Running Head: Wikis

Information Technology and Strategic Management

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Table of Contents

Wiki 1: Value of Information.....................................................................................................4

Wiki 2: Database Design............................................................................................................7

Relational Databases..............................................................................................................7

Advantages.........................................................................................................................8

Disadvantages.....................................................................................................................9

Recommended applications..............................................................................................10

NoSQL Databases................................................................................................................10

Advantages.......................................................................................................................11

Disadvantages...................................................................................................................13

Recommended applications..............................................................................................14

Wiki 3: MS Project...................................................................................................................17

Option 2: Web Page Option.................................................................................................17

1. Resource Conflict.............................................................................................................17

2. Final tracking...................................................................................................................18

3. Other costs and explanation with links............................................................................19

Wiki 4: ITSM application Wiki...............................................................................................19

Introduction..........................................................................................................................19

SWOT analysis.....................................................................................................................20

Discussion............................................................................................................................21

Prototype balanced scorecard...............................................................................................22

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Possible information for future............................................................................................22

Conclusion............................................................................................................................23

References................................................................................................................................24
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Wiki 1: Value of Information

Value of information or VOI is considered as the advantages get through a collection

of additional information. For example, better decision-making is one of the key advantages

of acquiring information. Hence, better decision-making is a VOI. The advantages or benefits

must be quantifiable so that can be used by critical decision-makers. Some of the key

advantages of VOI are reducing uncertainties, increasing the accuracy of a decision, and

improving final results. In engineering information systems, the concept is used to assess to

make data-driven decisions as per the potential ROI (Return on Investment). Hence, it is

crucial to invest in engineering information systems (Zhang et al., 2021). VOI helps to create

a decision model based on different criteria such as the requirement of further research EVSI

(expected value of simple information), ENBS (Expected Net Benefits of Sampling), EVPPI

(Expected Value of Perfect Parameter Information), and expected value of perfect

information (EVPI).

Figure 1: Analysis of VOI

(Source: Fenwick et al., 2020)

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To understand VOI and support the given definition of it related to decisions in

engineering information systems, let's assume a scenario. For example, assume that an

advanced engineering information system is implemented by a manufacturing firm to

optimize its production process. Real-time data would be gathered using this system for

different stages of manufacturing. After gathering the information, the system will analyze it

and provide insights. Information on machine performance, usage of raw materials, and

product quality at last are given by the system (Viet, Behdani & Bloemhof, 2018). For

example, in the case of product quality analysis, the quality analysis of the dataset and the

factorial analysis of the product quality must be done in sequential stages as shown below in

Figure 2.

Figure 2: Product quality analysis using VOI

(Source: Yao, Huang & Chen, 2020)

Though, substantial investment is required to be done initially. Now, the concept of

VOI will be applied to this scenario as follow:

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At first, the potential ROI from the system is to be calculated by the organization. For

this, historical information on different parameters like downtime, product inefficiencies in

the past, defective productions, and wastage of materials. The potential cost of such issues

can be compared with the cost savings and improved production efficiency brought by the

new system. Hence, the VOI of the new system can be calculated as per financial gains and

the decision to invest in it can be taken with an improved decision-making approach based on

data (Zhang et al., 2021). Moreover, the new system might reduce uncertainties as it produces

real-time data. Else, the organization might make decisions based on past data which might

be outdated or incomplete. Lower accuracy of decision is achieved if it is made on such

outdated and incomplete data. Hence, better decisions are made by the decision-makers of the

manufacturing firm which are based on up-to-date and accurate information from the system.

This also helps in appropriate resource allocation and avoids errors that cost high.

Now, let's see some examples to calculate the VOI.

Assume, a fictitious aerospace organization is working on a new aircraft design.

However, its testing investment in wind tunnels could be done but the company is not very

sure about it. The VOI concept can be implemented to make this decision. Let, the

organization decides to invest $3 million in the testing. There could be different situations. At

first, assume $9 million is the project cost saving through the data-driven improvement in the

design. Though, in the second situation, this might not add any value or results in $0 cost

saving. To understand both the situation, the company gathers and analyses past data. This

yield that there is a 70% chance of valuable insight from the testing but a 30% chance of

limited insight also. Then calculated VOI is:

EVPI=(0.7∗$ 9 million)+(0.3∗$ 0)=$ 6.3 million .

Hence, the potential benefit is $6.3 million which outweighs the testing cost of $3 million by

$3.3 million. Hence, the testing is justified.

