BCA SEM-6 UNIT_4 cloud computing

❖ Cloud Computing Reference Model:

The reference model for cloud computing is an abstract model that characterizes and standardizes a
cloud computing environment by partitioning it into abstraction layers and cross-layer functions.

If we look in to the reference model as seen in above image we will find classification of Cloud Computing
services:
1. Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS),
2. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), and
3. Software-as-a-Service (SaaS).
4. Web 2.0
1. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a cloud computing offering in which a vendor provides users
access to computing resources such as servers, storage and networking. To read more about IaaS click
here.

2. Platform as a service (PaaS) is a cloud computing offering that provides users with a cloud
environment in which they can develop, manage and deliver applications. To read more about PaaS click
here.

3. Software as a service (SaaS) is a cloud computing offering that provides users with access to a
vendor’s cloud-based software. Users do not install applications on their local devices. Instead, the
applications reside on a remote cloud network accessed through the web or an API. Through the
application, users can store and analyze data and collaborate on projects. To read more about SaaS click
here.

4. Web 2.0 is the term used to describe a variety of web sites and applications that allow anyone to
create and share online information or material they have created. A key element of the technology is that
it allows people to create, share, collaborate & communicate.
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Architecture
Cloud computing is a utility-oriented and Internet-centric way of delivering IT services on demand.
As seen in the image below. Cloud computing architecture includes:
1. IaaS, Infrastructure as a service
2. PaaS, Platform as a service
3. SaaS, Software as a service

From the book of Sir Rajkumar Buyya

Cloud Computing Architecture
BCA SEM-6 UNIT_4 cloud computing

Cloud infrastructure can be heterogeneous in nature because a variety of resources, such as

• Clusters
• Networked PCs,
• Databases
• Cloud application
• Cloud programming tools
• Hosting platforms
• Virtual machines, etc are used.
❖ From the diagram above, we will discuss about:
IaaS
PaaS
SaaS
User applications
User-level middleware
❖ Core middleware
System infrastructure
❖ IaaS:
IaaS stands for infrastructure as a service.
Infrastructure as service or IaaS is the basic layer in cloud computing model.
IaaS offers servers, network devices, load balancers, database, Web servers etc.
IaaS examples can be categorized in two categories
IaaS Management layer-- Some service providers provide both above categories and
some provides only management layer.

IaaS Physical infrastructure-IaaS management layer also required integration with

ohter IaaS solutions that provide physical infrastructure.
❖ Main technologies behind IaaS are hardware virtualization.
Some examples:
o Amazon Web Services (AWS),
o Microsoft Azure,
o Google Compute Engine (GCE)

2. PaaS:
1. PaaS stands for platform as a service.
2. PaaS provides a computing platform with a programming language execution
environment.
3. PaaS offered to the user is a development platform
4. PaaS solutions generally include the infrastructure as well.
5. PurePaaS offered only the user-level middleware.
Some examples:
o Google App Engine
o Force.com

3. SaaS:
1. SaaS stands for software as a service.
2. Software as a service (SaaS) allows users to connect to and use cloud-based apps over
the Internet.
3. SaaS is the service with which end users interact directly.
BCA SEM-6 UNIT_4 cloud computing

Some examples:
o Gmail
o Google drive
o Dropbox
o WhatsApp

4. User applications:
1. It includes cloud applications through which end user get interact.
2. There may be different types of user applications, like scientific, gaming, social etc.
3. Some of the examples are Gmail, Facebook.com, etc.
5. User-level middleware:
1. It includes cloud programming environment and tools.
2. There may be different types of programming environments and tools depend on the user
applications.
3. Some of the examples of user level middleware are web 2.0, libraries, scripting.
6. Core middleware:
1. It includes cloud hosting platforms.
2. It manage quality of service.
3. Execution management.
4. Accounting, metering etc.
5. Virtual machines are the part of core middleware.
7. System infrastructure:
1. It includes cloud resources.
2. Storage hardware
3. Servers, databases are part of it.
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------
IaaS | Infrastructure as a Service
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. IaaS stands for infrastructure as a service.

2. Infrastructure as service or IaaS is the basic layer in cloud computing model.
3. IaaS offers servers, network devices, load balancers, database, Web servers etc.
4. IaaS delivers customizable infrastructure on demand.
5. IaaS examples can be categorized in two categories
o IaaS Management layer- Some service providers provide both above categories and
some provides only management layer.

o IaaS Physical infrastructure- IaaS management layer also required integration with
ohter IaaS solutions that provide physical infrastructure.

