest shed should be identical to that of the production line insulator. The insulators shall be examined visually ano checked that the dimensions conform with the drawing and then be subjected to the mechanical routine test according to 8.2, 6.42 Porformance of the test 4) The four specimens are subjected to a tensile losd applied between tho couplings at ambient temperature. The tensile load shall be increased rapidly but smoothly trom ‘zero up to 70 % of the SML and then maintained at this value for 96 h, b) Both ends of one of the four specimens shall, at the end of the 96 h test, be sub: Jected to crack indication, by dye penetiation, in accordance with ISO 3452. on the housing in the zone embracing the complete length of the interlace between the housing and metal fitting and including an additonal area, sufficiently extended, beyond the end of the metal part. ‘The indication shalt be performed in ihe following way: = the surface shall be properly pre-cleaned with the cleaner = the penetrant, which shail act during 20 min, shallbe applied on the cleaned surtace; = the surtace shall be cleaned with the excess penetiant removed and dried; = the developer shall be applied, if necessary: = the surface shall be inspacted. Some housing materials may be penetrated by the penetrart. In such cases evidence shall be provided to validate the interpretation of the resus Afler the penetration test the specimen shall be Inspected. If any cracks occur, the housing and, i necessary, the metal ftings and the core shall be cut perpendicularly to ‘the crack in the middie of the widest of the indicated cracks, into two halves. The surface of the two halvos shall then be investigated for the depth of the cracks. ©) The three remaining specimens are then again subjected 10 a tensile toad applied between the couplings at ambien! tomporature. Tho toncile toad shall be increasod . rapidly but smoothly from zero to approximately 75 % ot the SML and then gradually inereased in a time botwoen 30 ¢ 10 00 ¢ to the SML. If 100 % of the SML is reachad in less than 90 s, the load (100 % of SML) shall be maintained for the remainder of the 90 8. (This test is considered to bo equivalent to a 1 min withstand test at SL.) ‘Copyright by the Intemational Elockrotochnical Com ‘Mon Oct 28 09:56:48 2008,mm 454485) OS8bS92 434 om 1103 Amend. 1 © IEC.1995 ? In orcer to obtain more information trom the test, unlecs spocial reasons apply (lo instance the maximum tensile load of tne tes! machine), the load may be increased until the failing load is reached, anc ite valuo recorded, 6.43 Evaluation of the test The test is passed it: = no failure (breakage or complete pull-out of the core, or fracture of the metal titing) ‘occurs either during the 96 h test al 70 % of the SML (6.4.2 a)) or during tho 1 min 100 % withstand test at SML (6.4.2 c)) = no cracks aro indicated by the dye penetration method described in 6.4.2 b): = the investigation of the halves cescrived in 6.4.2 b) shows clearly thal the cracks do ‘not reach the cove Page 33 ‘Add the (ollowirg new subciause after 6.4: 68 Radio intereronce test The need to perform the test and the maximum acceptable level of radio interference are based on agreomont botwoon purchaser and manufacturer. ‘The test shall be performed according to IEC 497 and the insulator should be tested with fiold grading rings, if applicable. 7 Sampling tests Replace, on page 35, tne existing tite and text of 7.4 by the following, 7.4 Verifation of tightness of the interiace between end fitings and insulator housing (E2) and of the specified mechanical load, SML (EY) 18) One insulator, sclected randomly {rom the sample E2, shall be subjacted to crack Indication by oye penetration, in accordance with ISO 3462, on the housing in the zone ‘embracing the complete length of the interface between the housing and metal fitting ‘and including an additional area, sutticiently extended, beyond the end of the metal part. ‘The indication shall be performed in the following way: = the surtace shall be properly pre-cleaned with the cleaner; = the penetrant, which shall act during 20 min, shall be epplied on the cleaned surface; = within § min after the application of the penetrant, the insulator shall be sub- jected, at the ambient temperature, to a tensile toad o! 70 % of the SML, applied between the metelfitinge; the tensile load shall be increased rapidly but smoothly ‘rom zero up to 70 % of the SML, and then maintained at this value for t min the surface shall be cleaned with tne excess penetiant removed, and dried; = the developer shall be applied, it necessary ‘Sopyiight by the Intemational Electrotechnical Comm ‘Mor Oct 26 03:56:50 2008Wm ygu4a9d OS8L594 257 mm 1109 Amend, 1 @ 1E¢:1995 Some housing materiale may be penetrated by the penetrent. In such cases evidence shall be provided to valiate the interpretation of ihe results. After the 1 min test at 70 % of ihe SML, I any cracks occur, the housing and, it necessary, the metal fitings ang the core shall be cut, perpendicularly to the crack in ‘the midale of the widest of the incicateg cracks, Into Iwo halves. The surface of the two . haves shal then be investigatod for the depth of the cracks. ) The insulators of the samole €1 shall De subjected at ambient temperature to @ tensile load, applied belween the couplings. Tho tensile load shall be increased rapicly but smoothly irom zero to approximately 75 % of the SML and then be gradually increased to the SML in a time between 90s 1090 s. 11 100 % of the SML is reached in less than 99 s, the load (100 % of the SML) shal be maintained for the remainder of the $0 s. (This test is corsidered to be equivalent 10 & 1 min withstand test at the SML.) In order t0 obtain more information from the test, unless special reasons epply (for in- stance the maximum tensile load of the test machine), the load may be increased until the falling load Is reached, ang iis value recorded. The insulators have passed this test if = no failure (breakage or complete pull-out of the core, or fracture of the metal fitting) ‘occurs ether during tne ¥ min 70 % wilnstard test (a}) of during the 1 min 100 % withstand tost (0) = no cracks ere indicated alter the dye penetration method éescribed in 7.4 a); = the investigation of the halves described in 7.4 e) shows clearly that the cracks do ‘not reach the cove Sopyaight by the Intemational Elecirotechaieal Commission Mon ct 26 08:56:51 2008wm ounean Publications de ta CEI préparees par le Comité a’Biudes n? 36 (sule) yan ase, 197 0580) nsaste, noe 1982) 1211 984) 1245 4989) 1264 4994) 1325 0998), Cemedsniqnes des ivolateue rites sec euinance Hsidele des dénens de Sine Fiquedh dulecrgue aide pour hei Thos copies devin an Ege anonaet {esac abema Ge yexson comieale 098 fieate 41000 V = Dailies, mahoces ¢ esa Slentre ception ‘meadement (1995) 1 om mabe craiqu 00 en verre dex ‘na nun lignes a€enees de seston mona ‘ptneirek | 000 ¥ Esl ae perfonion. Exar de pollen aiciole oe isteoes Envelopes later 4008 pression en maitre camigue poor aparilage haste tenn, Toles pou ijn atreoner de tcaion somal wpeneure 41 000 ~Elémens ev [itu en starigne oon vere poor yates oun contin ~ Dion, muhod fe enmees cepa, Pabzaton 1109 056b5% 927 mm LEC publications prepared by Technical Committee No. 36 (continued) san ae, vor a9) s1s.09t6, 1169 1999 nu a999 1248 1995) 641999 1325 1999) (Chacaternieoftine pout iaslaors. endoat srengh of seieg fsuior Cite fr the sles of isan in expect of polled conto, Comporteinistn orn. overhead ies wi ‘nominal volge peter dan 1 000 V'= Dei ‘ion fen nededs and wccqpance cried ‘Amend! | (1995). Inausion of ceranie mated cusihed Tins eh somal vobage quer Arica! pollion tite on high-vlage Ceramic presssaed holo inser fr hh olge mtehgeas and coneoigeat Aeaalaore for ovetead ges with « cominal stage ove 1000 Y ~ Carmi a gat iesulator nis for 4. systems = Dsfinons, st made sed aceasta Typed pie yd IEC Canal Ofc ‘GENEVA SWITZERLAND ‘Sopyaght by the Internabonal Elactrotschnieal Commiesion ‘Mon Oet 26 09:56:62 2008TEC 3409 92 MM 4844S OSONO7Y 1 mm NORME CEI INTERNATIONALE IEC INTERNATIONAL 1109 STANDARD negates Isolateurs composites destinés aux lignes aériennes a courant alternatif de tension nominale supérieure a 1 000 V - Définitions, méthodes d’essai et critéres d'acceptation Composite insulators for a.c. overhead lines with a nominal voltage greater than 1 000 V - Definitions, test methods and acceptance criteria _ = ( Numéro derétéronce Foforenco number EINES 1109: 1982 Copytightby the International Electrotechnical Commission Mon Oct 26 08:86:53 2008TEC 2109 92 MM 48uuB9L 0504075 3 mw Révision de la présente publication ‘Le contenu technique dee publications de le CET est cont taummentrevu pula Commission afin €'eearer qu'il eb bien état actual del technique. Les renseignements relate A co travel do sévision, & YVéuttissement des Sitlonso6viées et aux mises & Jour peuvent ‘ize obienue aupide dor Cease nationaux de Ia CET et en consultant le documents ci-dessous: Balletin ein CET ‘AnauairedeIn CEX ‘Catalogue des publications de le CET Puabliéanaellemeat ‘Terminologie [Bn ce qul coscere Is temninologie générale, le Inteur wt ‘repottera 3 Ia Publiewtion $0 de In CEI: Vorabulire Electo- fedtique Intemational (VED, qui est ésblic sous forme de chapites véparée unite chocun d'un mje difiat, Madox ira dnt