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Review on Jatropha

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International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume II, Issue VIII, August 2018|ISSN 2454-6186
Review on Jatropha
Madepalli Byrappa Gowdu Viswanathan1, Jesu Doss Jeya Ananthi2, N. Venkatesan2
1
Department of Plant Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
2
Departments of Pharmaceutics, Arulmigu Kalasalingam College of Pharmacy, Krishnankoil – 626126, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract- Natural materials including plants, animals and
minerals have been the basis for the treatment of human
diseases. In the early part of the century, plants were a vital
source of raw material for medicines. Greek Physician Galen
(129-200 A.D.) devised the first Pharmacopoeia describing the
appearance, properties and use of many plants of his time. The
foundations of modern pharmaceutical industry were laid when
techniques were developed to produce synthetic replacements for
many of the medicines that had been derived from the forests.
The genus Jatropha belongs to tribe Joanneasiae of Crotonoideae
in the Euphorbiaceae family and contains approximately 175
species, cultivated throughout the tropical to temperate regions
of the world, have been used in different ailments like bleeding,
cancer, diarrhea, fever, pain and infection, jaundice, useful in
chronic dysentery, thirst, tridosha, urinary discharges,
abdominal complaints, biliousness, anemia, fistula, and diseases
of the heart.
Homeopathically it is used for cold sweats, colic, collapse cramps,
cyanosis, diarrhea, and leg cramps. The root, stem, leaves, fruit,
seed, bark and latex of the plant are largely used for the
treatment of many diseases in different parts of the world
(Rajore et al., 2003). In the present study, we discussed the
chemical constituents and medicinal uses of some of the species
of jatropha.
Key words: Jatropha, Euphorbiaceae, Perennial, tropics and
subtropics.
I. INTRODUCTION
T he genus Jatropha belongs to tribe Joanneasiae of
Crotonoideae in the Euphorbiaceae family and contains
approximately 175 species, cultivated throughout the tropical
to temperate regions of the world. The name is derived from
the Greek words ἰατρός (iatros), meaning "physician," and
τροφή (trophe), meaning "nutrition” and are used in
traditional folklore medicine to cure various ailments in
Africa, Asia and Latin America (Chopra et al., 1956;
Martinez, 1959; Burkill, 1994). It is a small tree or large
shrub, which can grow between 3 and 5 m in height but can
attain a height up to 8 to 10 m under favorable conditions. The
branches of Jatropha contain latex, normally five roots are
formed from seeds, one central tap root and four peripheral.
The plant is monoecious and flowers are unisexual.
Pollination is by insects. The life span of the plant is more
than 50 years (Larochas, 1948; Takeda, 1982). It is planted as
a hedge (living fence) by farmers all over the world around
homesteads, gardens and fields, because it is not browsed by
animals (Reinhard, 2004).
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II. PHYSICAL CHARACTERS
Perennial, many are xerophytes and cactoid and produce
milky latex (Gill, 1988). They are predominant in the tropics
and subtropics. It has various advantageous characteristic
features, viz. not browsed by cattle, best hedge plant, less
gestation period (two years), capable to grow and establish in
various biotic and abiotic stress conditions, high oil content
(30-42% in seed), multiple uses including lubricant and
illumination, etc.
It prefers a deep fertile well-drained but moisture-retentive
soil in full sun or with some shade at the hottest part of the
day.
“Controlled by chipping or cultivation, suppressed by slashing
and vigorous, well-managed, competitive pasture species
Tolerates some shade” (Swarbrick, 1997).
III.CULTIVATION
Jatropha can grow easily from seeds. However, commercially
it can be propagated by 3 different ways such as seeds,
nursery and stem cutting.
Freshly harvested seeds show dormancy and complete
ripening is necessary before seed showing. Germination takes
place in 10 days under good conditions. Soon after the first
leaves have formed, the cotyledons wither and fall down. In
the nursery, seeds can be grown in germination beds or in
poly begs for easy transportation. Seedlings attain the height
of 30 – 40 cm at the age of 3 months after showing. By then,
the plants have developed their alkaloids responsible for
repellent smell and at this stage; the plants cannot be browsed
by animals (Jatropha curcas, Seeds, 2003).
