LG Lighting Guide for Hostile enviornments

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APPLICATI ON
GUIDE
LIGHTING
IN HOSTILE AND
HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS
1983
CIII
© The Chartered Institution of Building Services
Delta House, 222 BalhamHigh Road, London SWI2 9BS
ISBN 0 900953 26 8
Printed byTheYalePressLimited,LondonSE255LY
FOREWORD
Lighting in hostile and hazardous environments is a complex subject which is

constantly changing. This guide deals with the many technical aspects which are
likely to be of interest to users of lighting equipment in these particular conditions.
The guide should not be construed as replacing the official regulations, standards
or specificationsgoverning or relatedto the use of lighting equipment. Cognisance
has been taken of the relevant British Standards relating to the design and
installation of luminaires, in particular for use in hazardous areas, BS5345 "Codeof
Practice for the Selection, installation and maintenance of electrical apparatus for
use in potentially explosive atmospheres (other than mining applications or
explosiveprocessing and manufacture)". It is intended that the guide will comple-
ment these documents highlighting and discussing the many aspects particularly
relevant to lightingand lighting installation.
Since IES Technical Report No. 1. which was first published in 1958, and revised in
1965, there have been many changes with the introduction of newNational (B.S.),
European(EN) and International (IEC)standards, covering locations onshore and
offshore. New light sources have been introduced and lighting levels revised which
makefor more efficient but cost-effectivelighting installations.
These changes will continue for many years but this guide brings the readers up to
date and givesguidanceon some ofthe unresolved issues.
P. A. STEWART
Task Group Chairman
Task Group
P. A. Stewart (Chairman) B. B. Moore
R. Bell R. J. Nicholson
R. F. Chatt C. D. Poole
A. E. Fothergill W. N. Povall
J. C. Grant 0. T. Preece
J. H. Greenway J. Roberts
P. J. Lamb T. Underwood
R. J. Loveland
Co-ordinatingEditor TechnicalSecretary
V. P. Rolfe K. J. Butcher
The CIBS wishesto acknowledgethe helpprovided by the followingorganisations

in the compilation ofthis document.
TheAssociation of ConsultingEngineers
TheDepartmentof Energy
The Electric Cables Manufacturers Association
The Electrical Contractors Association
The Energy Industry Council
The EngineeringEquipment Users Association
The Health and Safety Executive
The LightingIndustryFederation Limited
In addition, assistance in the illustration of the document was provided by the
following:
BASEEFA
BP ChemicalsPLC
The ElectricityCouncil
Imperial Chemical Industries PLC
Thorn-EMI LightingPLC
Victor Products PLC
CONTENTS
Introduction 5
2. Explanation of Terms
2.1 Definitions 6
2.2 Abbreviations 9
3. Hostile Environments
3.1 The Nature and Assessmentofthe Problem 10
3.2 SelectionofEquipment 12
3.3 Protective Finishes 13
3.4 Fixing and Glands 14
3.5 Integral Wiring 14
3.6 Environmental Conditions 14
3.7 Approvals/Certificationand Standards 14
4. Hazardous Environments
4.1 Assessment of Risk 16
4.2 Classificationof Hazardous Areas 17
4.3 Methods ofSafeguarding 18
4.4 Approvals, Certification and Standards 24
4.5 Selection of Equipment 27
5. Light Sources
5.1 Introduction 32
5.2 Temperature 32
5.3 Luminous Efficacy 33
5.4 Operation 33
5.5 Lamp Prefixes/Identification 33
5.6 Lamp Caps 34
5.7 Characteristics ofLamps 34
5.8 Lamp Interchangeabilityfor Discharge Lamps 37
5.9 Lamp Selection 37
5.10 Planned Lamp Replacement 38
5.11 Flicker 38
5.12 Control Gear for Discharge Lamps 38
6. Lighting Design
6.1 Introduction 40
6.2 Defining the Problem 40
6.3 Choice ofEquipment 52
6.4 Method of Calculation 58
6.5 Measurement of Illuminance 67
6.6 Energy Conservation 67
Lightingin HostileandHazardousEnvironments 3
7. Emergency and Standby Lighting
7.1 Introduction 69
7.2 Design Concepts 69
7.3 Levelsof Illumination 69
7.4 Equipment/Systems 69
7.5 Duration ofPower Source and Re-charging of Batteries 70
7.6 Light Source 70
7.7 Mode of Operation 70
8. Wiring Systems and Installations

8.1 Hostile Environments 72
8.2 Hazardous Environments 72
8.3 Installation ofWiring Systems 76
9. Inspection and Maintenance 79
Appendices
1. Ingress of Liquids and Dusts—IP Rating 82
2. Check List for AssessmentofLuminaires 83
3. Legal Requirements for Installation in Great Britain 84
Bibliography 85
Index 88
CIBS Application Guide

1. INTRODUCTION
The requirementsof law place considerable onus not only on the user, but also on
the installer and manufacturer, to ensure worker and plant safety.
The guide sets out, therefore, to discuss the design, selection, installation and
maintenance of lighting systemsin hostile (non-hazardous) and hazardous (poten-
tially explosive)environments both onshore and offshore.
Due to the specialist operational requirements, covered by specific legislation
and/or specifications,the lightingofships, explosivesprocessingand manufacturing
industries, and underground coalminingactivitiesare excluded from this guide.
It is essential that the installation is in accordance with the recognised safety
standards and current legislationand the guide covers these requirements within its
general framework.
Corrosion develops, in some form, in most installations, andconsideration is given
to examples where the corrosive effect is the main source of hazard whilst still
ensuring electrical safety. In some locations, such as those with potentially
flammable or explosive atmospheres, corrosion may affect the degrees of protec-
tion and special considerations are requiredto maintain the equipment within the
design specification. The guide can only discusscorrosion in a generalform due to
the complexityofthe problem but has attemptedto cover thesalientpoints.
Protection ofelectrical equipment in potentially explosive areas is essential and this
very important subject is given considerable coverage to ensure the reader is aware
ofallthe relevantstandards and considerations when lighting such areas.
The introduction of new light sources has enabled the users of luminaires to
re-think the types that can be installed and the guide gives coverage to light sources
and lighting design so that the most cost effective but efficient lighting installation
canbe utilised.
Correct wiring of installations is essential if the installation is to operate efficiently
and a numberofpointsare specificallydiscussed.
Inspection and maintenance of the lighting system is vital if the installation is to
continue to operate safely, reliably and in goodworking order, and recommenda-
tions are given in the guide as these considerations tend to be overlooked due to
operational priorities.
Emergency and escape lightinghave to be planned into the lightingscheme and this
is discussed within the framework of existing standards and the type of systems
available.
The scope ofthe guide is therefore broadbased in an endeavour to give the reader
a wider understanding oflighting as applied to thetitle ofthe guide. It is in no way a
complete coverage due to the complexity of the subject but it is hoped it will
provide the reader with sufficient guidance which will explain, supplement and
complement the many other recognised sources of information that are part ofthis
complex subject.
2. EXPLANATION OF TERMS
2.1 DEFINITIONS
Accessible Surface A surface to which an explosive gas-airmixture has access, and that is not explosion
protected other than by temperature limitation.
Candela SI unitof luminousintensity equalto one lumen per steradian.
Certified Apparatus Apparatus which is certified by a National Certifying Authority to a relevant
British Standard or to foreign and international standards, where these are
applicable or to the National Certifying Authority specification where a national
specificationis not available.
ChemicalCompatibility The term implies that material used for the construction of the apparatus and its
installation should be chosen having regard to the solvent and corrosive agencies
that may be present.
Clearance Theshortest distance through air between two conducting parts.
Control Gear Components for controlling the current and voltage or both in a discharge lamp.
e.g. ballast, capacitors, lamp holders etc.
CreepageDistance The shortest distance between two conducting parts along the surface of the
insulating parts.
DaylightFactor The ratio ofthe illuminanceat a pointon a given planewithin an interiordue to the
light received directly and indirectly from a sky of assumed or known luminance
distribution, to that on a horizontal plane due to an unobstructed hemisphere of
this sky. Directsunlight is excludedfrom both values ofilluminance.
DegreeofProtection of Enclosures A system of evaluating and indicating standard degrees of protection provided by
enclosures in regard to the protection of persons against contact with live or moving
parts inside the enclosure and the protection of apparatusagainst ingress of solid
foreign bodies and liquids. (See Appendix on IP Ratings).
Efficacy,Luminous The ratioofthe luminous fluxemitted by a lampto the power consumed by it.
EmergencyLighting Lightingprovided for use when the supply to the normal lighting fails.
Enclosed-breakDevice A device incorporating an electrical contact that is madeand broken, the enclosure
of which will withstand an internal explosion of the flammable gas or vapourwhich
may enter it without suffering damage and without communicating the internal
flammation to the external flammable gas or vapour, the net volume of the
enclosure being not greater than 20 cm3.
EscapeLighting That part of emergency lighting that is provided to ensure that an escape route can
be effectivelyidentified and used.
ExplosionProtected (Flameproof) Apparatuswhichis certified to type ofprotection 'd' (Ex 'd').
ExplosiveGas-Air Mixture A mixture of flammable gas or vapour with air under atmospheric conditions in
which, afterignition, combustion spreads throughout the unconsumed mixture.
Factory Sealed A piece of electrical apparatus that is not intended by the manufacturer to be
openedby the user.
Flammable Atmosphere A mixture offlammable gas, vapour, mist or dust with air.
Flashpoint The lowest temperature at which sufficient vapour is given off from a flammable
material to form an explosivegas-air mixture.
Flicker A fundamental cyclic variation of 100 Hz that is present in the light emitted by
dischargelamps operating on the normal 50 Hz a.c. supply. (see Light Sources).
Glare The discomfort or impairment of vision experienced whenparts of the visual field
are excessivelybright in relationto the general surroundings.
6 CIBS Application Guide

Grouping ofApparatus Grouping of apparatus is divided into two parts, Group I and Group II. Group I is
reserved for mining use only. Group II is used for all other industrial applications.
Group II is divided into three sub-groups, A, B and C, depending on the type of
flammablegas present(see Table 4.1)
Grouping ofGases and Vapours A system of assigning gases or vapours intoone of fourgroups. (see Table 4.1)
Hazard Thepresence, or the risk of the presence, of an explosive gas-air mixture.
Hazardous Area An area in which explosive gas-air mixtures are, or may be expected to be, present
in quantities such as to require special precautions for the construction and use of
electrical apparatus.
Hermetically Sealed Closed completely, i.e. made air-tight by fusing the glassto a base.
HostileEnvironment An environment where there is likely to be a corrosive atmosphere present, in
sufficient concentration to warrant protection of apparatus within the environment.
Ignition Temperature The lowest temperature of a flammable gas or vapour at which ignition occurs
undertest conditionsspecified in IEC Publications 79-4 and BS 4056.
Illuminance The luminousflux density at a surface, i.e. the luminous flux incident per unit area.
Sometimes known as 'planar illuminance' when related to a flat surface. (Unit:
lux Equalto 1 lumen persq.m)
IntrinsicallySafe Circuit A circuit in which no spark or any thermal effect produced under prescribed test
conditions (which include normal operation and specified fault condition) is
capable ofcausing ignition of a given explosiveatmosphere.
IP Classification The International Protection system for classifying the degrees of protection
provided by the enclosures of electrical equipment. (See Appendix 1 on IP
Ratings).
Isolux Diagram A diagram showinglines ofequalilluminanceon a plane.
Limiting Temperature The maximum permissible temperature for apparatusor parts of apparatus. It is
determined by:
(a) the danger of ignition of the explosivegas-air mixture;
(b) thethermalstability ofthe materials used.
The lower temperature is the one to be taken into consideration as the critical
limitingtemperature.
Lumen SI unitof luminous flux, usedin describing the quantity of lightemitted by a source
or received by a surface.
Lumen Method A commonly used method of lighting design. Its object is to determine a lighting
layout that will provide a specified service illuminance on the horizontal working
plane, using a regular array of luminaires. (see Section 6— LightingDesign).
Luminaires Apparatus which controls the distribution of light given by a lamp or lamps and
whichincludes all the components necessaryfor fixing and protecting the lamps and
forconnecting themto the supply circuit.
Lux SI unit for illuminance, equal to one lumen per squaremetre.
Maintained Lighting Emergency lighting that is on at the same time as the normal lighting and remains
on when the supply ofthe normal lightingfails.
MaximumSurface Temperature Thehighest temperature attained under practical conditions of operation within the
rating of the apparatus (and recognised overloads, and including defined fault
conditions, if any, associated therewith) by an accessible surface, the exposure of
which to an explosive atmosphere may involve a risk.
Non-Sparking The term applied to apparatus which under normal operating conditions, and
except when subject to electrical or mechanical failuTe, will not produce arcs or
sparks capable of igniting a surrounding flammable atmosphere.
Pressurizing A method of safeguarding whereby air or inert gas, in a room or enclosure, is
maintained at a pressure sufficient to prevent the ingress of the surrounding
atmosphere.
Lightingin Hostile andHazardousEnvironments 7

ProofLuminaire A luminaire ableto withstand the particular hazards of a given application.
Restricted-breathingEnclosure An enclosure which is not hermetically-sealedbut which is designed to prevent or
restrict the entry of gases and which is capable of passing the type-test specified in
BS 4683: Pt.3.
Source ofRelease Any pointfrom whichflammable material may be released intothe atmosphere.
Standby Lighting That part of emergency lighting that is sometimes provided to enable normal
activitiesto continue.
StroboscopicEffect The effect caused by flicker in lighting, so that smooth motion may appear
discontinuousor, in the case ofcyclicalmotion, stationary.
Temperature Classification A classification system for maximum surface temperature (T-class) of apparatus
(see Section4.5.2).
TotallyEnclosed The term applied to apparatus within an enclosure which is so constructed that the
risk of entry of a flammable atmosphere which may surround it for a short period is
small.
Type ofProtection A technique of explosion protection that is applied to an apparatusor part of an

apparatus to provide an assurance of safety. (see Section 4.3 Methods of Safe-
guarding).
UtilizationFactor The ratio of the total flux received by the surface (directly and by inter-reflection)
to the total lamp fluxofthe installation.
Zonal Classification A system of grouping the probability with which explosive (flammable) concentra-
tions of flammable gas or vapour may arise in installations in terms of both the
frequency of occurrence and the probabledurationof existence on each occasion.
The definitionsofthe zones are:
Zone 0 In which an explosive gas-air mixture is continuously present, or present
for long periods.
Zone 1 In which an explosivegas-air mixture is likely to occur in normal operation.
Zone 2 In which an explosive gas-air mixture is not likely to occur in normal
operation,and if it occurs, it will exist only for a short time.