6. On virtual machines applications are installed and deployed.

7. One of the examples of virtual machine is Oracle VM.
8. Hardware virtualization includes workload partitioning, application isolation, sandboxing, and
hardware tuning.
9. Instead of purchasing user can access these virtual hardwares on pay per use basis.
10. Users can take advantage of the full customization offered by virtualization to deploy their
infrastructure in the cloud.
11. Some virtual machines can be with pre installed operating systems and other softwares.
12. On some virtual machines operating systems and others softwares can be installed as per use.
Some examples:
o Amazon Web Services (AWS),
o Microsoft Azure,
o Google Compute Engine (GCE)
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PaaS
PaaS | Platform as a service
1. PaaS stands for platform as a service.
2. PaaS provides a computing platform with a programming language execution
environment.
3. PaaS provide a development and deployment platform for running applications in the
cloud.
4. PaaS constitute the middleware on top of which applications are built.
5. Application management is the core functionality of the middleware.
6. PaaS provides run time environments for the applications.
7. PaaS provides
o Applications deployment
o Configuring application components
o Provisioning and configuring supporting technologies
8. For users PaaS interfaces can be in the form of a Web-based interface or in the form of
programming APIs and libraries.
9. PaaS solutions generally include the infrastructure as well.
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10. PurePaaS offered only the user-level middleware.

11. PaasS classification:
• PaaS-I: Runtime environment with Web-hosted application development platform. Rapid
application prototyping. For example Force.com which is a combination of middleware
and infrastructure product type.
• PaaS-II: Runtime environment for scaling Web applications. The runtime could be
enhanced by additional components that provide scaling capabilities. For example
Google AppEngine which is a combination of middleware and infrastructure product
type. Appscale is middlware product type.
• PaaS-III: Middleware and programming model for developing distributed applications in
the cloud. For example Microsoft Azure which is a combination of middleware and
infrastructure product type. Manjrasoft Aneka is a middleware product type.
Some examples:
o Google App Engine
o Force.com

Characterstics of PaaS:
BCA SEM-6 UNIT_4 cloud computing

1. Runtime framework: The runtime framework executes end-user code according to the policies
set by the user and the provider.
2. Abstraction: PaaS offer a way to deploy and manage applications on the cloud rather than a
virtual machines on top of which the IT infrastructure is built and configured.
3. Automation: PaaS deploy the applications automatically.
4. Cloud services: Provide services for creation, delivery, monitoringm management, reporting of
applications.

SaaS
SaaS | Software as a service
1. SaaS stands for software as a service.
2. Software as a service (SaaS) allows users to connect to and use cloud-based apps over the
Internet.
3. SaaS is the service with which end users interact directly.
4. It provides a means to free users from complex hardware and software management.
5. In SaaS customer do not neew to purchase the software and required the license.
6. They simply access the application website, enter their credentials and billing details, and can
instantly use the application.
7. Customer can customize their software.
8. Application is awailable to the customer on demand.
9. SaaS can be considered as a “one-to-many” software delivery model.
10. In SaaS applications are build as per the user needs.
11. From the emaples mentioned below we can find why SaaS is condiered as one to many model.
Some examples:
o Gmail
o Google drive
o Dropbox
o WhatsApp
Characterstics of SaaS:
1. The product sold to customer is application access.
2. The application is centrally managed.
3. The service delivered is one-to-many.
4. The service delivered is an integrated solution delivered on the contract, which means provided
as promised.
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Types of Cloud
There are the following 4 types of cloud that you can deploy according to the organization's needs-

o Public Cloud
o Private Cloud
o Hybrid Cloud
o Community Cloud

Public Cloud
Public cloud is open to all to store and access information via the Internet using the pay-per-usage
method.

In public cloud, computing resources are managed and operated by the Cloud Service Provider (CSP).

Example: Amazon elastic compute cloud (EC2), IBM SmartCloud Enterprise, Microsoft, Google App
Engine, Windows Azure Services Platform.

o Public Cloud provides a shared platform that is accessible to the general public through an
Internet connection.
o Public cloud operated on the pay-as-per-use model and administrated by the third party, i.e.,
Cloud service provider.
o In the Public cloud, the same storage is being used by multiple users at the same time.
o Public cloud is owned, managed, and operated by businesses, universities, government
organizations, or a combination of them.
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o Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Microsoft Azure, IBM's Blue Cloud, Sun Cloud, and Google
Cloud are examples of the public cloud.

Advantages of Public Cloud

There are the following advantages of public cloud -

1) Low Cost

Public cloud has a lower cost than private, or hybrid cloud, as it shares the same resources with a large
number of consumers.

2) Location Independent

Public cloud is location independent because its services are offered through the internet.