publiswéparément Des détails complet su le VE peuvent te obtense ni demance, Las termes ot définitions figurant dans ln prente publication conte oi reps dx VE, ot apélfiquemest spprowvés aux Sint de ct publication. ‘Symboles graphiques et littéraux Pour ler aymboles graphiquee, ymboles linémux et sgnes ‘wage génénl approuvés par Ie CBI, lelestou conmltens — ln Pubtication 27 de Ia CRT: Symbols litérux diver en leerteching — le Publication 617 de la CEL: Spmbelex gmphiquet pour chéroae Les symbole ot signes centerme dare In pbvente publication coat soit reps dos Publications 27 o1 617 de Ie CEL, vit tpésiiquement approovés aux ine de.cette pbliction Publications dela C EI établies par le méme Comité d'Etudes Listenton da lectear ext atiede aur le deiéme feailet deta ‘ouvernre, qui Gnumtre Tes publicaiens de Ia CB priparéen parle Comil€d’Enudes qi « ttl laprétectepublicton, Copytight by tho International Electrotechnical Commission ‘Mon Oct 26 08:56:58 2008 Revision of this publication “The técical conent of 1B Cpubstons ia kept under 00 ‘eant review by the TEC, duis ebsuring tha the cent relecs ‘oureat technology. Information on the work of revision, the issue « revived ei dons end amendment abecte mey Ue obtained from TEC [National Cenittees end from the folowing TE Cavuvos TECRalletin LEC Yearbook Catalogue IEC Pobileations Published yeasty ‘Terminology Fer general teminelogy, readers are zefored 0 TEC Pubt- ‘caioa $0: Tnfemeiiene! Hlectotechrieal Vootulary OEV), ‘hich ts fsved inthe form of separate chopten each dealing Ivith a mpecifc field, the General Index being publishes Tepucaie booklet, Full detale of the TEV sll te wopplid on requee. “The terms and deflaiéone contained inthe present publicaion hve ether been taken from the IEV or have been speifically approved forthe purpose of thie pabicntion, Graphical and letter symbols For graphical rymtols, ard leter symbols and signs approved bby the ELC for genera oe, reader ate relemed 0: — LEC Peblication 27: Lever epmbols o be wed in clecticl techaclogyt — 1B€ Publication 617: Graphical symbots for diagrams ‘The eymitols and signs conned in the presi publication have ether ben taken from TEC Publications 27 of 617, oF fave been spectealy approved forthe purpose ofthe pubiouion. IEC publications prepared by the same ‘Technical Committee “The aterton of readers Ss dram fo the bade coves, whlch Lists TEC. publications ismed by the Tectnedl Coramitee “which hex pepared the present poblcntin,TEC 109 92 MM WSUUETL OSOKO7L 5 mm NORME CEI INTERNATIONALE IEC INTERNATIONAL 1109 STANDARD Periatedtion 1992-03, Isolateurs composites destinés aux lignes aériennes a courant alternatif de tension nominale supérieure a 1000 V — Définitions, méthodes d'essal et critéres d’acceptation Composite insulators for a.c. overhead lines with a nominal voltage greater than 1 000 V- Definitions, test methods and acceptance criteria ©CEI 1882 Droits Ga reproducton réservée— Copyright ~ allrghts vowed uo is panned erin suas onal dotaCenimbsan Ehetoncnnavenaretorle 3,1 > Yarnbh Ganive, Suse cone PRIX pricecooe §=W. Copyright bythe Intomstional Electrotechnical Commission ‘Mon Get 25 09:66:64 2009TEC L205 92 MM WAuyaaL CSOND76 9 mm 1108 @ EO. -9- CONTENTS FOREWORD INTRODUCTION . ai a 4 Scope and object nnems 2 Normative referenc98 vsnsnns 3 Definitions 4 Classitication of tests 5 Design tests © Type tests 7 Sampirg tests 8 Routine tests Figures ANNEXES Frincipales of the mecharical terete lead-time tests for composite insulators B Example of two possible devices for sudden release of load © Agoing tast urder operating voltage simulating weather conditions .. D— Summary oftesis, Copyright by the Intemational Electretechrical Commiseion Men Oct 28 D¢:66:58 2009 1 1 13 ” ” 2 3 a7 38 43 gTEC 1409 92 MM UBY4851 0504080 7 mm 1100 @ IEC. INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION COMPOSITE INSULATORS FOR A.C. OVERHEAD LINES WITH A NOMINAL VOLTAGE GREATER THAN 1 000 V ~ DEFINITIONS, TEST METHODS AND ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOREWORD 1) The formal decisions or agreements ol the EC on technical matters, prepared by Tectnical Committees 2h which sll the Natoral Gomitove having a agecial fitorost throin ava reprasonted, express, 28 noe? fs gossiba, an Intarnationsl concensus of opinion on the subjects dea with 2 They heve the foim ef recemmandétions for inimational use and they sre aczeptad ty the Navionel Commltaee in tha saree the wish that sll National Comite cules In 0 fa a rational conditions wil 9 corespordetg rational ules should, as 2) In ordor t» promete interrational uritcation, the IEC oxps Should acapt te txt hw IEC lation for their perm, Ary ci receamaraation forte poll the lator ‘This international Standard has been prepared by IEC Technical Committe No. 96: Insulators, “The text of this standard Is based on the following documents: os Repo on vowng eportonVatng soieoyrt ae(co7e a8(60)77 6100078 Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the Voting Reports indicated in the above table, Annexes A, B, © and D are for taformation only Copyright by the lntornational Electrotechnical Commission on oct 28 08:56:57 200892 MM Wau4B93 O50N082 O mE 1109@ IEC, -7- INTRODUCTION Composita insulators consist of an insulating core, Dearing the mechanical load protected by @ polymeric housing, the load being transmitted to the core by metal fitings. Despite these common features, the materials used and the construction details employed by olfferent manufacturers may be quite difterent ‘Some tests have been grouped togettier as “Design tests", to be performed only onc on Insulators which satisfy the eamo design conditions, As far as practical, the influence of time on the electrical ano mechanical propertias of the components (core meterial, housing, interfaces ote.) and of the complete composite insulatars has been considered in specifying the design tasts to ensure a satisiactory lfe-time under normally known stress, ‘conditions of transmissicn lines. The pollution tests, according to 1EC 507, are not Included in this Standard as being generally not applicable, Even if the olestrie strongth under pollution conditions decreases during the life-time, the withstand and flashover voltages will sill be, in most cases, high ‘enough for service oparation at the correct string longth. However, the ageing affects of pollution discharges on the surface of the composite insulator have been covered by & Tong duration test (tracking and erosion test). Bosides pollution, other factors such as intense solar radiation and trecuant temperature inversions with condensation can influence the ageing of the housing of the insulator. It has no! been considered usetul to specity a power arc test zs a mandatory fest. The tost parameters are menifold end ecn havo very different values depending on the onfigurations of the network and the design of arc-piotection devices, Moreover, power arc tests on several composite inoulalo-s havo shown no reduction of the mechanical strength of the cors, Also, thare Is no permanent change in the properties of the housing materials used. In the cesign of motel fitings the healing effect of power arcs should be considered. Any possibie damage to the metal fittings, resuliing from the magnitude end uration of the short cirouit-current should be avoided by properly designed arc-protection devicas. This standard, however, does not exclude the possbillly of a power arc tost ky fagraement belween the user and manufacturer. A standard power arc test procedure Is at present being considered by Sub-Committee 36 B: Insulators tor overhead lines. Some types of motal fitings are prone te reveal a certain slip between the metal pari and the core when suomitted to a tensile load. A suitable test to conirel the slip and iis poselblo offects such ae eracks or separation between the metal fittiig and the Nousing is still under study. ‘Acuiteble flammability test has not yet reached spacification stage and cannot, therefore, 'b2 considered in this standard. ‘The mochanism of brittie fracture, experienced so far on a limited number of insulators of particular design, i sill under investigation by the CIGRE®, so that no test procedure can bo specified at the presant stage. + Intemational Conference on Large Mich Voltage Elacte Systems. Copyright by the international Electrotechnical Commision ‘Mon Oct 26 08:56:55 2008TEC 1109 92 MM 4844652 504064 4 mm 1109 IEC ‘This standard does not include radio Interference tests. For Information only, reference may b¢ made to IEC «37, In some cases ~ pollution or corona ~ field grading devices may have to be considered for ‘composite insulators: ‘Torsion withstand tests for Insulators whose couplings co not give total rotational freedom are not yat inoluded in thie standard. ‘The possiulity of an Interface test as a sampling test (for instance @ steep front impulse test) has boon considered. A reliable test has not been found so tar. ‘The above mentioned problems aro the object of further consideration by Techrical Committee No. 96: Insulators. Principles of mechanical taneile load-time tests for selaction of composite insulators are presanted in annex A. Copyright by the Intornetional Electrotechnical Commiscion ‘Mon Get 26 08:86:58 2009TEC b109 52 MM WEUUBS) OSOWOSL 6 mm 1100 @ EC, =e COMPOSITE INSULATORS FOR A.C. OVERHEAD LINES WITH A NOMINAL VOLTAGE GREATER THAN 1 000 V ~ DEFINITIONS, TEST METHODS AND ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA 1 Scope and object This Intemational Standard 1s applicable to composite insulators for use as cuspensionitension line insulators, but it is to be noted that these insulators can ‘occasionally be subjected to compression or bending, for example when used as phaso-spacers, Compesite insulators designed primarily to resist bending loads, e.g. line post Insulators, are not included in the scope of this Standerd. This standard deals with those composite insulators which include a “core” and a “hausing’. The core is usually made of resin-impregnated glass fibres. The housing can be manufactured irom a variety of materials including alastomers (e.g. silicone, ethylene-propylene}; resins (e.g. cyclealiphatic epoxy); or tiuorocarbons (e.g. polytetrafiuoroathylene) Tho object of this Standard ie to: = define the terms used: + presoribe test methods; prosoribe acceptance criteria, ‘This standard does not include requirements dealing with tha choice of Insulators tor specific oporating conecitions. 