2.2 ABBREVIATIONS
BASEEFA British Approvals Service for Electrical Equipment in Flammable Atmospheres.
BS British Standard.
BSI British Standards Institution.
CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation.
EEC The EuropeanEconomic Community.
EEx Internationally agreed letter code to indicate a product is certifiedto a specified
Europeanstandard.
EN European Norm, a harmonised Europeanstandard issued by CENELEC.
ERA Electrical Research Association (ERATechnology Ltd.).
Ex A Healthand Safety Executive CertificationMark(See Section 4.4).
Code Symbol Description
'd' Flameproof enclosure
e' increased safety
p' Pressurised enclosure
Specialprotection
intrinsic safety
'N' (n) Non-sparking; (n) Reservedfor international use.
'm' Encapsulation.
FLP A Health and Safety Executive Certification Mark (to denote flameproof) (See
Section 4.4).
GRP Glass reinforced polyester
HG Heavy gauge
HMFI HerMajesty's Factory Inspectorate
HSE Healthand Safety Executive
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
lEE Institution of Electrical Engineers
LIF LightingIndustryFederation Ltd.
MICS Mineral Insulated CopperCable with CopperSheath
MICV Mineral Insulated CopperCable with Copper Sheath andPVC oversheath
OCMA Oil Companies Materials Association
PF Power Factor
PVC PolyvinylChloride
SI Systeme Internationale
SMR Spacingto Mounting Height Ratio
SWA SingleWire Armoured
UF Utilisation Factor
Lightingin Hostile and HazardousEnvironments 9

3. HOSTILE ENVIRONMENTS
Corrosion is probably one of the major causes of failure of equipment and costs
operatorsof majorindustrial plants a largeamount of money in maintenance in an
endeavour to combat it.
Luminaires, essential on all types of plants, are no exception and every precaution
possible should be taken to ensure corrosion is at least reduced to a minimum, as it
cannot be completely eradicated.
General attack Pitting lntercrystallinecOrrOsion

F..'
de ar Noble
film metal
Poraus Cu
Brass —Cu + Zn
Layer corrosion Selective corrosion Depasit carrasian
Fig. 3.1 Schematicillustrationsofdifferenttypesofcorrosion.
3.1 THE NATUREAND Corrosion is with us in many forms. It can be caused by atmospheric corrosion
ASSESSMENTOF THE PROBLEM which rusts steel and forms green film on copper and bronze or, with the use of
plastic, we have the decomposition or erosion due to solvent attack. Some of these
are illustrated in Fig. 3.1 and Plates 14 to 16.
The problem of protecting luminaires against corrosion is so complicated that no
simple solution is possible. One protective system being effective against attack by
acids may well break down in the presence ofthe many other corrosive agents given
offin manufacturing processes.
Corrosion generally depends on three factors:
(a) Thenature and concentration of the corrosive agent,
(b) The design of the equipment including the overall shape, the materials from
which it is made and the finishingprocesses used.
(c) The extraneous factors such as the presence of moisture, mechanical stress,
heat and dust.
Usually the lighting/electricalengineer will have little or no control over the first
point, although positioning may be critical on some installations. Thedesign of the
luminaire is obviouslya majorpoint to be considered when selecting a luminaire for
installation in such an environment and this is reviewed in some detail in Section
3.2.
He may, however, be able to take certain actions which limit corrosion by
extraneous factors.
Moisture is essential to most corrosive actions; if the equipment and the atmos-
phere are perfectly dry, chemical attack will rarely take place with the concentra-
tions of gases and vapours normally present even in such places as foundries,
chemical works and process plants. Corrosion is therefore negligible in hot desert
regions of very low humidityalthough oxidation caused by overheating of electrical
equipment should be considered. In polar regions even where water is continually
presentin the form of ice and snow, corrosion is minimal due to the lack of a moist
atmosphere.
However, in temperateclimates and on installations where steam and heat are part
of the process, it is likely that moisture, together with the products formed by
pollution of the atmosphere during the process, will ensure the relative humidity
becomes high enough forrusting to occur.
If the luminaires must be installed in warm humid conditions then operating the
luminaire continuously will prevent temperature cycling which tends to increase
corrosion. Many luminaires operate at temperaturessufficiently high to drive off
moisture, so that the rate of any corrosive action may well be reduced if the
luminaires are operated more or less continuously; few luminaires are operated
continuously, and during the 'off' periods when the temperature falls to lower
levels, moisture may condense, be absorbed by the corrosive products and so
enable attack to start or continue.
Luminaires that operate at lower surface temperatures such as tubular fluorescent
luminaires are therefore more susceptibleto corrosion as they do not have the same
opportunity to drive off moisture undernormal running conditions.
Mechanical stress can increase the probability of corrosion taking place and the
severity of attack, as the corrosive agents can penetrate into the body of the
luminaire causing a serious reduction in mechanicalstrength.
Heatgenerated by the process can result in a rise of temperaturein the atmosphere
and may therefore cause the corrosive reaction to increase. Luminaires should,
therefore,not be in positions that are directly affected by an external heat source
and should, if possible, be located where there is good ventilation. Dustsand other
similar agents can form a depositor film on the surface of a luminaire and these can
absorb moisture from the atmosphere, creating a corrosive agent directly on the
surface of the luminaire. In such conditions it is important when selecting the
luminaire that notice is taken of the overall shape and position of such things as
fasteners, so that any deposits are kept to a minimum.
Table 3.1 Chemical resistanceofsome materials used for luminaires.
TEMP* CHEMICAL COMPATIBILITY**

MATERIAL LIMITS ACIDS ALKALIS
°C WEAK STRONG WEAK STRONG ORGANICS
POLYCARBONATE 130 0 0
ACRYLIC 70-90 0 J 0 0
POLYPHENYLENE OXIDE (PPO) 80-100 0 0 0 0 ci
ACETAL 105 S 0 0
NYLON (6.6) 80-120 0 S 0 S J
POLYSTYRENE 65-77 0 0 0
POLYEThYLENE (PE)
POLYPROPYLENE (PP)
105-120
88-140
0
0
f0 0
0
0
0
I0
0
PVC
UREA
PHENOLIC
65-80
77-100
120-180
0
5
0
IJ 0
S
S
fJ
0
0
ALKYD 120-180 0 0 0
GRP 80-130 J S
POLYBUTYLENEPTERAPATHALATE
(PBT) 140 0 I0 0 c
SILICONE 230-260 0 0 0 S
PTFE 260 0 0 0 0
CAST IRON N/A S • 0 0
MILD STEEL BSS 15 N/A S • 0
STAINLESS STEEL 18/8 N/A 0
0
)• 0 0 0
GUNMETAL N/A 0 0 0
RUBBER(BUTYL) 150-180 0 5 0 0 5
* Based onmanufacturers recommendations,arid practicalexperience,generally a functionofgrade,filler etc.
**
0 •
acceptable, acceptable in most cases. notacceptable. Compatibilityshould always bechecked as itis impossibletogeneralise with complete
accuracy.
The strengths referred to are not concentrations but degrees of dissociation,eg. Nitric acid is a strong acid, highlydissociatedin solution, whereas
Acetic acid is aweakacid. Both can be concentrated.
Table 3.2 Resistanceofsome AluminiumMaterials used for Luminaires
MATERIAL ATMOSPHERE
RURAL INDUSTRIAL MARINE SEAWATER
LMO 0
LM5 0 /1 S
N3 0
H9 0 0
H30 0 0 5
0 acceptable
• acceptablein most cases
not acceptable
Lightingin HostileandHazardou.sEnvironments 11
3.2 SELECTIONOF EQUIPMENT The selection of luminaires and other ancillary equipment such as junction boxes,
cables and glands needs to be carefully assessed to ensure that the equipment
selected will meet all the task criteria laid down in the specification for the
installation. Careful selection at the initial lighting design stage may well prove an
investment if maintenance and/or replacement is to be kept to the acceptable
minimum level of cost. The quality of luminaire will be determined by the task to
be illuminated and the expected life' of the luminaire during which time minimal
work will be done on the installationexcept routine replacement of lamps.
Theinformation given can only be a guide as the subject is very diverse, depending
on the typeof installation and the concentration of the corrosive agents. The major
considerations that must be given to the selection of luminaires for an installation in
a hostile environment are the materials used in the construction of the luminaire
and/or accessories,the designof the luminaire and the environmental conditions in
whichthe luminaire will be installed.
Table 3.1 lists many different metals, plastics and other materials which are
currently in regular use in the manufacture of luminaires for installation in hostile
environments and is intended as a guide only to the reaction of certain materials
when attacked by various corrosive agents (acids, alkalis and organic substances).
Table 3.2 lists some common aluminium materials indicating the types of environ-
mentin whichtheyare commonlyapplied.
The level of attack will depend on a wide number of variables and may be spread
over a large surface area, or concentrated in a local area (e.g. arounda fastener). A
small break in a paint, plated or plastic coating can often be just as severe, as
intense local corrosion takes place.
It is not alwayspossible to see wherecorrosion is taking place and therefore regular
inspection and maintenance are required, particularly on installations where a
hostile environment is continually presentin a measurable or recognised form, such
as the marine environments of offshore structures where saline corrosion is
prevalent.
After decidingwhat form oflighting is requiredfor the particular situation, suitable
luminaires of the right type of protection/classificationshould be very carefully
chosen and assessed. The choice may not be very great but a consistent evaluation
will lead to the correct decision. For example:
(a) Carry out a bench examination of the luminaires most likely to meet your
requirements, followed by a trial installation if necessary in the corrosive
environment.
(b) Form judgements with the assistance of the manufacturer and examine their
designdata and site experience.
(c) A mixture of both.
A methodical appraisal of the process design and the expected physical condition
should be carried out and wherever possible take into account local knowledge.
The old maxim that the heavier and/or thickerthe materials the longer the life does
not now apply. The developments in the fields of plastics and metals mean that
luminaires can be light in weight and extremely durable and as a result directly
affect initial and running costs.
Selection should therefore take account of:-
Materials, Cost, Safety, Ease ofMaintenance, Control Gear, Enclosure.
Obviously the importance of each of these items varies according to the situation
under consideration. A typical assessmentchecklistis shown in Appendix2.
3.2.1Aluminium Aluminium and aluminium alloys, particularly those containing magnesium, man-
ganese or silicon as the main alloying elements, exhibit a high resistance to
corrosion under a wide range of conditions. This is due principally to the tenacious
oxide film which forms on the surface of the metal and which immediately reforms
should the surface be damaged.
There will obviously be variations in surface appearance following atmospheric
exposure depending on the particular environment encountered, i.e. rural, indust-
rial or marine. (See Table 3.2).
In rural atmospheres, the change in surface appearance is hardly detectable and
aluminium will retain its shiny pristine look for many years. Even with the less
resistant aluminium copper alloys, experience has shown that these will also
perform satisfactorily and will gradually take on a dull grey appearance with
increasing time ofuse.
In industrial conditions, the most common corrosive pollutant is sulphur dioxide
produced mainly from burnedfuels. The sulphur dioxide content ofthe atmosphere
increases, with the degree of industrialisation of the location and varies with the
season, being greatest during the winter months. Aluminium andmost aluminium
alloys have a high resistance to industrial atmospheres although the acid conditions
produced by sulphur dioxide and water can give rise to some minute surface pitting
and roughening. However, the level of pitting falls offrapidly with time, due in part
to the self-stiflingaction of the oxide film, gradually coming to a standstill. Under
such conditions, there is virtually no change in the structural integrity of the metal.
In the case of the strong heat treatable alloys, principally those with copperas one
of the main alloying elements, there may, in a heavily industrialised environment,
be a need for surface protection which can take the form of painting or other
applied coatings.
Undermarine conditions, sodium chloride is the majorcorrosion pollutantlikely to
be encountered. This can roughen the surface of aluminium although in normal
climatic conditionswherethe structure is regularlywashed with rain, this effect will
be considerably lessened. As previously mentioned, the corrosion attack of
aluminiumwill be self-stiflingwith no significanteffecton the structural strength.
3.2.2 Plastics The general resistance of plastics materials to attack by inorganic acids has led to
their increasing use in luminaires, where their low weight is an important
advantage.
Where organic chemicals are present, however, plastics must be used with
discretion as the wrong choice may quickly result in breakdown. For all applica-
tions it is essential to know the exposure conditions if unnecessary costs or
maintenance are to be avoided.
One solution to many corrosive situations involving weak acids and alkalis and
common organic solvents is the use of glass fibre reinforced polyester (GRP)
luminaires provided the glass fibres are adequately covered.
The most common plastics in use on luminaires are shown in Table 3.1. It is
emphasised that the chemical compatibilitydata should be used as a guide as it is
impossibleto generalise with complete accuracy.
Other effects closely linked to the end of life/use of all plastic materials are due to
oxidation resulting in yellowing, embrittlement, softening, crazing and cracking.
These effects may result from light, ozone and high energy radiation such as ultra
violet.
Regular maintenance and checking, although expensive and difficult, can in many
instances prevent premature failure orprolong the life ofluminaires.
3.2.3 Rubber Butyl rubber has many qualities that make it, for the right conditions, a very
suitable material from whichto make luminaires. Its resistance to the wide range of
corrosive agents depends primarily on the synthesis (structure) of the mixture,
duration and concentration of the corrosive agent, temperature and surface
contact. Quantitative data can only be given for specific mixtures where the
conditions are precisely indicated and discussion is therefore recommended with
the manufacturer before installation takes place. For example, many rubber
products swell more or less to a sizeable extent in mineral oils without being
actually destroyed or embrittled. However, swelling is often connected with a
clearly adverse effect on the physical characteristics and as such can be used as a
form of measurement as to the suitability for installation. Specific attentionmay
needto be paidto the method of support, cable entry and any bezel clamps.
3.2.4 Glass A wide range of luminaires incorporating prismatic glass diffusers and metal
housings are available on the marketand have provedto be extremely satisfactory.
Glass, whilst withstandingnormal chemical attack better than plastics, is also more
reliable because of its extrarigidity when incorporated into designswhich must also
ensure the luminaires remained sealed against the ingress of foreign bodies and
moisture.
The housings of such luminaires are now usually cast in one of the corrosion-
resistant silicon-aluminiumalloys, which have tended to replace designs made in
cast iron.
3.3 PROTECTIVE FINISHES Many new finishing processes have been developed lo control corrosion such as
plasticor metal coating ofthe base metal or the use of stoved epoxy paints.
Anyfinishingprocess depends on thewhole process and not only on the qualities of
the final paint finish or plating metal; it is always wise to make sure that the
pre-treatment processes and under-coating systemsusedare satisfactory.
Although these processes help to delay corrosion it would be wrong to rely on them
as a majorbarrierand countenance the use ofunsuitable base materials; their life is
often limited and it is difficult to prevent some damage to the coating during
erection and servicing. For example, when luminaires are openedfor cleaning and
lamp replacement their clips and hinges suffer abrasion and once a coating surface
has been broken, attack may be rapid and severe.
There are two fundamental means whereby coatings achieve their objective of
effective control of corrosion. Firstly, they may act as a barrier betweenthe base
material and the environment by a dependence upon a continuous and pore-free
layer with a low inherent rate of corrosion. Electroplated chromium and vitreous
enamel fall intothis category ofcoating.
The second method of corrosion control is the application of coating metals which
are less noble than the protected metal and so control corrosion sacrificially.
For example, galvanisingprovides a high level of cathodic protection to the surface
of steelfor a variety of corrosive environments by the application of a metallic zinc
coating. Whilst such coatings continue to protect the base metal by electrolytic
action at small breaks in the coating, excessive removal of the coating by abrasion
or wear will result in corrosion ofthe base metal.
3.4 FIXING ANDGLANDS Care has to be taken in the use of various metals when in contact with aluminium
alloys. It is essential to use a protective paste or barrier on the threads to prevent
metal to metal contact betweenthe steel and aluminium to avoid seizure due to
electro-chemical corrosion. Special precautions are required to ensure electrical
continuity and to check that this has been preserved during assembly and mounting
of the fitting at the required location. Using copper or brassglands in contactwith
aluminiumwill result in excessiveelectro-chemicalcorrosion.
3.5 INTEGRALWIRING In general. the luminaire manufacturer will select the integral wiringfrom the types
covered in BS 6141.
Whilst the two main criteria will be the correct voltage grade and a material with a
suitable operating temperature, other factors may need to be considered. For
example. some of the plasticisersused in the manufacture of PVC insulated cables
(which are the most commonly used of the "plastic" types) may not be compatible
with other plastic components in fully enclosed luminaires. Increasing use is being
made of EVA (ethyl-vinyl-acetate) insulated cables. Other cables whose use is
increasing include those insulated with silicone rubber and PTFE (polytetra-fluoro-
ethylene) the latter being very inert with superior abrasion resistance and max-
imum operating temperature.
3.6 ENVIRONMENTAL If luminaires are to be installed in humid, damp or outdoor environments,
CONDITIONS consideration should be given to using luminaires with an appropriate IP rating
suitable for the installation to prevent the ingress offoreign bodies suchas dust and
rain. (see Appendix 1).
A suitablyprotected luminaire will also enablethe internalcomponents to resist the
effects of the corrosive agents which could attack them causing early breakdown
and failure.
3.7 APPROVALS/CERTIFICATIONFor hostile environments. i.e. non-explosive, the recognised design standard for
AND STANDARDS luminaires is BS4533. suitable for use with tungsten filament, tubular fluorescent
and other discharge lamps on supply voltages not exceeding 1 kV. The standard
covers all aspects of safety (electrical, mechanical and thermal) incorporating type
tests for checking compliance of the design of a product with the requirements of
the specification. The BSI Safety Standards Mark Scheme is related to the
parameters of the standard and is identical in all other respects to the Kitemark
scheme which incorporates performance as well as safety. Luminaires bearing the
Safety Mark have been certified by BSI as conforming to stringent safety standards
based on BS 4533 and that numerous safety tests have been performed on
production samples covering general constructiom thermal endurance; protection
against electric shock; resistance to impact; resistance to heat, fire and tracking;
provision for earthing and insulation resistance. The appearance of the Safety Mark
indicates that every effort has been made to ensure that the product is safe and
gives an independent assurance to the user that luminaires have been designed,
manufactured, and type-tested in accordance with the relevant standard.
There are other methods of claiming compliance with a Standard. These are,
firstly. manufacturer's self-certification of conformity with the Electrical Equip-
ment (Safety) Regulations only. Secondly, the manufacturer's declaration of
conformity with the accepted standards in the absence of a Safety Mark. In both
cases such claims are subject to the provisions of the Trades Description Act and
the enforcement authority, e.g. H.M. Factory Inspectorate has the power to
investigate whether manufacturers have complied with Section 6 of the Health and
Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. The luminaire manufacturer may choose any of the
three methods best suited to the product. The purchaser or installer however,
would be advised to protecthimself by buying luminaires with the BSI Safety Mark
or a suitable declaration of conformityfrom a reliable supplier.
Fig. 3.2 BritishStandard KitemarkandSafety Mark

