Uganda

Uganda,[b] officially the Republic of Uganda,[c] is a landlocked country in East Africa. The country
is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic
Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, and to the south by Tanzania. The southern
part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, shared with Kenya and
Tanzania. Uganda is in the African Great Lakes region, lies within the Nile basin, and has a varied
but generally modified equatorial climate. As of 2023, it has a population of around 49.6 million,
of which 8.5 million live in the capital and largest city of Kampala.

Uganda is named after the Buganda kingdom, which encompasses a large portion of the south
of the country, including the capital Kampala, and whose language Luganda is widely spoken
throughout the country. From 1894, the area was ruled as a protectorate by the United Kingdom,
which established administrative law across the territory. Uganda gained independence from the
UK on 9 October 1962. The period since then has been marked by violent conflicts, including an
eight-year-long military dictatorship led by Idi Amin.

Simple instrumental music sheet of

the anthem of Uganda

The official language is English, although the Constitution states that "any other language may
be used as a medium of instruction in schools or other educational institutions or for legislative,
administrative, or judicial purposes as may be prescribed by law." Luganda, a central region-
based language, is widely spoken across the
Central and South Eastern regions of the
country, and several other languages are also Republic of
Uganda[1]
spoken including Ateso, Lango, Acholi,
Runyoro, Runyankole, Rukiga, Luo, Rutooro,
Samia, Jopadhola, and Lusoga. In 2005
Swahili, which is foreign and so viewed as Jamhuri ya
being neutral, was proposed as Uganda's
second official language, but this has yet to be Uganda (Swahili
ratified by parliament. However, in 2022
Uganda decided to make Swahili a mandatory
Of
subject in the school curriculum. fic
Uganda's current president is Yoweri Kaguta ial
Museveni, who took power in January 1986
after a protracted six-year guerrilla war.
Na
Following constitutional amendments that m
removed term limits for the president, he was
able to stand and was elected president in the
e
2011, 2016 and 2021 general elections. in
Lo
cal
La
ng
ua
ge
s[a]
 Luganda: Lip
History ya
Uga
Lusoga: Uga
Precolonial Ery
Lumasaba: Lin
Uganda
lya
Uga

A caesarean section performed by

indigenous healers in Kahura, in the
kingdom of Bunyoro[11] (present-day Flag Coat of
Uganda) as observed by medical
missionary Robert William Felkin in
arms
1879.[12]

Much of Uganda was inhabited by Central Motto: "For God

sudanic- and Kuliak-speaking farmers and and My Country"
herders until 3,000 years ago, when Bantu
speakers arrived in the south and Nilotic
"Kwa Mungu na
speakers arrived in the northeast. By 1500 AD, nchi yangu"
they had all been assimilated into Bantu
speaking cultures south of Mount Elgon, the
Nile River, and Lake Kyoga.[13]
Anthem: "Oh
According to oral tradition and archeological
Uganda, Land of
studies, the Empire of Kitara covered an Beauty"
important part of the Great Lakes Area, from
the northern lakes Albert and Kyoga to the
0:44
southern lakes Victoria and Tanganyika.[14]
Kitara is claimed as the antecedent of the
Tooro, Ankole, and Busoga kingdoms.[15]

Some Luo invaded Kitara and assimilated with

the Bantu society there, establishing the Biito
dynasty of the current Omukama (ruler) of
Bunyoro-Kitara.[16]

Arab traders moved into the land from the

Indian Ocean coast of East Africa in the 1830s
for trade and commerce.[17] In the late 1860s,
Bunyoro in Mid-Western Uganda found itself
Capital Kampala
threatened from the north by Egyptian- and
[18]
sponsored agents. Unlike the Arab traders
from the East African coast who sought trade,
largest
these agents were promoting foreign city
conquest. In 1869, Khedive Ismail Pasha of
Egypt, seeking to annex the territories north of
the borders of Lake Victoria and east of Lake
Official languages
Albert and "south of Gondokoro,"[19] sent a
British explorer, Samuel Baker, on a military
expedition to the frontiers of Northern
Uganda, with the objective of suppressing the
slave-trade there and opening the way to Religion 84.4%
commerce and "civilization." The Banyoro (2014 Christian
resisted Baker, who had to fight a desperate
battle to secure his retreat. Baker regarded the census)[6] 39.3%
resistance as an act of treachery, and he Catholi
denounced the Banyoro in a book (Ismailia – A
Narrative Of The Expedition To Central Africa
32.0%
For The Suppression Of Slave Trade, Organised Anglica
By Ismail, Khadive Of Egypt (1874))[19] that was
widely read in Britain. Later, the British arrived
13.1%
in Uganda with a predisposition against the other
kingdom of Bunyoro and sided with the
kingdom of Buganda. This would eventually
Christia
cost Bunyoro half of its territory, which was
given to Buganda as a reward from the British.
Two of the numerous "lost counties" were
13.7% Is
restored to Bunyoro after independence. 1.9% oth
In the 1860s, while Arabs sought influence none
from the north, British explorers searching for
the source of the Nile[20] arrived in Uganda.
Demonym(s) Ugan
They were followed by British Anglican
missionaries who arrived in the kingdom of
Buganda in 1877 and French Catholic Government Unitar
missionaries in 1879. This situation gave rise
domin
to the death of the Uganda Martyrs in 1885—
after the conversion of Muteesa I and much of party
his court, and the succession of his anti- presid
Christian son Mwanga.[21]
repub
The British government chartered the Imperial
British East Africa Company (IBEAC) to
negotiate trade agreements in the region
• President Yoweri
beginning in 1888.[22] Musev
From 1886, there was a series of religious • Vice Jessic
wars in Buganda, initially between Muslims
and Christians and then, from 1890, between
President Alupo
"ba-Ingleza" Protestants and "ba-Fransa" • Prime Robinah
Catholics, factions named after the imperial
powers with which they were aligned.[23][24]
Minister Nabban
Because of civil unrest and financial burdens,
IBEAC claimed that it was unable to "maintain Legislature Parliam
their occupation" in the region.[25] British
commercial interests were ardent to protect
Independence from
the trade route of the Nile, which prompted
the British government to annex Buganda and the United
adjoining territories to create the Uganda
Kingdom
Protectorate in 1894.[22]: 3–4 [26]
 • Dominion 9
Uganda Octobe
Protectorate 1962
• Republic 9
(1894–1962)
October
1963
• Current 8
constitution Oct
Flag of the Uganda Protectorate 199
The Protectorate of Uganda was a
Area
protectorate of the British Empire from 1894
to 1962. In 1893, the Imperial British East • Total 241,038 km
Africa Company transferred its administration
rights of territory consisting mainly of the (93,065 sq
Kingdom of Buganda to the British (79th)
government. The IBEAC relinquished its
control over Uganda after Ugandan internal • Water (%) 15.39
religious wars had driven it into bankruptcy.[27]

In 1894, the Uganda Protectorate was Population

established, and the territory was extended
beyond the borders of Buganda by signing
• 2023 47,729
more treaties with the other kingdoms (Toro in estimate (31st)
1900,[28] Ankole in 1901, and Bunyoro in
1933[29]) to an area that roughly corresponds • Density 157.1/km
to that of present-day Uganda.[30]
(406.9/sq
The status of Protectorate had significantly (75th)
different consequences for Uganda than had
the region been made a colony like
neighboring Kenya, insofar as Uganda GDP (PPP) 2023 es
retained a degree of self-government that
would have otherwise been limited under a full
• Total
colonial administration.[31] $145.157
In the 1890s, 32,000 labourers from British billion[8]
India were recruited to East Africa under
(88th)
indentured labour contracts to construct the
Uganda Railway.[32] Most of the surviving • Per
Indians returned home, but 6,724 decided to
remain in East Africa after the line's
capita $3,222[8]
completion.[33] Subsequently, some became (172nd)
traders and took control of cotton ginning and
sartorial retail.[34]
GDP (nominal) 202
From 1900 to 1920, a sleeping sickness
epidemic in the southern part of Uganda, • Total
along the north shores of Lake Victoria, killed
[35]
$52.390
more than 250,000 people.
billion[8]
World War II encouraged the colonial
administration of Uganda to recruit 77,143
(90th)
soldiers to serve in the King's African Rifles.
• Per
They were seen in action in the Western
Desert campaign, the Abyssinian campaign, capita $1,163[8]
the Battle of Madagascar and the Burma
(196th)
campaign.