2 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through ceference in this text, constitute provisions of this Internationsl Standard. At the tima of publication, the editions indicated ‘were valld, All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based en this International Standard are encouraged to invesligate the possibility of applying the most recent ecitions of the standards listed below, Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers ‘of currently valid International Standards. IEC 60-1: 1989, High-voltage test techniques - Part 1: Gonoral definitions and test requirements. IEC 120: 1984, Dimensions of ball and socket couplings of string insulator units, IEC 282: 1986, Test on insulators of caramic material or glass for overhead lines with @ nominal voltage greater than 1 000 V. IEC 437: 1973, Radio interference test on high-voltage insulators. IEC 507: 1901, Artificial pollution tests on high-voltage insulators to be used on an a.0, system. Copyright by tho iniomnational Electrotechnical Commission Mon Oct 26 08:87:01 2008TEC 1305 92 MH 4844852 0504088 > mm 11096 EC -13- IEC 818: 1986, Guige for tne selection of insulators in respect of polluted concitions: 3 Definitions For the purpose of this International Standard, the following cetlnitions apply: 3.1. composite insulator: composite insulator is one made of at least two Insulating parts, namely a core and @ housing equipped with metal fitings, Composite ineulators, for ‘example, can consist elther of individual sheds mounted on the core, with or without an intermadiate sheath, or alternatively, of a housing directly moulded or cast in one or soveral places on to the core 8.2 core of a composite insulator: The core Is the internal Insulating part of @ composite insulator end is designed fo oncure the mechanical characteristics, The core usually consists of glass fibres which are positioned in a resin-based matrix in such @ menace as to achieve meximum tonsile etrongth, 2.9 ‘€ore diameter: The core diameter is either: the geometric diameter of a core of circular section, 1, + 29{BiRy for a core with non-circular cross section of area A. 3.4 housing and sheds of a composite Insulator: The housing is the external Insulating part of an insulator which provides the necessary creepage cistance and protects the core trom the weather. An intermediate shaath made of insulating material is a part of the housing, A shed Is a projecting part of the housing intended to inorease the eroopage distance, The sheds can be with or without ribs, 3.8 Interfaces of @ composite Insulator: An interface is the suriace between the different materials oF parts of the composite insulator. Various interfaces occur in most composite insulators, €.0 = between glass flores and impregnating resin; between tiller particles and polymer; between core and housing: = between various paris of the housing; between sheds, or between sheath and sheds; = between housing, core and metaifitings. 8.6 metal fitting of @ composite Insulator: The motal fitting is a device forming part of a composite insulator, intended to connect it 10 a supporting structure, or to a conductor, of fo an item of equipmont, or to another insulator. 3.7 connection zone: Zone whare the mechanical load is transmitted between the fod and the metal fting. Copyright by the Intemational Electrotechnical Commission ‘Mon Get 26 08:67:02 2008TEC 1109 S2 M™ 4644891 0504090 T = 1100 @ Ee -15- 3.8 coupling: The coupling is the part of the metal filing wnich transmits the load to the aczessories external to the composite Insulator. : 3.9 tracking: Tracking 's an irreversible degravatlon by formation of pattis starting and Zoveloping on the euriace of an insulating material. These paths are conductive even Under dry conditions, Tracking can occur on surfaces in contact with air and also on the Intortaces botweon diferent insulating materials. 8.10 treeing: Traeing is an itreversibie degradation consisting of the formation of ‘microchannels within the material which can be conducting or non-conducting. Those ‘miero-channels ean progressively extend through the bulk of the material until electrical fallure coours. 8.11 erosion: Erosion is an irrevorsibio and non-conducting degradation of the surface ‘of the insulator that occurs by loss of material, This can be uniform, localised or tree-shaped, NOTE - Shalow suraca vaces. commonly te¢-shapeé can coeut cn comocsis Insulators, e8 on caren Inculatoe, ltr portal fashavor, Thovo taoor ae enabjectincable as tong #8 they a When thoy are eorductve they ae classed ae tasking 9.12 chalking (flouring): Chalking i the appearanca of some particles of the filler of the housing material forming @ rough or powdery surface. 8.19 Grazing: Crazing is made of surface micro-trastures of dopthe approximately 0,01 mm to 0.1 mm, 8.14 crack: Any surface fracturs of cepths greater then 0,1 mm, 2.18 hydrolysis phenomena: Hydrolysis phenomena, due to water penetration in liquid fotmn of as water vapour, can take place in the materials of the composite ineulator which can lead to electrical and/or mechanical degradation 3.16 specifiad mechanical load (SML): The SL's the load specified by the manutacturer which is used for mochanioal teste in thie etandard. Ut forms the basis of the selactian of composite insulators according to annex A. 3.17. routine test load (ATL): The ATL is the load apolied to all assembled composite insulators during a routine mashianical test (see 2.3) Copyright by the Intemational Electrotechnical Commission Mon Get 26 08:57:03 2098,TEC 4209 92 ME 4auyamy osouDs2 1100 @ 10 -17- 4 Classification of tests 4.1 Design tests “Tho design tests are intended to verity the suitability of the design. materials and method of manufacture (technology). When a composite insulator is submitied to the design teste, the results shall be considered valid for the whole class of insulators which are represented by the one tested and having the following characteristios = same materials tor the core, and sheds a = same matorial of the titings, the same design, and the same method of attachment; 1d seme manufacturing method; = + same of greater layer thickness of the shed material over the core (including & sheath where used) = came of emaller ratio o! the highest system voltage to insulation fength: = * same or smaller ratio of all mechanical loads to the smallest core diameter botwoen fittings; - * same or greater diameter of tho core. ‘Tho tested composite insulators shall be identified by a drawing giving all the dimensions with the manufacturing tolerances. Subsequently, i there are small variations In tho esign data of not more than 18 % for characteristics marked with *, the design tests shatl ‘not be repeated. 42 Type tests “The type tests are intendad fo verily the main characteristics of a composite insulator, which depend mainly on its shape and size, Type tests shall be applied to composite insulators, the class of which has passad the casign tests. They shall be repeated only ‘when the type or material of the composite insulator is changed (see Clause 6). 