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Wiki 2: Database Design

Data management can be done with different paradigms and NoSQL and SQL or

relational databases are among the most common. For a long time, relational databases

through SQL are dominating data management. Though, the rise of big data and the need for

more flexible and scalable management solutions shift the focus to NoSQL databases (Khan

et al., 2023).

Figure 3: Data storage in SQL versus NoSQL databases

(Source: Khan et al., 2023)

Advantages, disadvantages, and recommended applications for relational databases

and NoSQL are given below:

Relational Databases

The schemas in relational databases are predefined and those are organized in

structured tables. Structured Query Language or SQL is used to define, query, and manipulate

data using Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Query Language (DQL), and Data
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Manipulation Language (DML) respectively (Li & Gu, 2019). For example, Figure 4 is

showing a typic structure of a relational database with a SELECT statement which is a DQL.

Figure 4: Example of DQL and structure of a relational database with SQL parsing

(Source: Li & Gu, 2019)

Advantages

The key advantages of Relational Databases are:

1. High data integrity and consistency: Data integrity is ensured by relational databases

through the concept of the ACID transaction (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability).

For this, the consistency of data is also ensured even in the time of failure (Khan et al., 2023).
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Atomicity: All or no transaction

Consistency: Consistent database before and after

transaction

Isolation: Independent and multiple transactions at the

same time without overlapping

Durability: Changes occurred and data never lost even

if the system fails

Figure 5: ACID property

(Source: Self)

2. Strong queries: SQL provides strong queries through DDL, DQL, and DML for querying

and manipulating data (Khine & Wang, 2019). For this, data are easy to retrieve and update.

Even complex queries with multiple schemas can be executed.

3. Strong schema to find data, errors and mitigate errors as well

4. Widely used by different organizations like IBM, Oracle, and Microsoft (Brooks, 2023).

The AICD transaction rule makes it one of the best applicable processes for banking financial

transactions.

Disadvantages

Some of the key issues with relational databases are:

1. Scalability: Vertical scalability is possible in traditional RDBMS (Relational Database

Management System) but it struggles with horizontal scalability (Khan et al., 2023).

Especially not scalable with huge data.

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2. Flexibility and rigidity: Only structured data with fixed schema is allowable in RDBMS

(Khan et al., 2023). The centralized architecture creates difficulties when changes are

required in the data structure and schema modification. For this performance become slow

and the process of changes becomes time-consuming.

3. High cost of maintenance (Yarushkina & Moiseev, 2019)

Recommended applications

RDBMS are appropriate to use in financial systems due to the property of ACID

transactions. Especially, data integrity and data consistency are the two key advantages of

Relational Databases for which it is suitable for financial systems. Such applications are also

required in transactions for inventory management, supply chain management, and customer

relationship management. Actions like order processing and inventory management are also

required in e-commerce platforms. Hence, relational databases are also used in e-commerce

applications (Upasani et al., 2023).

NoSQL Databases

NoSQL or Not-Only SQL supports different database designs which are departed

from the structured nature of relational databases. Structured, Unstructured, and Semi-

structured (SUSm) databases can be handled using No-SQL (Davoudian, Chen & Liu, 2018).

A non-relational database is the key feature of No-SQL but there are other important features

as given in Figure 6.
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GeNext Non- Distributed Open

Database relational architecture Source

Schema Horizontal Simple Easy

free scalability API replication

Figure 6: Features of No-SQL

(Source: Khan et al., 2023)

Advantages

Some of the potential advantages of NoSQL databases are:

1. Highly scalable: Due to a lack of horizontal scalability, NoSQL can handle large amounts

of data across distributed systems (Guo & Onstein, 2020).

2. Flexible: In NoSQL, there is no need to change the schema to change the data structures.

Hence, it is supporting agile database management (Guo & Onstein, 2020).

3. The maintenance cost of NoSQL is low and it can handle unstructured and semi-structured

data together with structured data like SQL.

4. Instead of ACID properties used in traditional RDBMS, NoSQL databases use the BASE

theorem (Khine & Wang, 2019).

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Basically Available: System is always avialable even

durinig failure or netowrk partition. Though, it can
compromise data consistency.

Soft State: System's state might change even without

any input. It did not follow any strict consistency model.

Eventually Consistent: Priority is given to Availability

(A) and Partition (P) as per CAP theorem. With enough
time for network partition consitency becomes higher.

