Đề 1-Bac Giang

PART C. READING (60 points)

Exercise 1. (15 points)
Choose the option A, B, C, or D that best fits each blank in the following passage.

For those people who go out in search of adventure, a long-distance flight in a hot-
air balloon is a particularly exciting (1) ______. Indeed, around-the-world balloon trip is
widely regarded as the (2) ______ challenge. One well-known adventurer, David
Hempleman Adams would not agree, however. Recently, he became the first man to (3)
______ the North Pole in a hot-air balloon, a more significant (4) ______ in his eyes. Given
that the distance and altitudes (5) ______ are comparatively modest, you might wonder
why the trip from Canada to the Pole, should present such a challenge.
Part of the (6) ______ was that such a flight had not even been attempted for over a
century. In those days, such expeditions were huge events with a nation’s pride (7)______
on their success, and so resources were (8) ______ to them. Although he eventually
managed to secure a substantial sponsorship (9)_______ from an insurance company,
Hemplemann-Adams had the added challenge of having to (10)_______ sufficient funds for
his trip.

Then, of course, he had to face major survival concerns, such as predicting the
weather (11)_______ and coping with the dangerously low temperatures. But most
challenging of all was the incredibly complex problem of navigation. As the earth's magnetic
field gets stronger, only the most (12)_______ of satellite-linked navigation systems can
(13)_______ that one has got to the Pole. Without them, the chances of getting anywhere
near it are extremely (14)_______. Not to mention an even greater problem that
(15)_______ on Hemplemann-Adams' mind: getting back!
1. A. campaign B. prospect C. motion D. engagement
2. A. ultimate B. extreme C. utmost D.
eventual
3. A. meet B. reach C. attain D. fulfill
4. A. recognition B. acquisition C. achievement D. realization
5. A. engaged B. regarded C. involved D.
connected
6. A. appeal B. beauty C. charm D. allure
7. A. leaning B. resting C. waiting D. standing
8. A. commended B. confided C. confirmed D. committed
9. A. bargain B. purchase C. transaction D. deal
10.A. elevate B. lift C. raise D. build
11A. tendencies B. conditions C. circumstances D. elements
12. A. sophisticated B. refined C. cultured D.
educated
13. A. approve B. confirm C. reinforce D. support
14. A. thin B. slight C. slim D. tight
15. A. pushed B. stressed C. pressed D. weighed
Answer:
1. ______ 2. ______ 3. ______ 4. ______ 5. ______
 6. ______ 7. ______ 8. ______ 9. ______ 10.______
11.______ 12.______ 13.______ 14.______ 15.______
Exercise 2. (15 points)
Read the text and think of a word that best fits each gap. Use ONLY ONE word in each gap.
The changing English language
All languages change over a period of time, for reasons which are imperfectly
understood. The speech is really so integral (1) _____ form of human activity that it cannot
be regarded as an entity in itself. For this reason, it is more exact to say that (2) ____
generation behave linguistically in a slightly different manner from (3) _____ predecessors.
Young people are impatient of (4) _____ they often consider to be the stilted
vocabulary and pronunciation of their elders, and like to show (5)_____ up-to-date they are
by using the latest slang. (6) ________, as the years go by, some of that slang becomes
standard usage. In any case, people slowly grow far (7) _____ receptive to linguistic
novelties. So that by the time they reach their forties, they decry the slovenly speech of the
younger generation.
In this respect, language is a little (8) ______ fashion in dress. The informal clothes of
one generation become the everyday wear of the next. Similarly, just as many young
doctors and office workers (9) ______out their duties in casual clothes, so expressions which
were once confined to slang and familiar conversation are assimilated (10) ______ their
normal vocabulary.
Answer:
1. ________________________ 2. ________________________
3. ________________________ 4. ________________________
5. ________________________ 6. ________________________
7. ________________________ 8. ________________________
9. ________________________ 10. ________________________

Exercise 3. (10 points)

Read the passage and choose the best option A, B, C, or D to answer the questions.
The Beatles became the most popular group in rock music history. This quartet of
extraordinarily talented musicians generated a phenomenal number of pieces that won gold
records. They inspired a frenzy that transcended countries and economic strata. While all of
them sang, John Lennon and Paul McCartney wrote the majority of their songs. Originally,
Lennon and five others formed a group called the Qurrymen in 1956 with Paul McCartney
joining them later that year. George Harrison, John Lennon, and Paul McCartney, together
with Stuart Sutcliffe, who played the bass guitar, and Pete Best on the drums, performed
together in several bands for a few years, until they finally settled on the Sliver Beatles in
1960. American rock musicians, such as Chuck Berry and Elvis Presley, influenced Lennon’s
and McCartney’s music, whose first hits consisted of simple tunes and lyrics about young
love, “ Love me Do” and “ Please, Please me “ .The Beatles “ US tour propelled them to
stardom and led to two movies “ A Hard Day’s Night” and “ Help” filmed in 1964 and 1965.
The so-called British invasion of the United States was in full swing when they took the top
five spots on the single chart, followed by the release of their first film.
 During the 1960s, their music matured and acquired a sense of melody. The lyrics of their
songs became deeper and gained in both imagination and meaning. Their popularity
continued to grow as the Beatles turned their attention to social problems and political
issues in “ Nowhere Man” and “ Eleanor Rigby” . Loneliness and nostalgia come through in
their ballads “ Michelle” and “ Yesterday”, which fully displayed the group’s professional
development and sophistication. Lennon’s sardonic music with lyric written in the first
person, and Paul McCartney’s songs that created scenarios encouraged individuals to
contribute to the character of the music produced by the group. In addition to their music,
the Beatles social trend that popularized long hair, Indian music, and mod dress.
For a variety of reasons, the musicians began to drift apart, and their last concert took place
in San Francisco in 1966. The newspaper and tabloids publicized their quarrels and lawsuits,
and the much idolized group finally disbanded in 1970. However, their albums had outsold
those of any other band in history. Although all of the Beatles continued to perform solo or
form new rock groups alone, none could achieve the recognition and success that they had
been to win together.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The history and music of the Beatles.
B. The history and milestones of rock music.
C. The fashion and music popular in the 1960s.
D. The creation and history of a music group.
2. According to the passage, how many members were in the band,formed n 1956?
A. Four B. Five C. Six D. Seven
3. According to the passage, which of the Beatles had the greatest musical talents?
A. John Lennon and Paul McCartney
B. George Harrison and John Lennon
C. Stuart Sutcliffe and Pete Best
D. John Lennon, Paul Mcartney and George Harrison.
4. The author of the passage implies that the Beatles ...
A. Competed with American Musicians.
B. Wrote their music as a group
C. Became popular relatively quickly
D. Were active in social movements
5. According to the passage, the Beatles’ fame grew as a result of
A. Chuck Berry’s involvement
B. Their American tour
C. Two movies made in the US
D. Their first two hits
6. The author of the passage implies that over time, the music and lyrics by the Beatles
 A. Became more complex than at the beginning of their career
B. Declined in quality and political significance
C. Were dedicated to women named Eleanor nd Michelle
D. Made them the richest musicians in the world.
7. The word ‘acquired’ is closest in meaning to
A. Imparted B. attached C. imprinted D. attained
8. According to the passage, when did the Beatles experience their greatest success?
A. In the late 1950s C. After hir beak-up in 1970
B. During the early and mid- 1960s D. throughout their lifetime
9. The word “scenario” is closest in meaning to
A. Sceneries B. situations C. life stories D. love themes
10. According to the passage, how did Lennon and McCccartney enhance the music of
the group?
A. They struggled to reach the stardom of the United State.
B. They composed lyrics to scornful songs and ballads
C. Their music added distinctiveness to the Beatles repertoire
D. Their loneliness and sadness made their music popular.
Answer:
1. ______ 2. ______ 3. ______ 4. ______ 5. ______
6. ______ 7. ______ 8. ______ 9. ______ 10.______
Exercise 4. (15 points)
Read the text and do the following tasks.
THE LITTLE ICE AGE
A This book will provide a detailed examination of the Little Ice Age and other climatic
shifts, but, before I embark on that, let me provide a historical context. We tend to
think of climate - as opposed to weather - as something unchanging, yet humanity
has been at the mercy of climate change for its entire existence, with at least eight
glacial episodes in the past 730,000 years. Our ancestors adapted to the universal
but irregular global warming since the end of the last great Ice Age, around 10,000
years ago, with dazzling opportunism. They developed strategies for surviving harsh
drought cycles, decades of heavy rainfall or unaccustomed cold; adopted agriculture
and stock-raising, which revolutionised human life; and founded the world's first pre-
industrial civilisations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Americas. But the price of
sudden climate change, in famine, disease and suffering, was often high.
B The Little Ice Age lasted from roughly 1300 until the middle of the nineteenth
century. Only two centuries ago, Europe experienced a cycle of bitterly cold winters;
 mountain glaciers in the Swiss Alps were the lowest in recorded memory, and pack
ice surrounded Iceland for much of the year. The climatic events of the Little Ice Age
did more than help shape the modern world. They are the deeply important context
for the current unprecedented global warming. The Little Ice Age was far from a
deep freeze, however; rather an irregular seesaw of rapid climatic shifts, few lasting
more than a quarter-century, driven by complex and still little understood
interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean. The seesaw brought cycles of
intensely cold winters and easterly winds, then switched abruptly to years of heavy
spring and early summer rains, mild winters, and frequent Atlantic storms, or to
periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer heat waves.