Nearly 90% of the plants spread throughout the country as
„live fence‟ and are propagated by stem cuttings only.
Cuttings planted during monsoon immediately after first
showers give better root initiation but do not form tap root,
high survival rate and good growth performance.
IV. MEDICINAL USES
Bark is used as a fish poison (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962). Leaves are regarded as antiparasitic, applied to scabies,
rubefacient for paralysis, rheumatism; also applied to hard
tumors (Hartwell, 1967-1971). In South Sudan, the seed as
well as the fruit is used as a contraceptive (List and
Horhammer, 1969-1979). Little, Woodbury, and Wadsworth
(1974) list the species as a honey plant. Sap stains linen and
can be used for marking (Mitchell and Rook, 1979).
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International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume II, Issue VIII, August 2018|ISSN 2454-6186
According to Ochse (1980), “The young leaves may be safely
eaten, steamed or stewed”. They are favored for cooking with
goat meat, said to counteract the peculiar smell. Though
purgative, the nuts are sometimes roasted and dangerously
eaten. In India, pounded leaves are applied near horses‟ eyes
to repel flies. The oil has been in use for illumination, soap,
candles, adulteration of olive oil, and making Turkey red oil.
It is reported to be abortifacient, anodyne, antiseptic,
cicatrizant, depurative, diuretic, emetic, hemostat, lactogogue,
narcotic, purgative, rubefacient, styptic, vermifuge, and
vulnerary (List and Horhammer, 1969-1979; Duke and Wain,
1981). Latex is applied topically to bee and wasp stings (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962) and to dress sores and ulcers
and inflamed tongues (Perry, 1980). Duke and Wain (1981)
list it for homicide, pesticide, and raticide as well. Colombians
drink the leaf decoction for venereal disease (Morton, 1981).
The latex was strongly inhibitory to watermelon mosaic virus
(Tewari and Shukla, 1982).
The following species are used medicinally such as J.
glandulifera in Arabia; J. curcas and J. multifida in
Cambodia, the Philippine Islands, and Guiana; J. macrorhiza
in Mexico; J. curcas, J. gossypifolia, and J. multifida in South
America and the West Indies; J. curcas and J. gossypifolia in
the Gold Coast; J. curcas in Guinea, Madagascar, La
Reunion; and J. capensis, J. hirsuta and J. zcyheri in South
Africa (Kirtikar and Basu, 2001). Further information
provided by Kirtikar and Basu (2001) is given below:
The leaves are extensively used in the Cape Verde Islands, in
the form of decoction and cataplasm to the mammae, as a
lactagogue.
In West Africa, the sap of the plant is used to cure toothache.
It is also used as a styptic and for stopping bleeding. It is said
to blind the eyes. The bark of the roots is ground and used as a
dressing for sores.
In Western Ashanti, the leaves are burned and the ash is
applied to guinea worms, which is said to come out quickly in
consequence.
In the Gold Coast, the leaves are pounded and used with
pounded palm nuts to make a mixture which is used as an
enema for weak babies to strengthen them. They are also used
for smoking bedbugs out of a house. They are often crushed in
water and used as enema. The juice of the leaves is squeezed
into water, lemon or lime added, and the liquid is used as a
bath for curing fever. When the young leaves are boiled, the
liquor is drunk to cure fever also. The seeds are commonly
used as a very effective purgative. Sometimes, they are used
in curing eye trouble.
The wood is used in Madagascar and Guiana, as an anti-
diarrheic. The latex is applied to decay teeth and to wounds,
and is used as a styptic. The roots are given as emetic and
purgative.
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The oil from the seeds is applied topically in Guinea in
rheumatism, herpes, and pruitus. The juice of the plant and the
pounded leaves are applied to wounds and refractory ulcers.
The juice is very successfully used to treat scabies, eczema
and ringworm. The nuts when roasted are used as purgative by
the Mundas of Chota Nagpur, one nut giving three or four
stools. The twigs are used for tooth brushing when the gums
are swollen.
