Struktury

SŁOWOTWÓRSTWO
Do najczęściej sprawdzanych cząstek słowotwórczych należą:
przedrostki:

 zmieniające znaczenie wyrazu (przymiotnika lub czasownika) na przeciwne (un-, dis-, ir-, il-, im-, in-, non-):

1. I always use a Sat Nav or a map when I’m driving in an unfamiliar (FAMILIAR) place.
2. As a child, I was very naughty and used to disobey (OBEY) my parents and teachers all the time.
3. It was very irresponsible (RESPONSIBLE) to leave the children on their own in the pool.
4. He has been accused of some illegal (LEGAL) activities.
5. It was physically impossible (POSSIBLE) to get the piano through the door.
6. His comments were wholly inappropriate (APPROPRIATE) on such an occasion.
7. There is a wide selection of non-alcoholic (ALCOHOLIC) drinks in this pub.

 nadające wyrazowi (przymiotnikowi, czasownikowi lub rzeczownikowi) inne, ściśle określone znaczenie:
After I get my university degree I’d like to take a postgraduate (GRADUATE) course in Environmental Science and
Technology.

Przykłady innych przedrostków nadających wyrazom inne znaczenie:

anti- (=against), np.: anti-war, anti-government
bi- (=two), np.: bilingual, bilateral
co- (=with, together), np.: cooperate, coordinate
counter- (=in the opposite direction), np.: counterattack, counteract
de- (=acting against), np.: deforestation, deactivate
ex- (=former, before), np.: ex-husband, ex-wife
inter- (=between), np.: intercontinental, interdisciplinary
mini- (=small), np.: minicomputer, minibar
mis- (=wrongly), np.: misplace, mishear
mono- (=one), np.: monosyllables, monogamy
multi- (=many), np.: multiracial, multicultural
over- (=too much), np.: overcharge, overestimate
pre- (=before), np.: prehistoric, prenatal
pro- (=for, in favour of), np.: pro-British, pro-life
re- (=again), np.: rewrite, retake
semi- (=half), np.: semicircle, semi-detached
sub- (=under), np.: subway, subordinate
super- (=above, more than), np.: supernatural, superstore
trans- (=across), np.: transatlantic, transmission
tri- (=three), np.: tricycle, triceps
under- (=not enough), np.: underpaid, underestimate
uni- (=one), np.: unisex, unilateral
przyrostki:

 przekształcające czasowniki w rzeczowniki oznaczające osoby (-er, -or, -ar, -ee, -ant, -ent):

1. My History teacher (TEACH) is very knowledgeable.

2. Her driving instructor (INSTRUCT) gave her some useful tips.
3. The burglar (BURGLE) who broke into our flat was caught.
4. Jane won the title of the best employee (EMPLOY).
5. I work as a personal assistant (ASSIST) to the CEO.
6. Paul has always been the best student (STUDY).

 przekształcające rzeczowniki w inne rzeczowniki oznaczające osoby (-ist, -ian):

1. Three terrorists (TERROR) threatened to kill all the hostages on a hijacked plane.
2. I would not like to be a politician (POLITICS).

 przekształcające czasowniki w rzeczowniki abstrakcyjne (-ence, -ance, -al, -age, -ment, -sion, -(a)tion, -ion, -y, -sis, -
ure, -ing):
 1. He has been sued for negligence (NEGLECT) in carrying out safety procedures.
2. Some men are more concerned with their appearance (APPEAR) than women.
3. The President’s office issued an official denial (DENY) of the rumour.
4. The scandal involved industrial espionage (SPY).
5. Andy is not ready to make a long-term commitment (COMMIT).
6. Is invasion (INVADE) of privacy a crime?
7. Some big manufacturing companies thrive on the exploitation (EXPLOIT) of workers from poor countries.
8. The high-school reunion (REUNITE) I went to last Saturday was great – I met many old friends
9. He is a man of great moral integrity (INTEGRATE).
10. While under hypnosis (HYPNOTISE), the woman was able to describe what exactly happened.
11. I believe everybody should do what brings them pleasure (PLEASE).
12. My mother listened to my story with sympathy and understanding (UNDERSTAND).

 przekształcające przymiotniki w rzeczowniki abstrakcyjne (-ence, -ance, -ity, -ty, -y, -cy, -(i)ness, -ion, -ment):

1. He has enough competence (COMPETENT) to be the leader.

2. My neighbours tend to keep their distance (DISTANT).
3. Everybody was impressed by the originality (ORIGINAL) of his designs.
4. Before I make a final decision, I want to have complete certainty (CERTAIN) that it’s the right one.
5. What I value most in people is their bravery (BRAVE).
6. Illiteracy (ILLITERATE) is still a serious problem in some parts of the world.
7. Being afraid of darkness (DARK) is nothing to be ashamed of.
8. You need precision (PRECISE) to do this task well.
9. What can be done to reduce the level of unemployment (UNEMPLOYED) in our country?