A
4.0 HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS
There is always a danger of explosion wherever flammable materials are manufac-

tured, produced, processed or storedif they can form an explosive mixture with air.
Although the prime requirement must be the avoidance of the creation of such
conditions, where this is not practicable, special methods of safeguarding electrical
apparatus, including luminaires, must be employed to avoid possible ignition, as
both a flammable atmosphere and means of ignition must exist simultaneously to
producea fireorexplosion.
The duty is placed on industry to recognise and assess an explosive hazard and to
take all the necessaryprecautions to meet it.
The Electricity Regulations of 1908 and 1944 and more lately the Healthand Safety
at Work etc. Act 1974 both stipulate and require the danger to be recognised and
the necessary action taken to ensure, primarily, the safety and welfare of the
workforce and the public by ensuring the safe operation of the installation.
4.1 ASSESSMENTOF RISK The responsibility for hazardous area classification of a plant, whether it be a
petrochemical complex or a garage pit installation, rests jointly with the engineer-
ing, processing and other departments concerned with its design and operation.
Consultation should also take place before the introduction of a different process in
an established production areawhich might give rise to a hazard,or one of a greater
degree than already covered, requiring re-assessmentofthe risk.
It is appreciated that many firms have neitherthe staff nor the expertise to carryout
such a combined operation. Majorcontractors are well fitted to provide necessary
'know-how' and expert advice is available from such sources as the Health and
Safety Executive; (Factory Inspectorate Branch), the Local Authority Licensing
Boardand engineering insurance companies.
The onus for the safe operation of the plant rests not only therefore with the
operatorbut also all those involved in the engineering, design andconstruction. It
is their assessmentof risk and the taking of the necessary precautions that leads to
the classificationof the hazardous areas.
4.1.1 Cause ofIgnition A fireor explosion, due to the ignition by some cause of electrical origin, can occur
only if two conditionsco-exist:-
(a) Firstly, thereis an explosiveatmosphere and
(b) secondly, there is a source of ignition. Typical examples are naked
flames, electric sparks, (these may be electrostatic in origin) and hot
surfaces. In luminaires these could occur in faulty lampholders, failed
ballasts or the lamp in a failedcondition. The latter two conditions could
possiblyalter the temperature classification(see 4.5.2) ofthe luminaire.
A furthercondition is incendivesparking by friction when the luminaire is
struck by anothermetal object possiblygiving a resulting very hot spark.
Although a recognised problem the chance of an incident is very much
reduced by the fact that the surfaces of luminaires are processed and
painted to prevent corrosion.
4.1.2 PreventiveMeasures Preventive measures aim to eliminate the coincidental occurrence of the above
conditions:—
(a) By the complete suppression or avoidance of an explosive atmosphere to
renderunnecessaryany additional specificelectrical precautions.
(b) By provision of approved electrical equipment and installations designed
for use in the specifiedexplosiveatmosphere.
(c) By affording such attentionto both conditions, that the probability of an
explosive atmosphere and a dangerous electrical condition occurring
simultaneously in normal circumstances is so remote as to be in practice
negligible.
4.1.3 Types ofHazard Explosive gases and vapours are grouped according to the grade of risk and two
4.1.3.1 Gases, Vapours andMists main apparatus groups are internationally agreed and specified in BS4683:Part 2
and BS5501 :Part 1 (EN5O.014), see table 4.1.
I
GROUP Forapplication in Coal Mines
GROUP II For application in surface industries. This comprises sub-divisionsA, B
and C, depending on the gas or vapour.

In BS229,1957 thegroups were divided intofourand thesecomprised GroupsI, II,
III and IV. (See Table 4.1).
4.1.3.2 Flammable Liquids Flammable liquids give rise to explosive vapours, according to their flash-point and
the temperature to whichtheyare subjected.
Liquids, however, constitute a further risk in that fires may occur as a result of
unvapourised liquids in the form of spray, coming into contact with electrical
equipment and then being ignited by a sparkor other agency.
Table 4.1 Grouping ofGases by explosionhazard
CENELEC Non-Harmonised EEC Standards

EN5O018 UK France U.S.A.
Germany
BS5SOJ 5
Representative BS4683Pt2 C12-320 VDE 0171 UL698
Gas (LEC79-1) (IEC 79-1) BS229 BS1259
Group Group Group Class Group Class Group
METHANEt I I I I IA ORLB 1 D
PROPANE hA hA 11 2c hAORIIB
ETHYLENE IIB JIB lila ORhhIb 2d lilA 2 C
HYDROGEN IIC hIC 1V1 2e — 3a B
CARBON DISULPHIDE jjc 2f
— 3b —
ACETYLENE hIC* — IV — 3c A
tApparatus marked IICto BS5501 may not necessarilybe suitablefor Acetylene,Ethyl Nitrate andCarbon Disuiphides. It is advisableto checkwiththe
manufacturerbefore using.
tMethaneabove ground (e.g. sewage or LNG plants) is apparatus grouphA.
Manufacturingdimensionsnot in the standard.
4.1.3.3 Dusts It should be recognisedthat the behaviour of flammable dusts is not as predictable
as that of flammablegases or vapours.
When a dust is released into the atmosphere it disperses in the air as a cloud and
may become widespread by air movement. A cloud of flammable dust with its
flammable range can be ignited and flash-fire or, in a confined space, explode. A
light dust remains in suspension longer than a heavy dust but both eventually settle
and lie dormant in a layer on exposed surfaces. Should these surfaces be hot, or
should anothersource of ignition be present, a layerof flammable dust is a constant
risk and may be ignited producing a fire the severity of which is dependent on the
burning characteristicsof the bulk material.
Some flammable dusts in layer form when ignited have the ability to propagate
combustion by flame or smouldering, the latter particularly when the dust is
presentin bulk. In some cases when the ignition source is removed, combustion of
the dust layer ceases. In othercases, it continues and the dust layeris said to train
fire.
A layer of flammable dust can be disturbed to form a dust cloud which mayspread
and eventually settle again to form another layer. This cycle can be repeatedfrom
time to time. Should a small explosion occur, layers offlammable dust over a large
area can be disturbed to form a cloud which on ignition can create a secondary
explosion and/or fire of considerably greater damage potential than the small
primary explosion. In a plant handling flammable dust a high standard of
'housekeeping' is therefore essential.
At the presenttime there is no British Standard or international standard on this
subject, although work has commenced at both national and international level
with the object of issuing a document to cover both constructional and code of
practice aspects.
Until such documents are available it is recommended that advice be
such organisations as the USE and ERA as to suitable types of luminairessought from
that
should be usedwhereparticular dusts are present.
Additional guidance can be obtained from such documents as Fire Research
Technical Paper No.21 and Health and Safety at Work publication No. 22 which
lists some examples ofdusts whichcan ignite in certain circumstances.
4.1.3.4 PossibleCombination ofAll On plants where flammable dusts are presentas well as flammable gases, vapours
Three or liquids, the necessaryprecautions should be taken to cover both types of risks.
4.2 CLASSIFICATIONOF Having established, therefore,that there is a risk (See 4.1) it is possible to grade
HAZARDOUS AREAS some areas according to the probability ofexistence of dangerous concentrations of
flammable substances in the atmosphere. Dusts are not included but will be
included at some future datein a separate document.
Lightingin Hostile and HazardousEnvironments
The British Standard Code of Practice CP1003 1964 was concerned with electrical
apparatus and associated equipment, for use in industrial hazardous atmospheres
of gasor vapour.
This has now been replaced by a multi-part British Standard B55345 — Code of
Practice for the selection, installation and maintenance of electrical apparatusfor
use in potentially explosiveatmospheres.
Part 1, which covers the basic requirements for all parts of the code, recognises the
different degrees of probability with which explosive concentrations of flammable
gas or vapour may arise in installations. Detailed considerations given in Part 2 of
the Code, Classification of Hazardous Areas, recognises three sets of conditions
called zones.
Zone 0— In which an explosive gas-air mixture is continuously present, or present
forlong periods.
Zone 1 — In which an explosive gas-air mixture is likely to occur in normal
operation.
Zone 2 — In which an explosive gas-air mixture is not likely to occur in normal
operation and ifit occurs it will only exist for a shorttime.
DESCRIPTION
/7, / //
-
A CONTROL ROOM PRES.SUF/SED
B SNITCH HOUJ(PRESSL/R/SED
iJOA'K,SIIOP
D 'IEATERAREA
E V(SSCL
--J w
DISTILLATIONCOLUMN
& NALYJER/10 ((PR(55/IRISED/P/lEOED
/'OMP(3(A/I/EELVTOLEAKFREQC/INTLVI
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RECIPROCAl/NO COMPRESSOR
OMPPFccOPII,OUSE(FREL-L VVENTILATED)
//////,,////////
N &NCLOSEDSTOREROOM OIL/NATER SEPARATOR
:i TAN/C AREA
P SAMPLEPOINTS (NUTO: ZONE 0AREAOP TO
ORLOWIEVEL)
___________________________
VCNTS(N16/1 \,&k'ouND LEVEL ONLY
THEABOVETABLE/S 6/YEN FOR EXPLANATION NOTE':—
OFF/I/S DRAbIIN6 ONLV ITJ'/LLNOT APPEAR 1•ELECT.k'ILAL APPARATW/ 3//ALLHE SI//TANLE FOR
ON THECOMPLETE,DA€'(A CLASS/F/CAT/ON
DRAM/NO DROOP118 OF 83 4683 PART? (FLNMgF'fr 60F APPARATUS
7
GROUP OF 85229 (FL AMEPILOOF APPARATUS)
GROUP (IC (SFA301?) CLA5S 2 op&'9
(INrp,M5,cALLySAFE APPARATUS)
TEMPERATURE CLASS T3 (2OO'C MAX) OF 854L83
ZONEO
_____ ZONE! ZONE? PART I(ALL APPARATUS)
— PLOT 800WOARY
CALCULATED ZONE2(
A/ONHAZARDOUS OL/NDAEY.
LL4c..,/ ADRE(D ZONE2/NC/VHAZARDOIJc
EXCEPTN/IEEE514TEDADJACENT TO THE,IEEA CONLERNED
2.NOrE3 To 8E ADDED MHLR(NEC&33ARYR(6ARJS,WG
Ca) LOCAL1.5(0 ZONE 0 OR ZOf'/P I
(8) VERTICAL DISTANCES tJ/ züN/T OZONE! Ii ZONEP.
1/OUNDARY TO SIMPLIFY6/IAPR /N.SOME CASES ,T .'/LL 8E NECE3SANY TO
ORAM.5EC770N5TO CLAISFYVERTICAL DISFAAICE6.
Figure 4.1 Typical Zonal Classification diagram ofplant