Ayurveda states that the fruit and the seeds are anthelmintic;
useful in chronic dysentery, thirst, tridosha, urinary
discharges, abdominal complaints, biliousness, anemia,
fistula, and diseases of the heart.
Homeopathically it is used for cold sweats, colic, collapse
cramps, cyanosis, diarrhea, and leg cramps. The root, stem,
leaves, fruit, seed, bark and latex of the plant are largely used
for the treatment of many diseases in different parts of the
world (Rajore et al., 2003).
V. EDIBLE
One report says that the plant is sometimes used as food, but
gives no more information. It is most likely that the leaves are
used, though the flowers mature and immature seeds should
also be edible.
VI.LITERATURE REVIEW
6.1 Literature on Phytochemistry:
Leaves contain isovitexin and vitexin, from the drug,
saccharose, raffinose, stachyose, glucose, fructose, galactose,
protein, and oil, largely of oleic – and linoleic-acids (List and
Horhammer, 1969-1979) and curcasin, arachidic, –linoleic-,
oleic-, palmitic-, and stearic-acids are also reported (Perry,
1980).
Compounds reported from J. curcas include (Z)-3-O-
coumaroyloleanolic acid (Goulart et al., 1993), nobiletin,
jatropholones A and B, jatrophol in J. curcas (Kong and Jin,
1993), curacycline A (Labadie, 1993), 5-hydroxy-6, 7-
dimethoxycoumarin, 6-methoxy-7- hydroxycoumarin (Kong
et al., 1996), curacycline B (Auvin et al., 1997), 5-hydroxy
pyrrolidine-2-one and pyrimidine-2,4-dione (Staubmann et al.,
1999), flavonoid glycosides I, II (Khafagy et al., 1977), 5α-
stigmasta-3,6-diene (Das et al., 2003), dinorditerpene
heudolotinone from J. curcas (Ravindranath et al., 2003 a),
three antibacterial deoxy preussomerins namely
palmarumycin CPI, palmarumycin JCI, palmarumycin JC2
from J. curcas (Ravindranath et al., 2004 a) and (4E)-15-O-
acetyl-15-epijatrogrossidentadione,(14E)-14-O-acetyl-5,6-
epoxyjatrogrossidentadione and (4E)-15-
epijatrogrossidentadione from J. curcas (Ravindranath et al.,
2004 b).
Compounds reported in J. gossypifolia include fraxetin – 7, 8
dihydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin (Das and Kashinatham, 1997;
Dabur et al., 2007), gadain and jatrophan (Banerji et al.,
1984), jatrophone (Calixto and Sant'Ana, 1987), prasanthaline
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International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume II, Issue VIII, August 2018|ISSN 2454-6186
(Chatterjee et al., 1988), aryl naphthalene, 2,3-bis(hydroxyl-
methyl)-6,7-(methylenedioxy)-1-(3‟4‟-dimethoxyphenyl)
naphthalene (Das & Banerji, 1988), 2α–hydroxyjatrophone,
2β-hydroxy jatrophone and 2β-hydroxyisojatrophone in J.
gossypifolia (Kong and Jin, 1993), alkaloids A, B, C (Ahmed
et al., 1992), (2α, 13α, 14β, 20S)-2, 24, 25-trihydroxylanost-7-
en-(3-one), (13α, 14 β, 20S)-2, 24, 25-trihydroxylanost-1,7-
diene-(3-one) (Tinto et al., 1992), gossypifan (Das and Das,
1995), jatrodiene (Das et al., 1996), cyclogossine A (Horsten
et al., 1996), tetradecyl (E)-ferulate and ferulic acid
(Oxkuyama et al., 1996), cyclogossine B (Auvin – Guette et
al., 1997), gossypiline (Das et al., 1998), gossypidien (Das
and Anjani, 1999), propacin (Das and Venkataiah, 2001),
flavonoids namely vitexin, isovitexin and apigenin (Sankara et
al., 1971), cleomiscosin A, jatrorins A, B, jatrocins A, B (Das
et al., 2003), and jatrophenone (Ravindranath et al., 2003 b).
