Shri G.S.

Institute of Technology & Science, Indore

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Electronics Workshop
(EC 25568)
Session- Dec 2023-May2024
A Project Report on
“ Mini Audio Amplifier ”

Submitted To :
Mr. Neeraj Malviya Sir
Mr. Ajay Parmar Sir
Mr. Manish Panchal Sir
Mr Ashwin Shrivastav Sir
Submitted By :
Vivek Chouhan , 0801ME221112
Himanshu Tiwari , 0801EC221117
Suryansh Jadhaw , 0801EC221100
Nitesh Mishra , 0801EC233D06
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Vivek Chouhan, Himanshu Tiwari,

Suryansh Jadhaw, Nitesh Mishra studying in B.Tech. 2nd
year in session December 2019 to May 2020 , have
successfully completed the project “Mini Audio Amplifier
” of the Electronics Workshop and have submitted a report
having satisfactory details of it .

Date :- Guided by :
19/03/2024 Mr. Neeraj Malviya Sir
Mr. Ajay Parmar Sir
Mr. Manish Panchal Sir
Mr. Ashwin Shrivastav Sir
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to take this opportunity to express our

gratitude to all those people who have helped us in our
project, for their valuable guidance and experience which
they poured on us in right direction. Their persistent
encouragement, everlasting experience and valuable
inspiration helped us a lot in molding the present shape of
the project.
We would like to express gratitude to our staff members
for their support too.
Table of content :-

1. Introduction
2.Working principal
3.Working of circuit
4. Circuit diagram
5. Components used
6. Component Details
7. PCB Layout
8. Image of Hardware
(i) bread board
(ii) PCB
9.Reference
Introduction to Mini audio amplifier

Amplifier is a basic component of all the music systems

available in market. The need of this intermediate circuitry
exists so that we can hear crystal clear music from the music
systems. Mini Audio Amplifier project is a mini version of such
amplifier systems. This is easy to implement and test with the
help of audio jack. The signals given by an audio transmitter
device such as cell phone through a 3.5mm audio jack cable is
very low in amplitude. Such a signal if given to the speaker, the
sound output given by the speaker will be very less and might
not be audible even to a nearby person. So instead we given
the audio input to the amplifier circuitry. The amplifier circuitry
amplifies this audio signal. The amplified version of the audio
input is fed to the input of the speaker which then converts it
into sound output. Audio frequency range lies in the frequency
range of 20Hz – 20KHz. The purpose of audio amplifier lies in to
increase the amplitude of signals lying in this frequency range
and suppress the rest. So the audio amplifier circuitry is
configures in such way that it will multiply the audible range
signals with a positive gain factor. With the help of two
potentiometers we can vary the gain factor or the volume of
the audio amplifier.
Introduction to LM386 Audio Amplifier IC

LM386 IC is an audio power amplifier integrated circuit designed

for use in low voltage consumer applications. It is suitable for
battery-powered devices such as radios, doorbells, telephones,
guitars amplifiers, and hobby electronic projects. It is mostly used
as an amplifier in computer speakers and small portable stereos.

The LM386 IC is available in 8 pins dual in-line package (DIP-8).

The voltage gain of the amplifier can be adjusted to 20 and it will
be enhanced to 200 by adding external components like resistor
and capacitor among the pin 1 and 8. The LM386 IC amplifier
consists of 8 pins where pin 1 and pin 8 are gain control pins. This
allows a customer to control the volume. Depending on the
model, using a 9-volt power supply, an amplifier can deliver the
output power in the range of 0.25W to 1W.
Features and Specifications

The followings are the main features and

specifications of LM386 IC:
• Wide range of supply voltage: 4V-12V or 5 V-18V
(Based on model)
• Voltage gain from 20 to 200
• Battery operation
• Minimum external components
• Low static power drain: 4mA
• Available in package of MSOP
• Operating temperature: 0 -70˚C
• Low Distortion :0.2%
• Input is referenced by ground
• Self-concentric output static voltage
• Speaker impedance 4Ω
Electrical Characteristic of LM386 IC

Based on the model, the voltage gain of the IC 386

IC amplifier can vary from 20 to 200 with a supply
voltage range of 4V-12V or 5V-18V. There are three
models of the audio power amplifier available on
market and they are LM386N-1, LM386N-3, and
LM386N-4.