18 CJBSApplication Guide
4.2.1 Gases, Vapours and Liquids It should be noted that the above area classification deals only with flammable
gases and vapours and by implication, flammable liquids or mists (BS5345:Part 2
refers).
In determining the extent of a classified area this can be broken into two
considerations, outdoor and indoor.
A typicalexample is shown in Figure 4.1.
Each source of hazard will be surrounded by an area appropriately classified and so
determined that beyond the boundary of the area no hazard can reasonably be
expected to arise. In decidingthe classificationarea boundary, consideration must
be given to the quantity of the flammable substances which could be released in a
given time.
Where the source of hazard exists within a room or enclosed area, then classifica-
tionappropriate to thesource ofhazard would normally apply to the wholeroom or
enclosed space. Any openings from a classified hazardous area shall be regarded as
a source ofhazard when considering adjacentareas.
An exception to these conditions is where there is adequate ventilation, but
interlocking of electrical supplies and provision of alarms is advisable to prevent a
dangerous condition occurringifthe ventilation system fails.
It must be borne in mindthat the illustrations are based on conditions wheregases
and vapours are heavier than air. This is the condition normally encountered in the
oil and petrochemical industry.
Heavier than air gases will tend to spreaddownwardsand outwards. For this reason
the vertical extentofthe dangerous area is reduced.
Occasionally consideration must be given to gases such as hydrogen which are
lighter than air and will therefore rise on discharge. Particular note should be given
to any vertical obstructions which may prevent gas dispersal or heat sources that
could cause ignition.
4.2.2 Dusts The above area classificationdoes not dealwith dusts for which an area classifica-
tionconcept is being developed.
4.2.3 Gases, Vapours, Liquids and Plants in which flammable dusts are present as well as flammable gases, vapours or
Dusts liquids should be considered separately for both types of risk, ensuring that the
worst condition is cateredfor.
4.3 METHODSOF Where lighting in hazardous areas is required, special means of safeguarding must
SAFEGUARDING be applied. Thetypes ofprotection usuallyusedare:—
Flameproof Enclosure — Code Symbol Ex 'd'
Increased Safety — Code
SymbolEx 'e'
Pressurised Enclosure — Code SymbolEx 'p'
Special Protection — Code
SymbolEx 's'
Intrinsic Safety — Code
SymbolEx 'i'
Non-Sparking — Code
SymbolEx 'N'
The types of protection are covered in the International Electrotechnical Commis-
sion (IEC), European(EN) and British Standard (BS) specifications. (See Table
4.2).
4.3.1 Flameproof Enclosure— The term 'flameproof' is applied to luminaires certified by the British Approvals
(Ex 'd') Services for Electrical Equipment in Flammable Atmospheres (BASEEFA) as
having been examined, type-tested where necessary and found to comply with
BS5501:Part 5, BS4683:Part 2, or the earlier standard BS229 and BS889 —
Flameproof Lighting Fittings (under revision). Alternatively other approved
national authorities may certify luminaires in accordance with their appropriate
national standard(See 4.4.2). (See Plates 3, 5, 6, 7).
Prior to BASEEFAbeing formed, certification to BS229was granted after test by
the Ministryof Power and suchcertificatesare still valid.
A flameproof enclosure is defined as 'able to withstand an internal explosion of
flammable gas or vapour which may enter without suffering damage and without
communicatingthe internalflammationto the external flammable gas or vapourfor
which it is designed through any jointsor structural openings in the enclosure'. It is
thus necessary to control the length of path and gap widthto cool the products of
combustion and to inhibit their transmission from the inside to the outside
surrounding hazardous atmosphere. Flameproof luminaires are therefore grouped
according to specified maximum permissible dimensions for gaps betweenjoint
surfaces and the surfaces of the openings in the enclosure. In practice,joints are
fitted as closely as possible and checked that under no circumstances can the
maximum value be exceeded.
Lightingin HostileandHazardousEnvironments
Table 4.2 Type of Protection for ExplosiveGas Hazards
INTERNATIONAL
SYMBOL EUROPEAN
TYPE OF BRITISHSTANDARD ELECTROTECHNICAL
International STANDARD
PROTECTION SPECIFICATION COMMISSION
(IEC) (CENELEC) PUBLICATION
General BS4683 Pt. 1. 1971 IEC 79.0

BS5501 Pt. 1. 1977 EN5O.014
Ex 'd' Flameproof BS229 1957

Enclosure BS889 1965
(Electric Light Fittings)
BS4683 Pt. 2. 1977
BS5501 Pt. 5. 1977 EN5O.018 IEC 79.1
Ex 'e' Increased Safety BS4683 Pt. 4. 1973

BS5501 Pt. 6. 1977 EN5O.019 IEC 79.7
Ex ia' IntrinsicSafety BS1259 1958

(Higher Category) BASEEFA SFA3O12. 1972
BS5501 Pt. 7. 1977 EN5O.020 Not yetpublished
Ex 'ib' Intrinsic Safety

(Lower Category) BASEEFA SFA3O12. 1972
BS5SO1Pt. 7. 1977 EN5O.020 Notyet published
Ex 'p' Pressurisation BS5501 Pt. 3. 1977 EN5O.016 IEC 79.2
Ex 's' Special Protection BASEEFA SFA3009.1972 Not yetpublished Not yetpublished
Ex Non Sparking BS4683 Pt. 3. 1972(Type N)

B54533Pt. 2Sect. 2.1 1976
(Type 'N' Lumiriaires) Notyetpublished Notyet published
sType 'N' protection confirmed to relevant BS onlybut the type of protection is under considerationby an IEC Standards Committee and Ex 'n has
beenreserved for future use.
The grouping system has changed somewhat to line up with international agree-
ment. The relationship between apparatus groups, the former gas groups and
apparatus class are indicated in Table 4.1, with, in addition, comparison with
certain international standards.
It should be noted that luminaires certified for a particular gas group may be used
where a gas allowing a larger gap dimension would be appropriatei.e. JIB would
meet hA requirements and IIC would meet hA and JIB requirements.
Flameproof luminaires are primarily intended for Zone 1 areas: when used in
Zone 2 areas no relaxation may be made in the application, installation and
maintenance offlameproof equipment. Flameproof luminaires must not be usedin
Zone 0 areas. When luminaires are to be usedoutdoors,exposed to the weather or
a wet environment, they should be of the flameproof type, but with gasketed joints
separate from the flamepaths or by suitable weathershrouding to shed water away
from flamepaths (see Fig. 4.2). A limited degree of weather protection on other
flameproof luminaires may be achieved by the use of a suitable approved grease,or
flexible non-setting compound in the flamepath so long as there is no chemical
corrosive effect. Gaskets in service should not be placed in flamepaths or any
material usedwhichwill harden (See 4.5.4and 10.2).
It should be recognisedthat the presence of obstacles such as steelwork, pipes etc.
near the flanged joints or otheropenings mayinterferewith the protection offered
by a flameproof (Ex 'd')enclosure, and a minimumof 40mmshould be maintained
betweenthe obstacle and the luminaire.
It should be especially noted that no modifications are permittedto the approved
design without reference to the manufacturer, and that the luminaire must be
installed and operated in the manner prescribed on the certificate, and in
accordance with BS5345:Part 3.
FLAMEPROOF
PATH
GLASS CEMENTED GLASSCEMENTED

INTO LAMP RINGS INTO LAMP RINGS
USING SPIGOT TYPE JOINT
GLASS CEMENTED
INTO LAMP RINGS
USING WEATHER SHROUD
Fig. 4.2 Typicalmethods ofprotecting flameproofflanges.
4.3.2 Increased Safety —(Ex 'e') This protection is covered by BS4683:Part 4 and BS5501:Part 6 and is defined as 'A
method of protection by which additional measures are applied to electrical
equipment so as to give increased security against the possibility of excessive
temperatures and of the occurrence of arcs and sparks during the service life of the
apparatus. It to electrical equipment, no part of whichproducearcs, sparks
orexceed theapplies
limitingtemperaturesin normal service'. (See Plates 1, 2 and 4).
The additional measures taken include the provision of non-sparking cable
terminations, enhanced creepage and clearance values related to the type of
insulation used, the limitation of temperature on ballast windings and heated
surfaces, and the use of special lampholders. In addition the luminaire enclosure
must meet minimum strength and protection standards against the ingress of
moisture and dust (see IP rating Appendix 1).
Lightingin Hostile and Hazardous Environments 21
Only certain lightsources are permissble for use in luminaires designed for mains
supply.
(a) Cold starting tubular fluorescent lamps with single pin caps (TLX)
(b) General lightingservices filament lamps.
(c) Mixed light (MBT) lamps.
(d) Other lamps for which there is no danger that parts of the light source
may attain a higher temperature than the limiting temperature (T-rating)
followingbreakages of the bulb. However, lamps containing free metallic
sodium (SOX) are not permitted.
Ex 'e' luminaires maybe used in Zone 1 and Zone 2 areas, but must not be used in
Zone 0 areas.
The protection type 'e' is suitable for use in all gasesand vapours so far as explosion
risk is concerned, as long as the temperature class is acceptable and the materials of
construction are compatible with vapours, etc., in the surrounding environment. It
should be noted that installation in acetylene atmospheres requires the protection
of any bare copper by coating with insulating varnish to avoid the possible
formation of acetylides.
accordance with BS5345: Part 6.
4.3.3 Pressurised — (Ex 'p') Pressurising is a method of safeguardingwhereby a protective gas in the enclosure
is maintained at a pressure sufficient to prevent the ingress of the surrounding
atmosphere.
This method of protection involves a system of inter-connected enclosures with
safety devices such as time-delay relays and devices for monitoring the flow of
protective gas. These safety devices must themselves be incapable of causing an
explosionor be mounted outside the potentially explosive area. Although therehas
beenan international recommendation for sometime (IEC 79-2), it is only with the
introduction of CENELEC specifications EN 50.016 issued under BS5501:Part 3
that a specification has been laid down in this country defining specific require-
ments for the construction and testing of pressurised apparatus.
Although rarely used as a form of protection certain luminaires are capable of
being pressurised but further safeguards have to be builtinto the system and these
are now therefore defined for the first time. The most important consideration is
that before re-establishingthe electrical supply after loss of pressure it is necessary
to purge the system for some time to scavenge any dangerous atmospheres which
mayhave accumulated during theshut-down.
Type 'p' luminaires may be usedin Zone 1 and Zone 2 areas but should not be used
in Zone 0 areas. For Zone 1 associated pressure failure alarms should be used if the
internal apparatus is non-sparking and if normally sparking a pressure failure
isolator and alarmshould be used.
For Zone 2 a pressure failure alarm is sufficient only if the internal apparatus is
non-sparking or if immediate action can be taken on loss of pressure
(BS5345:Part 5 refers). The type of protection 'p' is suitable for use in all gases and
vapours, if the temperature class is acceptable and the materials of construction are
compatible with vapours etc. in the surrounding atmosphere.
accordance with BS5345:Part 5.
4.3.4 Special Protection — (Ex 's') This concept is used when the protection cannot be related to the recognised
techniques and to enable development of new ideas prior to standardspecifications
being available. Examples of type 's' protection are the factory sealed handlamps
and the use of encapsulatedcomponents.
The certificate will normally describe the special types of protection and the
conditions of use which must be closely observed, with particular reference to the
use in particular zones. (BS5345:Part8 refers).
Apart from encapsulation which reduces and controls free volume and therefore
reduces the risk of an explosive mixture forming, a further example is the use of
sintered plugs on battery packs to allow for the safe release of an explosive mixture
(oxygenated hydrogen) from the batterypack to the surrounding atmosphere.