Gini (2016) 42.0[9

medium
Independence
HDI (2022) 0.550[
(1962 to 1965) medium
Uganda gained independence from the UK on
9 October 1962 with Queen Elizabeth II as
head of state and Queen of Uganda. In
October 1963, Uganda became a republic but Currency Ugandan
maintained its membership in the
Commonwealth of Nations.
shilling
(UGX)
The first post-independence election, held in
1962, was won by an alliance between the
Uganda People's Congress (UPC) and Kabaka Time UTC+3
Yekka (KY). UPC and KY formed the first post-
zone (EAT)
independence government with Milton Obote
as executive prime minister, with the Buganda
Kabaka (King) Edward Muteesa II holding the Driving left
largely ceremonial position of president.[36][37]
side

Calling +256a
code
Buganda crisis
(1962–1966) ISO UG
3166
code

Internet .ug
TLD
Construction of the Owen Falls Dam
in Jinja
a. +006 from
Uganda's immediate post-independence years
were dominated by the relationship between
Kenya and
the central government and the largest Tanzania.
regional kingdom – Buganda.[38]

From the moment the British created the

Uganda protectorate, the issue of how to manage the largest monarchy within the framework of
a unitary state had always been a problem. Colonial governors had failed to come up with a
formula that worked. This was further complicated by Buganda's nonchalant attitude to its
relationship with the central government. Buganda never sought independence but rather
appeared to be comfortable with a loose arrangement that guaranteed them privileges above the
other subjects within the protectorate or a special status when the British left. This was
evidenced in part by hostilities between the British colonial authorities and Buganda prior to
independence.[39]

Within Buganda, there were divisions – between those who wanted the Kabaka to remain a
dominant monarch and those who wanted to join with the rest of Uganda to create a modern
secular state. The split resulted in the creation of two dominant Buganda based parties – the
Kabaka Yekka (Kabaka Only) KY, and the Democratic Party (DP) that had roots in the Catholic
Church. The bitterness between these two parties was extremely intense especially as the first
elections for the post-Colonial parliament approached. The Kabaka particularly disliked the DP
leader, Benedicto Kiwanuka.[40]

Outside Buganda, a soft-spoken politician from Northern Uganda, Milton Obote, had forged an
alliance of non-Buganda politicians to form the Uganda People's Congress (UPC). The UPC at its
heart was dominated by politicians who wanted to rectify what they saw as the regional
inequality that favoured Buganda's special status. This drew in substantial support from outside
Buganda. The party however remained a loose alliance of interests, but Obote showed great skill
at negotiating them into a common ground based on a federal formula.[41]

The Uganda printers building on

Kampala Road, Kampala, Uganda

At Independence, the Buganda question remained unresolved. Uganda was one of the few
colonial territories that achieved independence without a dominant political party with a clear
majority in parliament. In the pre-Independence elections, the UPC ran no candidates in Buganda
and won 37 of the 61 directly elected seats (outside Buganda). The DP won 24 seats outside
Buganda. The "special status" granted to Buganda meant that the 21 Buganda seats were
elected by proportional representation reflecting the elections to the Buganda parliament – the
Lukikko. KY won a resounding victory over DP, winning all 21 seats.

The UPC reached a high at the end of 1964 when the leader of the DP in parliament, Basil Kiiza
Bataringaya, crossed the parliamentary floor with five other MPs, leaving DP with only nine
seats. The DP MPs were not particularly happy that the hostility of their leader, Benedicto
Kiwanuka, towards the Kabaka was hindering their chances of compromise with KY.[42] The
trickle of defections turned into a flood when 10 KY members crossed the floor when they
realised the formal coalition with the UPC was no longer viable. Obote's charismatic speeches
across the country were sweeping all before him, and the UPC was winning almost every local
election held and increasing its control over all district councils and legislatures outside
Buganda.[43] The response from the Kabaka was mute – probably content in his ceremonial role
and symbolism in his part of the country. However, there were also major divisions within his
palace that made it difficult for him to act effectively against Obote. By the time Uganda had
become independent, Buganda "was a divided house with contending social and political
forces"[44] There were however problems brewing inside the UPC. As its ranks swelled, the
ethnic, religious, regional, and personal interests began to shake the party. The party's apparent
strength was eroded in a complex sequence of factional conflicts in its central and regional
structures. And by 1966, the UPC was tearing itself apart. The conflicts were further intensified
by the newcomers who had crossed the parliamentary floor from DP and KY.[45]

The UPC delegates arrived in Gulu in 1964 for their delegates conference. Here was the first
demonstration as to how Obote was losing control of his party. The battle over the Secretary-
General of the party was a bitter contest between the new moderate's candidate – Grace Ibingira
and the radical John Kakonge. Ibingira subsequently became the symbol of the opposition to
Obote within the UPC. This is an important factor when looking at the subsequent events that
led to the crisis between Buganda and the Central government. For those outside the UPC
(including KY supporters), this was a sign that Obote was vulnerable. Keen observers realised
the UPC was not a cohesive unit.[46]

The collapse of the UPC-KY alliance openly revealed the dissatisfaction Obote and others had
about Buganda's "special status". In 1964, the government responded to demands from some
parts of the vast Buganda Kingdom that they were not the Kabaka's subjects. Prior to colonial
rule, Buganda had been rivalled by the neighbouring Bunyoro kingdom. Buganda had conquered
parts of Bunyoro and the British colonialists had formalised this in the Buganda Agreements.
Known as the "lost counties", the people in these areas wished to revert to being part of Bunyoro.
Obote decided to allow a referendum, which angered the Kabaka and most of the rest of
Buganda. The residents of the counties voted to return to Bunyoro despite the Kabaka's
attempts to influence the vote.[47] Having lost the referendum, KY opposed the bill to pass the
counties to Bunyoro, thus ending the alliance with the UPC.

The tribal nature of Ugandan politics was also manifesting itself in government. The UPC which
had previously been a national party began to break along tribal lines when Ibingira challenged
Obote in the UPC. The "North/South" ethnic divide that had been evident in economic and social
spheres now entrenched itself in politics. Obote surrounded himself with mainly northern
politicians, while Ibingira's supporters who were subsequently arrested and jailed with him, were
mainly from the South. In time, the two factions acquired ethnic labels – "Bantu" (the mainly
Southern Ibingira faction) and "Nilotic" (the mainly Northern Obote faction). The perception that
the government was at war with the Bantu was further enhanced when Obote arrested and
imprisoned the mainly Bantu ministers who backed Ibingira.[48]

Grey Crowned Crane – a symbol of

Uganda

These labels brought into the mix two very powerful influences. First Buganda – the people of
Buganda are Bantu and therefore naturally aligned to the Ibingira faction. The Ibingira faction
further advanced this alliance by accusing Obote of wanting to overthrow the Kabaka.[48] They
were now aligned to opposing Obote. Second – the security forces – the British colonialists had
recruited the army and police almost exclusively from Northern Uganda due to their perceived
suitability for these roles. At independence, the army and police was dominated by northern
tribes – mainly Nilotic. They would now feel more affiliated to Obote, and he took full advantage
of this to consolidate his power. In April 1966, Obote passed out eight hundred new army
recruits at Moroto, of whom seventy percent came from the Northern Region.[49]

At the time there was a tendency to perceive central government and security forces as
dominated by "northerners" – particularly the Acholi who through the UPC had significant access
to government positions at national level.[50] In northern Uganda there were also varied degrees
of anti-Buganda feelings, particularly over the kingdom's "special status" before and after
independence, and all the economic and social benefits that came with this status. "Obote
brought significant numbers of northerners into the central state, both through the civil service
and military, and created a patronage machine in Northern Uganda".[50] However, both "Bantu"
and "Nilotic" labels represent significant ambiguities. The Bantu category for example includes
both Buganda and Bunyoro – historically bitter rivals. The Nilotic label includes the Lugbara,
Acholi, and Langi, all of whom have bitter rivalries that were to define Uganda's military politics
later. Despite these ambiguities, these events unwittingly brought to fore the
northerner/southerner political divide which to some extent still influences Ugandan politics.

The UPC fragmentation continued as opponents sensed Obote's vulnerability. At local level
where the UPC dominated most councils discontent began to challenge incumbent council
leaders. Even in Obote's home district, attempts were made to oust the head of the local district
council in 1966. A more worrying fact for the UPC was that the next national elections loomed in
1967 – and without the support of KY (who were now likely to back the DP), and the growing
factionalism in the UPC, there was the real possibility that the UPC would be out of power in
months.

Obote went after KY with a new act of parliament in early 1966 that blocked any attempt by KY
to expand outside Buganda. KY appeared to respond in parliament through one of their few
remaining MPs, the terminally ill Daudi Ochieng. Ochieng was an irony – although from Northern
Uganda, he had risen high in the ranks of KY and become a close confidant to the Kabaka who
had gifted him with large land titles in Buganda. In Obote's absence from Parliament, Ochieng
laid bare the illegal plundering of ivory and gold from the Congo that had been orchestrated by
Obote's army chief of staff, Colonel Idi Amin. He further alleged that Obote, Onama and Neykon
had all benefited from the scheme.[51] Parliament overwhelmingly voted in favour of a motion to
censure Amin and investigate Obote's involvement. This shook the government and raised
tensions in the country.