48° Sampling tests ‘The sampling tests are for the purpose of verifying other characteristics of composite insulators, including those which depend on the qualty of manufacture and on the mate- fials used. They are made on insulators taken at random from lots offered for acoaptanee, 44° Routine tests ‘The alm of these tests Is 10 eliminate composite insulators with manufacturing detects. ‘They aro made en evary eamposite insulator offered for acceptance. Copyrightby the International Electrotechnical Commission Mon Get 26 08:87:05 2008TEC L209 92 mM yauuagy 050409U 7 am 1109 © IEC. -9- 6 Desicn tests ‘Thase tests consist of four parts as described in 6.1, 5.2, 6.9 and 5.4. The design tests are performed only once and the results are recorded in a tes! report. Each part can be performad Independently on new test specimens where appropriate. The composite Insulator of a particular design will be qualified only when all insulators oF test specimens: ‘pass the design tests, in the given sequence defined within the §.1, 5.2, 5.3 and 6.4, A summary of these tests is given in annex D. 5.1 Teste on interfaces and connections of metal ftings S.1.4 Test specimens and preliminary tests ‘Three Insulaiors assembled on the production ling shall be tested. The insulation length (motal to metal spacing) shal be not less than 800 mm. Both metal fittings shall be the same as on standard production insulators, The metal fitings shall be assembled so that ‘the insulating part from the fitting to the closest shed shall be identical to that of the production line Insulator. The insulators shall be examined visuelly and it shall be checked that the dimensions conform with the drawing. Thay shall then be subjected to the mechanical routine test according to 8.9, NOTE - H me manutacturar only has facies to procuco insulators shorter than 800 am, Ee cesign tests may be pectormed.on Insulators ef those leeghhs availabe to him, bu! the results ar enly Vali for up the Tangthe toted 6.1.2 Dry power frequency voltage test This test is parfarmad as @ base fo evaluate the results of the test in 5.1.4.3. On the three specimens the dry powor frequency flashover voltago shall bo determined by averaging five flashover vokages on each speciman. The average tlashover voltage shall bo corrected to normal standard atmospheric conditions as mentioned in IEC 60-1. The flashover voltage shall be obtained by increasing the voltage linearly from zero within t min, 8.1.8 Prestressing ‘The tests shall be carried out on the three sgecimens in the sequence as incicated below, 8.1.8.1 Sudden load release test With the insulator at ~20 °C to ~25 °C, every test specimen is subjected to five suddon load roloases from a tensile load amounting to 30 % of the SML, nore. 1 Annex B descctes tae examples of posite devises lor sudden Lond rotease 2 Incortsin ee of epplicaion a lowor emparsure maybe select by agent Copyright by the Intamational Electrotechnical Commi Mon Oct 26 08:67:06 2009,“TEC Lb09 92 MH 484489 OSONOAL O MM 1109 @1EC -21 6.1.8.2 Thormal-meohanical test The specimens are submitted to” the thermal variations under a continuous mechanical load @3 deserived in figure 1, the 24 h thormal eyele being repeated four times. Each 24 h cycle has two temperature levels with @ duration of at least 6 h, one at 450 °C 2 5 K, the other at -95 °C £5 K, The tests can be conducted in air or any other euitable medium, The appliad machanical load shall be equal to the ATL (at least 50 % of the SH) of the specimen. The speciman shall be loaded al ambient temperature before beginning the first thermal cycle. The test may be interrupted for maintenance for @ total duretion of 4 h and rostartod alter Interruption, the cycle remaining valid Before commencing the test, tho spacimens will be loaded at the ambien! temperature by at Ieest 5 % of the SML for 1 min, during which the length of the specimens will be measured to an accuracy of 0,5 mm. This longth will be considared to be the reference length. Aer the test the length will again be measured in a similar manner at the same load and at the original specimen temperature (this is done in order to provide ‘some adcitional information about the relative mavernent of the metal tings). 5.1.8.3 Water immersion test Tho specimens shall be kent immersed in a vassal, in bolling deionized water with 0.1 % by weight of NaCl, for 42 h. At the end of tolling. tne specimens shall remain in the vessel urtll the water cools to approximately 50 °C and maintained at this temporature in the vessel until vatifieation tests start in the following sequence, 5.4.4 Verification tests ‘The time interval between the following Individual tests (5.1.4.1, 9.1.4.2, and 5.1.4.9) shall be such that the verification taste aro comploted within 48 fh 5.141 Visual examination The housing of each specimen ie inepocted vieualy, No cracks ara permissible. 84.4.2 Stoop-iront impuise voltage tost The tast specimens are to be titled with sharp-edged electrodes (consisting of clips, €.9. made of @ copper strip approximately 20 mm wide and less than 1 mm thick). These electrodes are fitted firmly around the housing between sheds so postoned to form sections of about 500 mm or smaller. The voltage shall be applied fo the original metal fitings in ease of insulators with an insulation length smaller than, or equal to, 800 mm. Copyright by the Intemational Electrotechnical Commission Mon Oc: 26 09:87:07 2008TEC 1209 92 mM Wsu4ssL OSOuOSS 4 mm 1109 © EC = 23 [An impulse voltage with a steepness of at least 1 000 KV/us shall be appiled between two neighbouring electrodes or betwoen the metal fitting and the neighbouring electrode respectively. Ezch section Is to be stessed with 25 impulses of positive anc 28 impulses. of negative polarity. Each impulse shall cause external tlashover between the electrodes. No puncture shalt cour. The electrodes used to form sections shall be removed. 5.1.43 Dy power frequency voltage test The diy power frequency flashover vollages shall be determined once more for each speciman using the procedure given in 5.1.2 The average value of the flashoyer voltages shall not be smaller than 90 % of the values determined in 5.1.2 for each specimen, Every test spaciman shall be individually subjected for 30 min to 80 % of its average tlashover voltage as determined in 5.1.2. No puncture shall occur and the temperature rise of the shank measurad immediately aiter the tes! shall be not more than 20 K. 5.2 Assembled core load-timo tost 524 Test specimens ‘Six Insulators mage on the production line shall be tested. The Insulation length (metal to motal epacing) ehall bo not lose than 800 mm. Both motal fittings shall be the same as sed on production line Insulators at least up to the enids of the core, but beyond the end ‘of the core thoy may be modified in orderto avoid failure of the couplings. ‘The sh insulators shall be examined visually and a check mado that the dimensions conform with the drawing, NOTE « tthe manafacurarenly has facies te peace insulators shertar than 600 an, tho dosign tests thay be gedormed on insuletors of these lorgihe ke hae avaliable, but the roatits sre enly vale fr up 10 the tesiee erga, 5.2.2 Mechanical load test This test Is performed in two parts at ambient temperature 5.2.2.1 Detesmination of the average faling load of the core of the essembled insulator Three of the specimens shall be subjected {0 @ tensile load. The tensile load shall be Increased rapidly but smoothly from zero to approximately 75 % of the expected mechanical failing (oad and shall then be gradually increased in a time between 90 s and 90 5 unt breakage of the core or complete pull cut occurs. Any test leacing eventually to a fallure o! the couplings shall be ignored. The average of the three failing loads shall be caleulated, Copytight bythe international Electrotechnical Commission Mon Oct 26 09:67:09 2000TEC 1209 92 MM 43uua92 OSOULOO 9 om +109 @1e0. - 5.2.2.2 Control of the slope of the strength-time curve of tha insulator ‘The remaining thrae specimens shall be suojected to a tensile toad, The tensile load shall be inereasad rapidly but emoothiy from zero up to 60 % of the average failing load, as calculated in 5.2.2, and then maintained at this value for £6 h without feilure (breakage or complate pull aut) 5.9 Test af housing: tracking and eresion test 5.3.4 Tost specimens Two tast insulators with a creepage distance between 464 mm and 633 mim shall be taken from the production line, I suen ingulaiors cennot bo taken from the production line, special test specimens shall be cut from other insulators so that the ereepage distance fails between the given values, These special test epocimons shall be fitted wilh standard production metal ftings. 5.3.2 Test procedure ‘The tes! is time-limited continuous test under salt fog at constant power frequency voltage in the range of 14 kV to 20 KV, The test voltage in kilovolts le determined by dividing tha creepage distance in millimetres by 34,6 (equal to a soecttic creepage olstance of 20 mnvKV} The test Is carried out in a moisture-coaled corrosion-proof chamber, the volume of whieh shall not exceed 10 m®. An aperture of not more than 89 cmé shall be provided for the natural exhaust alr. A turbo sprayer or room humisifior of conetant epraying capacity shall he used as water atomisar. The fog wil fil up tho chamber and pot be directly sprayed on to the test specimen. The salt water prepared with NaCl and deionized water will be supplied to the sprayer, For power frequency test voltago, a test-transformer shell be used. The test circuit when loaded with a resistive current of 250 mA (1.m.s.) on the high voltage side shall experience 1a maximum voltago drop of 5 % The protection level shall be set at 1 A (I.m.8}. The test spacimens shall be cleaned with deionized water belore starting the test. (One ‘est spacimen hall’be tested when mounted horizontally (at aporoximataly hall the height of the chamber) and the second mounted vaitically. Thete shall be a clearance of at least 200 mm between the roof ef tho chamber and test spacimens and a clearance of 400 mm from the waits 588 Tost conditions Duration of the test 1000 h 5 Water flow rate (0,4 0,1) wim? x hy Size of droplets Suxmto 10 um Temperature 20°C 25K NaCl content of water (10 + 0.5) kalm? “The wator flow rato is éetined in litres por hour and per cubic meter of the test chamber volume. itis no! permkted to recirculate the water NOTE - Sovoralintcrptiens ofthe fost Sor Inspection purposns, each a! these sot excaeding 18 min ae Dpeimissile,InorTupt pelods will nat be counted inthe test duration Copyright by the Intemational Electrotechnical Commission Mon Oct 26 08:57:10 2008TEC 3009 92 MM UBUNBS} 0500102 2 Mm 1109 © IEC. -2 For severe environmental conditions (intense solar radiation, trequent temperature inversions with condensation, heavy or vary heavy pollution as dofinod by IEC 818), two altemative tests may ba adepted by agreement belween user and manutacturer: + atast such as the one indicated in this subclause with a duration of 5 000 h instead of 1 060 hy a test, lke the one Indicated in annex C, thet consists of applying in a cyclic manner various stresses simulating weather conditions in addition to the highest system voltage. 