M4. Bioconversion

Bioconversion
Dr. Srikanth Allamsetty

What is Biomass
• Biomass is a key renewable energy
resource that includes plant and
animal material, such as wood from
forests, material left over from
agricultural and forestry processes,
and organic industrial, human and
animal wastes.
• The energy contained in biomass
originally came from the sun.
Through photosynthesis carbon
dioxide in the air is transformed into
other carbon containing molecules
(e.g. sugars, starches and cellulose)
in plants.
• The chemical energy that is stored
in plants and animals (animals eat
plants or other animals) or in their
waste is called biomass energy or
bioenergy.
What is Biomass
• Biomass is a renewable energy
source because we can always
grow more trees and crops, and
waste will always exist.
• Some examples of biomass fuels
are wood, crops, manure, and
some garbage. When burned, the
chemical energy in biomass is
released as heat. If you have a
fireplace, the wood you burn in it
is a biomass fuel.
• Wood waste or garbage can be
burned to produce steam for
making electricity, or to provide
heat to industries and homes.
What is Biomass
• In past 10 years or so, considerable practical experience has
accumulated in India as well as in other developing and
industrialized countries, on biomass energy production and
conversion.
• The availability of biomass such as wood, cow-dung, leaf litter
in rural areas is more.
• Hence a choice of biomass energy especially in rural areas is
more reasonable but at the same time the technology is
being developed to meet the large-scale requirements using
biomass.
• One of the major advantages of biomass energy is that it can
be used in different forms.
• For e.g., Gas generated from the biomass can be directly used
for cooking or it can be used for running an internal
combustion Engine for developing stationary shaft power or
otherwise coupled to generator for generating electric power.
Bioconversion
Advantages and disadvantages
• Biomass is renewable fuel used in nearly every corner of the
developing countries as a source of heat, particularly in the
domestic sector.
• Advantages of biomass gasify energy over other renewable energy
options:
a)Suitable in most locations.
b)Varying capacity can be installed; any capacity can be operated,
even at lower loads; no seasonality.
c)Need for storage of energy is not required.
• Drawbacks of biogas energy over other renewable energy options:
a)It can be used directly for cooking, or heating water from the
abundantly available dung and dried plant leaves in rural areas.
b)Capacity determined by availability of dung/bio-waste: Not
suitable for varying loads.
c)Not feasible to locate at all the locations.
Site Selection for Biomass Plants
• There should be minimum distance from gas
production plant to gas consumers.
– Methane forms explosive mixtures with air
• For operation and maintenance, sufficient land shall be
available.
• For formation of biomass, slurry water is required.
Therefore, sufficient water shall be available near site.
• To avoid seepage of fermented slurry, the site should
be at least 10 to 15 meters away from water supply
tanks, storage or wells.
• Sun radiations are required, the space shall be open to
receive sun rays.
– biogas production is high above 25oC temperature
Top 10 nations in Biomass Electricity
(GWh)
May be old data