Figure 7: BASE property

(Source: Khine & Wang, 2019)

5. For consistency and handling huge data any two among CAP theorem are used (Khine &

Wang, 2019).

Partition
tolerent: Consistency:
Continued update for all
function in
network
partition

Availability: No
downtime

Figure 8: CAP theorem

(Source: Khine & Wang, 2019)

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Disadvantages

The major disadvantages of NoSQL databases are:

1. Low data consistency: As any of the two among CAP can be selected and NoSQL

prioritizes AP selection, data consistency is often compromised. This might lead to potential

data conflicts.

Figure 9: CAP combinations and prioritization

(Source: Khan et al., 2023)

2. Almost no standardization: APIs and query languages of different NoSQL databases are

not the same. For this, familiarity with databases is lost. Lack of well-defined schema, and

data structure are seen. This also creates security and privacy issues (Sicari, Rizzardi & Coen-

Porisini, 2022).
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Figure 10: CAP theorem – RDBMS versus NoSQL databases

(Source: Sicari, Rizzardi & Coen-Porisini, 2022)

3. Complex queries are not well supported in NoSQL and its ecosystem is immature in

respect to RDBMS. The key differences in the features of NoSQL and RDBMS are given

below.

Figure 11: Database features – RDBMS versus NoSQL

(Source: Khan et al., 2023)

Recommended applications

Figure 11 showed that NoSQL is mainly applied in the case of sensor data and large-

scale warehouse data. This real-time analysis can be provided better with NoSQL. It can

process huge data quickly. This is especially used in the case of unstructured and semi-

structured data where SQL cannot be used. That is why; NoSQL is used in Content
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Management Systems or CMS with a variety of content like texts, videos, and images.

Though, there most of the top ten databases are RDBMS in 2019 and 2020.

Figure 12: Top 10 databases

(Source: Sicari, Rizzardi & Coen-Porisini, 2022)

Besides that, NoSQL is used with big data to be processed quickly like in the IoT and social

media platforms. That is why; the development of NoSQL databases is increasing and such

database applications are written in different languages.

Figure 13: Databases by category, architecture, type, and language

(Source: Khan et al., 2023)

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All of the key comparisons between relational databases and NoSQL databases are

summarized in the table below.

Criteria SQL (RDBMS) NoSQL databases

Scalability Only horizontal scalability (Khan et al., 2023) High (Guo & Onstein, 2020)

Data integrity and High (Khan et al., 2023) Eventual consistency as it can

consistency vary. AP is prioritized in the CAP

theorem (Sicari, Rizzardi & Coen-

Porisini, 2022).

Schema Low compared to NoSQL as schema High schema flexibility as changes

modification requires a change in data. in the data structure is accepted

without any schema modification

(Khan et al., 2023).

Query languages SQL According to the APIs and

database (Sicari, Rizzardi & Coen-

Porisini, 2022)

Examples Best suited for financial systems due to ACID Suitable for content management,

property. Also used in e-commerce, supply and real-time analysis. Hence,

chain, inventory management, and CRM. Top used in IoT and social media

corporate companies like IBM, Microsoft, and platforms. The development of

Oracle are using it. SQL databases are some of NoSQL databases is increasing.

the top-ranking databases.

Table 1: Key comparisons between RDBMS and NoSQL databases

(Source: Self)
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Wiki 3: MS Project

Option 2: Web Page Option

1. Resource Conflict

The following images showed the resource conflicts in the Gantt chart of Web Page

Option.

Figure 14: Gantt chart with resource conflict

(Source: Self)
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Task-18 is taken as the resource conflict as shown in Figure 15.

Figure 15: Resource conflict – Task 18

(Source: Self)

The resource conflict occurred here because the resource of the Senior Developer is

allocated to multiple tasks at the same time. Hence, the overallocation of senior developers is

the key cause of this resource conflict.

2. Final tracking

All resource conflicts are removed through leveling and the Gantt charts before and

after leveling are provided. Before levelling the duration of the project was 135 days as

shown in Figure 14. Though, after leveling the tasks are rescheduled so that there is no

resource conflict. For this, the entire duration of the project became 165 days as shown in

Figure 15.
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Figure 15: Project duration after rescheduling Task - 18

(Source: Self)

However, in both of these cases, the cost of the project is $60,440.

3. Other costs and explanation with links

The cost of the internet is not allocated which is almost $35 or £28. Hence, during the

entire project duration, almost $200 or £170 of the additional cost of the internet will be

required (Express.co.uk, 2023). Moreover, the additional cost of overtime to remove the

overallocation is not calculated. Only the average hourly rate of the project manager and

other resources are included.

