First Aid for Environmental Injury and Illness

Topic 1 Bite and Stings

Treating bites and stings involve several important steps to ensure the
well-being of the affected person. Initially, it is crucial to assess the
situation and determine if the bite or sting is from a venomous creature,
such as a snake or scorpion, as this may require immediate medical
attention. For non-venomous bites and stings, the first step is to gently
wash the affected area with soap and water to remove any potential
contaminants. Applying a cold compress or ice pack wrapped in a cloth
can help reduce swelling and alleviate pain. If available, an over-the-
counter antihistamine or topical hydrocortisone cream can be applied to
relieve itching and inflammation.

Topic 2 Heat Related Illnesses

Heat-related illnesses occur when the body's natural cooling mechanisms
are overwhelmed by excessive heat, leading to potentially life-threatening
conditions. These conditions include heat cramps, characterized by
muscle spasms and pain; heat exhaustion, causing symptoms like profuse
sweating, weakness, dizziness, and nausea; and heatstroke, a severe
condition marked by high body temperature, altered mental state, rapid
pulse, and possible organ damage. In case of heat-related illnesses, it is
crucial to immediately move the affected person to a cool, shaded area,
encourage them to rest and hydrate, remove excess clothing, and apply
cool water or ice packs to lower their body temperature.

Topic 3 Sunburns
Sunburns occur when the skin is overexposed to the ultraviolet (UV)
radiation from the sun, resulting in redness, pain, and inflammation. First
aid for sunburns involves immediate steps to alleviate discomfort and
prevent further damage. The affected person should move to a shaded
area or indoors to avoid further sun exposure, while loose clothing and a
hat provide additional protection. Cooling the skin with cool (not cold)
water and applying a cold compress or damp cloth can help reduce
inflammation. Moisturizing creams or aloe vera gel can soothe the skin,
and over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen can alleviate pain. It is
important to stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water and avoid further
sun exposure until the sunburn has healed.

Topic 4 Frostbite
Frostbite is a serious condition that occurs when the skin and underlying
tissues freeze due to exposure to extremely cold temperatures. Prompt
first aid is crucial to minimize damage and prevent complications. If you
suspect frostbite, move the affected person to a warm area immediately
and remove any wet or constrictive clothing. Gently rewarm the
frostbitten area by immersing it in warm (not hot) water or using warm
compresses. Avoid direct heat sources like heating pads or fires. Protect
the frostbitten area from further injury and elevation if possible. Do not
rub or massage the affected area. Seek medical attention as soon as
possible for proper evaluation and treatment.

Topic 5 Hypothermia
Hypothermia is a potentially life-threatening condition caused by
prolonged exposure to cold temperatures, resulting in a dangerously low
body temperature. When providing first aid for hypothermia, it is crucial
to act quickly. Start by gently moving the person to a warm and dry
location, removing wet clothing and covering them with blankets or
warm clothes. Gradually warm the individual by applying heat packs to
the neck, chest, and groin areas, if available. Offer warm beverages,
avoiding alcohol or caffeine. Monitor their breathing and provide
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if necessary. Seek medical
assistance immediately, as hypothermia requires professional attention for
proper treatment and monitoring.

Topic 7 Toxin and Poison Exposures

Toxin and poison exposures involve taking immediate actions to
minimize the harm caused by the substance. The first step is to ensure
personal safety by wearing appropriate protective gear, such as gloves or
a mask, and removing the affected individual from the source of exposure.
If the toxin or poison is on the skin, it should be promptly washed off
with water or removed with a clean cloth. In the case of ingestion, the
person should not induce vomiting unless directed by a medical
professional. Instead, they should rinse their mouth with water and drink
milk or water to dilute the substance. It is crucial to contact emergency
services or a poison control center for guidance and provide them with
detailed information about the toxin or poison, the route of exposure, and
the symptoms experienced.

Summary:
●Recognizing the signs and symptoms: In this lesson, we learned how to
recognize the signs and symptoms of environmental injury and illness.
We covered various types of injuries and illnesses caused by exposure to
extreme temperatures, chemical substances, venomous animals, and
natural disasters.
●Emergency response procedures: We discussed the essential steps to
take in an emergency situation involving environmental injury or illness.
These include assessing the scene for potential hazards, ensuring personal
safety, and calling for professional medical help when needed.
●Treating heat-related conditions: We explored the first aid measures for
heat-related conditions such as heat exhaustion and heatstroke. Students
learned how to cool the affected individual, provide fluids, and monitor
their vital signs until medical assistance arrives.
●Managing cold-related injuries: We examined the appropriate first aid
techniques for cold-related injuries like frostbite and hypothermia.
Students learned how to rewarm the affected areas, handle frostbitten skin,
and maintain the person's body temperature while awaiting medical aid.
●Dealing with chemical exposures: We discussed the necessary steps for
dealing with chemical exposures, including removing contaminated
clothing, flushing affected areas with water, and seeking immediate
medical attention. Students were also educated on the importance of
identifying the hazardous substance involved and providing this
information to medical professionals.
●Responding to venomous animal bites and stings: We covered the basic
first aid measures for venomous animal bites and stings. Students learned
how to immobilize the affected area, clean the wound, and keep the
person calm while seeking medical help. We also highlighted the
significance of identifying the type of venomous creature to guide
treatment.
●Prevention strategies: We emphasized the importance of prevention in
environmental injury and illness. Students were introduced to various
preventive measures, including staying hydrated, using protective
clothing and gear, practising safe behaviours in hazardous environments,
and being aware of emergency evacuation procedures.