Top 10 states in Biomass Electricity
(GWh)
May be old data

Usable Forms of Biomass, their
Composition and Fuel Properties
• Burning biomass is not the
only way to release its energy.
• Biomass can be converted to
other usable forms of energy
like methane gas or
transportation fuels like
ethanol and biodiesel.
• Methane gas is the main
ingredient of natural gas.
• Smelly stuff, like rotting
garbage, and agricultural and
human waste, release
methane gas - also called
"landfill gas" or "biogas."
Usable Forms of Biomass, their
Composition and Fuel Properties
• Crops like corn and sugar
cane can be fermented to
produce the transportation
fuel, ethanol.
• Biodiesel, another
transportation fuel, can be
produced from left-over
food products like vegetable
oils and animal fats.
Biomass Resources
• Biomass Resources
sometimes referred to
as biorenewable resources,
are all forms of organic
materials including plant
matter both living and in
waste form, as well as animal
matter and their waste
products.
• As such biomass resources
are generally classified as
being either waste materials
or dedicated energy crops.
• When plants are cultivated,
specially for the purpose of
energy, it is known as energy
Farming.
Forestry Residues
Forestry residues are generated by operations such as thinning of
plantations, clearing for logging roads, extracting stem-wood for pulp
and timber, and natural attrition.
Some fast growing energy intensive trees such as eucalyptus, pine,
poplar are cultivated for the purpose of energy.
Harvesting may occur as thinning in young stands, or cutting in older
stands for timber or pulp that also yields tops and branches usable for
biomass energy.
Harvesting operations usually remove only 25 to 50 percent of the
volume, leaving the residues available as biomass for energy.
Forestry Residues
Stands damaged by insects, disease or fire are additional sources of
biomass.
Forest residues normally have low density and fuel values that keep
transport costs high, and so it is economical to reduce the biomass
density in the forest itself.
Some plants produce seeds to yield vegetable oil on pressing. This
serves as a liquid bio fuel(biodisel).There are two categories of oil
producing plants(a)Wild plants jojoba and karanja (b) agricultural
crops.
Oil Producing plants
The majority of plant-based oils come from the oil-rich seeds and
fruits of a limited number of specialised oil crops, such as canola,
soybean, sunflower, olive, coconut and oil palm.
The benefits to be derived from plant oil fuel industry are
Most of these plants are adaptable and hardy.
Simple technology involve in oil extraction and filtering .
The leftover biomass known as cake can be used in biogas plant.
Most of the plants are of low cost ,require low input.
Aquatic Plants:
Some water plants grow faster than land based plant and provide
raw material for producing biogas or ethanol. Example: Kelp,
seaweed, algae
Urban Waste:
 Urban Waste is of two types municipal solid waste (MSW) or
garbage and sewage or liquid waste. Energy from MSW can be
obtained from direct combustion or as a landfill gas. Sewage can be
used to produce biogas after some processing.
WOOD AND WOOD WASTE
 The most common form of biomass is wood.
 Direct combustion is the simplest way to get heat
energy.
 It’s energy density is 16-20 MJ/kg.
 It can be converted into more usable form like
charcoalor producer gas.
 Charcoal is a clean, dry, solid fuel, black in colour.
 It has 75-80% carbon content and energy density
is 30 MJ/kg.
 For thousands of years people have burned wood
for heating and cooking.
 Wood was the main source of energy in India and
the rest of the world until the mid-1800s.
WOOD AND WOOD WASTE
 In India wood and waste (bark, sawdust, wood
chips, and wood scrap) provide only about 2
percent of the energy we use today.
 About 84 percent of the wood and wood waste
fuel used is consumed by the industry, electric
power producers, and commercial businesses.
The rest, mainly wood, is used in homes for
heating and cooking.
 Many manufacturing plants in the wood and
paper products industry use wood waste to
produce their own steam and electricity.
 This saves these companies money because they
don't have to dispose of their waste products and
they don't have to buy as much electricity.
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE, LANDFILL
GAS, AND BIOGAS
 Urban Waste is of two types municipal solid waste (MSW) or
garbage and sewage or liquid waste Trash that comes from plant or
animal products is biomass.
 MSW can be a source of energy by either burning MSW in waste-
to-energy plants, or by capturing biogas. I
 n waste-to-energy plants, trash is burned to produce steam that
can be used either to heat buildings or to generate electricity.
 Sewage can be used to produce bio gas after some processing.
 In landfills, biomass rots and releases methane gas, also called
biogas or landfill gas.
 Some landfills have a system that collects the methane gas so that
it can be used as a fuel source.
 Some dairy farmers collect biogas from tanks called "digesters"
where they put all of the muck and manure from their barns.
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE, LANDFILL
GAS, AND BIOGAS
 Biogas, naturally occurring gas that is generated by the breakdown
of organic matter by anaerobic bacteria and is used in energy
production.
 Biogas differs from natural gas in that it is a renewable
energy source produced biologically through anaerobic
digestion rather than a fossil fuel produced by geological processes.
 Biogas is primarily composed of methane gas, carbon dioxide and