Viswanathan et al. (2004) isolated 5 compounds such as
friedelin (0.16%), epi-friedelinol (0.12%), n-octacosanol
(0.11%), –sitosterol (0.2%), and -sitosterol-3--D-
glucopyranoside (0.24%) from the stem of J. maheswarii.
Other reports include isovitexin from J. heywii (Lakshmi et
al., 1975), acetylaleuritolic acid in J. macrorhiza (Torrance et
al., 1977), 3-acetylaleuritolic (Torrance et al., 1977) and
jatrowedione (Brum et al., 1998) in J. weddeliana, epilupeol
acetate in J. avotinfolia (Carmelo and Antonio, 1979), 3β-
hexanoyllupeol in J. vitifdius (Carmelo and Antonio, 1979),
propacin and fraxetin from J. glandulifera (Parthasarathy and
Saradhi, 1984), β-amyrin cinnamate and germanicol acetate
in J. urens (Bhattacharyya and Barros, 1986), a diterpenoid, 2-
epijatrogrossidione in J. grossidenta (Dekker and Elmar,
1987), labaditin (Kosasi et al., 1989), dinorditerpenes namely
faveline methyl ether, faveline, deoxofaveline from J.
phyuacanthus (Endo et al., 1991), jatrogrossidione in J.
grosidentata (Schmeda et al., 1992), 16-hydroxyphorbol and
japodagrol (Kong and Jin, 1993) and podacyclines A, B from
J. podagrica (Vanden Berg et al., 1996), z-1-cyano-3-β-D-
(glucopyranosyloxy)-1-methylprop-1-ene (Vanden Berg et al.,
1995) and multifidol and multifidol glucoside (Osaniyi and
Onajobi, 2003) from J. multifida, fraxetin from J. ciliata
(Oxkuyama et al., 1996), jatrophone in J. isabellii (Schmeda
et al., 1996), cheralierins A, B, C from J. chevalieri (Baraguey
et al., 1998), 3β, 14α-hydroxypimara-7, 9(11), 15-triene-12-
one, ent-15(13-8)abeo-8β(ethyl)-pimarane, spruceanol,
cheistanthol, 12-O-methylspruceanone, and ent-3β-
hydroxypimara-8(14)9,15-triene-12-one from J. divaricata
(Denton et al., 2001), 12-deoxy-16-hydroxyphorbol and
jatropha factors C1-C6 from J. curcas (Haas et al., 2002),
rhmanofolone diterpene integerrimiene, 2-epiconiojane,
caniojane, and 1, 11-biseplcaniojane from J. integerrima
(Sutthevaiyayaket et al., 2003), luteolin (3‟,4‟,5,7-
tetrahydroxyflavone) campesterol, campest-4-ene-3, 6, dione,
campest-4-en-3one, stigmasta-4,22-dien-3-one, stigmast-4-en-
3-one, sigmasta-4,22-diene-3,6-dione, stigmast-4-ene-3,6-
dione, stigmasterol, and stigmastanol from J. unicostata
(Franke et al., 2004), 3, 3-dimethylacrylyshikonin and
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acetylshikonin from J. glandulifera (Mujumdar and Misar,
2004), sesquiterpenoids and triterpene (1R, 2R, 5S, 6S, 7S,
10S)-5-epieudesm-4(15)-ene-1R, 2α, 6R-triol; (1R, 2R, 5S,
6S, 7R, 10S)-AX-4(15)-ene-1R, 2α, 7α-triol from J.
neopauciflora (Garcia and Deigado, 2006), and mahafacyclin
A in J. mahafalensis (Baraguey et al., 2009). Seed kernel
yielded the ß-sitosterol, dulcitol and sucrose. The purified
kernel fat contained 33.8% methyl esters of linoleic acid.
Stem bark yielded compounds ß-amyrin, taraxerol and ß-
sitosterol (Mitra et al., 1970).
