Example 4.2 Calculate the safe stopping sight distance on a level road stretch for design speed of 50 kmph for (a) two-way traffic on a two lane road (b) two way traffic on a single lane road. Assume coefficient of friction as 0.37 and reaction time of driver as 2.5 seconds. Solution 13.9 m/sec, t =2.5 sec, f= 0.37 Given data: V = 50 kmph or v= 2 Assume gS 98 Stopping distance, SD on level road stretch (Eq. 4.3) 2 2 mi ua gos BS as 4266 Ost 2x9.8x0.37 = 614m Alternatively, stopping distance may also be calculated from Eq. 4.4 as follows: Scanned with CamScannerSIGHT DISTANCE 7 2a vce Viaset=0278 «50225+ <2 gam sp 354037 () Stopping sight distance, SSD when there are two lanes = topping distance = s14m, (©) Stopping sight distance, SSD on single lane rod with two-way tafe = 2{SD]=2x614=1228m. Example 43 Calculate the minimum sight distance required to avoid a head-on collision of two cars approaching from the oppsie directions at 90 and 60 kmph. Assume a reaction time of 25 seconds, coefficient of fiction of 0.7 and a brake ficiency of $0 percent, in both the eases. Soh Given date: Reaction time, ¢ = 25.6, tei ition coeticet with 5% brake efficiency during stoping, > 05x07 =038, 30 4 Speed of Car—1,¥i = 90kmph vy = 22 = 25 mice 6 SpeedofCar=2,¥3 = 6Okmply v2 = $2 = 1667 msec 2s . atm wtevy tet = 25325428 = 153.6m $0) of Car stevia = 25025+ 3 og = 158m, + 1667? SDrofCar-2 = 1667x25+ 19 - 22m S849 8.038 “Total sight distance required to avoid head-on collision ofthe two approaching cars SD} + SDp= 1536+ 82.2 ~235.8 m, say 236m. Example 44 Calcite the stopping sight distance on a highway at a descending gradient of 2% fora design sped of 80 kph. Assume other data as per IRC recommendations Solution Given dat: total reaetion ime, t= 2.5 see, design coefficient of fition as f= 0.35, 2.80 M v 6. ance’, v= 29.0322 mle. e 02, x Bee, SSD on oad with gradients given in Bq. 48 and Eg 46 2 A ¥ 222 Foma.45, = vt 2325 ie SSD = W495 aamy72*?5*7,98(035-002) = 5550762 + 1317 m say 132m Scanned with CamScannerAlternatively, using Eq. 4.6 2 254(f£0.01n) 80? = 0.278x80x2.5+——_____ = 55.6 + 76.4 254(0.35-0.02) SSD = 0.278Vt+ = 132m Example 4.5 The design speed of a.road is 65 kmph, the friction coefficient is 0.36 and reaction time of driver is 2.5 sec. Calculate the values of (a) Head light sight distance and (b Intermediate sight distance required for the road. Solution Given: V = 65 kmph, f= 0.36, reaction time, t = 2.5 sec v2 ti i ight distance, SSD = 0.278 Vt+—— Stopping sight distance een 65? 0.278x 65x 2.54+——— =91.4m 254 x0.36 (i) Head light sight distance = SSD=91.4m (ii) Intermediate sight distance, ISD = 2 SSD = 2.x 91.4 = 182.8 m, say 183 m Scanned with CamScannerExample 4.6 . ‘The speeds of overtaking and overtaken vehicles are 70 and 40 kmph, respectively ‘on a two way traffic road. The average acceleration during overtaking may be assumed as 0.99 misec”, (a) Calculate safe overtaking sight distance (b) What is the minimum length of overtaking zone? (©) Drawa neat-sketch of the overtaking zone and show the positions of the sign posts Solution , Given dati: le, V Speed of overtaken vehicle, Vb 70 kinph, therefore v = 70/3.6 = 19.4 m/sec 40 kmph, therefore vp = 40/3.6 = 11.1 nvsec Speed of overtaking ve! ‘Average acceleration during overtaking, a = 0.99 m/sec” (a)' Overtaking sight distance for two way taffic, vide Eq 