trace amounts of nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide.
 Nitrogen rich sludge(fertilizer) is also produced as a by product with
improved sanitation as an added bonus.
 The output of biogas (density 23 MJ/m3) contain about 50-60% CH4,
30-40% CO2, 5-10% H2, N2 .5-.7% with trace amount of O2 and H2S.
 It is used for cooking, lighting, heating and opearting small IC
engines.
BIOFUELS -- ETHANOL AND BIODIESEL
 "Biofuels" are transportation fuels like ethanol and
biodiesel that are made from biomass materials.
 These fuels are usually blended with the petroleum fuels -
gasoline and diesel fuel, but they can also be used on their
own.
 Raw vegetable oil upgraded as biodiesel through a chemical
process called trans-esterification where by the glycerine is
separated from animal fat or vegetable oil.
 The process leaves behind two products-Biodiesel and
glycerine.
 Using ethanol or biodiesel (C2H5OH) is a colourless liquid
biofuel.
 Its boiling point is 78°C and energy density 26.9 MJ/kg.
 Ethanol and biodiesel are usually more expensive than the
fossil fuels that they replace but they are also cleaner
burning fuels, producing fewer air pollutants.
BIOFUELS -- ETHANOL AND BIODIESEL
 Ethanol is an alcohol fuel made from the sugars found
in grains, such as corn, sorghum, and wheat, as well as
potato skins, rice, sugar cane, sugar beets, and yard
clippings.
 It can be derived from set biomass containing sugars,
starches or cellulose.
 The main constituents are legnin and cellulose.
 Biodiesel is a fuel made with vegetable oils, fats, or
greases - such as recycled restaurant grease.
 Biodiesel fuels can be used in diesel engines without
changing them.
 It is the fastest growing alternative fuel in the India.
Biodiesel, a renewable fuel, is safe, biodegradable, and
reduces the emissions of most air pollutants.
Biomass Conversion Technologies
vegetable oils
Physical conversion
 The simplest form of physical conversion of biomass is through
compression of combustible material.
 Its density is increased by reducing the volume by compression through
the processes called briquetting and pelletization.
 Pelletization: It is a process where wet wood is pulverized, dried and
forced under pressure through an extrusion device.
 The extracted mass is in the form of pellets 5-10 mm dia and 12 mm long,
facilitating its use in steam power plants and gasification system.
 It reduces the moisture to about 7-10% and increases the heat value of
boimass.
 Briquetting: It is the process to improve the characteristics of biomass as
a renewable energy resource by densification.
 Densification means less volume needed for the same amount of energy
output.
 The energy content of briquettes ranged from 4.48 to 5.95 kilojoule per gram
(kJ/g) depending on composition, whereas the energy content of sawdust,
charcoal and wood pellets ranged from 7.24 to 8.25 kJ/g.
 Biobriquettes molded into a hollow-core cylindrical form exhibited energy
output comparable to that of traditional fuels.
Physical conversion
Chemical conversion
Expelling Agro products:
Concentrated vegetable oils may be obtained from certain agro products and may be
used as fuel in diesel engines.
However difficulties arise with direct use of plant oil due to high viscosity and
combustion deposits.
Therefore these oils are upgraded by a chemical method known as transesterification to
overcome these difficulties.
Examples are seeds (sunflower, soya beans) Nut (oil palm), Fruits (olive), Leaves
Occasionally, liquid or solid fuels may be obtained directly from living or freshly cut
plants.
The materials are called exudates and are obtained by cutting into (tapping) the stems
or trunks of the living plants or by crushing freshly harvested material.
Chemical conversion
Chemical conversion
Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Biological conversion:
 It involves use of bacteria, microorganisms and enzymes to
breakdown biomass into gaseous or liquid fuels, such as biogas or
bioethanol.
 Biomass wastes can also yield liquid fuels, such as cellulosic ethanol, which
can be used to replace petroleum-based fuels.
 Alcoholic fermentation. Ethanol is a volatile liquid fuel that may be used in
place of refined petroleum. It is manufactured by the action of micro-
organisms and is therefore a fermentation process. Conventional
fermentation has sugars as feedstock.
 C12H22O11+H2O yeast −→4C2H5OH+4CO2
 Anaerobic digestion. In the absence of free oxygen, certain microorganisms
can obtain their own energy supply by reacting with carbon compounds of
medium reduction level to produce both CO2 and fully reduced carbon as
CH4.
 The process (the oldest biological ‘decay’ mechanism) may also be called
‘fermentation’, but is usually called ‘digestion’ because of the similar process
that occurs in the digestive tracts of ruminant animals.
 The evolved mix of CO2, CH4 and trace gases is called biogas as a general
term, but may be named sewage gas or landfill-gas as appropriate.
Anaerobic digestion
 The methane produced can be utilized for generating electricity –
renewable energy – through a biogas engine thereby making the sewage
treatment plant meet its electricity requirements.
Whilst effectively
treating the sewage,
anaerobic digestion
generates a high
grade of gaseous fuel
– sewage gas.
Sewage to energy
conversion plant
Home assignment:
Search for Deaerator in
thermal power plant
 The methane produced can be utilized for generating electricity –
renewable energy – through a biogas engine thereby making the sewage
treatment plant meet its electricity requirements.
to separate plastics and other