C Reconstructing the climate changes of the past is extremely difficult, because

systematic weather observations began only a few centuries ago, in Europe and
North America. Records from India and tropical Africa are even more recent. For the
time before records began, we have only 'proxy records' reconstructed largely from
tree rings and ice cores, supplemented by a few incomplete written accounts. We
now have hundreds of tree-ring records from throughout the northern hemisphere,
and many from south of the equator, too, amplified with a growing body of
temperature data from ice cores drilled in Antarctica, Greenland, the Peruvian
Andes, and other locations. We are close to a knowledge of annual summer and
winter temperature variations over much of the northern hemisphere going back
600 years.
D This book is a narrative history of climatic shifts during the past ten centuries, and
some of the ways in which people in Europe adapted to them. Part One describes
the Medieval Warm Period, roughly 900 to 1200. During these three centuries, Norse
voyagers from Northern Europe explored northern seas, settled Greenland, and
visited North America. It was not a time of uniform warmth, for then, as always since
the Great Ice Age, there were constant shifts in rainfall and temperature. Mean
European temperatures were about the same as today, perhaps slightly cooler.
E It is known that the Little Ice Age cooling began in Greenland and the Arctic in about
1200. As the Arctic ice pack spread southward, Norse voyages to the west were
rerouted into the open Atlantic, then ended altogether. Storminess increased in the
North Atlantic and North Sea. Colder, much wetter weather descended on Europe
between 1315 and 1319, when thousands perished in a continent-wide famine. By
1400, the weather had become decidedly more unpredictable and stormier, with
sudden shifts and lower temperatures that culminated in the cold decades of the
late sixteenth century. Fish were a vital commodity in growing towns and cities,
where food supplies were a constant concern. Dried cod and herring were already
 the staples of the European fish trade, but changes in water temperatures forced
fishing fleets to work further offshore. The Basques, Dutch, and English developed
the first offshore fishing boats adapted to a colder and stormier Atlantic. A gradual
agricultural revolution in northern Europe stemmed from concerns over food
supplies at a time of rising populations. The revolution involved intensive
commercial farming and the growing of animal fodder on land not previously used
for crops. The increased productivity from farmland made some countries self-
sufficient in grain and livestock and offered effective protection against famine.
F Global temperatures began to rise slowly after 1850, with the beginning of the
Modern Warm Period. There was a vast migration from Europe by land-hungry
farmers and others, to which the famine caused by the Irish potato blight
contributed, to North America, Australia, New Zealand, and southern Africa. Millions
of hectares of forest and woodland fell before the newcomers' axes between 1850
and 1890, as intensive European farming methods expanded across the world. The
unprecedented land clearance released vast quantities of carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere, triggering for the first time humanly caused global warming.
Temperatures climbed more rapidly in the twentieth century as the use of fossil fuels
proliferated and greenhouse gas levels continued to soar. The rise has been even
steeper since the early 1980s. The Little Ice Age has given way to a new climatic
regime, marked by prolonged and steady warming. At the same time, extreme
weather events like Category 5 hurricanes are becoming more frequent.

Questions 1 to 5: Read the passage carefully and choose the best heading for each paragraph
from A to F.
List of Headings

i. Predicting climatic changes

ii. The relevance of the Little Ice Age today
iii. How cities contribute to climate change
iv. Human impact on the climate
v. How past climatic conditions can be determined
vi. A growing need for weather records
vii. A study covering a thousand years
viii. People have always responded to climate change
ix. Enough food at last

Example Answer
0. Paragraph A viii
1. Paragraph B ______
2. Paragraph C ______
 3. Paragraph D ______
4. Paragraph E ______
5. Paragraph F ______

Questions 6 - 10
Complete the summary using the list of words, A—I, below.
Write the correct letter, A—I, in boxes 6-10 in the space give
Weather during the Little Ice Age

Documentation of past weather condition is limited: our main sources of knowledge of

conditions in the distant past are 6. ______ and 7. ______ . We can deduce that the Little
Ice Age was a time of 8. ______, rather than of consistent freezing. Within it there were
some periods of very cold winters, others of 9. ______ and heavy rain, and yet others that
saw 10. ______ with no rain at all.