4.3.5 Intrinsic Safety— (Ex '1') Intrinsic safety is a method of protection that is widely usedin instrumentation but
has not yet been incorporated into luminaire designs for use in industrial
applications, although luminaires incorporating miniature fluorescent lamps are
available for use in coal-miningapplications.
Intrinsic safety is a technique based on the restriction of electrical energy, within
the apparatus, to a level below that which can cause ignition by either sparking or
heating effect.
The level of electrical energy required to energise the normal range of lamps used
in industrial applications is too high to meet the limiting conditions laid down in
relevant apparatus design standards. It is therefore unlikely that luminaires for
industrial applicationswill be made available.
4.3.6 'Non-Sparking' Protection — Type of protection 'N' is defined as 'a type of protection applied to electrical
(Ex 'N') apparatus such that, in normal operation,it is not capable of igniting a surrounding
explosiveatmosphere and afaultcapable ofcausing ignition is not likely to occur'.
The general requirements are detailed in BS4683: Part 3, which refers to BS4533:
Part 2, Section 2.1: 1976for luminaires, andrelated to luminaires which do not arc
or sparkor generate hot surfaces in normal operation with theirspecified rating.
Constructional requirements include either a restricted breathing enclosure which
controls the rate of intake or release of gas over a given time interval by some form
of sealing gasket,or an enclosure with a degree of protection against the ingress of
dust and moisture at leastequivalent to 1P54 (BS5490refers).
However the enclosure cannot be considered independently, the components to be
used inside the enclosure and their mode of operation must also be considered.
This is to ensure that the simultaneous occurrence of a flammable atmosphere and
ignition source is unlikely.
Luminaires incorporating fluorescent lamps will tend to be of an unrestricted
breathing nature due to their low surface temperaturewhich will result in a low
external surface temperatureof the luminaire. However, ifthe lightsource isof the
type e.g. MBF, SON, T-H etc., where the surface temperature of the lamp is
usually well above 200°C then the enclosure will tend to be of the restricted
breathing nature. A number of luminaires have a double enclosure design which
effectivelyseparates the lamp chamber whichis restricted breathing and the control
gear/terminal enclosure which is unrestricted breathing. Reference to the manufac-
turerwill confirm.
Priorto the introduction ofType 'N' as an independent protection concept in 1971,
a similar protection concept, which had been introduced in 1965 was in common
use, particularly in the onshore oil and petrochemical industry. A luminaire was
designed in accordance with specificationsavailable at the time, such as the OCMA
specification Elec. No. 7 or BS4137, and followingtests were authorised for use in
the then defined Division 2 (now Zone 2) area by a "letter of no objection" issued
by HM Factory Inspectorate. Luminaires, and other equipment,approved by this
method were commonly called Division 2 equipment and such approvals are still
valid. Such equipment is still used extensively although it is recommended that all
new installations should install Type 'N' luminaires in preference to Division 2
versions where practicablypossible.
Withthe introduction of Type 'N' standards (BS4683:Part3 and BS4533: 2.2.1) this
had led to certain divergencies from the requirements laid down in the standards
and specificationin use originally.
In particular the temperature rating has been formalised in accordance with
BS4683: Part 1 within the range T1-T6 (see 5.3.2) indicating its temperature class.
'Division 2' luminaires were limited to a maximum surface temperature of 200°C
and particular attentionis requiredtherefore in areas where combustible gases or
vapours having ignition temperatures below 200°C may be present. These are
limited (BS4137refers) and reference to the manufacturer will confirm the actual
surfacetemperature in such cases.
In addition the test conditions covering the impact test and restricted breathing
tests have been made more onerous and enclosed-break devices, such as lamphol-
ders,are testedto demonstrate a higher factorof safety.
Type 'N' luminaires are suitable for use in Zone 2 areas only but cover all gasesand
vapours as long as the temperature class is acceptable and the materials of
construction are compatible with the vapours, etc., in the surrounding environ-
ment. It should be noted that installation in acetylene atmospheres requires the
protection of any bare copper by coating with insulating varnish to avoid the
possibleformation of acetylides.

It should be especially noted that no modifications are permitted to the approved
accordance with BS5345: Part 7.
4.4 APPROVALS, Certain changes have taken place over the years as regards the testing and
CERTIFICATIONAND certifyingauthorities in the United Kingdom.
NARISK. gdom In the past all flameproof equipment was certified by a Ministry Department after
explosiontests had been carried out at the Safety in Mines Research Establishment
Testing Station at Buxton.
If all the fitting was found satisfactory on design and performance a certificate of
flameproofness(Buxton certificate) was issued.
All apparatus thus certified was then marked with the letters FLP inserted in the
outline ofa crown (See Fig. 4.3)
The FLP crown was used for all groups of flameproof apparatus (i.e. mining and
non-mining), untilthe formation of BASEEFA in 1969. Since that date it has only
beenusedfor Group I flameproof (mining) apparatus.
In 1969 the certification of all new equipment, and supplements to existing
certificates, for use in surface industrial hazardous areas (other than coal mining
and explosives processing and manufacturing installations) were taken over by
BASEEFA, now part of the Health and Safety Executive.
Testing is still carried out at Buxton and if the equipment complies with the
relevant standard a Certificate of Assurance is issued to the manufacturer together
with a license to apply the certified mark, the licence being valid for three years,
thereafterrenewable.
A newmark is used— a crowncontainingthe letters 'Ex' (See Fig. 4.3), this being
the registered mark of BASEEFA and is only used for Group II (non-mining
apparatus.
Name Country Marks Used

EECMark ofConformity —
EEC Mark ofCertification EEC E

BASEEFA Buxton United Kingdom c,'i (or 'c)
PTB Braunschweig W. Germany
LCIE Paris France AE

INIEXPaturages Belgium Ex
KEMAArnheim Holland Ex
CESI Milan Italy AD FE —
NEMKO Oslo Norway
Factory Mutual. Norwood United States ofAmerica
Underwriters Laboratory. Northbrook United States of America
CSA. Toronto Canada
Fig. 4.3 International CertifyingAuthorities and RegistrationMarks (this listis not

exhaustive).
The certificate will basically concern itself with the hazardous area protection
concept and may not consider any other aspects of the design e.g. not indicate the
degree of protection against dusts, liquids (See 4.5.4.1), or resistance to corrosion
(See 4.5.4.2). The manufacturer will usually provide other indications of these
factors.
The original certificate issued for the apparatus will indicate the manufacturers
name and address, the certificate number, type number, temperature rating,
specification number, a short description of the apparatus and where applicable the
groups of gases. Also, where appropriate a schedule of variations which apply to
the use of theequipment.
BASEEFA will normally test the apparatus to the relevant British Standard (e.g.
BSS5O1:Part 6 or BS4683:Part 4 for type 'e' luminaires or BS4533:Part 2,
Section 2.1 for Type 'N' luminaires), issuing the certificate of assurance which
indicates the apparatus complieswith the designstandard.
If there is not a recognised standard covering the specification of a particular form
of protection, BASEEFA have the power to raise an interimstandardof their own
until such time as a British Standard is issued.
Although legislation does not requiredthat apparatus for use in hazardous areas be
certified, it is strongly recommended that all luminaires used in such areas be
certified and/or approved to the relevant standards covering the various types of
protection.
It should be noted that the luminaires can only be used in accordance with the
certificate and therefore it is recommended that anybody considering using such
equipment clarifies such conditions before installation. Such conditions may be the
T-rating, mode of mounting, cable termination, type of internal cable requiredto
compensate for a high internal temperature, or type of sealing plug requiredto be
fitted into each unused cable entry. Certification numbers followed by —lB or —/X
indicates that special installation requirements should be noted. (See 4.5.5.1).
4.4.2 International A major problem, in not only the lighting market, but all the electrical field is the
wide range of national standards available for ostensibly the same type of
equipment or protection. (See Table 4.3).
For example, for type 'd (flameproof) luminaires, there are manufacturers making
to German,French, Japanese, Belgian, Italian or American standards as well as to
British standards specifications.
The majority of luminaires in question are certified by the relevant national test
house, such as PTB (Germany) and LCIE (France), to their own national
standards.
Theintroduction of a set of European standards which define construction and test
requirements for each of six well established protection concepts, will form part of
the mechanism for dismantlingtechnical barriers to trade, at least within Europe,
thus enabling similar equipment to be made and testedto the same standard. These
have been issued underthe EEC directive 79/196/EEC.
Sixof the standards issued, numbered EN5O 014 to EN5O 020 inclusively,deal with
oil immersion. pressurised apparatus, powder filling, flameproof enclosures,
increased safety and intrinsic safety respectively, and are issued in the UK as parts
of a multipart British Standard BS5501. Table 4.3. lists the EN standards together
with the relevant countries equivalent national standards number.
With the publication ofthe CENELEC standards it is now possible for BASEEFA,
together with other Europeantest houses, to issue certificates of compliance to the
European harmonised standard.
Equipment certified to EN standards is indicated by the use of symbol E preceding
the Ex and certification number (See 4.5.5.2).
The current British Standards will continue to be used for all the types ofprotection
relevant to luminaires and whereas new equipment will no doubt be designed,
constructed and tested to the latest specifications,luminaires certified or approved
to other recognised but older standards will continue to be used extensively for
many years to come. It must be recognised that the issuingof a new standard does
not automatically supersede or cancel the older standard or change the basic
principle of the type of protection covered in the standard. For example
BS5501:Part 5, 1977 which covers type 'd' equipment will be employed alongside
BS4683:Part 2 and BS229, although preference should be given to equipment
certified to the latest standard.
Whilst the EEC is issuing directives (e.g.79/166/EEC) for implementation within
the Common Market,the ultimate aim and object will be to obtain harmonisation

of standards on a world basis. Through the International Electrotechnical Commis-
sion (IEC) the proposals are to issue standards acceptable to all the national
authorities like IEC Publication 79 — Electrical apparatus for explosive gas
atmospheres. For example BS4683:Part2 is similar to. but not identical with IEC
Publication 79:Part 1.
As with all national and international standards there are always minor variances
on certain aspects whichmaytherefore preclude automatic certification or approval
to both the corresponding national and international standards.
This situation creates considerable problems for the user as well as the manufactur-
er. The user must be aware of the changes in standards that are taking place not
only in this country, but also at other national and international levels and seek
constant guidanceas to what is acceptable for installation.
If consideration is being given to the use of luminaires (and accessories) which are
manufactured and/or approved to a foreign national standard whether harmonised
or not, the user must not rely totally on the fact that theyhavea 'certificate issued
by the foreign national certifyingagency but ensure the luminaire (or accessory) is
suitable for installation in the hazardous environment and is safe when installed
under the relevant national installation practices. Particular care should be taken
whencoupling luminaires and/oraccessories from different countries to ensure the
interface meets the level ofprotection requiredfor that installation.
The introduction of the CENELEC standards are the first real major step in
bringing a little order to a very disordered scene but it will be many years before full
harmonisation will be reached by the IEC. Each country will try and maintain its
own thinking, thus possiblyprotecting its own industry, which will continue to pose
problems for the manufacturer who must decide to which standard he is to design,
construct and certify his luminaire so as to ensure the type of market penetration
required.
Table 4.3 International Standards
CENELECStandard EN50 EN 50 EN 50 EN 50 EN50 EN 50 EN 50

014 015 016 017 018 019 020
Belgium NBN NBN NBN NBN NBN NBN NBN

C23-001 C23-104 C23-105 C23-106 C23-103 C23-102 C23-101
Denmark AFSNIT AFSNIT AFSNIT AFSNIT AFSNIT AFSNIT AFSNIT

50 50-1 50-2 50-3 50-4 50-5 50-6
Finland SFS4094 SFS4095 SFS4096 SFS4097 SFS4098 SFS4099 SFS4100
France NF NF NF NF NF NF NF
C23-514 C23-515 C23-516 C23-517 C23-518 C23-519 C23-520
German Federal Republic VDE VDE VDE VDE VDE VDE VDE
0170/0171 0170/0171 0170/0171 0170/0171 0170/0171 0170/0171 0170/0171
Pt 1/5.78 Pt2/5.78 Pt 3/5.78 Pt4/5.78 Pt 5/5.78 Pt6/5.78 Pt 7/5.78
Italy CEI CEI CEI CET CE! CEI CEI

31-8:1978 31-5:1978 31-2:1978 31-6:1978 31-1:1978 31-7:1978 31-9:1978
Netherlands NEN- MEN- MEN- NEN- NEN- NEN- MEN-

EN50014 EN50015 EN50016 EN50017 EN50018 EN50019 EN50020
Norway NEN- NEN- NEN- NEN- NEN- NEN- NEN-

110 111 112 113 114 115 116
Spain UNE UNE UNE UNE UNE UNE UNE

21814 21815 21816 21817 21818 21819 21820
Switzerland SEV SEV SEV SEV SEV SEV SEV

1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074
UK BS 5501 BS5501 BS5501 BS 5501 BS 5501 BS5501 BS 5501

Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part5 Part 6 Part 7

4.4.3 TestHouses It is appropriate to notethat the changes taking place within, in particular, the EEC
that in future it will be possible for luminaires to be tested by a recognised test
house in Europe to either the CENELEC specifications or to the equivalent
standardof another country.
To date, with only a few exceptions, luminaires have tended to be to a particular
national standard, the certification also being issued by the same national test
house.
Users should alwaysobtain a copy ofthe certificate from the manufacturer to check
if there are restrictions on the use of the luminaire and any specific installation
requirements.
4.5 SELECTIONOF EQUIPMENT When selecting luminaires for use in hazardous areas a numberoffactors or criteria
should be considered and these are detailed in BS5345,Section 1.
These are:—
(1) The type of protection of the luminaire in relation to the zonal classifica-
tionof the hazardous area.
(2) The temperature classificationof the luminaire in relation to the ignition
temperature of the gases and vapours involved.
(3) The apparatus sub-group (where applicable) in relation to the relevant
properties of the gases and vapours involved.
(4) The apparatus constructions and enclosure in relation to the environmen-
tal conditions.
It should be noted that this code of practice is applicable only to new permanent
installations and to changes to existing installations where reasonably practicable,
though it is recognised that some changes and additions to certain existing
installations may need to be made in accordance with the recommendations of
CP1003, Parts 1, 2 and 3 as appropriate. It is intended, however, that CP1003,Parts
1, 2 and 3 should eventuallybe withdrawnfrom use.
4.5.1 Zonal Classification It has already been mentioned earlierin the guide that it is notthe responsibilityof
the Electrical or Lighting Engineer to classify the areas of hazard, this should be
done by a multi-disciplined team comprising process and engineering personnel
who are familiar with all the likely risks. (See 4.1).
Having established the Zones,the type of protection to be applied to the luminaire
can be selected.
Table 4.2 illustrates other forms of protection, not all of them being discussed in
this guide as the Code of Practice BS5345 covers all forms of electrical apparatus
not just luminaires.
4.5.2 Temperature Classification Temperature classification,as defined in BS5501:Pt. 1 and BS4683:Pt. 1, is one of
the criteria considered when selecting the type of luminaire to be used. The user
must ensure the maximum surface temperature (T-class) of the luminaire doesnot
exceed the ignition temperatures of the gases or vapours involved, or when the
luminaire is marked with a particular maximum surface temperature, that this
temperature does not exceed the ignition temperature of the gas or vapour
involved. Ignition temperature varies considerably e.g. town gas/air is over 600°C,
petrol/airabout 250°C whilstcarbon disulphide is about 102°C.
Six temperaturegrades T1-T6 have been established and are listed in Table 4.4,
with the ambient temperature assumed as 40°Cunless stated and clearly marked on
the luminaire.
All luminaires made to BS4683 or BS5501 (EN) series are now marked with the
temperature class and reference to BS5345:Pt. 1 which lists gases, vapours and
liquids in their related temperature class and apparatus grouping will aid in the
selection of luminaires for the task envisaged.
Table4.4 Temperature Classification

Class Maximum Surface Temperature°C
Ti 4t50
T2 300
T3 200
T4 135
T5 100
T6 85
Earlier designs of flameproof (BS229/BS889) luminaires were marked differently,
as the maximum external surfacetemperature rise wasoriginallyrestricted to 50°C.
then later amended to three categories oftemperature rise "X"= 125°C, "Y" =75°C
and "Z"=SO°C. The ambient temperature was also specified at 35°C peak. Such
apparatus is still valid and widely used.
The ignition temperature of the gas (which is the criterion to be considered) is
defined as the lowest temperature determined by the standardised method, at
which the most explosive mixture of the given substance and air will just ignite at a
heatedsurface. The ignition temperature must not be confused with the flash-point
of a gas/vapour which is the lowesttemperature at which a liquidgives off sufficient
vapour to form a flammable mixture with air giving a momentary flash on the
application of an ignition source).
4.5.3 Apparatus Sub-Grouping The question of apparatus sub-grouping has already been discussed under the
techniques of flameproofing (See 4.1.3 and Table 4.1). The protective features of
other types of protection apply equally to all industrial gases, subject only to
temperature classification and therefore apparatussub-grouping is therefore not
normallynecessary.
4.5.4 Environmental Conditions A very important aspect in the selection of equipment is the consideration of the
environmental condition on the plant in question. Special care should be taken to
ensure that the luminaire and its installed and maintained component parts, are
constructed so as to guard against electrical and mechanical failure in the intended
conditionsofuse.
Particular attention should be given to the need for the protection against the
ingress of liquids and solids, (See 4.5.4.1),the effects of corrosion (See 4.5.4.2) and
the possible effects of heat from adjacent plant or the operation in ambient
conditions outside the normal range covered by certification requirements (See
4.5.4.3).
In addition two other conditionsneedcareful consideration.
(1) Ensure that all light alloy materials e.g. aluminium alloys are fully
protected to ensurethere is no untreated metal that could cause a spark
due to friction sparking. The majority of luminaires and accessories
which are manufactured in light alloys have some degree of chemical
pretreatmentprior to the application of paint processes which will tend
to give adequate protection (BS5345:Part 1).
(2) There is now available on the market a wide range of luminaires and
accessories manufactured in various grades/forms of plastics which if
installed in a dry atmosphere and exposed to an electrostatic charging
mechanism could result in electrostatic charges formed on the enclosure
remaining at a hazardous level for an appreciable time. Detailed
information is given in BS5958 as to action and recommendations in
dealing with this condition.
4.5.4.1 IngressofLiquids and Dusts If the luminaires are to be exposed to a humid, damp or outdoor environment,
—IP those with an appropriateIP rating should be used so as to prevent the ingress of
Rating
foreign bodies such as dust or rain. It is recommended that approved luminaires
with a minimum 1P54 rating be used. (See Appendix 1)
These conditions are continually presentin hostile and hazardous area installations
and particular care should be taken in these situations. For certain types of
explosion protection it is a requirement of the design standard that a minimum IP
ratingbe obtained.
Type 'd' Flameproof
Whilst flameproof-only luminaires are available on the market, there is now a
considerable range of flameproof luminaires with sealing devices designed to
give a high IP rating but whichdo not interfere with the flameproof joint.
An alternative method to the use of seals is to provide some suitable shroud.
This form of protection permits better natural breathing of the luminaire and
therefore the effects of humiditycan be limited. (See Fig. 4.2)
The term "weatherproof", which appeared in BS2817 (now withdrawn) is not
included in the present IP system although the terminology will, no doubt,
continue to be used for some period, being a generalisation for luminaires
suitable for use outdoors.
Other forms of protecting the luminaire from the ingress of moisture and dusts
may be used, such as the use of approved forms of tape, but these are not
officially recognised nor incorporated in the design considerations at the time
of certification, and are usually applied by the user/installer. Therefore no
confirmed IF ratingcould be given.
Type 'e' IncreasedSafety
The design requirements of increased safety luminaires require the enclosure
to have a minimum of 1P54 rating, and therefore are normally suitable for
outdoor installations. In exceptionally severe atmospheric conditions consid-
erationshould be given to the use of a higher degree of protection.
Type 'N' Non-sparking
SimilarlyType 'N' luminaires, which can only be usedin Zone 2 areas, require
the enclosure to be to a minimum 1P54 and therefore are normally suitable for
an outdoor installation.
4.5.4.2 Corrosion/Materials BS5345 Part 1 mentions corrosion as one of the criteria to be considered when
selectingequipment according to environmental conditions.
Section 3 of this guide has discussed this question in some detail, with many of the
points discussed being applicable to the luminaires installed in hazardous areas
which have corrosive environments.
Corrosion may however, particularly affect the safe and proper operation of type
'd' flameproof luminaires because the enclosure is the main part of the methodof
protection.
As it is not permitted to paint the flanges of a flameproof joint it is advisable to
counteract corrosion by greasing the joints on installation ofthe luminaires using an
approved form ofnon-setting grease, or approved anti-corrosiveagents.
If severe corrosion is expected, e.g. in the offshore industry, special chemical
treatments are availablewhich will, for example, protectthe flamepaths of type 'd'
luminaires but do not interfere with the flameproof qualities of the luminaires. The
extra costs of this special treatment may prove beneficial in the long run by
effectivelyreducing maintenance costs.
In addition corrosive resistant paints such as epoxides are generally available.
However, if special conditions have to be met, discussionwith the manufacturer is
advisable to ensure the continuing safe operation of the luminaires.
4.5.4.3 Ambient Site temperatures vary considerably around the world and therefore luminaires
Conditions/TemperatureMarkings have to be capable of operating in a wide range of ambient temperatures, from
—40°C in Alaska to +50°C in the Middle East.
The user should therefore be aware of the operating limits of the luminaires being
installed.
Currentstandards assume in general an ambient temperature of40°Cmaximum.
It is now normal practice for the temperature classification(T-rating) (See 4.5.2)
and the maximum ambient temperature to be marked on the luminaires alongside
othercertification and manufacturers markings (See 4.5.5).
If a luminaire has been tested to a higher ambient temperature than that specified
in the relative standardthis should be marked on the luminaire. Luminaires are
normally tested and rated for continual operation at the ambient temperature
indicated, with the luminaires marked Ta 40°C.
Occasionally luminaires may be tested for a specific condition and then the peak
surface temperature is marked (e.g. T185°C) and this must be usedafter considera-
tionofthe ignition temperature of the gases involved to determine the suitability of
the luminaire for the application.
If the ambient temperature is above 40°C (or the assumed temperature in the
certification documents) or below —5°C, discussions with the manufacturer is
advisable to ensure the continuing safe operation of the luminaire.
4.5.5 ProductMarking &

Identification
4.5.5.1 Completeluminaires
To clearly identify that the type of luminaire installed is suitable for use in the
hazardous area certain information must be clearly marked on the equipment by
the manufacturer, and those responsible for installing and maintaining luminaires
in these installations need to know the significanceof the markings to avoid the
wrong application of explosion-protectedlighting apparatus.
In addition to the manufacturer's name and address, typenumberof the luminaires
(which covers the range) and catalogue number,other information such as the type
of protection. certification details and temperature ratingmust be clearly marked.
The registered markof the test house will also be shown e.g. BASEEFA(See Fig.
4.3).

This information will normally be shown in the format given in the following
examples — all for type 'd' flameproof luminaires.
(1) BS5501: Part 4° EExde BAS'81ll8271-'/X"
(2) BS4683: Part 2° Excde BASh76014721/Bk
(3) BS229° Z
FLP' (in crown) Groups II and III 5369
a BS5501: Part 4. BS4683: Part 2 and BS229 indicate the standard to which the
luminaire is designed and approved. There is no requirement to mark the
European Norm Standard Number or the equivalent harmonised British Stan-
dard Number on equipment to the European (EN) standards although manufac-
turers may do so to indicate the relevant standard.
b EEx indicates the luminaire conforms to the harmonised European (EN)
standard.
c Ex indicates the luminaire isto the relevant British Standard only.
d FLP (in crown) indicates the luminaire is to the original flameproof standard,
BS229.
e 'd' indicates the equipment is of flameproof type of protection, FLP also
indicates flameproof as all luminaires to BS229 were flameproof.
f JIB or GroupsII & III indicate the apparatus (or gas)sub-group.
the Temperature classification. Earlier designs of luminaires to
g T6 indicateswhich
BS229/889 were restricted to flameproof type of protection, were res-
tricted to a maximum external surface temperature rise of 50°C and then
amended to three categories of temperature rise X = 125°C, Y = 75°C and
Z = 50°C. The ambient was then specifiedas 35°Cpeak.
h Indicates the equipment has been tested and approved by BASEEFA.
i Indicates the certificate numberwhich canbe interpretedas follows.
Year
(1)81....
(2) 76.
Indicates the year the certificatewas initially issued, the certificate licence being
valid for three years from the date of issue. The manufacturer must then re-applyto
BASEEFA to extend the licence for a further 3 years. If successful a supplement
extensionwill then be issued by BASEEFA although the original year will remain
on equipment nameplate. A copy of the supplement extension(s) should be
availablewith the certificate from the manufacturers.
Users and/or installers should ensure that a new licence has been reissued every
threeyears and is currently valid before purchasing the relevant typeofluminaire.
Under BS229 the original certificate number e.g. 5369 was issued for the duration
of the luminaire design and does not require renewal every three years.
CertificateYear Number
The final three digits in examples (1) . . 182 and (2) . . 014 indicate the number
ofthe certificates issued in that particular year.
Type ofProtection
In example (1) the third digit . . 1 . . indicates the type of protection of the
.
luminaire in addition to the relevant letter reference (d' in this example).

The complete listof relevant types of protection are as follows:-
1 . . .—EExd or EExp
..2...-EExi
..3...-EExe
j /1 or /2 indicate a supplement or variation have been issued to the original
certificate, or variations to the original.
k /X or /B indicate there are special conditions of safe use and the certificate
documents must be studied before the luminaires are put intooperation.
Further information includes the voltage and frequency of the power supply and
lamp wattage to ensure the luminaire is operating within the design rating, as well
as the IP rating.
Other examples of marking for different types of explosion protection for surface
industries are asfollows:-
30 CIBS ApplicationGuide
Increased Safety Ex e, II, T3
Non-Sparking Ex N, II, T4
Intrinsic Safety Ex ia, IIC, T4
Pressurised Ex p II, T5
4.5.5.2 Hybrid designs With a numberof protective measures now possible hybrid designs incorporate
different types ofprotection in a single design.
Themarking could therefore be as follows:-
Ex e (d ib) IIC, T3
which indicates that it is increased safety apparatus having an internal flameproof
(d) component and an intrinsically safe (ib) circuit, suitable for IIC grouping and a
temperature class of T3 (200°C).
4.5.5.3 Component A component e.g. a cable gland as suitable for use in association with a complete
approval/certificate luminaire which is not designed to one ofthe harmonised standards under the EEC
directive e.g. BS889, BS229, BS4683 etc. is certified with a 4-figure number
prefixed BAS and suffixedU e.g. BAS4126U.
A component suitable for use in association with luminaires certified to the
European Harmonised standards e.g. BS5501 will have six-figure certificate
numberprefixed BAS e.g. BAS813091.
All these relevant marks and symbols ensure the correct type of luminaire is
installed to give the requiredlevel ofprotection in the potentially hazardous area.

