Network Architecture: CSE

6106

Internet of thIngs

Ketema Adere (PhD)

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 What is IoT?

q Internet connects all people, so it is

called “the Internet of People”
q IoT connects all things, so it is called
“the Internet of Things”

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What is IoT?

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 What is IoT?

q The Internet of Things, also called

The Internet of Objects, refers to a
wireless network between objects,
usually the network will be wireless
and self-configuring, such as
household appliances.

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 What is IoT?

q By embedding short-range mobile

transceivers into a wide array of
additional gadgets and everyday
items, enabling new forms of
communication between people and
things, and between things
themselves.
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 What is IoT?

q The term "Internet of Things" has

come to describe a number of
technologies and research
disciplines that enable the Internet
to reach out into the real world of
physical objects.

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 What is IoT?

qFrom any time ,any place

connectivity for anyone, we will now
have connectivity for anything!

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 How IoT Works?
§ Internet of Things is not the result of a single novel technology;
instead, several complementary technical developments provide
capabilities that taken together help to bridge the gap between the
virtual and physical world.

§ These capabilities include:

Ø Communication and cooperation
Ø Addressability
Ø Identification
Ø Sensing
Ø Actuation
Ø Embedded information processing
Ø Localization
Ø User interfaces
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 How IoT Works?
Enabling
Technologies

RFID Sensor Smart Tech Nano Tech

To collect
To identify To enhance To make
and
and track the power the smaller
process
the data of of the and
the data to
things network by smaller
detect the
devolving things
changes in
processing have the
the
capabilities ability to
physical
to different connect
status of
part of the and
things
network. interact.
 Convergence of domains

q IoT breakthrough Innovation

§ E.g. Semantic Interoperability, Energy
Harvesting

q IoT Basic Research

§ E.g. Nano-Tech, Quantum Teleportation

q IoT Sustaining Innovations

§ E.g. Integration of Cloud Technologies
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 Characteristics of IoT

q Efficient, scalable & associated

architecture.
q Unambiguous naming & addressing
q Abundance of sleeping nodes,
mobile & non-IP devices
q Intermittent connectivity

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How does IoT Works?
Stage 1 (Sensors/Actuators) : A thing in the context of
“Internet of Things”, should be equipped with sensors and
actuators thus giving the ability to emit, accept and
process signals
Stage 2 (Data Acquisition Systems): The data from the
sensors starts in analogue form which needs to be
aggregated and converted into digital streams for further
processing.
This stage performs these data aggregation and
conversion functions

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How does IoT Works?
Stage 3 (Edge Analytics): Once IoT data has been
digitized and aggregated, it may require further
processing before it enters the data center, this is
where Edge Analytics comes in
Stage 4 (Cloud Analytics):
Data that needs more in-depth processing gets
forwarded to physical data centers or cloud-based
systems.

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IoT Components

Device (The Thing)

Local Network

Internet

Backend Services

Applications

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Functional Components of IoT

qComponent for interaction &

communication with other IoT
devices.
q Component for processing & analysis
of operation
q Component for Internet interaction

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Functional Components of IoT

q Component for handling Web

services of application
q Component to integrate application
services
q User interface to access IoT.

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 IoT Interdependency
Embedded Devices

Application
Virtual
Real-time Kernel Machine
Power Management

Actuators
Radios HTTP
Sensors

Client

6LowPAN Bluetooth Zigbee

MQTT

Web
Client

WiFi Ethernet LOR WiFi CoAP

Client
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IoT Service Oriented Architecture
Application Application
Contract Interface
front end API
Interface Layer
Service Bus

Service Service Service

Division Integration Integration Service
S
Service Layer Repository
Service Bus E
C
Business Logic U
R
I
Social Network WLAN
T
Network Layer Mobile Network
Internet Y
Database
WSN

Data sensing/acquistion protocol

Sensing Layer
RFID tags Intelligent Sensors RFID reader BLE device WSN
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 IoT Gateways
Software

Switching
Wired/wireless connections

Wired/wireless connections
Routing
Protocol Conversion

Local Firewall & VPN Global

Network Security Network

Processor

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Technical deviation from Regular
Web
IoT Stack Web Stack