non-decomposable matter
consists of a
layer of
anthracite coal
above a layer
of fine sand
Thermo-Chemical Conversion:
 Energy recovery from
waste is the conversion of
non-recyclable waste
materials into usable
heat, electricity, or fuel
can be done using
Thermo-Chemical
Conversion through a
variety of processes,
including combustion
(incineration), gasification
and pyrolysis.
Thermo-Chemical conversion:
Incineration:
 The burning of organic residue from plants, agricultural, forestry
and municipal waste to produce energy.
 To convert biomass into energy, organic matter is burned in a boiler
to make steam.
 The steam then turns a turbine, which is connected to a generator
that produces electricity or provide the heat for the industrial
process, space heating, cooking.
 This is just one of the more simple methods of converting biomass
from waste into energy.
 The major advantage of incineration is that makes
waste management easier and more efficient, because incineration
can burn up to 90% of the total waste generated and sometimes
even more.
 As a comparison, landfills only allow organic decomposition, so
nonorganic waste keeps accumulating.
 Incinerators produce smoke during the burning process.
Incineration:
Thermo-Chemical conversion: MSW to energy incineration plant
 Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is the burning of waste in a controlled
process within a specific facility that has been built for this purpose.
 The primary goal of MSWI is to reduce MSW volume and mass and also make it
chemically inert in a combustion process without the need of additional fuel
(autothermic combustion).
 As a side effect it also enables recovery of energy, minerals and metals from the
waste stream.
 There are always about 25% residues from incineration in the form of slag (bottom
ash) and fly ash.
 Bottom ash is made up of fine particulates that fall to the bottom of the incinerator
during combustion, whilst fly ash refers to fine particulates in exhaust gases which
must be removed in flue gas treatment.
 These residues need further attention and, in the case of the hazardous fly ash, a
secure place for final disposal.
 The combustible materials in waste burn when they reach the necessary ignition
temperature and come into contact with oxygen, undergoing an oxidation reaction.
Thermo-Chemical conversion: MSW to energy incineration plant
 The reaction temperature is between 850 and 1450ºC, and the combustion process
takes place in the gas and solid phase, simultaneously releasing heat energy.
 A minimum calorific value of the waste is required to enable a thermal chain
reaction and self-supporting combustion (so-called autothermic combustion), i.e.
there is no need for addition of other fuels.
 During incineration, exhaust gases are created which, after cleaning, exit to the
atmosphere via a pipe or channel called a flue.
 These flue-gases contain the majority of the available fuel energy as heat, as well
as dust and gaseous air pollutants which must be removed via a flue-gas
purification process.
 Excess heat from combustion can be used to make steam for electricity generation,
district heating/cooling or steam supply for nearby process industry.
 Plants that utilize cogeneration of thermal power (heating and cooling) together
with electricity generation can reach optimum efficiencies of 80%, whereas
electricity generation alone will only reach maximum efficiencies of about 20%.
 The smoke produced includes acid gases, carcinogen dioxin, particulates,
heavy metals, and nitrogen oxide.
 These gases are poisonous to the environment. Research has shown that
dioxin produced in the plant is a cancer forming chemical.
 Thermochemical processes do not produce useful energy directly but under
controlled temperature and oxygen conditions.
 These processes are more convenient and cost effective than the thermal
processes.
 They convert biomass feedstock into energy carriers, such as producer gas,
oils or methanol.
 Energy carriers are more energy dense and therefore give better fuel
efficiency and reduce transport costs.
 They are used in internal combustion engines and gas turbines.
 Thermochemical conversion is the controlled heating and/or oxidation of
biomass as part of several pathways to produce intermediate energy carriers
or heat.
 Thermochemical conversion processes include three subcategories:
pyrolysis, gasification, and liquefaction.
 Pyrolysis • Thermal conversion (destruction) of organics in
the absence of oxygen
• In the biomass community, this commonly refers to lower
temperature thermal processes producing liquids as the
primary product
• Possibility of chemical and food byproducts
 Gasification • Thermal conversion of organic materials at
elevated temperature and reducing conditions to produce
primarily permanent gases, with char, water, and
condensables as minor products
• Primary categories are partial oxidation and indirect heating
 Carbonization: Process used for the production of charcoal
 Liquification: A liquid product is obtained through catalytic
liquification process.
• Biomass gasification involves burning of biomass in a limited supply of air
to give a combustible gas consisting of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,
hydrogen, methane, water, nitrogen, along with contaminants like small
The gas is
char particles, ash and tars. cleaned to make
Biomass gasification plant
it suitable for use
in boilers,
engines and
turbines to
produce heat and
power (CHP).
Biomass Conversion
Technologies
• During combustion, the volatiles and char are partially burned in air or
oxygen to generate heat and carbon dioxide. In the reduction phase, carbon
dioxide absorbs heat and reacts with the remaining char to produce carbon
monoxide (producer gas).
The presence of
Biomass gasification plant water vapour in a
gasifier results in
the production of
hydrogen as a
secondary fuel
component.
• Biomass gasification provides a means of deriving more diverse forms of energy
from the thermochemical conversion of biomass than conventional combustion.