Wiki 4: ITSM application Wiki

Introduction

Cochin shipyard limited (CSL) is a shipbuilding organization in India which is

established in 1972. This is a Government of India Enterprise which has over 1700

employees as of 2019 (CSL, 2023).

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SWOT analysis

The SWOT analysis is given in the table below.

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Strengths Weaknesses

 Operating over 51 years  Decreasing profit in 2020-21 (CSL, 2021)

 Government enterprise hence avoids legal and  Over-dependency on government

political issues easily  Income from port development reduced in

 Monopoly in the government sector 2020-21 (CSL, 2021)

 Strong presence, and brand value

 Skilled employees and several suppliers from inside

and outside the country

Opportunities Threats

 Increasing demand due to the growth of India  Increasing competition from the private sector

 Government and private demands both are increasing  Economic recession

 Technology advancement  Technology disruption

 Diversification into marine technology education,  Changing demands

port building, ship repairing, and others  Economic recession due to pandemics like

Covid-19

Table 2: SWOT analysis of CSL

(Source: Self)

Discussion

The current knowledge management system is not centralized in CSL. There is also a

lack of use efficient communication and adequate data analytics techniques to make data-

driven future decisions. Investment in innovation, technology, training, and skill development

is decreased which results in reduced profit and income as well.

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Prototype balanced scorecard

Financial perspective: Increase income by 15% within the next year through innovation and

technology investment and diversification of maritime services.

Customers’ perspective: Improve customer satisfaction by 10% within the next year by

establishing nationwide communication and implying global standards in shipbuilding and

ship repairing.

Internal process: Centralization of the knowledge management system within six months

and optimizing the ship construction process through data-driven decision-making.

Learning and growth: Invest 5% of the profit in employee training, and skill development

within six months. Foster innovation and technology with investment.

Possible information for future

 Cost optimization techniques can be adopted by the organization to increase income

and profit.

 Digitalization of the supply chain is necessary to develop a strong communication

channel throughout the nation

 Partnership with global companies is necessary, especially for training and skill

development purposes to achieve global standards

 Adopt a data-driven knowledge management system to capture the knowledge and

experience of old employees and use it to train new ones

 Apply appropriate change management techniques to implement rapid changes to deal

with future uncertainties like pandemics and changes in customers' demands.

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Conclusion

CSL can overcome the issues with knowledge and information management. Though,

it needs to invest in emerging technology and innovation for this. The SWOT analysis helps

to understand how it can use its strengths to overcome weaknesses and deal with threats and

grab future opportunities and achieve the strategies under a balanced scorecard.
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References

Brooks, C., (2023). What is SQL. Retrieved on 13th August 2023 from:

https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/5804-what-is-sql.html

Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL), (2023). Home Page. Retrieved on 20th August 2023 from:

https://cochinshipyard.in/

CSL, (2021). Annual Report 2020-21. Retrieved on 19th August 2023 from:

https://cochinshipyard.in/uploads/anualreport/914bf0718b3dafcb9db88698dc9e9c55.p

df

Davoudian, A., Chen, L., & Liu, M. (2018). A survey on NoSQL stores. ACM Computing

Surveys (CSUR), 51(2), 1-43. Retrieved on 21st August 2023 from:

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ali-Davoudian-2/publication/333863590_Helios

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driven_Partitioning_Framework_for_Distributed_Graph_Stores/links/

5d150eb892851cf440516bc1/Helios-An-Adaptive-and-Query-Workload-driven-

Partitioning-Framework-for-Distributed-Graph-Stores.pdf

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style/science-technology/1746273/UK-broadband-price-shock-comparison-

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%C2%A328.16)%20during%20this%20period.

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(2020). Value of information analysis for research decisions—an introduction: report

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Force. Value in Health, 23(2), 139-150. Retrieved on 20th August 2023 from:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1098301520300279
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Guo, D., & Onstein, E. (2020). State-of-the-art geospatial information processing in NoSQL

databases. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 9(5), 331.Retrieved on

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Database Software Architecture Performance Analysis and Assessments—A

Systematic Literature Review. Big Data and Cognitive Computing, 7(2), 97.

Retrieved on 16th August 2023 from: https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/7/2/97/pdf

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(2023). Revolutionizing Consumer Behavior: the Impact of E-Commerce Websites.

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decisions: A review of the literature and research agenda. Computers & Industrial
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