KY further demonstrated its ability to challenge Obote from within his party at the UPC Buganda
conference where Godfrey Binaisa (the Attorney General) was ousted by a faction believed to
have the backing of KY, Ibingira and other anti-Obote elements in Buganda.[44] Obote's response
was to arrest Ibingira and other ministers at a cabinet meeting and to assume special powers in
February 1966. In March 1966, Obote also announced that the offices of President and vice-
president would cease to exist – effectively dismissing the Kabaka. Obote also gave Amin more
power – giving him the Army Commander position over the previous holder (Opolot) who had
relations to Buganda through marriage (possibly believing Opolot would be reluctant to take
military action against the Kabaka if it came to that). Obote abolished the constitution and
effectively suspended elections due in a few months. Obote went on television and radio to
accuse the Kabaka of various offences including requesting foreign troops which appears to
have been explored by the Kabaka following the rumours of Amin plotting a coup. Obote further
dismantled the authority of the Kabaka by announcing among other measures:

The abolition of independent public

service commissions for federal units.
This removed the Kabaka's authority to
appoint civil servants in Buganda.
The abolition of the Buganda High Court
– removing any judicial authority the
Kabaka had.
The bringing of Buganda financial
management under further central
control.
Abolition of lands for Buganda chiefs.
Land is one of the key sources of
Kabaka's power over his subjects.
The lines were now drawn for a show down between Buganda and the Central government.
Historians may argue about whether this could have been avoided through compromise. This
was unlikely as Obote now felt emboldened and saw the Kabaka as weak. Indeed, by accepting
the presidency four years earlier and siding with the UPC, the Kabaka had divided his people and
taken the side of one against the other. Within Buganda's political institutions, rivalries driven by
religion and personal ambition made the institutions ineffective and unable to respond to the
central government moves. The Kabaka was often regarded as aloof and unresponsive to advice
from the younger Buganda politicians who better understood the new post-Independence
politics, unlike the traditionalists who were ambivalent to what was going on as long as their
traditional benefits were maintained. The Kabaka favoured the neo-traditionalists.[52]

In May 1966, the Kabaka made his move. He asked for foreign help, and the Buganda parliament
demanded that the Uganda government leave Buganda (including the capital, Kampala). In
response Obote ordered Idi Amin to attack the Kabaka's palace. The battle for the Kabaka's
palace was fierce – the Kabaka's guards putting up more resistance than had been expected.
The British trained Captain – the Kabaka with about 120 armed men kept Idi Amin at bay for
twelve hours.[53] It is estimated that up to 2,000 people died in the battle which ended when the
army called in heavier guns and overran the palace. The anticipated countryside uprising in
Buganda did not materialise and a few hours later a beaming Obote met the press to relish his
victory. The Kabaka escaped over the palace walls and was transported into exile in London by
supporters. He died there three years later.

1966–1971 (before the coup)

In 1966, following a power struggle between the Obote-led government and King Muteesa, Obote
suspended the constitution and removed the ceremonial president and vice-president. In 1967, a
new constitution proclaimed Uganda a republic and abolished the traditional kingdoms. Obote
was declared the president.[21]
1971 (after the coup) –1979 (end of
Amin regime)
After a military coup on 25 January 1971, Obote was deposed from power and General Idi Amin
seized control of the country. Amin ruled Uganda as dictator with the support of the military for
the next eight years.[54] He carried out mass killings within the country to maintain his rule. An
estimated 80,000–500,000 Ugandans died during his regime.[55] Aside from his brutalities, he
forcibly removed the entrepreneurial Indian minority from Uganda.[56] In June 1976, Palestinian
terrorists hijacked an Air France flight and forced it to land at Entebbe airport. One hundred of
the 250 passengers originally on board were held hostage until an Israeli commando raid
rescued them ten days later.[57] Amin's reign was ended after the Uganda-Tanzania War in 1979,
in which Tanzanian forces aided by Ugandan exiles invaded Uganda.
1979–present

Belligerents of the Second Congo War. On 19 December

2005, the International Court of Justice found against
Uganda, in a case brought by the Democratic Republic of
the Congo, for illegal invasion of its territory, and violation
of human rights.[58]

In 1980, the Ugandan Bush War broke out resulting in Yoweri Museveni became president since
his forces toppled the previous regime in January 1986.[59]

Political parties in Uganda were restricted in their activities beginning that year, in a measure
ostensibly designed to reduce sectarian violence. In the non-party "Movement" system instituted
by Museveni, political parties continued to exist, but they could operate only a headquarters
office. They could not open branches, hold rallies, or field candidates directly (although electoral
candidates could belong to political parties). A constitutional referendum cancelled this
nineteen-year ban on multi-party politics in July 2005.

In 1993, Pope John Paul II visited Uganda during his 6-day pastoral trip to urge Ugandans to
seek reconciliation. During mass celebrations, he paid homage to the slain Christian martyrs.

In the mid-to-late 1990s, Museveni was lauded by western countries as part of a new generation
of African leaders.[60]
His presidency has been marred, however, by invading and occupying the Democratic Republic
of the Congo during the Second Congo War, resulting in an estimated 5.4 million deaths since
1998, and by participating in other conflicts in the Great Lakes region of Africa. He has struggled
for years in the civil war against the Lord's Resistance Army, which has been guilty of numerous
crimes against humanity, including child slavery, the Atiak massacre, and other mass murders.
Conflict in northern Uganda has killed thousands and displaced millions.[61]

Parliament abolished presidential term limits in 2005, allegedly because Museveni used public
funds to pay US$2,000 to each member of parliament who supported the measure.[62]
Presidential elections were held in February 2006. Museveni ran against several candidates, the
most prominent of them being Kizza Besigye.

On 20 February 2011, the Uganda Electoral Commission declared the incumbent president
Yoweri Kaguta Museveni the winning candidate of the 2011 elections that were held on 18
February 2011. The opposition however, were not satisfied with the results, condemning them as
full of sham and rigging. According to the official results, Museveni won with 68 percent of the
votes. This easily topped his nearest challenger, Besigye, who had been Museveni's physician
and told reporters that he and his supporters "downrightly snub" the outcome as well as the
unremitting rule of Museveni or any person he may appoint. Besigye added that the rigged
elections would definitely lead to an illegitimate leadership and that it is up to Ugandans to
critically analyse this. The European Union's Election Observation Mission reported on
improvements and flaws of the Ugandan electoral process: "The electoral campaign and polling
day were conducted in a peaceful manner. However, the electoral process was marred by
avoidable administrative and logistical failures that led to an unacceptable number of Ugandan
citizens being disfranchised."[63]

Since August 2012, hacktivist group Anonymous has threatened Ugandan officials and hacked
official government websites over its anti-gay bills.[64] Some international donors have
threatened to cut financial aid to the country if anti-gay bills continue.[65]

Indicators of a plan for succession by the president's son, Muhoozi Kainerugaba, have increased
tensions.[66][67][68][69]

President Yoweri Museveni has ruled the country since 1986 and he was latest re-elected in
January 2021 presidential elections.[70] According to official results Museveni won the elections
with 58% of the vote while popstar-turned-politician Bobi Wine had 35%. The opposition
challenged the result because of allegations of widespread fraud and irregularities.[71][72]
Another opposition candidate was 24 year old John Katumba.[73]

Geography
Uganda is located in southeast Africa between 1º S and 4º N latitude, and between 30º E and
35º E longitude. Its geography is very diverse, consisting of volcanic hills, mountains, and lakes.
The country sits at an average of 900 meters above sea level. Both the eastern and western
borders of Uganda have mountains. The Ruwenzori mountain range contains the highest peak in
Uganda, which is named Alexandra and measures 5,094 meters.

Lakes and rivers

Much of the south of the country is heavily influenced by one of the world's biggest lakes, Lake
Victoria, which contains many islands. The most important cities are located in the south, near
this lake, including the capital Kampala[74][75][76] and the nearby city of Entebbe.[77] Lake Kyoga is
in the centre of the country and is surrounded by extensive marshy areas.[78]

Although landlocked, Uganda contains many large lakes. Besides Lakes Victoria and Kyoga,
there are Lake Albert, Lake Edward, and the smaller Lake George.[77] It lies almost completely
within the Nile basin. The Victoria Nile drains from Lake Victoria into Lake Kyoga and thence into
Lake Albert on the Congolese border. It then runs northwards into South Sudan. An area in
eastern Uganda is drained by the Suam River, part of the internal drainage basin of Lake Turkana.
The extreme north-eastern part of Uganda drains into the Lotikipi Basin, which is primarily in
Kenya.[77]
Biodiversity and conservation

Uganda map of Köppen climate classification.

Uganda has 60 protected areas, including ten national parks: Bwindi Impenetrable National Park
and Rwenzori Mountains National Park (both UNESCO World Heritage Sites[79]), Kibale National
Park, Kidepo Valley National Park, Lake Mburo National Park, Mgahinga Gorilla National Park,
Mount Elgon National Park, Murchison Falls National Park, Queen Elizabeth National Park, and
Semuliki National Park.

Uganda is home to a vast number of species, including a population of mountain gorillas in the
Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, gorillas and golden monkeys in the Mgahinga Gorilla
National Park, and hippos in the Murchison Falls National Park.[80]Jackfruit can also be found
throughout the country.[81]

The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.36/10, ranking it
128th globally out of 172 countries.[82]

Government and politics

The President of Uganda is both head of state and head of government. The president appoints
a vice-president and a prime minister to aid him in governing.