Leaves contain apigenin, vitexin and isovitexin (Subramanian
et al., 1971 b). Two new flavonoids glycosides and a new
dimer of a triterpenoid alkaloid were reported (Khafagy et al.,
1977). Leaves and twigs constitute α-amyrin, stigmasterol,
stigmastenes, etc. (Charles and Babajide, 1978). J.
glandulifera contains two esters of the napthaquinone alcohol,
shikonin (Balentine, 1969) and isohexenylnaphthazarin
pigments showing boil and wound-healing properties
(Papageorgiou, 1980). Leaf contains flavones and its root,
stem and seeds are composed of lignan (Subramanian et al.,
1971 a).
Ravindranath et al. (2004) chemically investigated J. curcas
and isolated 20 constituents among which 4 diterpenoids were
unknown and 6 compounds, tetradecyl-(E)-ferulate,3-o-(Z)-
coumaroyl oleanolic acid, heudelotinone, epi-
isojatrogrossideione, 2-hydroxy-epi-iso jatrogrossidione, and
2-methyanthraquinone had not been reported earlier from this
species. The phytochemical screening of the extract revealed
the presence of flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, alkaloids,
tannins and saponins in the leaves of J. curcas (Uche and
Aprioku, 2008). Akintayo (1997) reported the percentage of
crude protein, crude fat and moisture was 24.60%, 47.25%
and 5.54% respectively in J. curcas; Further, campesterol,
stigmasterol, β-stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, δ-5-avenasterol and
δ-7-stigmasterol were identified in the seed oils. β-sitosterol
was most abundant constituting 71.9%.
6.2 Literature on Antibacterial Activity:
Aiyelaagbe et al. (2000) studied antimicrobial activity of the
hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts of the root wood
and root barks of Jatropha podagrica against 18 organisms
and reported some broad spectrum of activity.
Matsusi et al. (1999) reported effective inhibition of Bacillus
subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus to hexane, chloroform,
ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of J. multifida. In
addition, Aiyelaagbe (2000) investigated its hexane,
chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of the yellow
root bark, red root bark and root wood which effectively
inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus
aureus. Das et al. (2005) isolated antibacterial agent 4-butyl-
2-chloro-5-formyl-1-H-imidazole from J. curcas. Aiyelaagbe
et al. (2007) found antibacterial agents such as japodagrin,
(4Z)–jatrogrossidentadione, (4Z)–5-epijatrogrossidentadione,
2-hydroxyisojatrogrossidione, and 2-
epihydroxyisojatrogrossidione in J. podagrica. Akhter et al.
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International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume II, Issue VIII, August 2018|ISSN 2454-6186
(2008) studied antimicrobial susceptibility of J. pandurifolia.
Ogundare (2007) investigated chloroform and methanol
extracts of the leaves in Tithonia diversifolia and Jatropha
gossypifolia against 10 human pathogens namely
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis,
Salmonella typhi, Bacillus subtilis, Shigella dysenteriae,
Corynebacterium diptheriae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans and reported
their antimicrobial effect.
Aiyelaagbe et al. (2007) phytochemically analyzed the
hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the roots of
Jatropha curcas and screened against different
microorganisms responsible for various infections especially
sexually transmitted diseases. They reported steroids,
alkaloids and saponins. The results confirmed the potency of
this plant in treating infections including sexually transmitted
infections. Viswanathan and Jeya Ananthi (2009) evaluated
the activity of the hexane, chloroform and methanol leaf
extracts of J. tanjorensis against Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and their anti-inflammatory activity against
carrageenin-induced hind paw edema in rats. All the extracts
exhibited varying degree of antibacterial activity and anti
inflammatory activity. Oboh and Masoadje (2009) reported
activity of the aqueous J. tanjorensis leaf extract against
Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as 1.6 and 1.3 cm
respectively. Viswanathan and Jeya Ananthi (2012)
6.3 Literature on Biological Activity:
Kupchan et al. (1970) reported antileukemia and
antinasopharyngeal agent jatrophone from J. elliptica.
