PROJECT.

Topic:
the Andean bear in danger of extinction

Members:
Jean Carlo Laura Cari.
Guillermo Efrain Salhua Llamocca.

Course:
English
 the Andean bear in danger of extinction

Introduction:
The Andean bear, also known as the spectacled bear or
jukumari, is one of the most fascinating and emblematic species
of bears that lives in South America. Its scientific name is
Tremarctos ornatus, and it is the only native bear of South
America. With its distinctive facial mark in the form of "glasses",
this majestic animal has captured the imagination of people
throughout the centuries. However, despite its imposing
appearance, the Andean bear faces a silent struggle for its
survival, facing a series of threats that have led it to the edge of
extinction. In this introduction, we will explore the life and
challenges faced by the spectacled bear, as well as the
conservation efforts dedicated to protecting this iconic species
in danger of extinction.

Features and reproduction:

The bear of glasses, or Tremarctos ornatus, has a series of reproductive characteristics that is
important for it survival as a specie.
Here are some of them:
Sexual maturity: Bears of glasses reach sexual maturity between 3 and 7 years of age,
depending on factors like sex, health, and environmental conditions.
Breeding season: The breeding season of bears of glasses can vary depending on geographic
location and local climatic conditions. However, it generally occurs during the spring and
summer months when there is an abundance of food and more favorable weather conditions.
Courtship: During the mating season, bears of glasses may exhibit courtship behaviors that
include vocalizations, scent marking, and physical courtship rituals.
Gestation: After mating, the gestation period of a female bear of glasses lasts around 6 to 8
months.
Litters: Typically, female bears of glasses give birth to a litter of one or two cubs, although
litters of up to three cubs are not uncommon.
Parental care: Female bears of glasses are responsible for the care and protection of their
cubs. Cubs are born blind and hairless, and they depend entirely on their mother for the first
few months of life. The mother feeds them with milk and teaches them basic survival skills
such as food foraging and predator identification.
Independence: Bear cubs of glasses remain with their mother for approximately 1.5 to 2 years,
during which they learn the necessary skills to survive on their own. After this period, they
become independent and leave their mother to establish their own territories.
Feeding and conservation:
Feed

 Vegetation: The bear of glasses consumes a large variety of vegetation,

including fruits, berries, roots, leaves, buttons, and plant stems.
 Insects: Insects, such as ants and termite mounts, are also an important part of
the bear of glasses diet.
 Carcass: At times, bears of glasses feed on carcasses, taking advantage of dead
animals they find in their habitat.
 Small mammals and birds: Besides their mainly vegetarian diet, bears of
glasses occasionally hunts small mammals and birds.

Conservation

 Habitat: The main threat for the bear of glasses is the lost and fragmentation of
its habitat due to deforestation, farming, and urbanization. Conservation efforts
focus in the protection and restoring of bear of glasses forest habitats.
 Illegal hunting: Despite the hunting of bears of glasses being forbidden in most
countries where the species lives, illegal hunting remains a significant threat,
either for their meat, their skin, or conflicts with humans.
 Education and awareness: Environmental education programs targeting local
communities and the general public are crucial to raise awareness of the
importance of the bear of glasses in ecosystems and promoting sustainable
conservation practices.
 Research: Scientific research on the ecology, behavior, and genetics of the bear
of glasses provides crucial information for develop effective conservation and
management strategies for the species.
 Reserves and protected areas: The creation and management of natural
reserves and protected areas are fundamental to ensure the long-term survival
of the bear of glasses, providing them with safe habitats where they can live
and reproduce without human interference.

Behavior and
customs:
The bear of glasses, or bear andino, is a fascinating specie with a series of behaviors
and customs that reflect its adaptation to the mountainous habitat of the Andes. Here
are some outstanding characteristics of their behavior and customs:

Solitary: Although glasses bears can occasionally be found in small groups, they are
generally solitary animals. Each individual has its own territory, which they actively
defend against other bears of the same sex.

Nocturnal and crepuscular: Glasses bears are most active during the night and at dawn
and dusk, although they can also be active during the day. This nocturnal activity
allows them to avoid the daytime heat and reduce the likelihood of encounters with
humans.
Territory marking: Glasses bears use a variety of methods to mark their territory,
including rubbing against trees, claw marking, and depositing feces and urine. These
olfactory signals help communicate presence and territorial status to other bears.
Hibernation: Although they do not hibernate in the strict sense, glasses bears may
have periods of inactivity during the colder and food-scarce months. During these
periods, they reduce their activity and may spend more time resting in dens or cavities.
Interaction with humans: Overall, glasses bears tend to avoid contact with humans
whenever possible. However, they may come into conflict with local communities
when they search for food near inhabited areas or when they feel threatened.

Location:
The Andean beer (Tremarctos ornatus) is
the only beer in South America and is
endemic to the tropical Andes. Andean
bears live along the Andes mountain
range, from Venezuela to southern
Bolivia, and are both terrestrial and
arboreal. They also live in Cuzco,
Cajamarca, and Lambayeque.