The parliament is formed by the National Assembly, which has 449 members. These include 290
constituency representatives, 116 district woman representatives, 10 representatives of the
Uganda Peoples Defense Forces, 5 representatives of the youth, 5 representatives of workers, 5
representatives of persons with disabilities, and 18 ex officio members.[83]

Foreign relations
Uganda is a member of the East African Community (EAC), along with Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda,
Burundi, and South Sudan. According to the East African Common Market Protocol of 2010, the
free trade and free movement of people is guaranteed, including the right to reside in another
member country for purposes of employment. This protocol, however, has not been
implemented because of work permit and other bureaucratic, legal, and financial obstacles.
Uganda is a founding member of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), an
eight-country bloc including governments from the Horn of Africa, Nile Valley, and the African
Great Lakes.[84] Its headquarters are in Djibouti City. Uganda is also a member of the
Organization of Islamic Cooperation.[85]

U.S. President George W. Bush met

with President Yoweri Museveni in
Entebbe, Uganda, 11 July 2003.

Military
In Uganda, the Uganda People's Defence Force serves as the military. The number of military
personnel in Uganda is estimated at 45,000 soldiers on active duty. The Uganda army is involved
in several peacekeeping and combat missions in the region, with commentators noting that only
the United States Armed Forces is deployed in more countries. Uganda has soldiers deployed in
the northern and eastern areas of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in the Central
African Republic, Somalia, and South Sudan.[86]

Corruption
Transparency International has rated Uganda's public sector as one of the most corrupt in the
world. In 2016, Uganda ranked 151st best out of 176 and had a score of 25 on a scale from 0
(perceived as most corrupt) to 100 (perceived as clean).[87]

The World Bank's 2015 Worldwide Governance Indicators ranked Uganda in the worst 12
percentile of all countries.[88] According to the United States Department of State's 2012 Human
Rights Report on Uganda, "The World Bank's most recent Worldwide Governance Indicators
reflected corruption was a severe problem" and that "the country annually loses 768.9 billion
shillings ($286 million) to corruption."[68]

Ugandan parliamentarians in 2014 earned 60 times what was earned by most state employees,
and they sought a major increase. This caused widespread criticism and protests, including the
smuggling of two piglets into the parliament in June 2014 to highlight corruption amongst
members of parliament. The protesters, who were arrested, used the word "MPigs" to highlight
their grievance.[89]

A specific scandal, which had significant international consequences and highlighted the
presence of corruption in high-level government offices, was the embezzlement of $12.6 million
of donor funds from the Office of the Prime Minister in 2012. These funds were "earmarked as
crucial support for rebuilding northern Uganda, ravaged by a 20-year war, and Karamoja,
Uganda's poorest region." This scandal prompted the EU, the United Kingdom, Germany,
Denmark, Ireland, and Norway to suspend aid.[90]

Widespread grand and petty corruption involving public officials and political patronage systems
have also seriously affected the investment climate in Uganda. One of the high corruption risk
areas is the public procurement in which non-transparent under-the-table cash payments are
often demanded from procurement officers.[91]
What may ultimately compound this problem is the availability of oil. The Petroleum Bill, passed
by parliament in 2012 and touted by the NRM as bringing transparency to the oil sector, has
failed to please domestic and international political commentators and economists. For
instance, Angelo Izama, a Ugandan energy analyst at the US-based Open Society Foundation
said the new law was tantamount to "handing over an ATM (cash) machine" to Museveni and his
regime.[92] According to Global Witness in 2012, a non-governmental organisation devoted to
international law, Uganda now has "oil reserves that have the potential to double the
government's revenue within six to ten years, worth an estimated US $2.4 billion per year."[93]

The Non-Governmental Organizations (Amendment) Act, passed in 2006, has stifled the
productivity of NGOs through erecting barriers to entry, activity, funding and assembly within the
sector. Burdensome and corrupt registration procedures (i.e. requiring recommendations from
government officials; annual re-registration), unreasonable regulation of operations (i.e. requiring
government notification prior to making contact with individuals in NGO's area of interest), and
the precondition that all foreign funds be passed through the Bank of Uganda, among other
things, are severely limiting the output of the NGO sector. Furthermore, the sector's freedom of
speech has been continually infringed upon through the use of intimidation, and the recent
Public Order Management Bill (severely limiting freedom of assembly) will only add to the
government's stockpile of ammunition.[94]

Human rights
There are many areas which continue to attract concern when it comes to human rights in
Uganda.

Conflict in the northern parts of the country continues to generate reports of abuses by both the
rebel Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), led by Joseph Kony, and the Ugandan Army. A UN official
accused the LRA in February 2009 of "appalling brutality" in the Democratic Republic of
Congo.[95]

The number of internally displaced persons is estimated at 1.4 million. Torture continues to be a
widespread practice amongst security organisations. Attacks on political freedom in the country,
including the arrest and beating of opposition members of parliament, have led to international
criticism, culminating in May 2005 in a decision by the British government to withhold part of its
aid to the country. The arrest of the main opposition leader Kizza Besigye and the siege of the
High Court during a hearing of Besigye's case by heavily armed security forces – before the
February 2006 elections – led to condemnation.[96]

Child labour is common in Uganda. Many child workers are active in agriculture.[97] Children who
work on tobacco farms in Uganda are exposed to health hazards.[97] Child domestic servants in
Uganda risk sexual abuse.[97] Trafficking of children occurs.[97] Slavery and forced labour are
prohibited by the Ugandan constitution.[97]

The US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants reported several violations of refugee rights in
2007, including forcible deportations by the Ugandan government and violence directed against
refugees.[98]

Torture and extrajudicial killings have been a pervasive problem in Uganda in recent years. For
instance, according to a 2012 US State Department report, "the African Center for Treatment and
Rehabilitation for Torture Victims registered 170 allegations of torture against police, 214
against the UPDF, 1 against military police, 23 against the Special Investigations Unit, 361
against unspecified security personnel, and 24 against prison officials" between January and
September 2012.[68]

In September 2009, Museveni refused Kabaka Muwenda Mutebi, the Baganda king, permission
to visit some areas of Buganda Kingdom, particularly the Kayunga district. Riots occurred and
over 40 people were killed while others still remain imprisoned. Furthermore, 9 more people
were killed during the April 2011 "Walk to Work" demonstrations. According to the Humans
Rights Watch 2013 World Report on Uganda, the government has failed to investigate the killings
associated with both of these events.[99]
LGBT rights

A 2009 protest in New York

City against Uganda's first
Anti-Homosexuality Bill

In 2007 a newspaper, the Red Pepper, published a list of allegedly gay men, many of whom
suffered harassment as a result.[100]

On 9 October 2010, the Ugandan newspaper Rolling Stone published a front-page article titled
"100 Pictures of Uganda's Top Homos Leak" that listed the names, addresses, and photographs
of 100 homosexuals alongside a yellow banner that read "Hang Them."[101] The paper also
alleged Homosexual recruitment of Ugandan children. The publication attracted international
attention and criticism from human rights organisations, such as Amnesty International,[102] No
Peace Without Justice[103] and the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex
Association.[104] According to gay rights activists, many Ugandans have been attacked since the
publication.[105] On 27 January 2011, gay rights activist David Kato was murdered.[106]

In 2009, the Ugandan parliament considered an Anti-Homosexuality Bill which would have
broadened the criminalisation of homosexuality by introducing the death penalty for people who
have previous convictions, or are HIV-positive, and engage in same-sex sexual acts. The bill
included provisions for Ugandans who engage in same-sex sexual relations outside of Uganda,
asserting that they may be extradited back to Uganda for punishment, and included penalties for
individuals, companies, media organisations, or non-governmental organizations that support
legal protection for homosexuality or sodomy. On 14 October 2009, MP David Bahati submitted
the private member's bill and was believed to have had widespread support in the Uganda
parliament.[107] The hacktivist group Anonymous hacked into Ugandan government websites in
protest of the bill.[108] In response to global condemnation the debate of the bill was delayed, but
it was eventually passed on 20 December 2013 and President Museveni signed it on 24 February
2014. The death penalty was dropped in the final legislation. The law was widely condemned by
the international community. Denmark, the Netherlands, and Sweden said they would withhold
aid. On 28 February 2014 the World Bank said it would postpone a US$90 million loan, while the
United States said it was reviewing ties with Uganda.[109] On 1 August 2014, the Constitutional
Court of Uganda ruled the bill invalid as it was not passed with the required quorum.[110][111][112]
A 13 August 2014 news report said that the Ugandan attorney general had dropped all plans to
appeal, per a directive from President Museveni who was concerned about foreign reaction to
the bill and who also said that any newly introduced bill should not criminalise same-sex
relationships between consenting adults.[113] As of 2019 progress on the African continent was
slow but progressing with South Africa being the only country where same sex marriages are
recognised.[114]

Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2023

On 21 March 2023, the Ugandan parliament passed a bill that would make identifying as
homosexual punishable by life in prison and the death penalty for anyone found guilty of
"aggravated homosexuality."[115][116]