A. climatic shifts B. ice cores C. tree rings

D. glaciers E. interactions F. weather observations
G. heat waves H. storms I. written accounts
PART D. WRITING (40 points)
Exercise 1. (15 points)

A. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means

exactly the same as the sentence printed before it.
1. The fund-raisers haven’t officially decided where to send the proceeds of the
concert.
No
___________________________________________________________
______
2. The inevitability of unemployment was something nobody cared to admit.
The admission that ________________________________________________
3. Absolute secrecy was crucial to the success of the mission.
Without
___________________________________________________________
__
4. They believe that Oliver failed his exam because he was nervous.
 Oliver’s failure
_______________________________________________________
5. Considering your position, we won’t press charges.
Under
___________________________________________________________
___
B. Complete the second sentences so that it has a similar meaning to the
first one, using the word give. Do not change the word given. You
must use between three and eight words, including the word given.
1. I think you should be tolerant of other people’s weaknesses.
(ALLOWANCE)
I think you should ______________________________other people’s
weaknesses.
2. The villagers said they opposed the plans for the new shopping centre.
(DISAPPROVAL)
The villagers __________________________ the plans for the new
shopping centre.
3. I may not have my problem solved, but least I know I’m doing correctly.
(TRACK)
I may not have my problem solved. But at least I know I
______________________
4. One day she’s going to become a famous film star. (MATTER)
It’s only _______________________________a famous film star.
5. When he was at his most successful, the president had enormous
influence. (HEIGHT)
At __________________________________, the president had
enormous influence.
Exercise 2. (25 points)
Write a paragraph (about 150s words)
Topic: Intelligence is the key to success.
Do you agree or disagree with this statement?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own
ĐỀ 2:
PART B. LEXICO AND GRAMMAR (60 POINTS)
I. Choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) to complete each of the sentences.
(20 p)
1. The ______ will be chaired by Mr. Sheldon, one of the most innovative
directors in the company.
A. category B. qualification C. committee D. productivity
2. The customer returned his order saying its switch was defective, and the
online store agreed to ______ the full amount to his account.
A. magnify B. credit C. discontinue D. charge
3. His neighbors found his ______ manner bossy and irritating, and they
stopped inviting him to backyard barbeques.
A. insentient B. magisterial C. preparatory D. restorative
4. Steven is always ______ about showing up for work because he feels that
tardiness is a sign of irresponsibility.
A. legible B. tolerable C. punctual D. literal
5. Candace would ______ her little sister into an argument by teasing her and
calling her names.
A. advocate B. provoke C. perforate D. expunge
6. The dress Arid wore _______ with small, glassy beads, creating a
shimmering effect.
A. titillated B. reiterated C. scintillated D. enthralled
7. Being able to afford this luxury car will ______ getting a better- paying job.
A. maximize B. recombinant C. reiterate D. necessitate
8. Levina unknowingly ______ the thief by holding open the elevator doors and
ensuring his escape.
A. coerced B. proclaimed C. abetted D. sanctioned
9. Shakespeare, a(n) ______writer, entertained audiences by writing many
tragic and comic plays.
A. numeric B. obstinate C. generic D. prolific
10. I had the ________ experience of sitting next to an over-talkative passenger
on my flight home from Brussels.
A. satisfactory B. commendable C. galling D. acceptable
11. Prince Phillip had to choose: marry the woman he loved and ______ his
right to the throne, or marry Lady Fiona and inherit the crown.
A. abdicate B. upbraid C. reprimand D. winnow
12. If you will not do your work of your own ______ I have no choice but to
penalize you if it is not done on time.
A. predilection B. infusion C. excursion D. volition
13. After sitting in the sink for several days, the dirty food-encrusted dishes
became _____ .
A. malodorous B. prevalent C. imposing D. perforated
14. Giulia soon discovered the source of the ______ smell in the room: a week-
old tuna sandwich that one of the children had hidden in the closet.
A. quaint B. fastidious C. clandestine D. fetid
15. After making ______remarks to the President, the reporter was not invited
to return to the White House pressroom.
A. hospitable B. irreverent C. enterprising D. chivalrous
16. When Tim was eating a cherry, he accidentally swallowed the _____.
A. nut B. stone C. seed D. core
17. A military junta has taken over power in the country after the democratic
administration _____ .
A. collapsed B. stumbled C. vanished D. abandoned
18. She was kept awake for most of the night by the _____ of a mosquito in her
car.
A. whine B. moan C. groan D. screech
19. He looks very aggressive and threatening, and so his soft, gentle voice is
rather _____.
A. disembodied B. discordant C. dismissive D.
disconcerting

20. - A: Another cup of coffee? - B: No, but thanks _______

A. not at all B. for all C. all the same D. you for all

Your answers:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
II. There are ten mistakes in the following passage. Find and correct them.
Number 0 has been done as an example. (10 p)
Line
1 In the last twenty year, the country has done great technological
2 progress, culminating in our entering the space age earlier this year with the
3 launch of our first telecommunication satellite. From a health perspective,
4 there has been a major modern programme in public hospitals. This has
5 involved the purchase of the latest scanning and diagnosis equipment, as
6 well as the refurbishment of major operating theatres with state-of-the-art
7 surgical equipment. As far as the superstructure of the country is concerned,
8 several major projects are on progress, included the construction of three
9 major motorways, a hydroelectric power station and a new international
10 airport. All of these public works are being carried out using the latest
11 technology. With the increased use of computer technology, the future of
12 our country looks very bright indeed. It anticipates that, in the very near
13 future, all government offices will be computered and networked to central
14 mainframe computers in the capital.

Your answers:
Number Line Mistake Correction
 0 1 year years
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

III. Complete each sentence with a suitable preposition. (10 p)

1. When we had worked_______the cost of a holiday abroad, we decided

to stay at home.

2. I thought he was mad and backed ______ nervously.

3. "I understand Diane lost her job." "Yes, but she's actually better ______."
4. The members of a jury are chosen _____ random from a list of voters.
5. The hunter froze as the tiger started running ________ him. He had nowhere
to hide.
6. Don't give us any money for it. You can have it ______ nothing.
7. I'll do it tomorrow. No, ______ second thoughts, I'll do it today.
8. Why did you leave ______ the second question on your examination?
9. He got out as the train drew _______.