3) Save Time

In Public cloud, the cloud service provider is responsible for the manage and maintain data centers in
which data is stored, so the cloud user can save their time to establish connectivity, deploying new
products, release product updates, configure, and assemble servers.

4) Quickly and easily set up

Organizations can easily buy public cloud on the internet and deployed and configured it remotely
through the cloud service provider within a few hours.
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5) Business Agility

Public cloud provides an ability to elastically re-size computer resources based on the organization's
requirements.

6) Scalability and reliability

Public cloud offers scalable (easy to add and remove) and reliable (24*7 available) services to the users at
an affordable cost.

Disadvantages of Public Cloud

1) Low Security

Public Cloud is less secure because resources are shared publicly.

2) Performance

In the public cloud, performance depends upon the speed of internet connectivity.

3) Less customizable

Public cloud is less customizable than the private cloud.

Private Cloud
o Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud.
o Private cloud provides computing services to a private internal network (within the
organization) and selected users instead of the general public.
o Private cloud provides a high level of security and privacy to data through firewalls and internal
hosting. It also ensures that operational and sensitive data are not accessible to third-party
providers.
o HP Data Centers, Microsoft, Elastra-private cloud, and Ubuntu are the example of a private cloud.
BCA SEM-6 UNIT_4 cloud computing

Advantages of Private cloud

There are the following advantages of Private Cloud -

1) More Control

Private clouds have more control over their resources and hardware than public clouds because it is only
accessed by selected users.

2) Security & privacy

Security & privacy are one of the big advantages of cloud computing. Private cloud improved the security
level as compared to the public cloud.

3) Improved performance

Private cloud offers better performance with improved speed and space capacity.

Disadvantages of Private Cloud

1) High cost

The cost is higher than a public cloud because set up and maintain hardware resources are costly.
BCA SEM-6 UNIT_4 cloud computing

2) Restricted area of operations

As we know, private cloud is accessible within the organization, so the area of operations is limited.

3) Limited scalability

Private clouds are scaled only within the capacity of internal hosted resources.

4) Skilled people

Skilled people are required to manage and operate cloud services.

Hybrid Cloud(or Hetrogenouus cloud)

o Hybrid cloud is a combination of public and private clouds.
Hybrid cloud = public cloud + private cloud
o The main aim to combine these cloud (Public and Private) is to create a unified, automated, and
well-managed computing environment.
o In the Hybrid cloud, non-critical activities are performed by the public cloud and critical
activities are performed by the private cloud.
o Mainly, a hybrid cloud is used in finance, healthcare, and Universities.
o The best hybrid cloud provider companies are Amazon, Microsoft, Google, Cisco, and NetApp.
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Advantages of Hybrid Cloud

There are the following advantages of Hybrid Cloud -

1) Flexible and secure

It provides flexible resources because of the public cloud and secure resources because of the private
cloud.

2) Cost effective

Hybrid cloud costs less than the private cloud. It helps organizations to save costs for both infrastructure
and application support.

3) Cost effective

It offers the features of both the public as well as the private cloud. A hybrid cloud is capable of adapting
to the demands that each company needs for space, memory, and system.

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4) Security

Hybrid cloud is secure because critical activities are performed by the private cloud.

5) Risk Management

Hybrid cloud provides an excellent way for companies to manage the risk.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud

1) Networking issues

In the Hybrid Cloud, networking becomes complex because of the private and the public cloud.

2) Infrastructure Compatibility

Infrastructure compatibility is the major issue in a hybrid cloud. With dual-levels of infrastructure, a private
cloud controls the company, and a public cloud does not, so there is a possibility that they are running in
separate stacks.

3) Reliability

The reliability of the services depends on cloud service providers.

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Community Cloud
Community cloud is a cloud infrastructure that allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of
several organizations to share the information. It is owned, managed, and operated by one or more
organizations in the community, a third party, or a combination of them.

Example: Our government organization within India may share computing infrastructure in the cloud to
manage data.

Advantages of Community Cloud

There are the following advantages of Community Cloud -

Cost effective

Community cloud is cost effective because the whole cloud is shared between several organizations or a
community.

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Flexible and Scalable

The community cloud is flexible and scalable because it is compatible with every user. It allows the users
to modify the documents as per their needs and requirement.
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Security

Community cloud is more secure than the public cloud but less secure than the private cloud.

Sharing infrastructure

Community cloud allows us to share cloud resources, infrastructure, and other capabilities among various
organizations.

Disadvantages of Community Cloud

There are the following disadvantages of Community Cloud -

o Community cloud is not a good choice for every organization.

o Slow adoption to data
o The fixed amount of data storage and bandwidth is shared among all community members.
o Community Cloud is costly than the public cloud.
o Sharing responsibilities among organizations is difficult.
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What is a homogeneous cloud?