Countries opposing the bill

European Union countries without
statements
Countries supporting the bill
No statement
Uganda
On 9 March 2023 Asuman Basalirwa, a member of parliament since 2018 from the opposition
representing Bugiri Municipality on Justice Forum party ticket tabled a proposed law which
seeks out to castigate gay sex and "the promotion or recognition of such relations" and he made
remarks that: "In this country, or in this world, we talk about human rights. But it is also true that
there are human wrongs. I want to submit that homosexuality is a human wrong that offends the
laws of Uganda and threatens the sanctity of the family, the safety of our children and the
continuation of humanity through reproduction."[117] The speaker of parliament, Annet Anita
Among, referred the bill to a house committee for scrutiny, the first step in an accelerated
process to pass the proposal into law. The parliament speaker had earlier noted that: "We want
to appreciate our promoters of homosexuality for the social economic development they have
brought to the country," in reference to western countries and donors. "But we do not appreciate
the fact that they are killing morals. We do not need their money, we need our culture." during a
prayer service held in parliament and attended by several religious leaders.[118] The Speaker
vowed to pass the bill into law at whatever cost to shield Uganda's culture and its
sovereignty.[119]

On March 21, 2023, parliament rapidly passed the anti-homosexuality bill with overwhelming
support.[120]

The United States strongly condemned the bill. During a White House Press briefing on March
22, 2023, Karine Jean-Pierre stated. "Human rights are universal. No one should be attacked,
imprisoned, or killed simply because of who they are or whom they love."[121] In the following
days, further criticism came from the United Kingdom,[122] Canada,[123] Germany,[124] and the
European Union.

Administrative divisions
As of 2022, Uganda is divided into four Regions of Uganda and 136 districts.[125][126] Rural areas
of districts are subdivided into sub-counties, parishes, and villages. Municipal and town councils
are designated in urban areas of districts.[127]

Political subdivisions in Uganda are officially served and united by the Uganda Local
Governments Association (ULGA), a voluntary and non-profit body which also serves as a forum
for support and guidance for Ugandan sub-national governments.[128]

Parallel with the state administration, five traditional Bantu kingdoms have remained, enjoying
some degrees of mainly cultural autonomy. The kingdoms are Toro, Busoga, Bunyoro, Buganda,
and Rwenzururu. Furthermore, some groups attempt to restore Ankole as one of the officially
recognised traditional kingdoms, to no avail yet.[129] Several other kingdoms and chiefdoms are
officially recognised by the government, including the union of Alur chiefdoms, the Iteso
paramount chieftaincy, the paramount chieftaincy of Lango and the Padhola state.[130]

Economy and infrastructure

The Bank of Uganda is the central bank of Uganda and handles monetary policy along with the
printing of the Ugandan shilling.[131]

In 2015, Uganda's economy generated export income from the following merchandise: coffee
(US$402.63 million), oil re-exports (US$131.25 million), base metals and products (US$120.00
million), fish (US$117.56 million), maize (US$90.97 million), cement (US$80.13 million), tobacco
(US$73.13 million), tea (US$69.94 million), sugar (US$66.43 million), hides and skins (US$62.71
million), cocoa beans (US$55.67 million), beans (US$53.88 million), simsim (US$52.20 million),
flowers (US$51.44 million), and other products (US$766.77 million).[132]

Change in per capita GDP of Uganda,

1950–2018. Figures are inflation-
adjusted to 2011 International dollars.

The country has been experiencing consistent economic growth. In fiscal year 2015–16, Uganda
recorded gross domestic product growth of 4.6 percent in real terms and 11.6 percent in
nominal terms. This compares to 5.0 percent real growth in fiscal year 2014–15.[133]: vii

The country has largely untapped reserves of both crude oil and natural gas.[134] While
agriculture accounted for 56 percent of the economy in 1986, with coffee as its main export, it
has now been surpassed by the services sector, which accounted for 52 percent of GDP in
2007.[135] In the 1950s, the British colonial regime encouraged some 500,000 subsistence
farmers to join co-operatives.[136] Since 1986, the government (with the support of foreign
countries and international agencies) has acted to rehabilitate an economy devastated during
the regime of Idi Amin[137] and the subsequent civil war.[138]

In 2012, the World Bank still listed Uganda on the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries list.[139]

Economic growth has not always led to poverty reduction. Despite an average annual growth of
2.5 percent between 2000 and 2003, poverty levels increased by 3.8 percent during that time.[140]
This has highlighted the importance of avoiding jobless growth and is part of the rising
awareness in development circles of the need for equitable growth not just in Uganda, but
across the developing world.[140]

Coffee fields in southwestern Uganda

With the Uganda securities exchanges established in 1996, several equities have been listed.
The government has used the stock market as an avenue for privatisation. All government
treasury issues are listed on the securities exchange. The Capital Markets Authority has licensed
18 brokers, asset managers, and investment advisors including: African Alliance Investment
Bank, Baroda Capital Markets Uganda Limited, Crane Financial Services Uganda Limited, Crested
Stocks and Securities Limited, Dyer & Blair Investment Bank, Equity Stock Brokers Uganda
Limited, Renaissance Capital Investment Bank and UAP Financial Services Limited.[141] As one
of the ways of increasing formal domestic savings, pension sector reform is the centre of
attention (2007).[142][143]

Uganda traditionally depends on Kenya for access to the Indian Ocean port of Mombasa. Efforts
have intensified to establish a second access route to the sea via the lakeside ports of Bukasa in
Uganda and Musoma in Tanzania, connected by railway to Arusha in the Tanzanian interior and
to the port of Tanga on the Indian Ocean.[144] Uganda is a member of the East African
Community and a potential member of the planned East African Federation.

Uganda has a large diaspora, residing mainly in the United States and the United Kingdom. This
diaspora has contributed enormously to Uganda's economic growth through remittances and
other investments (especially property). According to the World Bank, Uganda received in 2016
an estimated US$1.099 billion in remittances from abroad, second only to Kenya (US$1.574
billion) in the East African Community,[145] and seventh in Africa.[146] Uganda also serves as an
economic hub for a number of neighbouring countries like the Democratic Republic of the
Congo,[147] South Sudan,[148] and Rwanda.[149]

The Ugandan Bureau of Statistics announced inflation was 4.6 percent in November 2016.[150]
On 29 June 2018, Uganda's statistics agency said the country registered a drop in inflation to 3.4
percent in the financial year ending 2017/18 compared to the 5.7 percent recorded in the
financial year 2016/17.[151]

Industry
Uganda ranked as number 102 among the countries of the world in nominal Gross Domestic
Product by the International Monetary Fund with a GDP of 26,349 (US$million).[152] The World
Bank ranked Uganda as number 99 in nominal GDP with a GDP of 25,891 (US$million).[153]
Based on the GDP with purchasing power parity the IMF ranked Uganda as number 86 (91,212
million of current Int$) and the World Bank ranked them 90 (79,889 million of current
Int$).[152][153]

Since the 1990s, the economy in Uganda is growing. Real gross domestic product (GDP) grew at
an average of 6.7% annually during the period 1990–2015, whereas real GDP per capita grew at
3.3% per annum during the same period.[154]

Poverty
Uganda is one of the poorest nations in the world. In 2012, 37.8 percent of the population lived
on less than $1.25 a day.[155] Despite making enormous progress in reducing the countrywide
poverty incidence from 56 percent of the population in 1992 to 24.5 percent in 2009, poverty
remains deep-rooted in the country's rural areas, which are home to 84 percent of Ugandans.[156]
People in rural areas of Uganda depend on farming as the main source of income and 90 per
cent of all rural women work in the agricultural sector.[157] In addition to agricultural work, rural
women are responsible for the caretaking of their families. The average Ugandan woman
spends 9 hours a day on domestic tasks, such as preparing food and clothing, fetching water
and firewood, and caring for the elderly, the sick as well as orphans. As such, women on average
work longer hours than men, between 12 and 18 hours per day, with a mean of 15 hours, as
compared to men, who work between 8 and 10 hours a day.[158]

To supplement their income, rural women may engage in small-scale entrepreneurial activities
such as rearing and selling local breeds of animals. Nonetheless, because of their heavy
workload, they have little time for these income-generating activities. The poor cannot support
their children at school and in most cases, girls drop out of school to help out in domestic work
or to get married. Other girls engage in sex work. As a result, young women tend to have older
and more sexually experienced partners and this puts women at a disproportionate risk of
getting affected by HIV, accounting for about 5.7 per cent of all adults living with HIV in
Uganda.[159]

Maternal health in rural Uganda lags behind national policy targets and the Millennium
Development Goals, with geographical inaccessibility, lack of transport and financial burdens
identified as key demand-side constraints to accessing maternal health services;[160] as such,
interventions like intermediate transport mechanisms have been adopted as a means to improve
women's access to maternal health care services in rural regions of the country.[161]

Gender inequality is the main hindrance to reducing women's poverty. Women are subjected to
an overall lower social status than men. Many women believe this reduces their power to act
independently, participate in community life, become educated and escape reliance upon
abusive men.[162]

Entebbe International Airport

Air transportation
There are 35 airports in Uganda. Commercial airlines operate scheduled passenger services out
of four airports. Uganda currently has one functioning international airport, Entebbe International
Airport, which is located 25 miles (40 km) south-west of Kampala. In 2017, the airport traffic hit
1.53 million passengers, 8% more than the previous year.[163] A second international airport,
Hoima International Airport, is currently under construction.[164]