Application Management Application

Binary, CBOR HTMP, XML
MQTT, CoAP, XMPP HTTP, DNS, TLS/SSL

UDP, DTLS UDP, TCP

IPv6
IPv4, IPv6, IPSec
6LoWWPAN

IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Ethernet, DSL, Wireless

IEEE 802.15.4 PHY LAN, Wi-Fi
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 Functionality-based IoT
protocols

q Connectivity (6LowPAN)
q Identification (IPv6, URLs)
q Communication/transport (WiFi,
Bluetooth, LPWAN)

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 Functionality-based IoT
protocols

q Data protocols (MQTT, CoAP)

q Semantic (JSON-LD, Web Thing
Model)

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 MQTT

q Message Queue Telemetry Transport

q It is a published-subscribe-based
lightweight messaging protocol for
use in conjunction with TCP/IP
q Designed to provide connectivity

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 MQTT

q A message broker controls the

publish-subscribe messaging pattern
qA topic to which a client is
subscribed is updated in the form of
message & distributed by the
message broker.

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 MQTT Components

Publisher • Lightweight sensors

• Applications Interested in sensor

Subscriber
data

• Connect publisher & subscriber

Broker • Classify sensor data into topic

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 MQTT Methods

q Connect
q Disconnect
q Subscribe
q Unsubscribe
q Publish

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 MQTT Methods
Laptop

e
rib
c
bs
MQTT Broker Su 0c
30
h
Publish l is
b
300c Pu
Pu
b li
sh
Temperature Sensor 30 0
Su c
bs
cri
be

Mobile Device
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 Communication

qT h e p r o t o c o l u s e s a
publish/subscribe architecture (like
HTTP request/respond).
qMQTT broker is in charge of
dispatching all messages b/n sender
& the rightful receiver.

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 Communication

q Each client that publishes a message

to a broker, includes a topic into the
message.
q Each client that wants to receive
message subscribe to a certain topic
& the broker delivers all messages
with the matching topic to client.
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 MQTT Topics

q A topic is a simple string that can

have more hierarchy levels, which
are separated by a slash
qA sample topic for sending
temperature of the living room could
be house/living-room/temperature.

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 Applications

q Facebook Messenger uses MQTT for

online chat.
q Amazon Web Service uses Amazon
IoT with MQTT.
q Microsoft Azure IoT Hub uses MQTT
as its main protocol for telemetry
messages.
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 SMQTT

q Secure MQTT is an extension of

MQTT which uses encryption.
q The protocol consists of four stages
§ Setup
§ Encryption
§ Publish
§ Decrypt
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 SMQTT

q In the setup phase, the subscribers

register themselves to broker & get
a master secret key
q When the data is published, it is
encrypted & published by the
broker.

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 SMQTT

q Then the broker sends it to the

subscriber.
q The subscriber finally decrypt it
using the same master secret key.

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 CoAP

q Constrained Application Protocols

q Web transfer protocol for use with
constrained nodes & network.
q Designed for Machine-to-Machine
(M2M) application such as
§ Smart energy
§ Building automation
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 CoAP

q Based on Request-Response model

b/n end points
qClient-Server interaction is
asynchronous over a datagram
oriented transport protocol

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 CoAP

q Built over UDP, instead of TCP & has

a light mechanism to provide
reliability.
q CoAP architecture is divided into two
main sub-layers:
§ Messaging
§ Request/response
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 CoAP

qThe messaging sub-layer is

responsible for reliability &
duplication of message
q The request/response dub-layer is
responsible for communication

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 CoAP

q CoAP has four messaging modes:

§ Confirmable
§ Non-confirmable
§ Piggyback
§ Separate

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 CoAP Position

Application

Request
CoAP
Messages

UDP

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CoAP Request-Response model

Client Server Client Server

CON Non-message

ACK

Confirmable message Non-Confirmable message

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CoAP Request-Response model

Client Server Client Server

CON CON

ACK+Data ACK

CON
CON (Data)
ACK+Data
ACK

Piggyback message Separate message

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 CoAP Messaging

q Piggyback is used for client/server

direct communication where the
server sends its response directly
after messaging, i.e. within the
acknowledgment message.

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 CoAP Messaging

q The separate mode is used when the

server response comes in message
separate from the acknowledgment.