The minimum voltage, maximum voltage, minimum

output power, and typical output power of the
amplifiers associated with these three models are
given in the tabular diagram shown below.
LM386 Pins Configuration
The real image and pin-out configuration of LM386 IC are
shown in the diagram below. LM386 has eight pins in total
which have different functions.

Pin Description :-
• Pin1 (Gain): It is a gain pin used to adjust the amplifier
gain by connecting this IC to an external component
capacitor.
• Pin 2 (Input -): It is a non-inverting input terminal used
to provide the audio signal.
• Pin 3 (Input +): It is inverting input terminal used to
provide the audio signal.
• Pin 4 (GND): It is a ground pin connected to the ground
terminal of the system
• Pin 5 (Vout): It is the output pin used to provide
amplified output audio, and is allied to the speaker.
• Pin 6 (Vs): It is connected to the power and receives
the positive DC voltage.
• Pin 7 (Bypass): It is a bypass pin used to connect a
decoupling capacitor.
• Pin 8 (Gain): It is a gain setting pin used to control the
gain of the amplifier.

• From this pin description, we can say that

• Pin 1 and Pin 8 represent the gain control terminal of
the amplifier. These are the terminals where we can
adjust the gain by placing a resistor and capacitor or
just a capacitor between these terminals.
• Pin 2 and Pin 3 represent the sound input signal
terminals. These are the terminals where we place the
sound that we want to amplify. Pin 2 is the negative
input and Pin 3 is the positive input.
• Pin 4 is GND (ground) Terminal and is connected to the
ground in the circuit.
• Pin 5 represents the output of the amplifier. An
amplified signal comes out from this terminal.
• Pin 6 receives the positive DC voltage so that the
amplifier can receive the necessary power to amplify
signals.
• Pin 7 represents the Bypass terminal. This terminal can
bypass 15KΩ resistors. it is usually left open or is wired
to the ground in circuit design. However, for better
stability, a capacitor can be added to the circuit to
prevent oscillations in the op-amp IC.
LM386 IC Circuit Diagram and
Working
Basically, Audio Amplifier LM 386 includes three functional blocks
and they are: Power as well as Output, Bypass, and gain control.
The circuit diagram for the audio amplifier using LM 386 IC is
shown in the figure below.

The major components of the audio amplifier are LM386 IC,

power supply-12V, capacitors like 100 µF, 1000 µF, 0.05 µF, 10 µF,
Potentiometer – 10 KΩ, connector, resistor-10 KΩ, speaker-4Ω.
These components are connected as per the above circuit
diagram.

For the design of this audio amplifier, firstly two power supply
pins (pin 4 and pin 6) is connected where pin 4 is given to the
ground and pin 6 is connected to a 12V supply. After the power
supply, input from any kind of audio source like a mobile phone
or microphone is connected through a 3.5 mm connector. The LM
386 IC connects the right and left audio using the source with the
ground terminal.

The potentiometer is connected to the input to control the input

level in the circuit. Further, a capacitor can be connected to the
input in series to remove the DC components.

The gain of this IC is adjusted to 20 and it will be enhanced to 200

by connecting a capacitor (10µF) between pin 1 and pin 8.
We can make a bypass capacitor to reduce the noise by
connecting a capacitor (100µF) to pin 7 of LM 386 IC.

At the connection of output, a capacitor (0.05 µF) and a resistor

(10 Ω) are connected in series among the GND which is
connected to pin 5 of the IC. This circuit form a Zobel network, a
filter circuit having a capacitor and resistor and used for adjusting
the input impedance.

With the help of impedance, the speaker can be connected in the

range of 4 Ω to 32 Ω. Here, the audio amplifier circuit uses a
speaker (4 Ω). This speaker can be connected to the capacitor
(1000 µF) to remove the unnecessary DC components on the
signal.
Components used

Sr. Name of Specification Quantity Cost per

No. component piece (in
Rs)
1 IC LM386 1 15/-
2 Capacitor Electrolytic 3 40/-
25V, 1000uF
50V, 100uF
50V, 10uF
Ceramic 1
25V, 0.1uF

3 PCB FR4 , 4 inch x 4 1 45/-

inch
4 Potentiometer 10Kohm,1/10W 1 30/-
5 Speaker 4ohm ,1W Max 1 80/-
6 Resistor 10Kohm, 1/4W, 1 10/-
5%
7 Aux cable 3.5mm, Stereo, 1 30/-
Male
8 Audio plug 3.5mm, Stereo, 1 25/-
Female
9 Switch ON-OFF 1 10/-
10 Connecting wires Male to Male 4 20/-
11 Battery 9 Volt 1 55/-
 Component Details

AUDIO PLUG: 3.5MM, STEREO, MALE Plugs in a phone or other audio device.