Road network

Road to Murchison

Road transportation is the most important way of transportation in Uganda. 95% of freight and
passenger traffic is handled by road traffic. The road network in Uganda is approximately
129,469 km (80,448 mi) long. About 4% of these roads are paved which equates to only about
5,300 kilometres (3,300 mi) of paved road. The different types of roads are national roads
(22,009 km (13,676 mi)—17%), district roads (33,661 km (20,916 mi)—26%), urban roads
(9,062 km (5,631 mi)—7%), and community roads (64,734 km (40,224 mi)—50%).[165] The
national roads make up about 17% of the road network but carry over 80% of the total road
traffic.[166] In Uganda there are 83,000 private cars which means 2.94 cars per 1000
inhabitants.[167]
Railroad
The rail network in Uganda is approximately 1,260 kilometres (780 mi) long. The longest lines
are the main line from Kampala to Tororo (249 kilometres (155 mi)), the western line from
Kampala to Kasese (333 kilometres (207 mi)), the northern line from Tororo to Pakwach (641
kilometres (398 mi)).[168]

Communications
There are seven telecommunications companies serving over 21 million subscribers[169] in a
population of over 34 million.[170] More than 95 percent of internet connections are made using
mobile phones.[171]

The total mobile and fixed telephony subscriptions increased from over 20 million to over 21
million yielding an increment of over 1.1 million subscribers (5.4 increase) compared to the 4.1
percent increases realised in the previous quarter Q4 2014 (October–December).[169]

Mobile & fixed telephony[169]

Indicators Q4 2014 Q1 2015 Change (%)

Mobile Subscriptions (prepaid) 20,257,656 21,347,079 5.4

Mobile Subscriptions (post-paid) 108,285 110,282 1.8

Fixed subscriptions 324,442 349,163 7.6

Tele-density 56.5 62.5 10.6

National status 20,690,383 21,806,523 5.4

Energy
Uganda is richly endowed with abundant energy resources, which are fairly distributed
throughout the country. These include hydropower, biomass, solar, geothermal, peat and fossil
fuels.

In the 1980s, the majority of energy in Uganda came from charcoal and wood. However, oil was
found in the Lake Albert area, totaling an estimated 95 million cubic metres (3.4 × 109 cu ft) of
crude.[134] Heritage Oil discovered one of the largest crude oil finds in Uganda, and continues
operations there.[172]

Uganda and Tanzania signed a deal on 13 September 2016 that will see the two countries build a
1,445 km, $3.5bn crude oil pipeline. The Uganda–Tanzania Crude Oil Pipeline (UTCOP), also
known as the East African Crude Oil Pipeline (EACOP) will be the first of its kind in East Africa,
will connect Uganda's oil-rich Hoima region with the Indian Ocean through the Tanga port in
Tanzania.

Uganda's favorable enabling environment and broad presence of private sector investment
presents a unique opportunity to deliver on Power Africa goals.[173] Uganda is one of the few
sub-Saharan African countries to have liberalized and financially viable energy markets, with
generation, transmission and supply segments unbundled since 2001.[174] There is an
independent Electricity Regulatory Authority that undertakes sector regulation and oversight.
The largest distribution company, UMEME is privately owned and has a 20-year concession for
distribution and retail. The country, however, is divided into 13 rural service territories, and 6 of
these are being managed by small distribution companies. Independent power producers (IPPs)
currently account for nearly 60% of generation capacity. Issues with integrated planning and the
financial ecosystem persist.
Water supply and sanitation
According to a 2006 published report, the Ugandan water supply and sanitation sector had made
substantial progress in urban areas since the mid-1990s, with substantial increases in coverage
as well as in operational and commercial performance.[175]: 3–4 Sector reforms in the period
1998–2003 included the commercialisation and modernisation of the National Water and
Sewerage Corporation operating in cities and larger towns, as well as decentralisation and
private sector participation in small towns.[176]: 15

Although these reforms have attracted significant international attention, 38 percent of the
population still had no access to an improved water source in 2010. Concerning access to
improved sanitation, figures have varied widely. According to government figures, it was 70
percent in rural areas and 81 percent in urban areas in 2011,[177] while according to UN figures it
was only 34 percent.[178]

The water and sanitation sector was recognised as a key area under the 2004 Poverty
Eradication Action Plan (PEAP), Uganda's main strategy paper to fight poverty.[179]: 182–188
According to a 2006 published report, a comprehensive expenditure framework had been
introduced to co-ordinate financial support by external donors, the national government, and
nongovernmental organisations.[180]: 5 The PEAP estimated that from 2001 to 2015, about
US$1.4 billion, or US$92 million per year, was needed to increase water supply coverage up to 95
percent, with rural areas needing US$956 million, urban areas and large towns needing US$281
million, and small towns needing US$136 million.[179]: 182–183

Education
Uganda's educational system, while lacking in many areas, has seen significant change since the
late 1990s. The educational system is set up so that children spend seven years in primary
school, six years in secondary school, and three to five years in post secondary school. In 1997,
the government declared that primary school would be free for all children.[181] This amendment
has had huge benefits. In 1986, only two million children were attending primary school. By
1999, six million children were attending primary school, and this number has continued to
climb. Following significant gains in access to primary education since 1997 when universal
primary education (UPE) was introduced, Uganda in 2007 became the first country in sub-
Saharan Africa to introduce universal secondary education (USE).[182] This bold step by the
Government of Uganda led to an increase in lower secondary enrolment of nearly 25% between
2007 and 2012.

Students in Uganda

At the 2002 census, Uganda had a literacy rate of 66.8 percent (76.8 percent male and 57.7
percent female).[138] Public spending on education was at 5.2 percent of the 2002–2005
GDP.[183]

As of 2020, the NCHE website listed 46 private accredited universities,[184] including Makerere
University, Mbarara University of science and technology, Kyambogo University, Gulu University,
Uganda Christian University, Kampala international University.

Health
There were eight physicians per 100,000 persons in the early 2000s.[183] Uganda's elimination of
user fees at state health facilities in 2001 has resulted in an 80 percent increase in visits, with
over half of this increase coming from the poorest 20 percent of the population.[185] This policy
has been cited as a key factor in helping Uganda achieve its Millennium Development Goals and
as an example of the importance of equity in achieving those goals.[140] Despite this policy,
many users are denied care if they do not provide their own medical equipment, as happened in
the highly publicised case of Jennifer Anguko.[186] Poor communication within hospitals,[187] low
satisfaction with health services[188] and distance to health service providers undermine the
provision of quality health care to people living in Uganda, and particularly for those in poor and
elderly-headed households.[189] The provision of subsidies for poor and rural populations, along
with the extension of public private partnerships, have been identified as important provisions to
enable vulnerable populations to access health services.[189]

Development of life expectancy

Life expectancy at birth was estimated to be 63.4 years in 2019.[190] The infant mortality rate
was approximately 61 deaths per 1,000 children in 2012.[191]

In July 2012, there was an Ebola outbreak in the Kibaale District of the country.[192] On 4 October
2012, the Ministry of Health officially declared the end of the outbreak after at least 16 people
had died.[193]

The Health Ministry announced on 16 August 2013 that three people had died in northern
Uganda from a suspected outbreak of Congo Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever.[194]

Uganda has been among the rare HIV success stories.[183] Infection rates of 30 percent of the
population in the 1980s fell to 6.4 percent by the end of 2008.[195][196] Meanwhile, the practice of
abstinence was found to have decreased.[197]

Less than half of all sexually active unmarried women use a modern contraceptive method, a
fraction that has barely changed from 2000 to 2011. However, only ~26% of married women
used contraceptives in 2011. The use of contraceptives also differs substantially between poor
(~15%) and wealthy women (~40%).[198] As a result, Ugandan women have ~6 children while
they prefer to have around ~4. According to the 2011 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey
(DHS), more than 40% of births are unplanned. In 2010, the Ugandan Ministry of Health
estimated that unsafe abortion accounted for 8% of the country's maternal deaths.[198] The 2006
Uganda Demographic Health Survey (UDHS) indicated that roughly 6,000 women die each year
from pregnancy-related complications.[199] Pilot studies in 2012 by Future Health Systems have
shown that this rate could be significantly reduced by implementing a voucher scheme for health
services and transport to clinics.[200][201]

The prevalence of female genital mutilation (FGM) is low: according to a 2013 UNICEF
report,[202] only 1 percent of women in Uganda have undergone FGM, with the practice being
illegal in the country.[203]

Crime and law enforcement

In Uganda, the Allied Democratic Forces is considered a violent rebel force that opposes the
Ugandan government. These rebels are an enemy of the Uganda People's Defence Force and are
considered an affiliate of Al-Shabaab.[204]

Tourism

Rwenzori mountains in Uganda

 Forest Landscape Integrity Index
2019 map of Uganda. Forest
condition measured by degree of
anthropogenic modification. 0 = Most
modification; 10= Least. Created in
Google Earth Engine. National
boundaries = LSIB 2017: Large Scale
International Boundary Polygons,
Detailed, US Officer of the Geographer

Tourism in Uganda is focused on Uganda's landscape and wildlife. It is a major driver of

employment, investment and foreign exchange, contributing 4.9 trillion Ugandan shillings
(US$1.88 billion or €1.4 billion as of August 2013) to Uganda's GDP in the financial year 2012–
13.[205] The Uganda Tourism Board is responsible for maintaining information pertaining to
tourism in Uganda. The main attractions are photo safaris through the National parks and game
Reserves. Other attractions include the Mountain Gorillas found in Bwindi Impenetrable National
Park (BINP) and Mgahinga Gorilla National Park (MGNP), Uganda having some of the oldest
cultural kingdom in Africa has many Cultural sites. Uganda is a birding paradise boasting a
massive bird list of more than 1073 recorded bird species ranking 4th in Africa's bird species
and 16th internationally.[206] Uganda has landscapes ranging from white-capped Rwenzori
mountains to the Great Rift Valley.