6.9.4 Evaluation of the tost ‘The test Is regarded as passed it no more than thrae overcurrent trip-outs occur for each specimen testes, if no tracking occurs, i! erosion dows not reach the glass-fibre core and if no sheds are punctured. The core shall not be visibla At present. itis not possible to indicete reliable criteria quantitying the permissible number of exosion cracks. Further experiance with this test will have to be correlated with service performance. 5.4 Tests for the core materia! | To chock the perlormanse of coro material against weter ponetration the following toste shall be carried out, 5.4.1 Dye penetration test 5.4.1.1 Test specimens ‘Ten samples shall be cut from a production line insulator making the cut at 90° to the axis of the core with a diamond-coatad circular saw blade under running cold water. The length of the samples shall be 10 mm © 0.5 mm. The cut surfaces shall be smoothed by means of fing abrasive cloth (grain size 180). Tha cut ends shall be clean and parallel 5.4.1.2 Performance of the tes! ‘The specimens are placed (jibres vertical) on a layer o! steel or glass balls of same diameter (1 mm to 2 mm) in a glass vessel. A dye, 1 % alcohol solution of fuchsin (1 9 fuchsin in 100 g ethanol), Is poured Into the vessal, ks level being 2 mm or 9 mim higher than the lovel of the balls. The dye can rise by capiliarty through the core. The time takan forthe dye to rlse through thes pecimens shall be measured. $.4.4.9 Acceptence criterion ‘The time taken for the dye to tise through the specimens shall be longer than 18 min. Copyright by the International Electrotechnical Commission Mon Oct 26 00:67:42 2000,3209 42 MM 43352 0500304 Lm 1100.© 1ec 5.4.2 Water olifusion test 5.4.2.1 Test specimens ‘Six samples shall be out from a production line insulator making tho out dt 90° te the axis of the core with a diamond-coated circular saw blade under running cold water, The length of the samples shall ke 30 mm = 0,5 mm, Tho eut surfaces shall be emocthed by maans of fing abrasive cloth (grain size 180). The cut ends shall be clean and parallel 5.4.2.2 Prestressing ‘The susfeces of the specimens shall be cleaned with isopropyl-elcohe! and fiter-papor immecietely before boiling. The specimens will be bolle in a glass container for 100 n+ 0,9 N in deionized water with 0,1 % by weight of NaCl Specimens ct only one core material will be boiled together in the sams container. An ‘example of such a container ic chown in figure 2 ‘Alter bolting, the specimens shall be removed fom the glass cortainer and placed in another glass container filed with tap-water at ambient temperature for at least 15 min. ‘The voltage test, described in 5.4.2.9, shall be carriod out within the next @ h alter the removal of the specimens irom the boiling container, 6.4.2.8 Voltage test ‘The voltage test shall be carried out with the assembly shown in figures 3 and 4 Immediately bolore the voltage ‘test the spocimons shall be removed trom the glass container and their surfaces dried with titer-paper, Each specimen shall thon be put between the electrodes. The test voltage will be Increased at approximately 1 KV por second up to 12 KY. At 12 kV the voltage shall be opt constant for 1 min and then decreased During the test no puncture oF surface flashover shell occur. Tho curront during the whole test shall not exceed 1 mA (1.1.5) 6 Typetests ‘Ono insulator type is electrically dafinad by the arcing distance, eraepage distanca, shed Inctination, shec diameter and shied spacing. The eleotricel type tests shall be performed ‘only once ‘on insuletors sstistying the above criteria for one type and shall be performed with arcing devices, tt mey ere an integral part of the Insulator type. ‘The electrical type tests shall be repeated only when one or more of the above characteristics fs changed One insuletor type Is mechanically defined by the core diameter and the method of attachment of tho metal fitings. The mochanical type tests shall be performed only once ‘on insulators satistying the above crlterta for eact type. The mechanical type tests shall be repeated only when one or both of tho abovo charactoristics is changed, Copyright by the Intornational Electrotechnical Commission ‘on Ost 26 09:57:13 2009TEC 2309 92 MM 484489) 0504206 7 = 1109 @1EC =a Untess otherwise agroed, a tolerance of 40.04xd+1,5) mm — when d< 300 mm £0,025 d48)mm — when d> 300 mm with a maximum of 50 mm is allowed on all dimensions for which specite tolerances are not requested (d being the dimorsions in millimetros), Asummayy of ese tests Is given in annex D, 6.1 Dry lightning impuise withstand voltage test According to clauses and subclauses 7, 9, 10, 14, 16.1, 15.2, 17, 16.1.2, 19.2, 19 end 20 of IEC 383, 6.2 Wet power frequency test According to clauses and subslauses 7,9, 12, 13, 14, 15.1, 17, 18.1.2, 18.2, 19 and 22 of lec 383, 6.3 Wet switening impulse withstand voltage test According to clauses and subslauses 7, 8, 11, 19, 14, 18.1, 17, 10.1.9, 18.2, 19 and 21 of the IEC 983 6.4 Mechanical loadtime test ‘This tast shall be performed at ambient temperature to confirm the specified machanical oad (SML) of the insulator after the application of a tensile loed of 0.7 SML for 96h. 6.4.4 Test specimens Three insulaters from the production line or three core samples with metal fittings are used. Each specimen shall have a length between metal filings of at least 10 times the core dlameter. The metal fittings shall be identical to those used in the production. 6.4.2 Performance of the test 2) Tha three spacimens are subjacted to a tensile load applied betwaen the couplings. ‘The tensile load shall be increased rapidly bu! smoothly, trom zero up to 70 % of the SL and then maintainad at this value for 96 h. b) The samo three specimens are then again subjected to a tensile load applied between the couplings. The tensile load shall be Increased rapidly but smoothly from 010 to approximately 75 % of tne SML and then gradually increased in a time between 0 § and 90 $ to the SIL. If 100 % of the SIML Is reached in less than 90 s the load (100 % SML) shall be custained for the remainder of the 90 s. {This test is considered to be equivalent to a 1 min withstand test at the Saft). Copytightby the International Electrotechnical Commission on ci 26 09:87:14 2008TEC 105 92 MM 484489) OSO4L03 3 mm 1109 @1EC =~ 8.4.3. Evaluation of the tast ‘The test |s passed It no failure (breakage oF complete pull-out of the core or fracture of tha ‘otal ftiage) occurs either during the 95 h test a) or during test b. 7 Sampling tests ‘A sumenary of these tests is given in annex D. 1.1 General rules For the sampling tests, two samples are used, E1 and E2. The sizes of thase samples are Indicated in the table below. if more than 10 000 insulators are concerned, they shall be divided into an optimum number of fots comprising between 2 000 and 10 000 insulators. ‘The results of the tests shall be evaluated separately for each lot. The insulators shall be selected trom the Jot at random. Thé purchaser has the right to make the selection, The samples shall ba subjected te the applicable sampling tests The sampling tests are: vorification of dimensions (Et ¥ £2) ~ verification of the locking eystem (E2) = verification of the SL 1) + galvanizing test (€2) In tho evont of a failure of tho eample to catiely a test, tho ro-testing procedure shall be applied as prescribed in 7.6. Lot sae (0) ema ee We 300 ‘Subjectteagramant s00< Ws 2000 4 3 20002 Ns S020 e 4 so0< wv ¢ 1000 | 12 é Insuleters of sample E2 only can be used in service and only if the gelvanizing test is performed with the magnetic method, 1.2 Verification of dimensions (E1 + £2) ‘The dimensions given in the drawings shell be verified. The tolerances given in the drawing are valid. I no tolerances are given in the drawings the values mentioned in clause 6 shall hold good. Copyright by the Intometional Electretechrical Commission ‘Mon Get 28 08:67:16 2008,TEC LO5 92 MM 4A44S93 OSONLLO 1 1109 @1EC 95 - 7.8 Verification of the locking system (E2) This tast applias only to insulators equipped with socket coupling as specified by IEC 120 and is performod according to IEC 383, 7.4 Vertication of the specilied mechanical load (SML) (E1) Allthe Insulators of the sample E1 shall be subjected at ambient temperature to 2 tensile (oad, applied botwoen the couplings. The tensile load shall be increased repidy but smoothly trom zero to approximately 75 % of the SML and then be gradually increased to the SML in a timo botwoan 30 sto 90 s. IY 100 % of the SML ts reached In lass than 90 s, the load (100 % SML) shall be sustained for the remainder of the 90 «. (This test is considarad to be equivalent io a 1 min withstand test at tie SiAL) ‘The test is passed il no failure (breakage or comalate pull-out of the core or fracture of the metal fittings) occurs, In order to obtain more Information from the test, unless. spectal reasons apply (ior instance the maximum tensile load of the test machine), the load may be increased until the falling load Is reacted, and its value recorded. 