Jatropha leaves, which show antileukemic activity, contain -
amyrin, -sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, 7-keto -
sitosterol, and stigmast-5-ene-3-, 7 –diol (Morton, 1981).
Anticancer agents reported are jatropham and jatrophone from
Jatropha species (Duke and Ayensu, 1984). Horiuchi et al.
(1987) reported to contain skin tumor promoters in the seed
oil of J. curcas by a two-stage mouse carcinogenesis.
Mawardi et al. (1990) isolated an anticancer agent, lathyrane
diterpene, jatrophatrione from J. gossypifolia. Kong and Jin
(1993) reported an anticancer agent, riolozatrione from J.
dioica. Ojewole (1993) isolated an anticancer agent
jatrophatrione from J.macrorhiza and antibroncho constrictor
and antiarrhythmic effective alkaloid, tetramethylpyrazine
from J. podagrica. Auvin – Guette et al. (1999) reported
antimalarial agents of pohianins A, B, C from J. pohliana ssp.
molissima. Das and Venkataiah (1999) presented 5-9-5
tricyclic diterpenoid citlalitrione as first report from J.
gossypifolia and its anticancer potential.
Biological activities of J. curcas reported are anti-diarrheal
activity of roots in albino mice (Goonasekara et al., 1995),
formulation to eliminate malaria parasites from the peripheral
blood of patients with malaria (Makkar et al., 1997),
confirmation of anti-inflammatory activity of topical
application of root powder in paste form in TPA-induced ear
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inflammation in albino mice (Aiyelaagbe, 2000), coagulant
activity of the latex which is traditionally used as haemostatic
(Mujumdar et al., 2000), fertility regulatory effect of the
fruits of different extracts for varying periods of time in
pregnant rats (Abreu et al., 2003), a cyclic nonapeptide,
podacycline A, to enhance rotamase activity of cyclophilin
(Ankrah et al., 2003), diterpenes such as curcusones A, B, C,
D, from J. curcas and their new approach to exciting
antimetastatic potential in cancer therapy (Surin et al., 2005).
Esimone et al. (2009) formulated herbal ointment containing
methanol leaf extract of J. curcas and tested for pro-wound
healing activities. It is effective in wound care and suggested
to explore in harnessing its potentials to treat topical diseases.
Nayak and Patel (2010) considered J. curcas as a biofuel plant
but the leaves are traditionally used as an anti-inflammatory
and anticoagulant.
The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the methanol
extract of the leaves of J. curcas in mice and rats were
reported by Uche and Aprioku (2008). Oduola et al. (2005)
investigated the coagulant activity of the stem latex in J.
gossypifolia and reported its mechanism of action was found
to be the highest at a concentration of 0.1 ml per ml of blood.
Mujumdar et al. (2003) investigated petroleum ether and
methanol extracts of the roots of J. curcas for local anti-
inflammatory activity based on ethno botanical lead.
Methanol extract was studied against 12-0-
tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, ethyl phenyl propionate and
arachidonic acid-induced local inflammatory response in
albino mice. The methanol extract showed dose-dependent
local anti-inflammatory activity against all these phlogestic
agents. Net local anti-inflammatory activity is complex
mainly evident due to inhibition of biosynthesis of
prostaglandin, leukotrienes and protein kinase C and action on
peripheral vascular permeability.
Stem latex of J. gossypifolia is routinely used by local and
some urban dwellers in Southern Nigeria to stop bleeding
from nose, gum and injured skin. Oduola et al. (2007)
investigated safety of its use in different groups of Wistar
albino rats at different doses of latex. Panda et al. (2007)
screened extracts of aerial part of J. gossypifolia for its
hepatoprotective activity in carbon tetrachloride induced liver
damage in Wister albino rats and recorded maximum
protection to petroleum ether extract and minimal to methanol
extract. Then, Panda et al. (2009) investigated the anti-
inflammatory and analgesic effects of methanol and petroleum
ether extracts of J. gossypifolia which showed greater effect.