5. LIGHT SOURCES
5.1 INTRODUCTION From the wide range of light sources available the most commonly used light
sources in hostile and hazardous environments are:
Incandescent lamps includingtungsten halogen.
Fluorescent lamps — bi-pin(MCFEor MCFA) and single pin (TLX).
High pressure dischargelamps including:
High Pressure Mercury (MBF),
High Pressure Sodium (SON. SON-T).
High Pressure Mercury Halide (MBI, MBIF) and self-ballasted mercury lamps
(MBTF).
Low Pressure discharge lamps including low pressure sodium (SOX). There
are however, restrictionson theiruse.
These lamps are related as shown in Table 5.1.
Table 5.1 Lamp Categories
FilamentLamps (includingTungsten Halogen)
TubularFluorescentLamps Low Pressure

Low Pressure Sodium
Discharge
Lamps
High Pressure Sodium
High Pressure Mercury'
High Pressure MercuryBlended High Pressure
Metal Halide
However development in lamp technology is continuing to take place and may

modifysome of the properties quoted. In addition new types of lamps are likely to
be introduced and some current types become obsolete.
Consequently it is impossibleto cover all relevant data in this guide and is therefore
essential to consult the lamp manufacturers latest published data to ascertain
differences in construction, wattage, luminous efficacy, colour rendering, life and
lumen maintenance.
5.2 TEMPERATURE All light sources generate heat both from the light source itself and, whererelevant,
its associated control gear (ballasts etc.) and this may affect the choice of luminaire
as the attained surface temperature (T-rating) may not allow the use of certain
luminaires. (See Section 4.5.2).
TUNGSTEN •:•:•:•
FILAMENT
:>
TUNGSTEN
HALOGEN
MERCURY
:
•:•:
:•:•:•::•:
BLENDED ...........
MERCURY ::•:•:•:•:
FLUORESCENT
•fff:f
TUBULAR •:•:•:•::•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:
FLUORESCENT
•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•::•:
METAL •:•:•:•:-:•:
HALIDE ............
HIGH •::•:•:•:•:•::•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•
PRESSURE •:•::•::•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•
SODIUM :.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:•:•:•:
LOW •:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•::
PRESSURE ..............................................
SODIUM ...........................................
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1ÔO 110 120 130 140 150 160 170
EFFICACY/
Fig. 5.1 A guide to the efficacy oflamptypes.

5.3 LUMINOUSEFFICACY, The lamps available vary considerablyin luminousefficacy (i.e. the light outputper
watts consumed) and the information shown in Fig. 5.1 gives a general guide.
It should be noted the power consumption of a discharge lamp circuit consists of
the sum of the lamp power and the ballast power loss. It is not possible to quote
standardvalues for circuit power because of the differences in ballast design and
hence in ballast losses. Reference to the luminaire manufacturer will confirm the
relevant detail. For lamp types without control gear the efficacy will be relevantto
the lampwattage.
5.4 OPERATION The operating characteristics of lamps also vary considerably and concern such
considerations as run-up time, re-ignition time, operating positions, and suscepti-
bility to other environmental conditions.
Care should be taken when high pressurelight sources are used as most of these
sources take some time to produce their maximum light output after switch on.
Alsoin the event of a short supply interruption certain of these lamps may needto
cool before they re-strike, which could take several minutes. This particularly
applies to High Pressure Mercury lamps, whereas High Pressure Sodium lamps
with external ignitors fitted in the circuit will restrike after about oneminute.
It may therefore be necessary to intersperse incandescent or low pressuretubular
fluorescent light sources if areas of significant importance requires constant
illumination. This particularly applies to emergency or escape lighting where
instantaneous illumination is vital in the event of supply failure. It is worth noting
that not all lamp types can operate in all positions but this again will be confirmed
by eitherthe luminaire and/or lamp manufacturer.
In addition certain lamps are sensitive to such externalenvironmental factors as air
temperatureand vibration. The luminous efficacy of most lamps is not affected by
changes in the ambient temperature, tubular fluorescent lamps being the excep-
tion. Consequently when used in totally enclosed luminaires and operated at high
ambient temperatures the light output is less than maximum. However, in low
ambient temperatures the use of totally enclosed luminaires will help to maintain
the lamp at its operating temperature and so maintain light output.
5.5 LAMP For ease of reference lamp types are identified by prefix letters as detailed below.
PREFIXES/IDENTIFICATION The prefix letters are then followed by the rating (watts) and if necessary, by lamp
length, colour and cap (See 5.6) to clearly identify the lamp type to be used.
Example are:
MCFE 40W 1200 mm Warm White
MBTF 160W BC
Some ofthe more important prefixes are:
TUBULARFLUORESCENT LAMPS
MCF Switch start lamp
(Also usedfor Tubular Fluorescent lamps in general).
MCFE Starterless lamp. Siliconecoat.
(Also suitable forswitch start operation).
MCFA Starterless lamp. Earth strip. (Also suitable for switch start
operation).
Restricted range, mainly for cold environments.
TLX Cold starting tubular fluorescent lamps with single pin caps.
LOWPRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS
SOX Single-ended. U-shaped arc tube.
SLI Double-ended. Linear arc tube.
HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS
SON Diffused ellipsoidalouter bulb. Singleended.
SON-T Cleartubular outer bulb. Single-ended.
SON-TD (SONL) Cleartubular outer bulb. Double-ended.
SON-R SON with internal reflector.
HIGH PRESSURE MERCURYLAMPS
MB High-pressuremercury. No phosphorcoating.
MBF High-pressure mercury with phosphor coating.
MBFR MBF with internal reflector.
HIGH PRESSURE MERCURYBLENDEDLAMPS
MBTF Combination of MBF lampand filament lamp.
METAL HALIDE LAMPS
MB! High-pressuredischarge with metallic halides.
MBIF MB! with phosphor coating.
MBR Double-ended lineararc tube.
TUNGSTEN FILAMENT
GLS General lightingservice, incandescent lamp which may have clear,
diffused or colour finished bulb.
PAR Parabolic.aluminised reflector, pressed glass reflector floodlamp.
PAR 38 indicates lampwith bulb diameterof 38 x ½ = 43/4 inches.
JR Internal reflector (blown glass).
M Tungsten filament with halogen gas filling— single-ended
K Tungsten filament with halogen gas filling—double-ended.
5.6 LAMP CAPS It is important that not only the correct lampis fitted in the luminaire but also the
lamp has the correct type of lamp cap compatible with the luminaire lampholder.
This is particularly relevant if luminaires and/or lamps from a foreign source are
used. For example, the pitch of the Edison Screw (ES) or Goliath Edison Screw
(GES) may vary i.e. E27: E26 or E40: 39 and bind in the screw of the lampholder.
Reference to the luminaire manufacturer will confirm the lampholder used. (see
Fig. 5.2)
Bayonet
BC (B22d) Edison Screw
LJ uu
Bi-Pin 38mm
G13
ES (E27) Single Pin 35mm
TLX
Small Edison Screw

Bi-Pin 26mm
G13
Bayonet 3 Pin SES (E14)
BC 3 Pin (B22d-3)
Small Bayonet Bi-Pin 15mm

G5
(Blbd)
Goliath Edison Screw

GES (E40)
Fig. 5.2 Common types of lamp caps. Reproduced with kind permission of the
LIF.
5.7 CHARACTERISTICSOF The following table details, for easy reference, the various characteristics of the
LAMPS lamps covered by this Guide.
5.7.1 All Types ExcludingTubular
FluorescentLamps
Table 5.2 Lamp characteristics
CIE Cnlnur Colour Rendering Range ofLumInous Life/ReplacementCycle Typical Application
Lamp Type Rendering Grnup CharacterIstic/Lamp appearance Conatructlon Operation Efficacy
Tungsten Filament GLS Emphosiscs reds A tungsten filament heated to Immediate fall lightoutput, operates 8-18 lumens/watt. Limitrd by failure of the filament;
Reflector LraI Lighting
Lamp warm appearance incandescencein a glass hulh usually in all positions, easily dimmed, light most types havean averagelife of
filledwith an inert gas; doesnot output and life sensitiveto small 1000 hrs. hut others arc designedfor
require any control gear. Reflector voltage variations, filament sensitive 2000 or 2500 hrs with lower light
5., to vibration.
lampsare similar to GLS lamps; but outputs than the equivalent 10(8)
havea speciallyshaped bulb with hour life types when this exists.
reflector coating.
Immediate full lightoutput,some 17-24 lumens/watt. Limitedby failure offilament, for Area floodlighting where use is
TungstenHalngen Emphusisesreds A tungstenfilament heated to
Lamp warm appearance incandescence in a smallbulb usually types haverestricted operating most types the average is 2)8)0 hours, intermittent.
N of fused silica (quartz) which act as position, lightoutput and life
cleaning agents to prevent bulb sensitiveto small voltage variations.
N blackening, containing an inert gas filament sensitiveto vibration; Note;
and a trace of halogen;doesnot bulb surface liable to weaken if
require any control gearencrpt low touched withbare hands.
C.,
voltage types.
t1
High Prenanre Mercury Emphasisesyellows/blues An electric dischargein a high Some lightoutput immediately but 8-26 lumens/watt. Limitrd by failure offilament. May hr used as a replacementfor
Discharge(Blended)(MBTF) Subdues reds pressure mercury atmosphere run-np period to 90% full light typically 8000 hours. some tungstenfilament lampswhere
Lamp intermediate appearance contained in a silica tube in series output about4 minutes, re-ignition longer service period important. e.g.
with a tungstenfilament heated to after about 10 minutes. Restricted because access isdifficult. Note:
iacondescence'the whole contained operating position, filament sensitive check that where appropriate the
within a glass bulb with a fluorescent to vibration. certification offlameproof Es'N'
coating. I3çses not need control gear. lnmiuaircs permit the use of such
amps.
HIgh PressureMercury 4 Emphasisesyellows/blurs An electric dischargein a high Run up period to full lightoutput 35-55 lumens/circuit Time to 30% redaction in light Processingplants, outside areas.
Discharge(Fluorescent) Sabduesrrds pressuremercury atmosphere about 4 minutes. Re-ignition after watt, output is about 9Th) hours. roadway. tank farms, area flood
)MBF, MBFR) Lamp cool appearance contained in n fused silica (quartz) about 10 mins; operatesin all lighting.
tube within a glassenvelope, positions.
internally coatedwitha pho6phor
coating. MHFR lampsarc MBF
lampswith an internal reflector
/
coating; needscontrol gear.
High Preanure Mercnry Vary accordingto formulation of An electric dischargein a high Runup period to 90% offull light 65-85 lumens/circuit Likelyto be limited byeconomic Area floodlighting, process plants.
Dincharge(Metal Halide) lamp type. pressure mercucy atmospherewith output about 2 minutes; re-ignition watt. factors; Time to 30% reduction in outside areas, tank farmswhere
(MBi, MulE, BMtL) metal halide additives in a quartz nrc after about 10 minutes unless special lightoutput about 7000 hrs. (MBI. good colour rendering is required.
tube; an outerbulb may he use4 - circuits are used; restricted operating - MBIF) shorter forspecial types.
having a fluorescentcoating; needs positions.
control gear.
High Pressure Sndtum Emphasisesyellows strongly, reds An electric dischargein a high Run-up time to 90% of lightoutput 65-110 lumens/watt. Time to 30% reduction in light Area floodlighting, processplants.
Discharge(SON, SONR, to lcmcr entrnt. Greens pressuresodium atmosphere in a from4to 7 mins. Re-ignition within output appron. 15,0(X) hours. outside areas, roadways, tank farms.
SON-T, SON.TD) acceptablebut blues strongly sintcred alumina tube containedin a I minute if an external ignitoris
subdued. Lamp warm appearance clear or diffuse outerbulb. Needs used. Operates in any position.
control gear.
Low PresaureSndlnm Not applicable Emits yellow lightonly. All other An electric dischargein a low Run-up to 90% of full lightoutput 65-130 lumens/watt. Time 1030% reduction in efficacy is Roadwaysand industrial areas
Discharge(SOX, SLI) colours appear brown or black, pressuresodium atmosphere in a from6-12 minutes; re-ignition typically 10,000hours, where high efficacy is required and
light colours grry. glassarc tube containedin aglass typically within3 minutes; restricted distortion of most colours is
bulb; needscontrol gear. operating positions. acceptable. Not permitted for usc in
hazardousareasbecauseof dangrr
of spontaneouscombustion on
breakageof lamp.
('I
5.7.2 Tubular Fluorescent Lamps The range of tubular fluorescent lamps available on the market is changing
considerably with the Argon-filled 38 mm diameter tube being replaced with
Krypton-filledEnergy Saving26 mm or 38 mm tubes.
Due to the fact that the majority of luminaires currently installed or available for
use with the new tubes in the market covered by this Guide are limited, reference
to the luminaire manufacturers' literature is imperative to ensure the correct lamp
is fitted.
Wherever possible on new installations consideration should be given to energy-
saving lamps such as Krypton-filled which can be used as a possible alternative to
the Argon-filledlamp.
Luminous efficacy ranges from 20-80 lumens/circuitwatt. Lamp replacement cycle
calculated on the time to 30% reduction in light output is about 8000 hours.
Fluorescent lamps will operate in any position, have promptstarting and restarting
characteristics with a wide range of colour temperature and rendering. The
principal 'white' colours are listed in Table 5.3. In the past, for a given colour
appearance (e.g. warm) a choice had to be made between high output (e.g. Warm
white) and improved colour rendering (e.g. Warm white Deluxe). Modern
phosphors (Triphosphors) combinehigh outputwith deluxe colour rendering. They
are especially suited to 26 mm diameterlamps, since they are more temperature
stable than ordinary phosphors and have a lower depreciation rate.
Table 5.3 Colour Appearance of Tubular FluorescentLamps

Colour Triphosphors Halophosphate
Appearance .
Deluxe
High Output
(Nominalcolour Deluxe Krypton-filled Argon-filled Argon-filled
temperature) Highoutput 26 mm (1")dia. 38 mm(1/2") dia. 38 mm (1 ½') dia.
Krypton-filled and 100W 38 mm
(1½")dia.
Cool Appearance 4000 K (Cool) Cool White Natural
(4000K)
(3500K) 3500K(White) White
Intermediate
WarmAppearance 3000K(Warm) Warm White Warm White
(3000K) Deluxe
Table 5.4 Colour Properties ofTubularFluorescentLamps with SpecialProperties
Lamp CIEColour Colour Rendering Typical Applications

Rendering Characteristics(Based on
Group visual assessment)
Special Applications
NorthlightColour 1 Similar to North skylight Used wherecolour
Matching emphasisesblues, and to a rendering similarto
lesser extent, greens. North sky daylight is
needed.
ArtificialDaylight 1 SimilartoNorthlight/Colour Used wherecritical
Matchingbutemits more colour matchingto BS950
ultravioletto conform with Part us required.
natural skylight.
Tn-phosphor Lamps
Cool 2 Emphasisesorange,greens and Process areas,catwalks,
blue-violets,subduesyellows accessways.general
and deepreds, purpose where high
efficacyis required.
Halo-phosphateLamps 3 Emphasisesyellows,and to a General purpose.
lesser extent, greens and blues: catwalk, accessway
red subduedshifts slightly
towardsorange.