• The basic gasification process involves devolatization, combustion and reduction.
During
devolatization,
Biomass gasification plant
CH4 and other HCs
are produced
from the biomass
by the action of
heat which leaves
a reactive char.
 There are two main types of gasifier that can be used to carry out this conversion,
fixed bed gasifiers and fluidized bed gasifiers.
 The fixed bed gasifiers have been the traditional setup used for gasification,
operated at temperatures around 1000 0C.
 Among the fixed bed gasifiers, there are three major types and these are updraft,
downdraft and cross-draft gasifiers.
 The conversion of biomass into a combustible gas involves a two-stage process.
 The first, which is called pyrolysis, takes place below 600°C, when volatile
components contained within the biomass are released.
 These may include organic compounds, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, tars and
water vapour.
 Pyrolysis leaves a solid residue called char.
 In the second stage of the gasification process, this char is reacted with steam or
burnt in a restricted quantity of air or oxygen to produce further combustible gas.
 Depending on the precise design of gasifier chosen, the product gas may have a
heating value of 6 – 19 MJ/Nm3.
Thermo-Chemical conversion: Downdraft gasifier
 In the downdraft gasifier, the gasification agent (air or O2) is fed into the middle
of the bed (combustion zone) above the stationary grate and the producer gas
flows out of the gasifier from the bottom of the gasifier beneath the stationary
grate.
 In this type of gasifier, the fed solid fuel moves downwards together with the
gases through a drying zone, a pyrolysis zone, an oxidization (combustion) zone
and a reduction zone.
 In the drying zone, moisture is vapourized and the solid fuel is dried.
 With downwards motion, the dry solid fuel is further heated and the dried solid
fuel is decomposed to char and gases (pyrolysis).
 With continuous downwards motion, gasification agent is injected, thus partial
combustion of char and some combustible gases occurs, providing needed heat
to maintain the target gasification temperature.
 Then the gases and the char move to the reduction zone in which the
gasification reactions occur and the producer gas is formed.
 The temperature in each zone is different. In
the drying zone, the temperature is normally
at 200 °C or lower before the solid fuel is
degraded.
 Temperature in the pyrolysis zone is up to
500–600 °C depending on the equivalence
ratio (ER) (the ratio of oxygen provided to the
stoichiometric oxygen demand).
 The oxidation zone has the highest
temperature of up to 1500 °C at which tars
and other heavy hydrocarbons are thermally
cracked into lighter hydrocarbon gas.
 Below the oxidation zone, the remaining
char, ash, the producer gas and water vapour
flow through the reduction zone in which the
vapour can react with char (steam
gasification reaction), CO (water–gas-shift
reaction) and with CH4 (steam–methane-
reforming reaction) to form hydrogen which
is desired.
 Advantage of the downdraft fixed bed
gasifiers is that the tars are cracked down
in the oxidation zone, thus the producer
gas has lower tar content compared to
other types of gasifiers.
 However, the producer is easily
contaminated by ash and other fine
particles, and a separation device (e.g.,
two-stage cyclone and ceramic filter) is
needed to clean the producer gas.
 Another setback with this type of gasifier
is relatively high temperature of the exit
producer gas, resulting in lower
gasification efficiency.
 Due to the large variation of temperature
profile within the gasifier, this type of
gasifier is used at small to medium scale
(100 kWth–5 MWth).
 Updraft gasifiers are one of the simplest and
most common types of gasifier for biomass.
 In these gasifiers, the feed is introduced
from the top, and air is introduced from the
bottom through grate.
 Feed and air move counter currently in the
gasifier.
 The lowest portion of the gasifier is
essentially the “combustion” zone where the
char formed due to drying and
devolatilization of biomass is combusted.
 This helps in raising the temperature of the
lower portion of the gasifier to about 727 °C.
 Hot gases passing upward through the bed
of downflowing biomass are reduced in the
portion immediately above the combustion
zone.
 Further up the gasifier, the hot gases
pyrolyze the biomass and dry it.
 These processes cool the gases to about 200-
300 °C.
 Pyrolysis of biomass results in release of
volatiles and the formation of a sizeable
amount of tar.
 Some of this tar may leave with the
outgoing gases.
 The overall efficiency of the process
could be high due to the low
temperature of the gases leaving the
gasifier.
 In addition, the gas flowing through the
packed bed of biomass undergoes
“filtration” as the particulate matter
entrained with it is captured by the bed
material.
 This helps in lowering of the particulate
content of the outgoing gas.
 The humidity of the gasifying air plays a
major role in controlling the
temperature of the gasification.
 In this design, the biomass feed is introduced
from the top and the air is from the side of the
gasifier.
 The biomass moves down as it gets dried,
devolatilized, pyrolyzed, and finally, gasified
while the air exits from the opposite side of the
unit.
 The exit for the gas is more-or-less at the same
level as that of entrance. The combustion and
gasification zone is located near the entrance of
the air while the devolatilization and pyrolysis
zones are at a higher level than the entrance and
exit.
 The producer gas leaves the gasifier at almost
the same temperature as gasification (~ 800-
900 °C). Thus, the heat loss from this gasifier is
high, which reduces its thermal efficiency.
 Secondly, the overall residence time of the
producer gas in the high temperature zone is
small (as the gas enters and exits from opposite
ends), and hence, tar cracking is limited. This
leaves a significant amount of tar in the outgoing
gas.
 In a typical fluidized bed (bubbling or circulating)