10. The boss was really hot _______ the collar when you told him you lost the
contract.
IV. Write the correct form of each bracketed word in the numbered space
provided. There is an example at the beginning (0). (20 p)
Thor Heyerdahl and the Kon-Tiki expedition
The Norwegian explorer and (0. ARCHAEOLOGY) -->
ARCHAEOLOGIST, Thor Heyerdahl, accomplished many things during his
life but his name has become (1. SEPARABLE) ....................... linked with the
Kon-Tiki voyage. In 1937, while doing research in the western Pacific,
Heyerdahl became (2. INCREASE) ............................. interested in how the
Polynesian islands had become populated. He made the observation that ocean
currents flowed across the Pacific from east to west. Since there were cultural
(3. SIMILAR) ........................ to be found on either side of this ocean, he was
convinced that South Americans had sailed westwards to populate these islands
before the eleventh century.
The (4. CENTRE) .......................... argument against Heyerdahl’s theory
was lack of evidence that, at that time, boats existed with the (5.
CAPABLE) .............................. to cross such an (6. EXPAND) ………….....
of ocean. So a determined Heyerdahl built a primitive raft of balsa wood, named
it Kon-Tiki, and on April 28th, 1947, left Peru with a crew at five. Moved along
by the ocean currents, the fragile raft Kon-Tiki sailed a steady 70 kilometers a
day.
Despite heavy storms, failure never crossed the crew’s minds. After 97
days, they caught (7. SEE) …………….... of tone of the islands. However, due
to unusually high winds they could not land and, realising that a reef presented
an (8. AVOID) …………..... obstacle, they prepared for the inevitable (9.
COLLIDE) ..................... . Amazingly, they all survived the crash, and
Heyerdahl had his (10. PROVE) …………......

Your answers:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

PART C: READING (60 POINTS)

I. Read the text below and then decide which word (A, B, C, D) best fits
each space. (15 p)
People’s personalities _____ (1) considerably from one another as there
are no two alike. Our ingrained characteristics which _____ (2) the patterns of
our behaviour, our reactions and temperaments are unparalleled on _____ (3) of
the diversified processes that _____ (4) our personality in the earliest _____ (5)
of human development.
Some _____ (6) of character may to some _____ (7) be hereditary
simulating the attributes that _____ (8) our parents. Others may _____ (9) from
the conditions experienced during pregnancy and infancy in this way reflecting
the parents’ approach towards _____ (10) their offspring. Consequently, the
environmental factor _____ (11) a crucial role in strengthening or eliminating
certain behavioural systems making an individual more prone to _____ (12) to
the patterns that _____ (13) a prize.
Undoubtedly, human personality _____ (14) the most profound and
irreverible formation during the first period of its development, yet, certain
characteristics may still be _____ (15) to considerable changes conditioned by
different circumstances and situations.
1. A. distinguish B. converge C. vary D. differentiate
2. A. denote B. resolve C. inflict D. determine
3. A. account B. means C. token D. event
4. A. mould B. design C. conceive D. fabricate
5. A. states B. instants C. stages D. terms
6. A. factors B. traits C. items D. breeds
7. A. scope B. area C. extent D. length
8. A. pertain B. recognize C. associate D. identify
9. A. stem B. relate C. rise D. formulate
10. A. breeding B. rearing C. growing D. yielding
11. A. makes B. does C. finds D. plays
12. A. comfort B. pledge C. aquiesce D. obey
13. A. yearn B. deserve C. wish D. necessitate
14. A. underacts B. undertakes C. undergoes D. underlies
15. A. practicable B. feasible C. subject D. potential

II. Fill each gap in the passage below with ONE appropriate word. (15 pts)
People around the world dance for different reasons and in different
ways. Some dances can express (1. _________) like sadness, anger, or joy.
Other dances can tell a story.
In some cultures a shaman, or healer, might dance to (2. _________) an
illness. Some societies use dance to reach a state of trance so the (3. _________)
can perform acts of strength or courage, such as dancing on hot coals.
Dance probably has been (4. _________) about as long as people have.
Cave paintings thousands of years old show what look (5. _________) dancing
figures. Dancers appear in the art of (6. _________) Egypt and Greece. Through
dance, societies (7. _________) their gods for good crops or bravery in battle.
Hundreds of years ago the Christian church frowned on dancing. But
farmers and villagers still danced for fun. Many of these dances developed into
folk dances. Ballet grew out of dances at the (8. _________) courts of France
and Italy in the 1500s and 1600s.
Drama, acrobatics, and music are (9. _________) with dance in many
cultures. People added make-up, costumes, and masks to turn dance into theater.
These performances tell a story using (10. _________) rather than words.
III. Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct
answer to each of the questions from 1 to 10. (15 p)
Line
If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies. When the
putrefied material is examined microscopically, it is found to be teeming
with bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from, since they are not seen in
fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth century, many people believed
5 that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous generation, a
hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonliving
matter.
The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation
was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895).
10 Pasteur showed that structures present in air closely resemble the
microorganisms seen in putrefying materials. He did this by passing air
through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the
guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that
it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a
15 microscope slide. Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of
solid structures ranging in size from 0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm. Many
of these bodies resembled the reproductive structures of common molds,
single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells.
As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air,
20 and they could not be distinguished from the organisms found in much
larger numbers in putrefying materials. Pasteur concluded that the organisms
found in putrefying materials originated from the organized bodies present
in the air. He postulated that these bodies are constantly being deposited on
all objects.
25 Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was sealed in a glass flask and
heated to boiling to destroy all the living organisms contaminating it, it
 never putrefied. The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that
fresh air was necessary for spontaneous generation and that the air inside the
sealed flask was affected in some way by heating so that it would no longer
support spontaneous generation. Pasteur constructed a swan-necked flask in
30 which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but air could reenter.
The bends in the neck prevented microorganisms from getting in the flask.
Material sterilized in such a flask did not putrefy.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. Pasteur’s influence on the development of the microscope.
B. The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation .
C. The effects of pasteurization on food.
D. Pasteur’s argument against the theory of spontaneous generation .
2. The phrase “teeming with ”in line 2 is closest in meaning to
A. full of B. developing into C. resistant to D. hurt by
3. Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation
attempt to answer?
A. What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some food?
B. How many types of organisms can be found on food?
C. What is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for
microscopic examination?
D. How long can food stand before it putrefies?
4. The purpose of the “guncotton” mentioned in paragraph 2 was to
A. trap particles for analysis
B. slow the process of putrefaction
C. increase the airflow to the microscopic slide
D. aid the mixing of alcohol and ether
5. The author mention “1.0 mm” in line 16 in describing the
A. thickness of a layer of organisms that was deposited on an object
B. diameter of the fibers that were in the guncotton filters
C. thickness of the microscope slides that were used
D. size of the particles that that were collected
6. The word “postulated” in line 23 is closest in meaning to
A. analyzed B. doubted C. persuaded D. suggested
7. The objects that Pasteur removed from the air in his experiment were
remarkable because they were
A. primarily single-celled organisms
B. no different from objects found in putrefying materials
 C. fairly rare
D. able to live in a mixture of alcohol and ether
8. The word “it” in line 22 refers to
A. a nutrient solution B. a glass flask
C. boiling D. spontaneous generation
9. According to paragraph 3,proponents of spontaneous generation believed that
which of the following was important for the process to succeed ?
A. A sealed container B. Fresh air
C. Heat D. The presence of nutrients
10. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Pasteur employed a swam-necked
flask to
A. store sterilized liquids for use in future experiments
B. prevent heat from building up in a solution
C. disprove a criticism of his conclusions
D. estimate the number of organisms in a liter of air

Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

IV. Read the passage and answer the questions below (15 p)
1 The earliest stage of writing is called pre-writing or proto-literacy, and
depends on direct representation of objects, rather than representing them with
letters or other symbols. Evidence for this stage, in the form of rock and cave
paintings, dates back to about 15,000 years ago, although the exact dates are
debatable. This kind of proto-literate cave painting has been found in Europe,
with the best know examples in South- Western France, but also in Africa and
on parts of the American continent. These petrographs (pictures on rock) show
typical scenes of the period, and include representations of people, animals and
activities. Most are astonishingly beautiful, with a vibrancy and immediacy that
we still recognise today. They are painted with pigments made from natural
materials including crushed stones and minerals, animal products such as blood,
ashes, plant materials of all kinds, and they produce a wide range of colours and
hues.
2 Why did ancient people put such effort into making them? Various theories
have been put forward, but the most compelling include the idea that the
pictures were records of heroic deeds or important events, that they were part of
magical ceremonies, or that they were a form of primitive calendar, recording
the changes in the seasons as to why man started to write.
3 A related theory suggests that the need for writing arose thereafter from
the transactions and bartering that went on. In parts of what is now Iraq and
Iran, small pieces of fired earth-pottery- have been found which appear to have
been used as tokens to a casino, or money, today. Eventually, when the tokens
themselves became too numerous to handle easily, representations of the tokens
were inscribed on clay tablets.
4 An early form of writing is the use of pictograms, which are pictures used
to communicate.Pictograms have been found from almost every part of the
world and every era of development, and are still in use in primitive
communities nowadays. They represent objects, ideas or concepts more or less
directly. They tend to be simple in the sense that they are not a complex or full
picture, although they are impressively difficult to interpret to an outsider
unfamiliar with their iconography, which tends to be localised and to differ
widely form society to society. They were never intended to be a detailed
testimony which could be interpreted by outsiders, but to serve instead as aide-
memoires to the author, rather as we might keep a diary in a personal shorthand.
However, some modern pictograms are more or less universally recognised,
such as the signs which indicate men’s and women’s toilets, or road signs,
which tend to be very similar throughout the world.
5 The first pictograms that we know of are Sumerian in origin, and date to
about 8000 BC. They show how images used to represent concrete objects
could be expanded to include abstractions by adding symbols together, or using
associated symbols. One Sumerian pictogram, for example, indicates ‘death’ by
combining the symbols for ‘man’ and ‘winter’; another shows ‘power’ with the
symbol for a man with the hands enlarged.
6 By about 5,000 years ago, Sumerian pictograms had spread to other areas,
and the Sumerians had made a major advance towards modern writing with the
development of the rebus principle, which meant that symbols could be used to
indicate sounds. This was done by using a particular symbol not only for the
thing it originally represented, but also for any thing which was pronounced in a
similar way. So the pictogram for na (meaning ‘animal’) could also be used to
mean ‘old’ (which was also pronounced na). The specific meaning of the
pictogram (whether na meant ‘old’ or ‘animal’) could only be decided through
its context.

Question 1-6: This Reading Passage has seven paragraphs (1-6). Choose the
most suitable headings for paragraphs 1-6 from the list of headings below.
Write the appropriate letters A-G in the corresponding numbered boxes.
N.B. There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all.
List of headings
A Magic and Heroes B Doing Business
C Early Developments D Sounds and Symbols
E Images on Stone F Stories and Seasons
 G A Personal Record

1 Paragraph 1: _____ 2 Paragraph 2: _____ 3 Paragraph 3: _____

4 Paragraph 4: _____ 5 Paragraph 5: _____ 6 Paragraph 6: _____

Question 7-10: Complete the following notes using ONE or TWO WORDS
from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in the
corresponding numbered boxes.
Notes on the Development of Writing
First stage of writing - pre-writing or proto-literacy - very old- 15,000 years.
Evidence: cave and rock paintings. Famous example- …………………….(7).
Reasons for development of writing: primitive ceremonies, recording events,
…………………….(8), used on pottery to represent bartered objects. Next
stage: simple pictograms- pictures used to represent articles
and…………………….(9). Very simple drawings (but very difficult to
understand). Then - 8000 BC – combined………………(10) to create new
concepts (eg. Man + winter = death). After this - started using same pictogram
for different words with sames sound, very important step.
Your answers:
7. 8. 9. 10.

PART D. WRITING (40 p)

I. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the
same as the sentence printed before it. (7.5p)
1. I won’t go all that way to visit him again on any account!
On no account ___________________________________________________
2. I wasn’t surprised when they refused to pay me.
As I ___________________________________________________________
3. We have credited the money to your current account at this bank.
We have placed __________________________________________________
4. Your silly questions distracted me.
You drove ______________________________________________________
5. Edward eventually organised himself and started work.
Edward eventually got his __________________________________________
II. Use the word given in bold and make any necessary additions to write a
new sentence in such a way that it is as similar as possible in meaning to the
original sentence. Do not change the form of the given word. (7.5p)
1. I don’t think this record will ever be popular. (CATCH)

.............................................................................................

2. Mike is never reluctant to make tough decisions as a manager. (SHRINKS)

.............................................................................................

3. You can’t possibly expect me to have supper ready by eight o’clock. (QUESTION)

.............................................................................................

4. It is my opinion that there is no advantage in further discussion. (SEE)

.............................................................................................

5. Please excuse Jane’s poor typing: she’s only been learning for a month.

( ALLOWANCES)

.............................................................................................