 przekształcające inne rzeczowniki w rzeczowniki abstrakcyjne (-hood, -dom):

1. Childhood (CHILD) was the best time of my life.

2. Concepts of Christian martyrdom (MARTYR) changed greatly in England from the late Middle Ages through
the early modern era.

 przekształcające rzeczowniki w przymiotniki (-y, -ly, -ous, -ic, -ical) lub czasowniki w przymiotniki (-able, -ive, -ed, -ing):

1. Mr Forrester is a very wealthy (WEALTH) man.

2. Jennifer seems to be a very friendly (FRIEND) person.
3. Astronomers have discovered a mysterious (MYSTERY) giant object that existed when the universe was only
800 million years old.
4. John made some ironic (IRONY) comments but nobody was laughing.
5. Let me ask you a rather philosophical (PHILOSOPHY) question.
6. Alcohol has a noticeable (NOTICE) effect on the body.
7. Julie is a very imaginative (IMAGINE) child.
8. Chris was highly embarrassed (EMBARRASS) by his father’s behaviour.
9. My dog’s barking can sometimes be really irritating (IRRITATE).

 przekształcające przymiotniki w czasowniki (-en, -(i)fy, -ise/-ize):

1. Education authorities should do more to widen (WIDE) access to higher education.

2. The government made an attempt to simplify (SIMPLE) the tax system.
3. The politicians would like to privatise (PRIVATE) all the state-owned companies.

 przekształcające przymiotniki w przysłówki (-ly):

Pete was glancing nervously (NERVOUS) at his watch.