7.8 Galvanizing test {E2) “This tost is performed according to IEC 383 on galvanized parts. 7.6 Re-testing procedure {t only one Insulator or metal part falls to comply with the sampling tests, a new sample ‘equal to twice the quantity originally submitted to the tasts still be subjected to re-testing ‘The re-testing shall comprise the test in which tallure occurred. {1 two or more insulators oF motal parte fall to comply with any of tho sampling taste, or any fallure occurs during the re-testing, the complete lot is considered as not complying with this standard and shail be withdrawn by the manufseturer. Provided the cause of the failure can be clearly identified, the manufacturer may sort the {otto ollminete ali the Insulators with this defect. The sorted lot may then be resubmitted {or testing. The number then selected shall bo thrae times the first quantity chosen for tpsts. If any (nsulator fails during this re-testing, the complete lot Is considered as not comalying with this standard and shall be withdrawn by the manufacturer, Copyright by the Intorntional Electrotechnical Commission ‘Mon Ost 28 09:87:17 2009TEC 2305 92 mM 4O4NSI) OSO4II2 5 mm 1108 1E0, © Routine tests A summary of these tests is given in annex D. 8.1 danttication of the compesite insulators Each insulator shall be marked with the name or trade mark of the manulacturor and the year of manufacture. In eddition, each insulator shall be marked with the SML. These ‘markings shall be legible and indelible 8.2 Visval examination ‘The examination shall be made on each insulator. The mounting of the metal fitings on the insulating parts shall be in accordance with the drewings. The colour of the insulator shall be approximately as specified in the drawings, ‘Ths following imperfections shall be accoptablo on the insulator curtace: = superticial detects of area less than 25 mr (the total defective area not exceeding 0.2 % ofthe total insulator suriace) and depth lass than 1 mm, 8.9 Mechanical routine tast Every insulator shall withstand at ambient temperaturo a toncilo load at ATL corresponding to at least 50 % of the SML for at least 10 s. Copyright by the International Electrotechnical Commission Mon Oct 28 08:87:18 2009(ere) 1801 reoperssuryeusoun (ers) enburspuouuey, wssy - | emnbiy 11096 CEL oun \ “asuei 96 z5 68 49 06 o1\ ts ov 19 De so a8h er Hy oF 9¢ ze —_+ yep Oy a "4 +t sese- weeaane v\ sts sos -38- tw gue sduel ss as ose gw TEC 1409 92 MM 48uUS9L OSOWLLS 7 mm ans s'02) "ue fens so) mo prey Y estoy, Copyright by the Intorational Electratechnical Commission Men Oct 28 08:67:19 2009TEC 1209 92 mm Wsuuagy OS04224 9 Mm 1103 @1EC. -39- Plann gine Fontingriate” —| ‘ith vogulalon 0 100 mn. ‘gpécimons & Specimens 8 Zona de cengansation C Figure 2 - Exemple d'une cuvo a doulition pour "essai de penetration d'eau (5.4.2) Example of belling container for the water diffusion test (8.4.2) Copyright bythe Intomstional Electrotechnical Commission Men Oct 25 09:57:19 2009TEC 1309 92 WH 4244S, OSONLL5 o om =40- 1108 ©CEL 8040,5mm-Ple—25 nee i Sr ‘Specimen NOTE - Pour let aptclmans de orend dlaméire, le clamate cee dlactredes colt Ove, sugments Ledlaméire es électodes dot Ste suptriour dau moins 29 mn & coll dos spdcimens. Figure 3 - Eleciroces pour I'essal sous tension (5.4.2.3) Electrodes for the voltage tast (5.4.2.3) Copyright by the International Electrotechnical Commission Men Ost 28 08:57:20 2009TEC 1209 92 MM 4844652 O504116 2 mm 1109 @ IE -4- Tt = Abquateur Regular High votage tet ransformer ature de fa navi ersior Hoh voltage aeasuiament mA- tallompsromstrs liampevomete n pour ie mlianpecaratre forthe millapererator © = Blostesos evse epésinen aeanys Bect0Kes wit estsee Figure 4 - Circuit pour essai sous tension (6.4.2.3) Voltage tes! cirouit (6.4.2.9) Copyright by the Intomational Electretechnical Commission ‘Men! Oct 28 98:67:20 2008TEC 1209 92 MM 4S44842 GSOULLS & mm 1199 @1E0 -4a- Annox A (iotormative) Principles of the mechanical tensile load-time tests for composite insulators AA Introduction ‘The background of presanted tonsile machanical load-time tests for composite insulstors ‘and the experimental information collected are given in reference (1) of clause A.5. Genarally, the machanical strength o! loaded composite insulators dacreases with time. ‘This decrease depends on the magnitude and duration of the loads. This is due to the materials used for the core, which are generally prone to creap, contrary to convantional Insulators. The curve of the mechanical strength of a composite insulator, as @ function of the time of application of the foad, can be assumed to be a straight line with a negative slope, versus tho Iogarithm of time of application of the load. Let us recall that a time éecada, on a logaritnmic scale, Is @ constant inierval, with aratio of 10 between its limits, ie. 1 min- 10 min, The lead applied to insulators, during the ife-time of a line, can also be represanted In an analogous manner as loac-time pair of values. The alm of the tests is to allow the user to check the position of the mechanical Wwithstand-time curve of the Insulators with respect to the loads expected duing the estimated life-time of the fine, ¢.9. 50 years, on an average. Two tasts are prescribed in this standard: = a design test, ‘core loadtime test", to check the maximum slope ef tho strangthetime curve of the insulator. (see 5.2): = 2 1ype test, "mechanical toad-time test", to check the specified mechanical toad (SIAL) of the ineulater alter the application of a continuous load of 0,7 SML for $6 (see 6.4), ‘The design and the type tests confirm that the strength-timo curve of the insulster has a maximum acceptable slope and that the insulator withstands the iv given by the maruiacturer. An example of the choica of an insulator as a function of the user's loads and the guaranteed values (slope and SML| is given in clause A.4 A.2 Design tost - Core toad-time tost (cee figure A.) The aim of this test is to check that the slope of the strangth curve of the insulator, versus tha logarithm of time, is not greater than a certain value. Copyright by the Intornational Electratechrical Commission Mon Oct 28 08:67:22 2009,TEC 3209 92 MH 484485) O504120 4 am 1109 @1EC 45 - Generally, the slope of this curve is not specified. In practice, maximum values ranging {rom 5 % to 7 % of the 1 min failing load per decade of time, are frequently met, To be on the sate skie, it was agreed to verily thet the slope of the strenglh-time curve does not exceed 8 % of tha 1 min falling load of tha core, per decade of time ‘The simplest way to achieve this goal would have been to perform two failing load tests, ‘one with a duration of f min, the other with 96 h. However, itis very difficult to foreave the load which will give an average failing time of 96 h, because, for the same 1 min failing load, if the slope of the curve is 8 % instead of 8 %, the load calculated on the base of & 8 ‘4 Slope for the 96 N test should be maintained up to 10 weeks on an average. ‘The practical way of performing this test is then tistly to make a 1 min falling load test and secondly a 96 h withstand test from which the 96 h faling load may bo ostimated NOTE - the 96 euraton was chosen pracicaly in te mile of te loge scale 1 min = 50 yours, taking into eccount the practic In stag labocstores, A.2.4. One minute taling load test Both the average 1 min failing load (M,y) ard the standard doviation of the dispersion of the data (aif) are naeced, the latter 10 Galculate the 96 h withstand valve. The normal practice Is to perform three “1 min” failing load tests and to catculate the average (M,). Than a constant value is adopted for the standard deviation. & value OM = 0,08 fh,, according to the present International experience, is suggested. However, Ifa large number of tests (more than 10) are performed for the tested insulator class, the real value of 6M can be clcuialed and used 10 determine tie 96 h withstand value. A22 96h withstand tost To check that the slope of the strength curve is not greater than € % of Myy per decade of timo, ite euifisiont for the average 96 h failing load (My) to be at least erjual to 0,7 Myy Intact 96 h = § 760 min = 8.76 decades and, 28 a consequence, Myg = Mgy (1 = 3.78 X 9,08) = 0,7 May Copyrightby the Intametional Electretechnical Commission mon Get 28 08:67:23 2009TEC 1109 92 MM Yau4yss1 504122 8 mm 1109 1EC “47 When the value of the 96 h withstand load, corresponding to a probability of 90 % to pass the tesi, is calculated for a Gaussian distdbution, the statistical ables give: tor 1 test Mog ~ 1,282 of for 2 tests: Mg, - 1.645 oi for 3 tests: Mg, - 1.820 ait For three insulators tested, with off = 0,08 M,,, the 99 f withstand value is 0,7 Mgy (1 ~ 1,820 x 0,08) = 0.60 My, It the test is passed on the three insulators, there Is @ probability of 96 Y that the average 06 h failing load willbe at loast equal to 0,7 M,,, and the slope of the strength curve of the Insulator equal 10 or smaller than & % 0! Mf,, per decade of time. AB Type test- Mechanical toad-time test The aim of this test Is 10 check the SiL of the insulator, taking Into account the cumulative affects of loadings, This is done by firstly applying a load of 0,7 SML for 98 h and tl applying the SML for 1 min. ‘The 0,7 SMI. value for the 96 h withstand test was chosen because it corresponds to the guaranteed slope of 8 % per decade of time of the sirengttrtime curve of the insulator, checked by the design test (see A2.2) ‘The iniormetion obtained irom this test can be utlized by the user to check that the mechanical withstand characteristic of the insulator is situated above the loads expected fon the line AA Use of the results of the design and type tests A441 Loadstime straight line of the user (figure A.2) ‘The loads appliod to Ineulatore during tha life-time of @ line can be represented, as a first approximation, by a straight line In an analogous manner as the mechanical strengtty-time ‘urve of tho composite insulators Astraigtt line such as the one Indicated in figure A2 may be established by the user from the tenelle loads: OML, EML and MML as defined below, versus a time scale divided in decades. 