ĐỀ 3

PART 2: GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY

I. Choose the best word from A, B, C or D that fits each blank
1. It isn’t that woman’s turn. Don’t let her push _______.
A. in B. through C. into D. up
2. We heard her _________ in agony as she dropped the saucepan on her toe.
A. boil over B. cry out C. let off D. ring out
3. Tom won’t buy that old car because it has too much ________ on it.
A. ups and downs B. odds and ends C. wear and tear D. white
lie
4. His English teacher recommends that he _______ a regular degree program.
A. begin B. begins C. will begin D. is beginning
5. As a citizen, it is natural to _______ to the laws and rules made by the society.
A. conform B. resist C. hinder D. obey
6. The inconsiderate driver was _______ for parking his vehicle in the wrong place.
 A. inflicted B. condemned C. harassed D. fined
7. Look, will you stop _______ in and let me finish my sentence!
A. moving B. pushing C. butting D.
plugging
8. It’s the ________ of stupidity to go walking in the mountains in this weather.
A. height B. depth C. source D. matter
9. Tax ________ deprives the state of several million pounds as a year.
A. retention B. desertion C. escapism D. evasion
10. The university might accept you, ________ of your disappointing exam results.
A. irrespective B. pending C. expectant D.
dependent
11. She __________ two miles and a half, and now she feels exhausted.
A. has been running B. run C. was running D. has run
12. Robert will enjoy skiing more the next time he goes to Mt. Hellens _____ he has had
skiing lessons.
A. now that B. so that C. before D. and
13. Don’t blame me for what I did. __________ differently in my place?
A. Would you have acted B. Would you act C. Would you acted D.
Wouldn’t you act
14. The five Olympic rings are a __________ of the five continents.
A. emblem B. symbol C. logo D. sign
15. “How come you didn’t tell me that you would quit the job?” – “__________”
A. I found the job so interesting. B. Because I am so bored with it.
C. I would love to. Thank you. D. Because I know you would make a
fuss about it.
16. Archeologists are constantly searching for an answer __________ the question of
what is actually __________ the ground we walk on.
A. of/along B. to/beneath C. for/to D. on/for
17. The car was three years old but __________ very much.
A. hasn’t been used B. doesn’t use C. hasn’t used D. hadn’t
been used
18. Dreams are commonly __________ both visual and verbal images.
A. made of B. made from C. consisted of D. made up
of
19. He’d hardly finished doing his homework when you arrived, __________?
A. would he B. had he C. didn’t you D. hadn’t he
20. The incredible thing about telephone __________ across the continents, but that you
can recognize the other person’s voice.
A. is it allow people to talk instantly B. is not that people can instantly talk to
each other
C. is it provides instant talking to each other D. is that people can talk instantly
II. The passage below contains 10 mistakes. Underline the mistakes and write their
correct forms in the space provided in the column on the right.
Crime preventing is as crucial in the workplace as it is in the home or (1) __________
neighborhood. Reducing crime is as much a part of good management as (2) __________
prompt delivery, good staff relations, and other acceptable management
(3) __________
functions. Losses from shops through shoplifting are extremely high and
ultimately, those losses are payment for by all of us in high prices. There are (4) __________
many opportunities for shopkeepers themselves to reduce shoplifting. As with (5) __________
all types of criminal, prevention is better than cure. The best deterrent is the (6) __________
present of staff properly trained in how to identify potential shoplifters. There
(7) __________
are also many secure devices now available. Video camera surveillance is a
popular system, even with quite small retailers. In clothes shopping, magnetic (8) __________
tag marking systems that set off an alarm if they are taken out of the shop (9) __________
have proved their worthless. However, there are many simpler measures that (10) _________
retailers should consider. Better lighting and ceiling-hung mirrors can help
staff to watch all parts of the display area. Similarly, simply arrangement
shelves and display units to allow clear fields of visible is a good deterrent.

III. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with suitable particles
1. I wonder if this dress fits. I’ll try it _______ and see.
2. “Did you enjoy the concert last night with Liz?” “We didn’t go. I waited an hour, but
Liz didn’t turn ___________.”
3. Don’t spend the money you won. Why don’t you put it ________ until you have
enough to buy something you really want?
4. I was ill for two weeks, so I’ve fallen ________ with my work.
5. This painting can’t possibly be an original. I think we’ve been taken _________.
6. I won’t be able to go out tonight because a problem has just cropped ________.
7. After he was knocked out, it took a long time to bring him ________.
8. Don’t worry. The pain should wear _______ fairly soon.
9. Violence flared ________ and a lot of people were injured.
10. The changes were phased ________ gradually so that everyone could get used to
them.

IV. Write the correct form of the word given

We’ve all felt anger at sometime, whether as faint (0) (0) ANNOY
annoyance or blind rage. Anger is a normal, sometimes
useful human emotion, but uncontrolled outbursts of temper (1) DESTROY
can be (1) ___________. “People who give free rein to their
anger, (2) __________ of the offence this may cause, haven’t (2) REGRAD
learned to express themselves constructively”, says Martin
Smolik, who runs weekend (3) _______ courses in anger (3) RESIDENCE
management. “It is important to maintain your (4)
__________ and put your case in an assertive, not (4) COMPOSE
aggressive, manner without hurting others. Being assertive
doesn’t mean being pushy or demanding; it means being (5)
__________ of yourself and other people.” He adds that (5) RESPECT
people who are (6) _______ angered are intolerant of
frustration, (7) _________ or irritation and, not surprisingly, (6) EASY
find (8) ________ to other people very difficult. But what
causes people to behave like this? It seems there is evidence (7) CONVENIENT
to support the idea that some children may be born (9)
__________ and prone to anger and this tendency is (8) RELATE
sometimes apparent from a very early age. However,
research also suggests that a person’s family (10) ________ (9) IRRITATE
may have an influence. Very often, people who are quick-
tempered come from disorganized and disruptive families (10)GROUND
who find it difficult to express their emotions.

PART 3. READING COMPREHENSION

I. Read the text below and then decide which word best fits each blank
Gerard Mercator: The Man Who Mapped the Planet
When Gerard Mercatorwas was born in 1512, the geography of the globe still remained
a mystery. It was unclear whether America was part of Asia, if there was a vast (1)
__________ of sea at the top of the world or if Australia was (2) __________ to
Antarctica.
Mercator's childhood was spent chiefly in Rupelmonde, a Flemish trading town on the
river, and it was here that his geographical imagination was (3) __________ by the
ships which passed to and from the rest of the world. Alongside imagination, he
developed two very different skills. The first was the ability to gather, (4) __________
and co-ordinate the geographical information (5) __________explorers and sailors who
frequented the margins of the known. He also had to be able to imagine himself
(6)__________from the heavens, to achieve the visionary (7) ____________of gods in
the skies, (8) ____________down on the world. The main reason why Mercator's name
is (9) ___________ to us is because of the Mercator Projection: the solution he (10)
___________ to represent the spheroidal surface of the globe on a two-dimensional
plane. It is less well known that Mercator was the first man to conceive of mapping the
(11)___________ surface of the planet or that he (12) ___________the idea of multiple
maps being presented in bound books, to which he gave the name 'Atlas'.
It is difficult for us now to be surprised by maps, so many are there, and of such detail
and coverage, but we should (13) ___________ in mind that Mercator lived at a time
when such knowledge was far from (14) ____________ He was the man who
(15)____________ our worldview forever.
1. A. territory B. distance C. range D. expanse
2. A. connected B. coupled C. united D. integrated
3. A. raise B. reared C. supplied D. nourished
4. A. congregate B. amass C. assimilate D. construct
5. A. granted B. conferred C. contributed D. provided
6. A. suspended B. located C. situated D. attached
 7. A. inspection B. observation C. perspective D. assessment
8. A. glimpsing B. scrutinizing C. watching D. gazing
9. A. familiar B. famous C. memorable D. recognizable
10. A. invented B. contrived C. devised D. schemed
11. A. sheer B. full C. entire D. utter
12. A. pioneered B. initiated C. lead D. prepared
13. A. carry B. hold C. take D. bear
14. A. typical B. common C. routine D. normal
15. A. converted B. substituted C. distorted D. altered

