Example 4.8 The radius of a horizontal circular curve is 100 m. The design speed is 50 kmph and the design coefficient of lateral friction is 0.15. (a) calculate the superelevation required if full lateral friction is assumed to develop. (b) calculate the coefficient of friction needed if no superelevation is provided. Solution Given, V=50kmph or v= 2 m/sec, R= 100m, f=0.15 (a) Superelevation is given by the relation (Eq 4.10 & 4.11): v2 v2 etf = V=_ eR 127R 2 e+o1s = <2 _ =0917 127x100 e = 0.197-0.15 = 0.047 Therefore superelevation rate when full lateral friction is developed is 0.047 or 1 in 21.2. (b) Ino superelevation is provided, e = 0 and friction factor developed, nn a 127K, 127%100 Scanned with CamScannerExample 4.9 A two lane road with design speed 80 kmph has horizontal curve of radius 480 m. Design the rate of superelevation for mixed traffic. By how much should the outer edges of the pavement be raised with respect to the inner edge, if the width of the pavement atthe horizontal curve is 7.5 m. Solution Given, V = 80 kmph, K = 480 mand pavement width B= 7.5 m For mixed traffic conditions the superelevation should fully counteract the centrifugal force for 75% of design speed. Therefore using Eq. 4.13, v2 807 225R 225x480 0.059 Since this value is less than 0.07, the superelevation of 0.059 may be adopted. ‘The total width of pavement B = 7.5m Raising of outer edge with respect tothe inner edge of pavement, E = Be = 75x0.059 = 044m Example 4.10 Design the rate of superelevation for a horizontal highway curve of radius 500 m and speed 100 kph. Solution Given, = 100 kanph, R = 500m For mixed traffic conditions, superelevation is designed for 75 % of design speed. “Therefore using Eq. 4.13, ave 100? 225R ~ 225x500 es AAs the value is greater than the maximum permissible superelevation of 0.07, the actual superelevation to be provided is restricted to 0.07. Check for coefficient of lateral friction developed for full speed, Y = 100 kmph, using Eq. 4.14 v2 og. 100? 127R 127500 0.07 0.157 - 0.07 = 0.087 As the value is less than 0.15, the design is safe with a superelevation of 0.07. ‘Therefore provide a superelevation of 0.07. Scanned with CamScannerwie ‘The design speed of a highway is 80 kmph, There is a horizontal curve of radius 200 mon a certain locality. Safe limit of transverse coefficient of friction is 0.15, (@) Calculate the superelevaton required to maintain this speed. (b) IF the maximum superelevation of 0.07 is not to be exceeded, calculate the Ravan allowable speed ‘on tis horianal curve Si i not poate increase the rade, Solution Given, V=80 kph, R= 200m, f= 0.15 (a) Superlevation required for 75 preent of design speed (ie, O75y mise ot 075 V kph, neglecting the feo, wing Ea. 4.13, v2.80? DSR ~ 7255200 = 0182 ‘Maximum allowable value of eis to be limited to 0.07 Check for the value of friction developed with the design speed, using Eq. 4.14, f- ‘As this value is greater than the maximum allowable safe friction coefficient of 0.15 and also asthe radius cannot be increased, the speed has to be restricted, ‘ (b) Determine maximum allowable speed, V, using Eq. 4.15, Va = SEAR =74.75 mph Hence the speed may be restited to less than 74 or say 70 kmph at this cure. Example 4.12 ‘A major District Road with thin bituminous pavement surface in low rainfall area has horizontal curve of radius 1400 m. If the design speed is 65 kmph, what should be the superelevation? Discuss. Solution Given, R= 140m, V = 65 kmph a 2 Using Bq. 4.12, vi $5 00134 DSR 725x140 ‘The superleaton value required is only 0.0134 which is less than the norms cross slope required to drain off the surface water. The recommended cambet for thin ‘bituminous pavement in low rainfall area (Table 4.1) is 2% ot 0.02. The radius Scanned with CamScannerDESIGN OF HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT 119 beyond which no superelevation is required for a speed of 60 kmph and 2% camber is 950 m as per the IRC (See Table 4.12). As the radius of the horizontal curve in this case is 1400 m, there is no necessity of providing superelevation; therefore the normal camber of 2% may be retained at the horizontal curve. However, check for safety against centrifugal force at design speed along with the negative superelevation at the outer half of the pavement due to the normal camber. Net transverse skid resistance = -—e+f=—0.02+0.15=0.13 . : ; v? 65? Vide Eq 4.10, centrifugal ratio = —— = ———___ = 9.024 127R 1271400 As this value of 0.024 is considerably lower than the net transverse skid resistance of 0.13 available at the curve (after allowing for the negative superelevation due to normal camber), this horizontal curve with normal cambered section is quite safe for a design speed of 65 kmph. Scanned with CamScannerExample 4.13 Calculate the values of ruling minimum radius and absolute minimum radius of horizontal curve of a National Highway in plain terrain, Assume ruling design speed and minimum design speed values as 100 and 80 kmph respectively. Solution Given: Ruling design speed = 100 kmph, Minimum design speed = 80 kmph Maximum values of e = 0.07 and f= 0.15 v2 1007 Ruling minimum radius, Rruling = 127(e+f) — 127(0.07+0.15) = 357.9 msay 360m Absolute mini dius, R, Vie aot tig, Relea ee e - teaey ODT +P tS) = 229.1 msay 230m Therefore provide ruling minimum radius of 360 m and absolute minimum radius of 230 m. Scanned with CamScannerExample 4.14 Calculate the extra widening required for a pavement of width 7.0 mon a horizontal curve of radius 200 m if the longest wheel base of vehicle expected on the road is 6.5m. Design speed is 65 kmph. Solution Given: Pavement width = 7.0 m, therefore number of lanes, n= 2 Radius of horizontal curve, R = 200 m, Design speed, V Wheel base of vehicle, / = 6.5m 15 kph mld S0V! Extra widening required We = Win Wys= Sato pe 0.21 + 0.48 = 0.69 m ‘Substituting the values, We ‘Therefore provide an extra widening of 0.69 m. Example 4.15 Find the total width of a pavement on a horizontal curve for a new national highway to be aligned along a rolling terrain with a ruling minimum radius. Assume necessary data. Solution Assume the following data: National highway on rolling terrain, ruling design speed, V = 80kmph Normal pavement width, W = 7.0 Number of lanesn = 2 ‘Wheel base of the truck? = 6m Maximum value of superelevatione = 0.07 Skid resistance f = 0.15 Scanned with CamScannerDESIGN OF HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT © ME A 80? Rruting 127(e+f) 127(0.07+0.15) = 229m, say 230m Extra widening W, av = 2x6 pv Os : 2R 9.5VR 2x230 9.5./250 0.712 m = 0.157+0.555= Total pavement width on curve = W+We=7.0+0.71=7.71m Scanned with CamScanner