4.7, OSD (dy + dp +d3) = (vp tt vp T+ 28+¥T)m Reaction time for overtaking, t = 2sec dy = vyt=1L1x2=222m dy — vyT+25 8 = (0.7 wy +6)=(0.7 11.1 +6)=13.8m ff = ene = TAT sec a 0.99 dy = 11x 74742 13.8= 1105 m dy = 194% 7.47= 144.9 m OSD. = dj +4) +d3=22.2+110.5+144.9= 277.6m, say 278 m (b) Minimum length of overtaking zone = 3 (OSD) =3 x 278 = 834m Desirable length of overtaking/zone = $x (OSD)=5x 278 = 1390 (©) The details of the overtaking zone are shown in Fig. 4.16 Scanned with CamScannerSIGHT DISTANCE, 10s $81: SIGN POST. OVERTAKNG SION AHEAD” Fig. 4.16 Details of overtaking zone (Example 4.6) ‘Example 4.7 Calculate the safe overtaking sight distance for a design speed of 96 kmph. Assume all other data suitably. Solution Given design speed, V Assume speed of overtaken vehicle; Ve = reson tha oe rales ‘Acceleration, A = 2.5 kmph/see (Krom Table 48) dy = 0.28 Vpt = 0.28 x 80x2 = dy = 028 VyT +25 5 = @2Vs+6)=02%80+6 - 22m pe fas. [Ry A 25 dy = 0.28% 80x 113 +222 = 297m dy = 028 VT = 0.28% 96x 11.3 = 303.7m ‘OSD on one-way traffic road = dy +d = 341.8m, say 342m OSD on two-way traffic road = dy +d2 +d3 = 645.5 m, say 646 m Scanned with CamScannerGrade compensation on horizontal curves ‘At horizontal curves, due to the turning angle of the vehicles with rear wheel drive, the curve resistance developed is equal to [T (1 — cos @)], as explained in Art. 4.4.9. When there is a horizontal curve in addition to the gradient, there will be increased resistance to traction due to both horizontal curve and gradient; in other words the total resistance will be (grade resistance + curve resistance). It is necessary that in such cases the total resistance due to grade and curve should not normally exceed the resistance due to the maximum vali of the gradient specified. For design purpose, this maximum value may be taken as the ruling gradient and in some special cases as limiting gradient for the terrain. When sharp horizontal curve is to be introduced on a road which has already the maximum permissible gradient, then the gradient should be decreased to compensate for the loss of tractive effort due to the curve. This reduction in gradient at the horizontal curve is called grade compensation or compensation in gradient at horizontal curve, which is intended to off-set the extra tractive effort involved at the curve, This is calculated from the empirical relation: 30+R Eq. 4.32) ® (Eq. 4.32) Grade compensation, % = Scanned with CamScannerThe maximum value of grade compensation is limited to (75/R), where R is the radius of the circular curve in m According to the IRC the grade compensation is not necessary for gradients flatter than 4.0 percent and therefore when applying grade compensation correction, the gradients need not be eased beyond 4.0 percent. The compensated gradient is = (ruling gradient minus grade compensation) Example 4.23 While aligning a hill road with a ruling gradient of 6 percent, a horizontal curve of radius 60 m is encountered. Find the grade compensation and the compensated gradient at the curve. Solution Given data: Ruling gradient Grade compensation, % Maximum limit of grade compensation Therefore provide a grade compensation Compensated gradient 6.0 %, Radius of horizontal curve, R 60m 30+R _ R 75IR = 1.25% (Ruling gradient — grade 75/60 = 1.25% compensation) = 6 0 ~ 1.25 = 4.75% Scanned with CamScanner