II. Supply the most suitable word for each blank

I was reading an article last week in which the writer described ___(1)___ her children
has changed as they grow up. When they were small she had to ___(2)____ up with
noisy games in the house or join in interminable games of football in the garden which
wore her out. If the house went quiet, she wondered what the monsters were getting up
to, or what crisis she would have to ____(3)_____ with next. She dreaded the fact that
they might ____(4)____ after her husband, who admitted having ___(5)____ an
uncontrollable child who ____(6)_____ most of time showing off to his friends by
breaking things or getting into fights. What was worse was that everyone else thought
he was ___ (7)____sweet child, and he got away with the most terrible things.
However, she had experienced an even greater shocked with her children. They had
___(8)____ out as chess and playing the piano. They never did anything ___(9)____
talking it over first, and coming to a serious decision. She had to face up to the fact that
they made her feel rather childish as they got ___(10)____, and that in some ways she
preferred them when they were young and noisy

III. Read the following passage and choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) to each
question.
No longer is asthma considered a condition with isolated, acute episodes of
bronchospasm. Rather, asthma is now understood to be a chronic inflammatory disorder
of the airways—that is, inflammation makes the iirways chronically sensitive. When
these hyperresponsive airways are irritated, airflow is limited, and attacks of coughing,
wheezing, chest tightness and breathing difficulty occur.
Asthma involves complex interactions among inflammatory cells, mediators, and the
cells and tissues in the airways. The interactions result in airflow limitation from acute
bronchoconstriction, swelling of the airway wall, increased mucus secretion, and airway
remodeling. The inflammation also causes an increase in airway responsiveness. During
an asthma attack, the patient attempts to compensate by breathing at a higher lung
volume in order to keep the air flowing through the constricted airways, and the greater
the airway limitation, the higher the lung volume must be to keep airways open. The
morphologic changes that occur in asthma include bronchial infiltration by
inflammatory cells. Key effector cells in the inflammatory response are the mast cells, T
lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Mast cells and eosinophils are also significant
participants in allergic responses, hence the similarities between allergic reactions and
asthma attacks. Other changes include mucus plugging of the airways, interstitial
edema, and microvascular leakage. Destruction of bronchial epithelium and thickening
of the subbasement membrane is also characteristic. In addition, there may be
hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle, increase in goblet cell number,
and enlargement of submucous glands.
Although causes of the initial tendency toward inflammation in the airways of patients
with asthma are not yet certain to date the strongest identified risk factor is atopy. This
inherited familial tendency to have allergic reactions includes increased sensitivity to
allergens that are risk factors for developing asthma. Some of these allergens include
domestic dust mites, animals with fur, cockroaches, pollens, and molds. Additionally,
asthma may be triggered by viral respiratory infections, especially in children. By
avoiding these allergens and triggers, a person with asthma lowers his or her risk of
irritating sensitive airways. A few avoidance techniques include: keeping the home
clean and well ventilated, using an air conditioner in the summer months when pollen
and mold counts are high, and getting an annual influenza vaccination. Of course,
asthma sufferers should avoid tobacco smoke altogether. Cigar, cigarette, or pipe smoke
is a trigger whether the patient smokes or inhales the smoke from others. Smoke
increases the risk of allergic sensitization in children, increases the severity of
symptoms, and may be fatal in children who already have asthma. Many of the risk
factors for developing asthma may also provoke asthma attacks, and people with asthma
may have one or more triggers, which vary from individual to individual. The risk can
be further reduced by taking medications that decrease airway inflammation. Most
exacerbations can be prevented by the combination of avoiding triggers and taking
anti-inflammatory medications. An exception is physical activity, which is a common
trigger of exacerbations in asthma patients. However, asthma patients should not
necessarily avoid all physical exertion, because some types of activity have been proven
to reduce symptoms. Rather, they should work in conjunction with a doctor to design a
proper training regimen, which includes the use of medication.
In order to diagnose asthma, a healthcare professional must appreciate the underlying
disorder that leads to asthma symptoms and understand how to recognize the condition
through information gathered from the patient's history, physical examination,
measurements of lung function, and allergic status. Because asthma symptoms vary
throughout the day, the respiratory system may appear normal during physical
examination. Clinical signs are more likely to be present when a patient is experiencing
symptoms; however, the absence of symptoms upon examination does not exclude the
diagnosis of asthma.
1. According to the passage, what is the name for the familial inclination to have
hypersensitivity to certain allergens?
A. interstitial edema
B. hyperplasia
C. hypertrophy
D. atopy
2. Why does a person suffering from an asthma attack attempt to inhale more air?
A. to prevent the loss of consciousness
B. to keep air flowing through shrunken air passageways
C. to prevent hyperplasia
D. to compensate for weakened mast cells, T lymphocytes, and eosinophils
3. The word triggered is closest in meaning to
A. caused
B. taken place
C. eliminated
D. cured
4. The passage suggests that in the past, asthma was regarded as which of the
following?
A. a result of the overuse of tobacco products
B. a hysterical condition
C. mysterious, unrelated attacks affecting the lungs
D. a chronic condition
5. Which of the following would be the best replacement for the underlined word
exacerbations in this passage?
A. allergies
B. attacks
C. triggers
D. allergens
6. The passage mentions all of the following bodily changes during an asthma attack
except
A. Severe cramping in the chest.
B. Heavy breathing.
C. Airways blocked by fluids.
D. constricted airways.
7. Although it is surprising, which of the following triggers is mentioned in the passage
as possibly reducing the symptoms of asthma in some patients?
A. using a fan instead of an air conditioner in summer months
B. exposure to second-hand cigarette smoke
C. the love of a family pet
D. performing physical exercise
8. Why might a patient with asthma have an apparently normal respiratory system
during an examination by a doctor?
A. Asthma symptoms come and go throughout the day.
B. Severe asthma occurs only after strenuous physical exertion.
C. Doctor's offices are smoke free and very clean.
D. The pollen and mold count may be low that day.
9. Who might be the most logical audience for this passage?
A. Researchers studying the respiratory system
B. healthcare professionals
C. A mother whose child has been diagnosed with asthma
D. An antismoking activist
10. What is the reason given in this article for why passive smoke should be avoided by
children?
A. A smoke-filled room is a breeding ground for viral respiratory
B. Smoke can stunt an asthmatic child's growth.
C. Smoke can heighten the intensity of asthma symptoms.
 D. Smoke can lead to a fatal asthma attack.