Science and technology

The National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy dates from 2009. Its overarching goal is
to 'strengthen national capability to generate, transfer and apply scientific knowledge, skills and
technologies that ensure sustainable utilization of natural resources for the realisation of
Uganda's development objectives.' The policy precedes Uganda Vision 2040, which was
launched in April 2013 to transform 'Ugandan society from a peasant to a modern and
prosperous country within 30 years,' in the words of the Cabinet. Uganda Vision 2040 vows to
strengthen the private sector, improve education and training, modernize infrastructure and the
underdeveloped services and agriculture sectors, foster industrialization and promote good
governance, among other goals. Potential areas for economic development include oil and gas,
tourism, minerals and information and communication technologies (ICTs).[207]

Uganda was ranked 121st in the Global Innovation Index in 2023, down from 102nd in
2019.[208][209][210] Research funding climbed between 2008 and 2010 from 0.33% to 0.48% of
GDP. Over the same period, the number of researchers doubled (in head counts) from 1 387 to 2
823, according to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics. This represents a leap from 44 to 83
researchers per million inhabitants over the same period. One in four researchers is a woman.
Uganda has been able to manufacture prototype of cars called kiira in which the government
invested US$70.[207]

Demographics

Population density of Uganda districts

Uganda's population grew from 9.5 million people in 1969 to 34.9 million in 2014. With respect
to the last inter-censal period (September 2002), the population increased by 10.6 million people
in the past 12 years.[211] Uganda's median age of 15 years is the lowest in the world.[138] Uganda
has the fifth highest total fertility rate in the world, at 5.97 children born per woman (2014
estimates).[138]
There were about 80,000 Indians in Uganda before Idi Amin required the expulsion of Ugandan-
Asians (mostly of Indian origin) in 1972, which reduced the population to as low as 7,000. Many
Indians, however, returned to Uganda after Amin's ouster in 1979. Around 90 percent of Ugandan
Indians reside in Kampala.[212]

According to the UNHCR, Uganda hosts over 1.4 million refugees on its soil as of August
2021.[213][214] Most come from neighbouring countries in the African Great Lakes region,
particularly South Sudan (68.0 percent) and Democratic Republic of the Congo (24.6%).[214] In
August 2021, Uganda received some refugees from Afghanistan following the Taliban
takeover.[213]

Languages

An ethnolinguistic map of Uganda

Swahili, a widely used language throughout the African Great Lakes region, was approved as the
country's second official national language in 2005.[215][216] English was the only official
language until the constitution was amended in 2005.[217][138][215][1][218] Although Swahili has not
been favoured by the Bantu-speaking populations of the south and south-west of the country, it
is an important lingua franca in the northern regions. It is also widely used in the police and
military forces, which may be a historical result of the disproportionate recruitment of
northerners into the security forces during the colonial period. The status of Swahili has thus
alternated with the political group in power.[219] For example, Idi Amin, who came from the north-
west, declared Swahili to be the national language.[220]

Religion

Saint Mary's Cathedral Rubaga, is the

parent cathedral of the Roman
Catholic Archdiocese of Kampala.

The Roman Catholic Church had the largest number of adherents (39.3 percent, down from 41.6
in 2002), followed by the Anglican Church of Uganda (32 percent, down from 35.9 percent). The
category of Evangelical/Pentecostal/Born-Again showed the most growth, rising from 4.7% in
2002 to 11.1% in 2018. Adventist and other Protestant churches claimed most of the remaining
Christians, although there was also a small Eastern Orthodox community.[221][222] The next most
reported religion of Uganda was Islam, with Muslims representing 14% percent of the
population, up from 12.1% in 2002.[223][221]

The remainder of the population according to the 2014 census followed traditional religions (0.1
percent, down from 1% in 2002), other religions (1.4 percent), or had no religious affiliation (0.2
percent).[221]
Largest cities and towns

Largest urban
centres in
Rank Name Uganda District Pop.
Uganda Bureau of Statistics 2016, National
1 Kampala
Population and HousingKampala
Census 20141,507,114
– Main
Report (http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uplo
2 Nansana Wakiso 365,857
ads/ubos/NPHC/2014%20National%20Cens
3 Kira Wakiso 317,428
us%20Main%20Report.pdf) , p. 11
Makindye
4 Wakiso 282,664
Ssabagabo
5 Mbarara Mbarara 195,160
6 Mukono Mukono 162,744
7 Gulu Gulu 149,802
8 Lugazi Buikwe 114,163
9 Kasese Kasese 103,293
10 Masaka Masaka 101,557
Culture

Cultural celebrations in Northern

Uganda

Woman in Rwenzori –
Western Uganda

Owing to the large number of communities, culture within Uganda is diverse. Many Asians
(mostly from India) who were expelled during the regime of Idi Amin have returned to
Uganda.[224]
Media
Uganda has a number of media outlets that broadcast domestically and globally. They cover
news, magazines, sports, business and entertainment.

Popular Ugandan newspapers include:

New Vision

Daily Monitor

Bukedde

The Observer

East African Business Week

Red Pepper
The most popular television stations in Uganda include:

Uganda Broadcasting Corporation (UBC)

NTV
NBS Television
Sanyuka TV
 Baba TV
Top TV
Spark TV
All of the media is controlled and regulated under the Uganda Communications Commission
(UCC).[225][226]

Sports
Football is the national sport in Uganda. The Uganda national football team, nicknamed "The
Cranes" is controlled by the Federation of Uganda Football Associations. They have never
qualified for the FIFA World Cup finals. Their best finish in the African Cup of Nations was
second in 1978. Among clubs, SC Villa are the most successful, having won the national league
16 times and reached the final of the African Cup of Champions Clubs in 1991, a feat also
achieved by Simba SC in 1972. KCCA are second in national league wins with 13.

As of 2020, Uganda at the Olympics has won a total of two gold, three silver, and two bronze
medals; four of which were in boxing and three in athletics. Uganda at the Commonwealth
Games has collected 13 gold medals and a total 49 medals, all in boxing and athletics.

The Uganda national boxing team is called The Bombers.[227] They have won four medals at the
Summer Olympics from 1968 to 1980, as well as two medals the 1974 World Amateur Boxing
Championships. Notable boxers include Cornelius Boza-Edwards, Justin Juuko, Ayub Kalule,
John Mugabi, Eridadi Mukwanga, Joseph Nsubuga, Kassim Ouma, Sam Rukundo and Leo
Rwabwogo.

In athletics, John Akii-Bua won the first Olympic gold medal for Uganda. At the 1972 Summer
Olympics in Munich, he won the 400m hurdles race with a world record time of 47.82
seconds.[228] 400 metres runner Davis Kamoga earned the bronze medal at 1996 Summer
Olympics in Atlanta and the silver medal at the 1997 World Championships. Dorcus Inzikuru won
the 3000 m steeplechase at the 2005 World Championships and the 2006 Commonwealth
Games.

Stephen Kiprotich has won the marathon at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London and the 2013
World Championships, and finished second at the 2015 Tokyo Marathon.[229] Joshua Cheptegei
has won 10 km races at the World Championships, World Athletics Cross Country
Championships and Commonwealth Games, and has set world records in 5 km and 15 km.
Halimah Nakaayi won the 800 meters race at the 2019 World Championships.

In cricket, Uganda was part of the East Africa team that qualified for the Cricket World Cup in
1975. Recently Uganda national cricket team qualified for 2024 ICC T20 World Cup.

The country has an increasingly successful national basketball team. It is nicknamed "The
Silverbacks,"[230] and made its debut at the 2015 FIBA Africa Championship.