J. pandurifolia, is used ethno pharmacologically as a healing
agent in Bangladesh, the cytotoxicity was studied by Akhter et
al. (2008)
Balaji et al. (2009) studied the methanolic fraction of J.
curcas for its anti-metastatic activity using B16F10 melanoma
cells in C57BL/6 mice. Simultaneous administration of
methanol fraction at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.
significantly (p<0.01) inhibited the metastatic colony
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formation of the melanoma in lungs by 47.54 and 69.52%
respectively, with increase in the survival rate of the
metastatic tumour bearing animals, as compared to the
untreated control animals.
The hypotensive and vasorelaxant effects of ethanol extract
from J. gossypifolia were reported in rats by Shah et al.
(2004). J. curcas is used in whitlow, dropsy, anasarca,
convulsions, syphilis, neuralgia, picur and pneum (Jain and
Tarafder, 1970). In Sri Lanka, it is used in fractures
(Ekanayake, 1980), stem bark to heal in wound of animal
bites (Weiner, 1971) and root bark in sores (Rao and Sastry,
1974). Wood causes dermatitis (Walker et al., 2006).
Leaves are administered internally for jaundice, its decoction
as an antidiarrheal, in stomachache and cough (Duke, 1988).
A 10% aqueous infusion increases cardiac contraction in
small doses (Horacio et al., 1974), and it is used against warts
and cancers, Ethanol extract of defatted leaves and twigs
active in vivo and in vitro against P-388 lymphocytic
leukemia; see also tumor-promoting antileukemic diterpenoids
(Hartwell, 1969; Hufford and Oguntimenn, 1978) Seed is used
against warts and cancers (Hartwell, 1969). Seed is used
against warts and cancers (Hartwell, 1969). Latex and leaf
used in warts and tumors (Hartwell, 1969). Sap is used in
cancer (Hartwell, 1969). Pharmacological mechanisms of an
alkaloid, tetramethylpyrazine, have been reported in
hypotensive, neuromuscular and cardiovascular actions by
Ojewole and Odebiyi (1980, 1981). Ethanol extract of the
aerial parts (5%) is treated for CNS depression and diuretic
(Dhawan et al., 1977).
In Southwest Nigeria, infusion of J. tanjorensis leaves is taken
orally for the treatment of diabetic symptoms. Olayiwola et al.
(2004) assessed the three fractions of the leaf extract for their
anti-diabetic potentials by in-vitro models. Idu et al. (2009)
investigated the morphological and anatomical studies of the
leaves and stem of J. curcas and J. tanjorensis. Omobuwajo
et al. (2011) investigated the acute, sub-acute toxicity and
microscopy of the leaves in J. tanjorensis
VII. CONCLUSION
Drug discovery and development program depends on natural
resources especially traditional Medicines which play a major
role. The program is getting global attention because now the
Human society is being faced problems with drug resistant
microorganisms, side effects of modern drugs and emerging
diseases, shortage of new lead structures, impressive
successes of botanical medicines and the unacceptable side
effects of synthetic drugs, a whole range of new effective
drugs for chronic and diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular
diseases, diabetes, rheumatism and AIDS, and high costs of
modern medicines. Jatropha species are grown as hedge plant
in live fences and are administered to treat various diseases.
They are reported to be abortifacient, anodyne, antiseptic,
cicatrizant, depurative, diuretic, emetic, hemostat, lactogogue,
narcotic, purgative, rubefacient, styptic, vermifuge, and
www.rsisinternational.org
vulnerary, homicide, piscicide, raticide, venereal disease, etc.
and its latex to bee and wasp stings and to dress sores and
ulcers and inflamed tongues and inhibitory to watermelon
mosaic virus.
Several compounds have been reported from different species
of Jatropha. Broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity has
been reported various solvent extracts. Biological activities
such as antileukemia and antinasopharyngeal, antitumor, anti-
diarrheal activity, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-coagulant
activity, haemostatic, antimalarial, wound healing, etc.
It is concluded that jatropha should be considered seriously in
future researches and projects designed to produce lead
compounds and biologically active molecule from this
species.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We thank our management Kalasalingam group of Institutions
for their kind encouragement
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