IV. Read the text and answer the following questions.

The Reading Passage has eight paragraphs A-H.
From the list of headings below, choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph.
List of headings

i. Obesity in animals
ii. Hidden dangers
iii. Proof of the truth
iv. New perspective on the horizon
v. No known treatment
vi. Rodent research leads the way
vii. Expert explains energy requirements of obese people
viii. A very uncommon complaint
ix. Nature or nurture
x. Shifting the blame
xi. Lifestyle change required despite new findings
Example: Paragraph A: x
1. Paragraph B _______________
2. Paragraph C _______________
3. Paragraph D _______________
4. Paragraph E _______________
5. Paragraph F _______________
6. Paragraph G _______________
7. Paragraph H _______________

Tackling Obesity in the Western World

A. Obesity is a huge problem in many western countries and one which now attracts
considerable medical interest as researchers take up the challenge to find a ‘cure’ for the
common condition of being seriously overweight. However, rather than take responsibility
for their weight, obese people have often sought solace in the excuse that they have a slow
metabolism, a genetic hiccup which sentences more than half the Australian population
(63% of men and 47% of women) to a life of battling with their weight. The argument
goes like this: it doesn’t matter how little they eat, they gain weight because their bodies
break down food and turn it into energy more slowly than those with a so-called normal
metabolic rate.
B. ‘This is nonsense,’ says Dr Susan Jebb from the Dunn Nutrition Unit at Cambridge in
England. Despite the persistence of the metabolism myth, science has known for several
years that the exact opposite is in fact true. Fat people have faster metabolisms than thin
people. “What is very clear,’ says Dr Jebb, ‘is that overweight people actually burn off
more energy. They have more cells, bigger hearts, bigger lungs and they all need more
energy just to keep going.’
C. It took only one night, spent in a sealed room at the Dunn Unit to disabuse one of their
patients of the beliefs of a lifetime: her metabolism was fast, not slow. By sealing the
room and measuring the exact amount of oxygen she used, researchers were able to show
 her that her metabolism was not the culprit. It wasn’t the answer she expected and
probably not the one she wanted but she took the news philosophically.
D. Although the metabolism myth has been completely disproved, science has far from
discounted our genes as responsible for making us whatever weight we are, fat or thin.
One of the world’s leading obesity researchers, geneticist Professor Stephen O’Rahilly,
goes so far as to say we are on the threshold of a complete change in the way we view not
only morbid obesity, but also everyday overweight. Prof. O’Rahilly’s groundbreaking
work in Cambridge has proven that obesity can be caused by our genes. ‘These people are
not weak-willed, slothful or lazy’, says Prof. O’Rahilly, ‘They have a medical condition
due to a genetic defect and that causes them to be obese.’
E. In Australia, the University of Sydney’s Professor Ian Caterson says while major genetic
defects may be rare, many people probably have minor genetic variations that combine to
dictate weight and are responsible for things such as how much we eat, the amount of
exercise we do and the amount of energy we need. When you add up all these little
variations, the result is that some people are genetically predisposed to putting on weight.
He says while the fast/slow metabolism debate may have been settled, that doesn’t mean
some other subtle change in the metabolism gene won’t be found in overweight people. He
is confident that science will, eventually, be able to ‘cure’ some forms of obesity but the
only effective way for the vast majority of overweight and obese people to lose weight is a
change of diet and an increase in exercise.
F. Despite the $500 million a year Australians spend trying to lose weight and the $830
million it costs the community in health care, obesity is at epidemic proportions here, as it
is in all Western nations. Until recently, research and treatment for obesity had
concentrated on behavior modification, drugs to decrease appetite and surgery. How the
drugs worked was often not understood and many caused severe side effects and even
death in some patients. Surgery for obesity has also claimed many lives.
G. It has long been known that a part of the brain called the hypothalamus is responsible for
regulating hunger, among other things. But it wasn’t until 1994 that Professor Jeffery
Friedman from Rockerfeller University in the US sent science in a new direction by
studying an obese mouse. Prof. Friedman found that unlike its thin brothers, the fat mouse
did not produce a hitherto unknown hormone called leptin. Manufactured by the fat cells,
leptin acts as a messenger, sending signals to the hypothalamus to turn off the appetite.
Previously, the fat cells were thought to be responsible simply for storing fat. Prof.
Friedman gave the fat mouse leptin and it lost 30% of its body weight in two weeks.
H. On the other side of the Atlantic, Prof. O’Rahilly read about this research with great
excitement. For many months two blood samples had lain in the bottom of his freezer,
taken from two extremely obese young cousins. He hired a doctor to develop a test for
leptin in human blood, which eventually resulted in the discovery that neither of the
children’s blood contained the hormone. When one cousin was given leptin, she lost a
stone in weight and Prof. O’Rahilly made medical history. Here was the first proof that a
genetic defect could cause obesity in humans. But leptin deficiency turned out to be an
extremely rare condition and there is a lot more research to be done before the ‘magic’
cure for obesity is ever found.
Complete the summary of the Reading Passage using words from the box at the bottom
of the page.
OBESITY
People with a _weight_ problem often try to deny responsibility. They do this by
seeking to blame their (8)_____ for the fact that they are overweight and erroneously
believe that they use less energy than thin people to stay alive. However, recent
 research has shown that a (9) _____ problem can be responsible for obesity as some
people seem programmed to consume more than others. The new research points to a
shift from trying to change people’s (10)_____to seeking answer to the problem in the
laboratory.
List of words
weight exercise sleep
mind bodies metabolism
more genetic less
physical consume behavior
use mental

PART 4. WRITING
A. Sentence transformation
I. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use
between three to eight words, including the word given.
1. Adrian was the only person who didn’t enjoy the party.
WITH
Everyone enjoyed the party _________________________________________
Adrian.
2. Sam said that the situation at work was like a family argument.
LIKENED
Sam __________________________________________________ a family argument.
3. I always find chess problems like that quite impossible.
DEFEAT
Chess problems ____________________________________________________ me.
4. I thought I could count on your support at the meeting.
UP
I had hoped ______________________________________________ at the meeting.
5. Please read the instructions carefully before you use this appliance.
MAKING
Before ________________________________, please read the instructions carefully.
6. Only the usual, everyday things happen here.
OUT
Nothing _________________________________________________________ here.
7. He did everything possible to save his marriage.
POWER
He did ________________________________________________ save his marriage.
8. I promised her that the situation would not be repeated in the future.
WORD
I __________________________________ no repetition of the situation in the future.
9. No matter what happens, Jane will never forgive Mark for what he did.
EVER
Under _____________________________________________ Mark for what he did.
10. They were never aware at any moment that something was wrong.
TIME
At ____________________________________________ that something was wrong.
 II. Rewrite the sentences, using the words given so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence
1. He really disappointed me when breaking the promise to help me out. (TEETH)
_____________________________________________________________________
____
2. He died, having nothing of his own. (NAME)
_____________________________________________________________________
____
3. Have a look at this picture. It may help you to remember something. (JOG)
_____________________________________________________________________
____
4. Motorists are jamming the streets as they slow down to see the wall paintings. (HOLD
UPS)
_____________________________________________________________________
____
5. He is becoming quite famous as an interviewer. (NAME)
_____________________________________________________________________
____

B. Composition

Many parts of the world are losing important natural resources, such as forests, animals, or
clean water. Choose one resource that is disappearing and explain why it needs to be saved.
Write a paragraph, using specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. (150
words)