air enters from the bottom, but is fuel fed from
the side or top.
 In either case, the fuel is immediately mixed
throughout the bed owing to its exceptionally
high degree of mixing .
 Thus, the fresh oxygen (in air) entering the grid
comes into immediate contact with fresh
biomass particles undergoing pyrolysis as well as
with spent char particles from the biomass,
which has been in the bed for some time.
 Oxygen's contact with the fresh biomass burns
the tar released, while its contact with the spent
char particles causes the char to burn. Fluidized bed gasifier
 Though the solids are back-mixed, the gases

flow upward in plug-flow mode. This means that
further up in the bed neither older char particles
nor fresh pyrolyzing biomass particles come in
contact with the oxygen.
 Any tar released moves up in the bed and leaves
along with the product gas. For this reason, tar
generation in a fluidized-bed gasifier is between
the two extremes represented by updraft and
downdraft gasifiers, averaging about
10 mg/Nm3.
Fluidized bed gasifier

Thermo-Chemical conversion: Biomass Liquefaction

M4. Bioconversion

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Bioconversion

Dr. Srikanth Allamsetty

May be old data

May be old data

Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

to separate plastics and other

 In a typical fluidized bed (bubbling or circulating)

 Though the solids are back-mixed, the gases

Fluidized bed gasifier

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