4.2. Ordinary mechanical load (OML) This load tepresente the weight, without ico, of the conductors, fittings, epscars, ete, for a suspension set, or the tensile load of the conductor for a tension set, taking into account the meet frequent temporaturo and the most frequent wind velocity. This load and the ‘corresponding temperature shall be defined by tle User to represent the most current serviee concitions. Copyright by the inornstional Electrotechnical Commission Mon Oct 26 08:67:26 2008,TEC 1205 92 M™ 4844891 OSO4124 1 1108 IEC -49- AAS Extraordinary mechanical load (EML) 1 has been estimated that this extraordinary load will ogour for @ total meximum duretion cf one week during the whole life-time of a given instalation. ‘This load end the corrosponcing temperatura shall be defined by the user to represent service conditions. The ML exceeds the OWL as defined above. It Is assumed that at this ‘extraordinary load no permanent determation on the insulators will occur. A4A Maximum mechanical load (MML) This load is the highest possible load experianced by the insulators during the whole Ite-time end can occur for very short periods (e.g. 1 min) and exceeds the extraordinary mechanical load. NOTE - No macharical separation cf the insulators should ozcur at this load during ts application tine A4.8 Determination of the load-time straight Ine of the user and comparison With the mechanical withstand-time curve of the insulgtor Only two loads aro nacossary to define the load-time straight line of the user. it is thon sufficient to chack that he third load is on, or below i ‘Tha loads have to ba defined by the user to represent service conditions. the user knows the cumulative frequency curve of the actual loads, he then can use this curre directly. It the practice to determine the firsi point Is to use & deterministic approach, with boasic loads fixed by an Administration and with safely coefficients, then the resulting loac may be located on the graph according to its expected duration. The second point to define the loadtime straight line Is stil the OME. ‘Obviously, other approzcnes are possible 10 craw this straight tine ‘Tha machanioal withstand-time curva of the insulator, (liqure A.3), defines the time for which a particular load may be applied with a high probability that during a subsequent 1 mia mechanical load test, fallure will nat taka place below the SMI ‘Tha mechanical withstand-tima curve shall be higher than the loadtime straight line for any time in service shorter than 50 years, Example ‘As a.guldance 16 users @ is a common practice in soma temperate of non-extreme climates to use the following ratios between the cefined mechanical loads. with the MML taken equal to unity (1,0), the BML equal to about 0.8, end the OML between 0,20 and 0,33. These values are based on an expected le-time of approximately 50 years. In tine worst case, with OML 0,29 x MML, the minimum slope of the loadtime straight line is 9 % of the MML per decade ot time. Copyright by the Intorntional Electrotechnical Commiasion ‘Men Ost 28 09:57:26 2009TEC 1103 92 MM UBUNESL O50U22G 5 mm 1100 © 10. -6t- Figuro A.3 shows the comparison between the loacutime straight line of the user and the mechanical withstand-time curve ofthe Insulator as verified by the design and the type test. A Reference [1] "Techaicat basis for minimal requirements tor composite insulators”. Peper presented by CIGRE Working Group 22.10: Composite inculatore. Elactra No. 88, May 1983. Copyright by the Intemational Electratechrical Commission Mon Oct 23 08:67:27 2099charger Best TEC 1409 42 MM YBNUSSL 050127 2 mm 1109 cet Penta maximale 9% Mya, par désade Maximum slope € % Mu Ber deoeds Torus ssh o3h mihatens Terran Figure AA Vrlteaton d la ponte do la courbe de résistance en oration du temps de risotateur Conteaton of ho Slope ef the stangit-tine curve ofa insulator Ponte minimeio 0 ¢ CMM par déoads —— Minima slope 2 % NIL por devas one Tome an Time) Figure A.2 - Droite charge-temps de l'utilisateur Load-time straight line of the user Copyright by the Intometional Electretechrical Commission ‘Men Oct 28 98:67:28 2009TEC 1109 92 MM UauuRa) OSOVL2e 9 mm 1108 © 1c. =~ chercos Conde ‘salatour 10 aurbe do ton Sitiead ke,’ “erite maximete 8 % ees. ‘Maximum slope % ~ 3 Bie Drote charge tompo Geratieatour USadtume straight line of user se minimate & Minimum elope © 12 8,18 dbeados) (3:76 daonces Figure A. ~ Comparaison entre la croite charge-temps de l'utilisateur cet la course de tanue de V'isolateur Comparison between the lozd-tine straight and the withstand-time curve of the insulator ne of the user Cepyright by the Intarnational Electrotechrical Commission Mon Oct 25 99:67:26 2009,TEC 1109 92 MM 484485) 0504230 7 Mm 1109 @1EC. -66- Annex B (informative) Example of two possible devices for sudden release of load Device 1 (figure B.4) ‘Tho device consists of « hook A, a release lever B and a mounting plate C. Hook A can rotate cn its pivot which is atlached to the mounting plate, Tension is applied to the Insulator by means of e suitable bolt or shackle D. uring the time the ingulater ie undor load, tho roloaso lvor ie ratainad in the position shown by the unbroken lines. Due to the length of the release lever B, a small force Is suificiont to move it to tho position shown by a brokan lino, rotating i on ie pivot and ‘moving the pivot ia the direction x. “This operation of the release lever causes the hock to rotate on its pivot, hence releasing the bolt or shackle D. Device 2 (tigure B.1) ‘Tho device consists of a broakage piece E scrowed into two metallic extremities F and G which tink the insulator to the tensile riachine. ‘The breakage plece E Is in the form of a dumb bell whose diameter is calibrated as 2 function of the steel used and of the desired breaking load. “The steal utilized for the piece E shall Nave a yield strass close to the ultimate tensile stross, Copyright by the Intometional Electrotechnical Commission Men Oct 2 08:57:28 2008,TEC 1305 92 MM 4844893 0504133 9 mm -56- 1109 CEI Dispesitit + Device 1 Dispositit 2 Device 2 oP. BAT Figure B.1 - Exomple de deux diepositis possibles pour le reldchemant brutal de la charge Example of two possible devices for sudden release of load Copyright bythe Intemetional Electrotechnical Commission ‘mon Get 25 08:57:30 2009TEC 4209 92 MM 4844652 0504134 4 mm 1100 1E¢ 69 Annex C. | (informative) | Ageing test under operating voltage simulating weather conditions | C1 Introduction ‘Tho test procedure of this annex was set up by CIGRE Working Group 22.10: Composite ingulators, and reported in retarence [1] of clause C.3 ©.2 Test procedure This test consists in applying, In addition to the highest system voltage (U,/YT) at power frequency, various strasses in a cyclic manner: solar radiation simulation; artificial rain; ary neat; damp heat (near saturation}; high dampness at room temperature (saturation has 10 be obtained); salt fog at low concentration Furthermore, temperaturs variations may cause some degfes of mechanical stress, ‘espooially at tho lovel of inculator intaracos ané alco givo rise to condensation Pitenomena which are repeated sevaral times in the course of a cycle. Accyele example including all these stresses is shown in figure C.1 Each cycle lasts for 24 h and a programme change taxes place every 2 h. During the time when the humidification and heating are out of operation, the insulators are submitted to room temperature (15 °C - 25 °C) and relative humidity (30 % - 60 % r.h). The tise from ambient temperature to 50 °C shall take less than 15 min The umidification shalt take less than 15 min to reach 95 % Fh. and less than another 10 min to reach the required value of at least 98 % of rh Saturaton which causes the insulators to drip is obtained by @ natural cooling of the {est room after a sequence with 50 °C and 98 % relative huridty. The fan shail be stopped ‘or this oporation. The time te roturn to ambient temperature is approximately 2 h. Tho rain ané salt fog are in accordance with IEC publications The solar radiation simulation is obtained with a xenon arc lamp of 5 000 W spaced within about 48 cm of the insulators. A fiter system makes it possible to reproduce approximately the power end the solar spectium received in a moderate climatio area at noon in June (about 90 mWicm"), ‘A duration of 5 000 h is suggested for the whole tast. C3 Reference [1] “Technicat basis for minimal requirement for composite Insulators". Paper presented by CIGRE Working Group 22.10: Composite Insulators. Electra No, 88, May 1983. Copyright by the International Electretechnical Commission ‘Men O3t 28 09:57:32 2008IEC 1105 92 MM 484485) OSCULIS & a 4100 cel Humiitication Cheuttage £0 °C Hoating 69°C Phils déminécalisée Deminerauzae rai Biouitard sali: 7 kg/m? Sat fog 7 kim? Simulation do rayennemont TH J et GI a 10 12 14 16 18 20 22. 