Will be used as On-Off switch if only terminals 1 and 2 (or

ON OFF SWITCH: SPDT, On-On 2 and 3) are used.

See https://goo.gl/5Y1fbO for more info

POTENTIOMETER: 10KOHM, 1/10W, LOG Variable resistor that adjusts the volume.

Outputs sound
SPEAKER: 4 OHM, 0.8 WATTS (MAX 1W)

The brain of the circuit. Amplifies the incoming low audio

LM386 IC AMP: 1W, MONO, 8DIP, 9-12V signal up to a 1W speaker level.

Will be soldered on a PCB and will hold the LM386. By

having a socket, we don’t solder on the IC and don’t heat it
IC SOCKET: 8DIP, 2.54MM PITCH
up and makes it easy to replace the IC if it goes bad,
which happens.
AUDIO PLUG: 3.5MM
STEREO,FEMALE
Used to connect aux cable,to provide input to the
ic or circuit

Resistors can:
A) Lower the voltage
B) Block the current until it is pushed harder:
- Will make the current go another way if there is an
easier way (a lower resistance).
RESISTORS: - 10 KOHM, 1/4W, 5% - The current always go to the path with less resistance.
- The lower resistance path acts like a magnet that
attracts the current to it.
- For the current, a resistor acts like a wooden road
block.
It’s like “Only go through if you really need to”. In case of
emergency, you can go through if you really want to.

CAPACITOR: 0.1UF, 25V, Capacitors (or caps) temporarily hold a charge and discharge
CERAMIC continually. In our circuit, they are used to reduce audio noise to
keep a clean audio signal. They prevent interference or “bad
mood” between signals that could create audio noise.
Metaphorically, they act like springs or suspensions by
absorbing the shock caused by the bumps on the roads,
keeping the ride
smooth. Caps smooth out the current.

The big suspension springs for bigger trucks would be the

1000 Uf, 25V cap.

IMPORTANT: To avoid explosions,

only replace caps by;
- SAME Capacitance (uF)
- Volts are EQUAL or Higher

Aluminum Caps Polarity (also to avoid explosions):

CAPACITORS: - 10UF, 50V,
ALLUMINUM POSITIVE: Long lead
100UF, 50V, ALLUMINUM
1000UF, 25V, ALLUMINUM NEGATIVE: White Bar
Main Circuit Diagram

PCB Layout
How to Control Gain for LM386 IC?

The LM 386 IC is designed in such a way that its pin 1 and

pin 8 have been attributed with a gain control facility
which may be set externally. We can use this facility for a
better response of IC.

When the control pins are kept unconnected to anything,

the internal resistor (1.35KΩ) sets the gain of the IC to 20.
If a capacitor is added across the control pin, the gain will
be enhanced to 200.

Hence, The gain of LM 386 IC may be simply made

adjustable by connecting a pot in series with a capacitor
across pin 1 and pin 8.
Applications of LM386 Audio
Amplifier IC

An Audio Amplifier LM 386 IC can be used in a

variety of applications. It is one of the most
important IC in the audio section, and it is commonly
used in the following applications.
• A battery-operated system like TV sound systems,
Ultrasonic Drivers, Recording voice from
microphone
• AM and FM radio amplifiers
• Low-power audio amplifiers
• Portable music players
• Laptop/computer speakers and small portable
stereos
• Audio boosters
• Wien Bridge Oscillator
• Intercoms
• Power converters
References

1. LM386 Audio Amplifier IC Pins, Working & Applications

(how2electronics.com)

2. https://circuitdigest.com/electronic-circuits/lm386-
audio-amplifier-circuit

3. https://www.electronicsforu.com/electronics-
projects/lm386-based-audio-amplifier

4. https://www.instructables.com/Tales-From-the-Chip-
LM386-Audio-Amplifier/

5. A Sedra, K Smith, Microelectronic Circuits,

Oxford univ. press, 5e