In July 2011, Kampala, Uganda qualified for the 2011 Little League World Series in Williamsport,
Pennsylvania for the first time, beating Saudi Arabian baseball team Dharan LL, although visa
complications prevented them from attending the series.[231] Little League teams from Uganda
qualified for and attended the 2012 Little League World Series.[232]

Cinema
The Ugandan film industry is relatively young. It is developing quickly, but still faces an
assortment of challenges. There has been support for the industry as seen in the proliferation of
film festivals such as Amakula, Pearl International Film Festival, Maisha African Film Festival
and Manya Human Rights Festival. However, filmmakers struggle against the competing
markets from other countries on the continent such as those in Nigeria and South Africa in
addition to the big budget films from Hollywood.[233]

The first publicly recognised film that was produced solely by Ugandans was Feelings Struggle,
which was directed and written by Hajji Ashraf Ssemwogerere in 2005.[234] This marks the year
of ascent of film in Uganda, a time where many enthusiasts were proud to classify themselves
as cinematographers in varied capacities.[235]
The local film industry is polarised between two types of filmmakers. The first are filmmakers
who use the Nollywood video film era's guerrilla approach to film making, churning out a picture
in around two weeks and screening it in makeshift video halls. The second is the filmmaker who
has the film aesthetic, but with limited funds has to depend on the competitive scramble for
donor cash.[233]

Though cinema in Uganda is evolving, it still faces major challenges. Along with technical
problems such as refining acting and editing skills, there are issues regarding funding and lack
of government support and investment. There are no schools in the country dedicated to film,
banks do not extend credit to film ventures, and distribution and marketing of movies remains
poor.[233][235]

The Uganda Communications Commission (UCC) is preparing regulations starting in 2014 that
require Ugandan television to broadcast 70 percent Ugandan content and of this, 40 percent to
be independent productions. With the emphasis on Ugandan film and the UCC regulations
favouring Ugandan productions for mainstream television, Ugandan film may become more
prominent and successful in the near future.[235]

See also

Index of Uganda-related Uganda

articles portal
Africa
Outline of Uganda portal

Railway stations in Uganda

Notes

a. Article 4(a) of the Constitution requires the

state to promote public awareness through
translating it into Ugandan languages and
disseminating it as widely as possible[5]

b. Yuganda in Ugandan languages

c. Swahili: Jamhuri ya Uganda

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Further reading

Appiah, Anthony and Henry Louis Gates (ed.)

(2010). Encyclopaedia of Africa. Oxford
University Press.
Middleton, John (ed.) (2008). New
encyclopaedia of Africa. Detroit: Thompson-
Gale.
Shillington, Kevin (ed.) (2005). Encyclopedia
of African history. CRC Press.

BakamaNume, Bakama B. (2011). A

Contemporary Geography of Uganda (https://b
ooks.google.com/books?id=E-u-oqGczPsC&so
urce=gbs_ViewAPI) . African Books
Collective.
Robert Barlas (2000). Uganda (Cultures of the
World) (https://books.google.com/books?id=
T3RYYPSq8JoC) . Marshall Cavendish.
ISBN 9780761409816. OCLC 41299243 (http
s://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41299243) .
overview written for younger readers.
Carney, J. J. For God and My Country: Catholic
Leadership in Modern Uganda (Wipf and
Stock Publishers, 2020).
Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (2003). The great lakes
of Africa: two thousand years of history. New
York: Zone Books.
Clarke, Ian, ed. Uganda - Culture Smart!: The
Essential Guide to Customs & Culture (2014)
excerpt (https://www.amazon.com/dp/1857
336992/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20220714061651/https://www.amazon.
com/dp/1857336992) 14 July 2022 at the
Wayback Machine
Datzberger, Simone, and Marielle L.J. Le Mat.
"Just add women and stir?: Education,
gender and peacebuilding in Uganda."
International Journal of Educational
Development 59 (2018): 61-69 online (https://
discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10050396/1/Da
tzberger%20Education%20gender%20and%2
0peacebuilding%20in%20Uganda%20-%20Re
visions%20tracked%20changes.pdf)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021
0417063530/https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/e
print/10050396/1/Datzberger%20Educatio
n%20gender%20and%20peacebuilding%20i
n%20Uganda%20-%20Revisions%20tracked%
20changes.pdf) 17 April 2021 at the
Wayback Machine.
Griffin, Brett, Robert Barlas, and Jui Lin Yong.
Uganda. (Cavendish Square Publishing,
2019).
Hepner, Tricia Redeker. "At the Boundaries of
Life and Death: Notes on Eritrea and
Northern Uganda." African Conflict and
Peacebuilding Review 10.1 (2020): 127-142
online (https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.297
9/africonfpeacrevi.10.1.06) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20210425044047/h
ttps://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/africonf
peacrevi.10.1.06) 25 April 2021 at the
Wayback Machine.
Hodd, Michael and Angela Roche Uganda
handbook. (Bath: Footprint, 2011).

Izama, Angelo. "Uganda." Africa Yearbook

Volume 16. Brill, 2020 pp. 413–422.
Jagielski, Wojciech and Antonia Lloyd-Jones
(2012). The night wanderers: Uganda's
children and the Lord's Resistance Army. New
York: Seven Stories Press.
ISBN 9781609803506
Jørgensen, Jan Jelmert, Uganda: a modern
history (1981) online (https://archive.org/det
ails/ugandamodernhist00jrge)
Langole, Stephen, and David Monk.
"Background to peace and conflict in
northern Uganda." in Youth, education and
work in (post-) conflict areas (2019): 16+
online (https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/fil
es/135090531/YEW_Publication_2020_onlin
e.pdf#page=22) Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20210119194009/https://www.r
ug.nl/research/portal/files/135090531/YEW_
Publication_2020_online.pdf#page=22) 19
January 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
Otiso, Kefa M. (2006). Culture and Customs of
Uganda (https://books.google.com/books?id=
rMnkcZsv_eEC&source=gbs_ViewAPI) .
Greenwood Publishing Group.
Reid, Richard J. A history of modern Uganda
(Cambridge University Press, 2017), the
standard scholarly history. Buy from Amazon
- online review (http://www.h-net.org/review
s/showrev.php?id=55348) Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20210127162144/http
s://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=5
5348) 27 January 2021 at the Wayback
Machine
Sobel, Meghan, and Karen McIntyre. "The
State of Press Freedom in Uganda".
International Journal of Communication 14
(2020): 20+. online (https://ijoc.org/index.ph
p/ijoc/article/viewFile/11456/2948)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021
0415075411/https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/
article/viewFile/11456/2948) 15 April 2021
at the Wayback Machine
 Steinhart, Edward I. Conflict and
collaboration: The kingdoms of western
Uganda, 1890-1907. Princeton University
Press, 2019.

External links

Overview Uganda
at Wikipedia's
Uganda (https://www.ci sister projects

a.gov/the-world-factbo
Definitions
ok/countries/ugand from
a/) . The World Wiktionary
Media from
Factbook. Central Commons
Intelligence Agency. News from
Wikinews
Uganda (https://web.ar Quotations
from
chive.org/web/200806 Wikiquote
07090539/http://ucblib Texts from
Wikisource
raries.colorado.edu/go Textbooks
vpubs/for/uganda.ht from
Wikibooks
m) from UCB Libraries Resources
GovPubs. from
Wikiversity
Country Profile (http://n Travel
information
ews.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wo
from
rld/africa/country_profi Wikivoyage
les/1069166.stm)
Wikimedia
from BBC News. Commons
has media
Uganda Corruption
related to
Profile (https://web.arc Cultural
heritage
hive.org/web/2014091 of
4133543/http://www.b Uganda.

usiness-anti-corruption.
 com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-afric
a/uganda-version/snapshot.aspx) from
the Business Anti-Corruption Portal
Uganda (https://curlie.org/Regional/Afri
ca/Uganda) at Curlie

Maps

Printable map of Uganda from UN.org (h

ttps://www.un.org/geospatial/content/u
ganda-0)
Wikimedia Atlas of Uganda
Geographic data related to Uganda (htt
ps://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1
92796) at OpenStreetMap
Government and economy

Chief of State and Cabinet Members (htt

ps://web.archive.org/web/20081210073
716/https://www.cia.gov/library/publica
tions/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-u/u
ganda.html)
Key Development Forecasts for Uganda
(http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryP
rofile.aspx?Country=UG) from
International Futures
World Bank Summary Trade Statistics
Uganda (http://wits.worldbank.org/Coun
tryProfile/Country/UGA/Year/2012/Sum
mary)
Humanitarian issues

Humanitarian news and analysis from

IRIN – Uganda (http://www.irinnews.or
g/Africa-Country.aspx?Country=UG)
Humanitarian information coverage on
ReliefWeb (https://www.reliefweb.int/r
w/dbc.nsf/doc104?OpenForm&rc=1&cc
=uga)
Radio France International – dossier on
Uganda and Lord's Resistance Army (htt
p://www.rfi.fr/actuen/pages/001/page_
40.asp) Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20210208131440/http://www.rf
 i.fr/actuen/pages/001/page_40.asp) 8
February 2021 at the Wayback Machine

Tourism

Uganda Tourism Board (https://web.arc

hive.org/web/20091223191137/http://w
ww.visituganda.com/)
Uganda Wildlife Authority (http://www.u
gandawildlife.org/)
Visit Kampala with Kampala Capital City
Authority (https://web.archive.org/web/
20171003170213/https://visitkampala.n
et/)
Immigration Department (http://visas.im
migration.go.ug/)
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Uganda&oldid=1216742575"

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