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 XMPP

q XMPP – Extensible Messaging and

Presence Protocol.
q A communication protocol for
message-oriented middleware based
on XML.
q Real-time exchange of structured
data.
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 XMPP

q It is an open standard protocol

qXMPP uses a client-server
architecture.
q XMPP provides for the discovery of
services residing locally or across a
network.

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 XMPP

qSecurity – Authentication,
encryption, etc.
qF l e x i b i l i t y – S u p p o r t s
interoperability.

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 Core XMPP Technologies

q Core
§ Information about the core XMPP
technologies for XML streaming

q Jingle
§ Multimedia signaling for voice, videos, file
transfer

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 Core XMPP Technologies

q Multi-user chat
§ Flexible, multi-party communication

q pubsub
§ Alert & notification for data syndication.

q BOSH
§ HTTP binding for XMPP.

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 Weaknesses of XMPP

q Does not support QoS.

q Text based communications induces
higher network overheads.
q Binary data must be first encoded to
base64 before transmission.

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 Challenges

q New network traffic patterns to

handle
q Interoperability
q Energy Efficiency
q Interfacing
q Security/Privacy issues
q Lack of standardization
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 Complexity

q Growth of networks
q Interoperability among devices
q Network management
q Heterogeneity in networks
q Protocol standardization within
networks.

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 Scalability

q Flexible within Internet

q IoT integration
q Large scale deployment
q Real-Time connectivity of billions of
devices.

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 IoT Applications
Information Security
Office of Budget and Finance

Where is IoT?
It’s everywhere!

You name it, and you will have it in IoT!

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IoT application
You name it, and you will have it in IoT
 Information Security
Office of Budget and Finance
Education – Partnership – Solutions
 IoT Applications - Smart Homes
Smart home or
“Home automation”
describes the
connectivity inside
our homes.

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 IoT Applications - Smart City
● Smart city spans a wide variety of use cases, from traffic management
to water distribution, to waste management, urban security and
environmental monitoring.
● Smart City solutions promise to alleviate real pains of people living in
cities these days. Like solving traffic congestion problems, reducing
noise and pollution and helping to make cities safer.

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IoT Applications - Health Care
● Connected Health (Digital health/Telehealth/Telemedicine)
Ø The concept of a connected health care system and smart medical
devices bears enormous potential, not just for companies also for
the well-being of people in general: New kinds of real-time health
monitoring and improved medical decision-making based on large
sets of patient data are some of the envisioned benefits.

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IoT Applications - Smart Farming
• Smart farming
Ø The remoteness of farming operations and the large number of
livestock that could be monitored makes farming an interesting case
for the Internet of Things.

– The Internet of Things is also expected to change business models

in banking, insurance, and government.
Ø These use cases, however, are not yet as advanced as the business
cases listed above.

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 Applications
q Business – Shopping scenario
§ When entering the doors, scanners will
identify the tags on her clothing.
§ When shopping in the market, the goods will
introduce themselves.
§ When moving the goods, the reader will tell
the staff to put a new one.
§ When paying for the goods, the microchip of
the credit card will communicate with
checkout reader.
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 Applications

q Intelligent house
§ Remote monitor for smart house
§ Remote control for smart appliance

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 Applications

q Transportation
§ A network of sensors set up throughout a
vehicle can interact with its surroundings to
provide valuable feedback on local roads,
weather and traffic conditions to the car
driver, enabling adaptive drive systems to
respond accordingly

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 TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES OF IoT
• At present IoT is faced with many challenges, such as:
Ø Scalability
Ø Technological Standardization
Ø Inter operability
Ø Discovery
Ø Software complexity
Ø Data volumes and interpretation
Ø Power Supply
Ø Interaction and short range communication
Ø Wireless communication
Ø Fault tolerance
 Why be concerned about IoT?
• It’s just another computer, right?
Ø All of the same issues we have with access
control, vulnerability management,
patching, monitoring, etc.
Ø Imagine your network with 1,000,000
more devices
Ø Any compromised device is a foothold on
the network
 Threat vs. Opportunity
• If misunderstood and misconfigured, IoT poses
risk to our data, privacy, and safety

• If understood and secured, IoT will enhance

communications, lifestyle, and delivery of services
THANK YOU!!

Q&A?
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