Simply put, a homogenous cloud is one where everything is from the sme vendor. That single vendor
supplies your public cloud access and offerings and any private cloud you might have, both on-prem
or off-site.
More technically, a homogeneous cloud is one where the entire software stack, from the hypervisor
(remote cloud provider), through various intermediate management layers, all the way to the end-user
portal, is provided by a single vendor.

Many enterprise providers used to offer this approach, but this fell out of the market years ago.
Traditionally, hybrid cloud options were simply software stacks that you’d run on premises that also
integrated with a public cloud. This has changed. Cloud providers are now releasing physical
appliances—hardware. More recent pushes from Azure and AWS, however, are aiming for a
homogenous cloud renaissance.

Homogenous cloud: pros and cons

The argument for homogeneous environments is that because everything comes pre-integrated they
are easier to set up, and if something goes wrong there is only one responsible party—“one neck to
wring” as the saying has it. But there are plenty more benefits to a homogenous cloud.

Homogenous cloud benefits

• Essentially turnkey, with “off the shelf” functionality

• Easier to install and set up
• Easier from an operations and management standpoint. Because the public and private portions
are from a single provider, they’re designed to work together.
• Services like disaster recovery, security, governance, and monitoring are built-in and span both
environments
• Cheaper because the on-prem portion is delivered as drop-in hardware or a prebuild rack
• Talent needs skills specific only to that provider

That’s a lot of benefits! But there’s one significant drawback—vendor lock-in.

Homogenous cloud drawbacks

Easy to use often means harder to leave. By giving so much power to one vendor, users place
themselves at the mercy of that vendor’s commercial and technical strategy. Leaving that vendor, no
matter the reason, becomes risky, expensive, and difficult, especially for security and governance
strategies.

In farming, this is known as a monoculture, that is, only a single crop is grown. Superficially, this is
an attractive idea, as farmers can specialize and take advantage of economies of scale. The problem
is that any disease, frost, drought, or other event that affects that crop can wipe out the entire harvest.
BCA SEM-6 UNIT_4 cloud computing

To mitigate that risk, farmers try to sow several different types of crop, as insurance against losing
the entire harvest.

The same arguments apply in IT. The advantage of an IT monoculture is that everyone can specialize
in that one vendor’s tools and it is easy for admins to cover for each other.

The downsides are a bit different: on the technical side, features will be available when—and if—the
vendor chooses to develop them. The real pain often comes on the commercial side, because once
users are “locked in” to a single-vendor strategy, they have no recourse if that vendor decided to
change its pricing structure in a way that causes costs to increase.

Economics of Cloud Computing

❖ Economics of Cloud Computing is based on the PAY AS YOU GO method.
Users/Customers must have to pay only for their way of usage of the cloud services. It
definitely beneficial for the users. So that Cloud is economically very convenient for all.
Another side is to eliminate some indirect cost which is generated by assets such as
license of software and their support. In cloud, users can use software application on
subscription basis without any cost because the property of the software providing service
remains to the cloud provider.

❖ Economical background of cloud is more useful for developers in the following ways:
• Pay as you go model offered by cloud providers.
• Scalable and Simple.

❖ Cloud Computing Allows:

• Reduces the capital costs of infrastructure.
• Removes the maintenance cost.
• Removes the administrative cost.

❖ What is Capital Cost?

• It is cost occurred in the purchasing infrastructure or the assets that is important in the
production of goods. It takes long time to generate profit.
• In the case of start-ups, there is no extra budget for the infrastructure and its maintenance.
So cloud can minimizes expenses of any small organization in terms of economy. It leads
to the developers can only focus on the development logic and not on the maintenance of
the infrastructure.
• There are three different Pricing Strategies which are introduced by the Cloud
Computing: Tiered Pricing, Per-unit pricing, and Subscription based Pricing. These are
explained as following below.
1. Tired Pricing:
Cloud Services are offered in the various tiers. Each tier offers fix service agreements
at specific cost. Amazon EC2 uses this kind of pricing.
2. Per-unit Pricing:
The model is based upon the unit specific service concept. Data transfer and memory
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allocation includes in this model for specific units. GoGrid uses this kind of pricing in
terms of RAM/hour.
3. Subscription based Pricing:
In this model users are paying periodic subscription fee for the usage of software.
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Assignment question
1. What are fundamental of cloud computing reference model.
2. Advantage and disadvantage of private cloud./public /hybrid/community
3. Explain main characteristics of pass solution./iass /sass
4. What is heterogeneous cloud? Explain in detail.
5. Explain types of cloud.
6. Explain economy cloud.