UZUPEŁNIANIE TEKSTU WYRAZAMI Z RAMKI

Do najczęściej sprawdzanych struktur gramatycznych i leksykalnych należą:
formy czasowników (często sprawdzane w połączeniu z kolokacjami):
1. take
Everybody was exhausted since it took us six hours to reach our holiday destination.
2. get
Ralph proposed to Kate on the beach and they got married only 6 months after that.
przedrostki i przyrostki:
1. advantage
For me, the main disadvantage of being an only child is that others think I am spoiled.
2. meaning
Children benefit from having a meaningful relationship with both parents.
przysłówki:
1. grace
My little sister danced so gracefully that everybody clapped and sang along.
2. patient
I joined a very long queue and waited patiently for hours to buy tickets for the concert.
przymiotniki w stopniu wyższym i najwyższym:
1. good
For me, the best thing about being an only child is not having to share anything.
2. exciting
Joanna finds scuba diving much more exciting than snorkelling.
nieregularna liczba mnoga rzeczowników:
1. foot
My little son has just started to sit unaided and loves being up on his feet while holding his hands.
2. man
Most men would prefer to have a son as their first child.
liczebniki porządkowe:
1. three
George’s third sister is shorter than the other two.
2. nine
They live on the ninth floor.
TŁUMACZENIE FRAGMENTÓW ZDAŃ
Do najczęściej sprawdzanych struktur gramatycznych i leksykalnych należą:
mowa zależna:
1. He asked me if I had already seen (czy oglądałam już) Titanic.
2. Lucy said that she was going to move (że zamierza wyprowadzić się) abroad.
strona bierna:
1. The fire is reported to be spreading (że się rozprzestrzenia) very rapidly because of the strong wind.
2. Our bathroom hasn’t been renovated (nie była odnawiana) for 10 years.
zdania warunkowe:
1. Wouldn’t it be better if we had saved more money (gdybyśmy zaoszczędzili więcej pieniędzy) last year? We could go
on a long holiday now.
2. If I were you (Gdybym była na twoim miejscu), I wouldn’t hesitate over whether to take this job or not.
czasy gramatyczne:
1. When I met her, she had already been working in this library (pracowała już w tej bibliotece) for fifteen years.
2. I won’t buy a new flat until I save (dopóki nie zaoszczędzę) enough money.
inwersja:
1. Had I known (Gdybym znała) Peter’s plans, I’d have tried to discourage him earlier.
2. Under no circumstances are they allowed to use (nie wolno im używać) their mobile phones in class.
konstrukcje I wish i If only oraz inne wyrażające życzenia:
1. I wish you had brought (Żałuję, że nie przyniosłaś) your wedding photographs with you.
2. If only I weren’t (Gdybym tylko nie była) so tired!
zdania okolicznikowe:
1. In spite of / Despite her beautiful voice (Pomimo swojego pięknego głosu) she didn’t win ‘Britain’s Got Talent’ last year.
2. The match was called off because of / due to thick fog (z powodu gęstej mgły).
czasowniki modalne:
1. I thought I saw Mike yesterday but they say he was away. It must have been (To musiał być) his twin brother then.
2. I am not sure but they might have called me (możliwe, że oni dzwonili do mnie) to inform me about the results of my
tests.
składnia czasowników (czasownik + -ing, czasownik + bezokolicznik):
1. I can’t afford to rent (pozwolić sobie na wynajęcie) this flat.
2. You should definitely avoid spending (unikać spędzania) so much time in the sun.
przymiotniki i przysłówki:
1. Australia is much / far too hot (o wiele za gorąca) for my liking.
2. If you were more sensible, you would drive your car a little more slowly (trochę wolniej).
rzeczowniki policzalne/niepoliczalne i określniki ilości (much, many, some, any, little, few, none, neither, either, both):
1. Your furniture is so tasteful (Twoje meble są tak gustowne) that I might consider buying
something similar for our lounge.
2. Neither of her parents (Żadne z jej rodziców) approved of her marriage.
PARAFRAZY ZDAŃ
Do najczęściej sprawdzanych struktur gramatycznych i leksykalnych należą:
mowa zależna:
1. ‘Why did you leave your previous job?’ asked the interviewer.
The interviewer asked me why I had left my previous job.
2. ‘You’ve broken my favourite mug!’ shouted Jane.
Jane accused me of breaking her favourite mug.
strona bierna i konstrukcja have/get something done:
1. The police are interrogating one suspect in connection with the crime.
One suspect is being interrogated in connection with the crime.
2. Your hair needs cutting.
You ought to have your hair cut.
zdania warunkowe:
1. You didn’t succeed because you didn’t do your best.
You would have succeeded if you had done your best.
2. Tom doesn’t make a lot of money, so he saves every penny.
Tom wouldn’t save every penny if he made more money.
czasy gramatyczne:
1. My parents’ twentieth wedding anniversary is in March next year. (FOR)
By March next year my parents will have been married for twenty years.
2. Alicia started learning Spanish in 2008. (SINCE)
Alicia has been learning Spanish since 2008.
inwersja:
1. We had only just taken our seats when they started showing trailers. (WHEN)
Hardly had we taken our seats when they started showing trailers.
2. The moment I arrived home I received a phone call from the hospital. (THAN)
No sooner had I arrived home than I received a phone call from the hospital.
konstrukcje I wish i If only oraz inne wyrażające życzenia:
1. It’s a pity she didn’t make any effort to justify her decision. (WISH)
I wish she had made some effort to justify her decision.
2. Please don’t use my laptop without my permission. (RATHER)
I ’d / would rather you didn’t use my laptop without my permission.
zdania okolicznikowe:
1. I enjoyed our trip although I felt a bit under the weather.
Despite feeling a bit under the weather / the fact that I felt a bit under the weather I enjoyed our trip.
2. We’ll start baking a cake after you come home.
We won’t start baking a cake until you come home.
czasowniki modalne:
1. It’s possible that she didn’t receive our wedding invitation. (NOT)
She might / may not have received our wedding invitation.
2. It’s a shame you didn’t anticipate any difficulties with this project. (OUGHT)
You ought to have anticipated difficulties with this project.
składnia czasowników (czasownik + -ing, czasownik + bezokolicznik):
1. I’d rather stay at home than go to the pub with them.
I prefer staying at home to going to the pub with them.
2. I think you should apologise to Mr Perkins for your disrespectful comments.
I think you had better apologise to Mr Perkins for your disrespectful comments.
czasowniki frazowe (phrasal verbs):
1. The board meeting has been postponed until next Thursday. (PUT)
The board meeting has been put off until / till next Thursday.
2. I don’t remember my grandmother – she died when I was two years old. (AWAY)
I don’t remember my grandmother – she passed away when I was two years old.
UZUPEŁNIANIE ZDAŃ
Do najczęściej sprawdzanych struktur gramatycznych i leksykalnych należą:
czasy gramatyczne:
It is believed that in the near future almost 90% of travellers will be using the Internet (travellers / use / Internet) to find the
cheapest hotels and air tickets.
strona bierna:
At the train station it turned out that all second-class tickets had already been sold (tickets / already / sell) and we had to
splash out on first class.
zdania warunkowe:
If you had left the message (you / leave / message) on my mobile that you were arriving on Sunday, I would have picked
you up from the airport.
konstrukcje I wish i If only oraz inne wyrażające życzenia:
If only we hadn’t trusted our Sat Nav (not trust / Sat Nav)! We wouldn’t be lost in the middle of nowhere now!
mowa zależna:
The opposition leader said openly that he would never run for (he / never / run) another term in office.
składnia czasowników:
The Prime Minister has tried to convince the public (convince / public) that a change in the constitution is needed before the
next elections.
zdania okolicznikowe:
I’m afraid the Conservative candidate will change most government policies as soon as he becomes (soon / he / become)
Prime Minister.
czasowniki frazowe (phrasal verbs):
The protesters are threatening to pull out of the talks (pull / talks) if the government fails to address
their demands.
różne struktury gramatyczne:
Do you have any idea what time the the judge is supposed to deliver (judge / suppose / deliver) a verdict tomorrow?