24 Tempe Time Figure G.1 - Exermple de cycle ae viellissemont cllmatique accél6ré sous tension da corvico campie of an accelerated weather ageing cycie undar eporating vottagos Copyright by the Intomational Electrotechnical Commission ‘Mon Oct 26 09:67:32 2008TEC 2309 92 MM 4344852 050438 1 mm 1108 @ lec ~63~ Annex D (informative) ‘Summary of tests NOTE - Foray reeranc,claute ard tuocavee cuntbar re eralwan ass hfe mah body of is standard, Clause Dasign tests porformed ence for camo dasign, material and technology Mochanical sess bavi ress ‘Temparaure ‘uration 5.1 Teste on intorfzcos and connections of metal itings Sequence on three specimens at least 800 mm long 8.1.1 Test specimens and preliminary tests ‘+ Visual check and clmensions (drawing): Kdentitication. + Mechanical routine test a “anbient toe 5.1.2 Dry power frequency voliage fest : Reference, ‘Avotage of dry power frequency flashover voltage for throo epocimons: Fy Ke. ‘sient 21min 5.1.8 Prestressing + Sudden load roloase tost: five oycles. 9x aM 2008-250 + Tharmal-mechanical test: four thermic cycles of 24 h. ar 160°C 10-25 °C 96h sion test: in boling water. z T ae 100° azn Copyright by the Intometional Electretechrical Commission ‘Men Oct 28 08:67:34 20091109. ©1EC TEC 1209 92 mm 4Bu4aS. 6 3 0504440 T am Neshanioal avons ‘Boctiolaveae Tenpoatire ‘eration 514 Verification tests: within 48 t, + Visual examination : no oracks ‘+ Steep front impulse voltage: between elect extemal flashovers, trodes 500 mm apart; 25 (+) and 25 {-) : 100k? iy No puncture, ‘Dry power frequency flashover voltage five flashovers > 0.9 F,, (see 5.1.2 of this ‘+ Individuat withstand voltage test, tect: Verification that the average of annex). AG. 08 Fay ‘ambient ‘smia 52 6.24 No puncture, no temperature rise o! the shank greater than 20 K. Assembled core load-time tests ‘Sequence on six spacimens at least 800 mm long Test specimens: Visual check and dimonsie 199 (Craving): Identification. 5.2.2.1 Determination of the average failing load of the core of the assembled insulator: Reference Average of core fellures of three specimens: Mey ‘anit 05-98 5.2.2.2 Control ofthe slope of the strength-time curve o! the insulator: ‘Withstane on three comaining specimens. TL Z ‘tient oh L 08M No breakage - no complete pull out Copyright by the International Elactrotechrical Commiseion ‘Mon O5t 28 08:57:36 2009TEC 1209 92 MM 4B4NES2 0504242 3 om 1199 166 -or- [ocnanisa seese eer areee ‘Temperature ‘uration 5.3 Tost of housing: Tracking and arosion tes! “Two specimens, ereopage distance between 404 mem and 699 me. 5.8.1 Test specimens: Visual check and dimensions (drawing): Icentiticaton. 5.8.2, Test procedure Voltage: + kV for cach 94,6 mmot oreepage distance. Salt tog: 10 kg/m® act, a Ae. 20 Satepay tot0h [No more thaa three overcurrent trip outs - no tracking - ne puncture - no erosion reaching the core, : NOTE For severe environmental conditions two altralive test procedures ey bo adopted by agreement between manufacturer end user 5.4 Tests for the core material 5.4.1 Dye penetration test 10 samples, length = 10 mm DC-ye San Contral of penetration 5.4.2 Water aiflusion test: six samples, length = 99 mn, 5.4.2.2 Prestressing - 100 h in boling water. 5.4.2.8 Voltage toct - within 2 h ees ] Antion ‘0 No puncture - no flashover - current < 1 mA. Copyright by the Intomntional Electrotechnical Commission ‘mon O3¢28 09:57:38 2008TEC 1309 12 MH NA4ETL OSOHDHY 119810 -@- Vesa [EE Diraion Clause 6 : Types tests Ineulators, having passed dosign tosis, defined by arcing distance, creopage cistance, shed protiles, core clameter. 6.1 Diy lightning imoulse witnstana voltage tes! According 62 Wet power-trequency tost eee 6.3 Wot switching impulse withstand vottage test 64 — Mechanical ioad-time test Sequance on three specimens ot langth equal to atleast 10 times the core diameter. 6.4.1 Test specimens: Identiicstion 64.2 Performance of the test Long time mechanical withstand: three specimens. 07S ‘ambient 06h No falure ‘+ Short time machanical withstand: three same specimens SH = ‘Ambient ] 303-905 No tai. Clause 7 : Sampling tests 74 Gonoral rules ‘Sample sizes E1 + £2 of Insulators selected from the ft 7.2 Verification of alrmensions (E1 + £2) According to drawings 7.8 Verilication of the lacking system (E2) According to IEG 383. Copyright by the Intornational Elostrotechnical Commission ‘Non Oct 25 09:57:38 2009TEC 4209 92 mm 484489) OSO44S O mm 1109 160 “ne [__Wesencaaiess Ses ass | Tempertre Duration 7.4 — Ventication of the specitied mechanical load (SML) (E1) 02-008 No falture at St 75 Galvanizing test (E2) According 10 1EC 368. Clause 8: Routine tesis 8.1 Identification of te composite insulators 8.2 Visual examination 8.3 Mechanical routine test Ar ‘lent ‘The following Table D.1 gives a synthesis of all the tesis, thoir sequence and the numbor of specimens, Copyright by the International Electrotechnical Commission ‘Mon Oct 28 09:97:39 2009-73- 109 @ IEC 10 poweypon Wv euinees yen GermueneD, wwoiele Bonner soreouen 23 x uo}su0wp jo voneauen, “Ws 0% 7 voweouen 13 e343 ouaues ook oun 213904 Sueney jos04 S00 oun p20) ofeyos fovorbon, Janae Hg — wos dens ie popeyou TT ewe poles: pur sosopne, vo aL ‘ioursede jo sscunn uoyenysse19 rosie trtechnical Commission Copyright by the International El Mon Ot 26 09:57:40 2009oqo) oe 168.1918) 239970 2730990) 505 07 saves) 3380989) 4934980) «67 4903) 80097) mas 508 0975 7a s1saom, 91 0518) 6041509 rose 700880) iscisea 1108 0992) Publications de Ia CEI préparées par le Comité d°Etudes 1? 36 Diteslon ox atentager 8 rol genet Pitledes men de chtnes¢ olen rasan icine poor ent arate ep owes 41 009. rads spots tls Citeearet ton, ‘emai stm oon vere eins i ‘Sunn ds oun staal spree #100 Ennis dis envelopes late destites des ape sil ects Molen 058. CCanciiiges ds appr iclats dine ot (Cention doings 4 des insllaioas ein Concrsiies des temens ce ues ucts fate covets, Diggit J vonage pane ty snebg ue el eget ere ds ena de ds hobtein = Dimensions ets ameedeent 1190. xn des holtaan en smite enugte ov eee. desinis sox gues neones de erin tonizls supieiie 100V. ‘Camniqus de Senne de chins Sida, fai long en de prtrtainsraioletgees di isc orb nti sie et dimensions dor tens our nasws Dimensons des seanbages 4 hap oo do AGnene canes waste, tieoan (89) rit au chose de manssves de ulate poor unit oo pion anil de eats pase te toon dnd a eeu ie sai dndunce hemonéasiqns et se {Pondunnce mieniges de Sen de ales lat Res de pllvemens #écanibas et Wecepa fon ene fouratre gun on pian Te ell tisique out nih Geran at act cages dot laa on ee fens oo fins devin un gies stems oe tasin seminal spéreued | CODY. is dep wypors lichnt dasha see bvgalque dents A ds tly cesin tome specure& 1 000 V joa 300 KV ron Caaisgae de flaca ded Reisnice rélinadle des Sens do chine ‘Vaca were oon satire erage po lignes sddcanc npr delorcn meme Aa esau (hie ors i dete opal, Islas composes digs auc ges ater fcoanat att do sonven nasal space TTo0D V = Deon, mse Pabication 109 Copyright by the Intorational Eloctretechrical Commission ‘Men Oct 25 08:67:41 2008 TEC 1109 92 MM 4844852 0500249 Loam 16C publications prepared by Technical Committee No. 35 294956 137 0989 1s. 0989 2am 215490) sos) amass 305 0589) sans ass, anus, esas, aman 6 1095 sr 999) sisasmy sas 401079 roca, ac) nis as89 19 0972) Dinnsias of all nd socket emspings of tng Fines oaleaingvluges ove L000. Tete on indoor and outionr pk snow of eam maar or gst for sates Vid vom rita: ereter an 198 Teas cn baw into for ave iy cherie arian ‘Nmenime Ne 11985, lunatic of none and outocr post fl ton fr stuns wit nomial wibges gear A eon. Chants of ing tre he cp and pie tpe Lessing desc for tll end socket ounnasof AnendnsatN* 1 (199), Tate on inate of eae mateo gas Sor ested le wh x min vag grower Teoe Characters of ting saloons tg ma Rodi inecerece et on ih-tage lator. ‘Totsad dincason fr high-volage slo Dinesoe felis and tang emplings ing ‘amend Ne1198) ‘Seithing np tet iho Arif poiion wat cr igh-etage ttos to bewdonae yen “Thermaneshiisl pertmanes ts! aud wed prominent ness i. Sampling sant scene stare aes plying Siti crtcl meboce fr wecusie ane ‘hevoneshanea tis on intl of cea Irae gos fr eotaad Ina wih Nona “Tess nnd postin fai mata or Chances ofl yt incon Reso egg f seg inser unis gs fecanie raf: eva ner slr meh inept diet hide fore eeton of ise in respect of palit codons. Cangas soe for wc: oct ies with tal Yogegrnter aio 1 000 Y ~ Destin, test mahn andacetace iter.