5.8 LAMP The following notes provide general guidance on the interchangeability of
INTERCHANGEABILITYFOR corresponding Discharge lamps. The notes deal only with electrical inter-
DISCHARGELAMPS, changeability and apply only where the control gear, especially the ballasts and
ignitors, are made in the U.K. Usersshould also check mechanical compatibility
(e.g. the caps of the double ended linearHigh Pressure Sodium lamps).
5.8.1 High PressureMercury Almost all of these lamps and their ballasts are covered by British Standards or
Lamps IEC Specifications, and corresponding lamps are electrically interchangeable.
Note: Care should be takento distinguishbetweenthe HighVoltage and the Low
Voltage versions ofthe MBF 1000W lamp.
5.8.2 Metal Halide Lamps Different lamp makers use different mixtures of halides and the lamps are not
interchangeable. A Metal Halide lamp must only be used on control gear as
indicated by the lamp maker.
5.8.3 Low Pressure Sodium Lamps Almost all these lamps and their control gear (of conventional type) are covered
by British Standards or IEC Specifications, and corresponding lamps are electri-
cally interchangeable. This is also likely to apply where lamps are operated on
partly-electronic(hybrid) control gear madein the U.K.
Note: For SLI lamps reference should be made to the data sheets of the lamp
makers.
5.8.4 High Pressure Sodium Lamps Theprincipal ratings and their control gearare covered by specifications,or are in
draft specifications. Corresponding lamps of different makes are electricall
interchangeable, but are of two types according to method of starting; lamps wit
an internalstarting device are used on circuits withoutan ignitor; lamps without
internal starting deviceare usedon circuits whichinclude an ignitor.
5.8.5 Plug-in SON Lamps These lamps are for replacing High Pressure Mercury lamps on ballasts which
complywith specifications.Care should be taken in ensuring the correctuse of this
type of replacement lamp and guidance should be sought from the lamp
manufacturer.
5.8.6 Tubular Fluorescent Lamps Whilst the use of Argon-filled will continue in use for many years until a
wider range of luminaires for lamps
use in hostile and hazardous environments are
available and current installations are replaced it is worth noting there are
technical considerations concerning Krypton-filled lamps which should be raised
with the manufacturer.
5.9 LAMP SELECTION Although thete are economic benefits to be gained by using light sources with the
5.9.1 BasisofLamp Selection highest efficacies, the fact that there is such a wide range of lamp types available
indicates that they all have their applications.
For example the lighting requirements of process plants and control room lighting
are different from thefunctional and economicrequirements of streetlighting.
In maintaining standards (e.g. level of illumination, colour rendering, reduction of
glare) guidance may be obtained from the CIBS Code. Subject to these require-
ments, efforts should be madetouse lamps with as high an efficacyas possible.
5.9.2 Principal Characteristics When lamp types are being selected for a new installation, the following are the
principal characteristicswhichshould be takenintoconsideration.
5.9.2.1 Efficacy and LightOutput The ratio of light output (lumens) to lamp power (watts). For lamps operating on
control-gear total circuit power, where known, should be taken intocalculations.
The quantity of light (lumens) emitted by the lampunder standardconditions. For
tubularfluorescent and discharge lamps measured at 2000 hours (Lighting Design
Lumens).
5.9.2.2 ColourAppearance and This indicates what the lamp looks like e.g. warm white, cool white. The colour
Colour Rendering appearance of white lamps may be expressed in terms of colour temperaturee.g.
3000Kcorrespondingto warm white and 4000Kto cool white. Colour appearance is
no guide to colour rendering.
Colour rendering indicates how a lamp renders coloured objects compared with,
(say) daylight.
5.9.2.3 LampServicePeriod Life',when applied to electric lamps, has two distinct meanings:
(a) the time afterwhich thelampceases to operate,
(b) the time after which the light output is reduced, by normal deterioration
processes, to sucha low level that it is more economicto replacethe lamp, even
though it is still operating electrically. This is the 'economic service period'.
Lightingin HostileandHazardous Environments 37

Filament lamps fall under the first definition of 'life'. The rated life of common
types under specified conditions is defined in international standards and is
accepted as a practical life/efficacycompromise. The depreciation of light outputis
small. Life expectancy in a practical installation is affected by supply voltage
variation.
Discharge and fluorescent lamps fall under the second definition. The life of
discharge lamps is a complicated subject and there are no international standards
on the meaning of 'life'. Present day fluorescent lamps and discharge lamps will
survive for many thousands of hours, but during that time the light outputsteadily
depreciates so that if the lamps are operated until they fail electrically the light
output could be half or less of what it was initially. In practice discharge and
fluorescent lamps should be changed at the most economic time for the particular
installation.
Other characteristics include: shape, need for control gear, starting and restarting
time, operating position, and relative cost (initial and running).
5.10 PLANNEDLAMP In all but the smallest installations it is sensible to replace the lamps as a group at
REPLACEMENT planned intervals. The following comments refer to replacement of fluorescent
lamps, but apply also to the majority of discharge lamps. The advantages of
planned replacement are as follows:
(a) Labourcost can be substantially reduced by phasing the replacement cycle to
fit the cleaning cycle.
(b) Where lamp quantities are large, special delivery arrangements may be
possible.
(c) Where there would be an interruption to a production process, replacement
canbe planned for a non-production period.
(d) Lamps will be of matching output and colour initially and over the service
period.
(e) Replacing lamps before electrical wear-out reduces the possibilityof failure of
control gear.
(f) The value of lumens to be used in lighting calculations is increased compared
with the value applicable to schemes using random replacement. This means
that the installation will require fewer luminaires with consequent savings in
capital costsand running costs. Savingsin electricitycost alone are likely to be
greaterthanthe extracost ofreplacing lamps at shorterintervals.
The optimum replacement period depends on the energy costs and labour costs of
the particular installation. A common rule is that the lamps should be group-
replaced when the cost of wasted energy has become as high as the cost of lamp
replacement. A further limit is that lamps should be replaced before their output
has depreciated 20% below the Lighting Design value (equivalent to about 30%
below the initialvalue).
5.11 FLICKER The light output of all lamps on an a.c. supply has a cyclic variation which is
negligible for filament lamps but more marked for discharge lamps including
fluorescent lamps. However, after-glowon phosphors of fluorescent lamps reduce
the effect.
Stroboscopic patterns may be produced in synchronously rotating machinery and
maybe annoying ifthe pattern is apparent on a task that is being closelyexamined.
If these patterns are produced, the effect may be diminished by mounting
incandescentlamps near to the task to supplement the light over the critical area, or
placing adjacent lamps on separate supply phases.
5.12 CONTROLGEAR FOR Control gear is the collectiveterm for the ballasts, capacitors and starting devices
DISCHARGELAMPS used in discharge lampcircuits. Ballastscontrol the arc current,capacitors are used
to improve the power factor of the circuit and/or suppress radio interference, and
starting devices provide high-voltage pulses to initiate the discharge through the
vapouror gas. The capacitor is sometimes used as an integral part ofthe ballast.
All ballasts consume some power and, for a given type, some consume more than
others. The service period of a ballast depends on its design and operating
conditions. Thermal performance under normal and fault conditions is particularly
important to ensure long ballast life. Luminaires could be left in the faultcondition
for prolonged periods and control gear must safely withstand this. The efficacy of
the lamp circuit as a whole depends on the total power taken by the lamp and
control gear. The ballast may not necessarily operate the lamp at its nominal
wattage, and this can affect the lamp light output and luminous efficacy. The
change in light output is included in the 'light output ratio (working)' of the
luminaire which incorporates the 'ballast lumen factor'. Manufacturers of the
luminaire or control gear will usuallyprovide this data.
With the increasing complexity of modern high pressure discharge lamps it is
essential to ensure that lamps are correctly matched to control searand luminaire.
The power factorof most discharge lamp circuits is less than evenwith power
factor correction. When the tariff is partly based on VA unity there could, in some
circumstances,be an economicalcase for fitting extra bulk P.F. correction in order
to reduce the kVA demand.The current rating of cables, fuses and switchgearmust
be related to the total currentin the circuit, including the reactive component. It is
also necessary to allow for starting transients and for the starting current. Lamp
manufacturers will provide data on starting and running electrical characteristics.
Harmonic currents may be present, and are additive in the neutral of a three-phase
system. Manufacturers will usually supply information about the power factorand
harmonic currentsof their control gear. Electrical installations should
comply with
the latest edition, including all subsequent amendments, of the 'Regulations for
Electrical Installations' published by the Institution of Electrical Engineers.
6. LIGHTING DESIGN
6.1 INTRODUCTION This Guide is not intended to cover all aspects of design but rather to introduce the
subject to the engineer for further reading or to provide sufficient information for
elementary designand basic understanding ofthe problems involved.
There are many good guides to lighting design as a subject and the reader is
referred to the CIBS Code for Interior Lighting and also to "Interior Lighting
Design," published by the Lighting Industry Federation Ltd. and the Electricity
Council.
The majority of lighting design for interior work areas is prepared with only the
knowledge that can be obtained from the plans of the buildingand the purpose for
which it is to be employed. In most cases however, a general lighting system can be
established whichwill provide good visual conditions irrespective of the final layout
of machines, desks and otherequipment.
Open plants, suchas chemical works, usually have small working areasaat different
levels which require individual treatment using local luminaires, and number of
other luminaires to provide illumination for safety of movement only. Numerous
obstructions in the form of pipe runs have to be taken into consideration and the
positioning ofany luminaire will depend upon the steelwork construction.
It followsthat detailed drawings are necessaryto enablea close study to be made of
the relevant structures before any lighting system can be planned. also a model of
the plant would provide an even more accurate guide when planning the lighting
design. It will be found that the straight-forward lighting design calculations
applicable to large symmetrical interior work areas can rarely be used and design
mainly concerns the location of individual luminaires. The location of a luminaire
found by calculation may not, in practice, prove to be satisfactorydue to steelwork
or pipework obstructions and inaccessibility for maintenance. Therefore, two
luminaires of a similar lumen outputor even one of a higher output may have to be
installed in a preferable location. The choice of lamps and luminaires depends on
the application, the type of plant being illuminated and the environmental
conditions, but for both practical and economic reasons, high efficacy light sources
are to be preferred. even though the initial capital expenditure using thesesources
is generally higher. The reduced maintenance and longer lamp life are added
advantages of the discharge lamp. There are a few applications where tungsten
filament sources are preferred —these will be discussedin the relevant sections.
Thehazardous area classificationof the plant must be carefully considered for both
safety and economic reasons. The degree of hazard must be carefully considered
and the appropriate equipment utilised. Thought should be given to illuminating
the area from luminaires located outside or above the hazardous area limit. The
lighting circuits should be so arranged that the failure of a circuit does not
completely black-out any section of the plant.
Individual switching is usually of little value and group switching of luminaires
reduces the capital cost. Whilst attentionis given to designing the most economic
lighting scheme, regard should also be given to the method of switching from
automatic timers. In particular, dark areas will require illuminating earlier than
more open areas intowhichtwilight can still penetrate.
Emergency lighting must be considered for certain plant areas, namely control
rooms, switch rooms, plant stairways and areas where operational tasks have to be
undertaken underpower failure conditions. (See Emergency Lighting. Section 7).
6.2 DEFININGTHE PROBLEM
6.2.1 General Beforeconsideringthe type and number of luminaires which have to be usedfor a
lighting scheme, there are many factors which have to be determined, and it will be
found that some ofthe items given below will have a greaterinfluence on the design
than others, depending on the particular project. Each of the items should
therefore be checked and the quality of the lighting scheme balanced against the
cost involved.
6.2.2 VisualPerformance It is unlikely that visual performance will be a problemin many situations covered
by this guide since most of the complicated tasks will be carried out in specially
designed areas. The standards of lightingwill be related to safety requirements, for
example, reading of signs or gauges, colour identification, etc.
The level and type of lighting is related to the task to be performed. All taskshave
to be carriedout with a certain speed and accuracy and without unduestrainto the
eyes. In general, the more complicatedthe task becomes, the higher tends to be the
requiredilluminancelevel. It is possible to measure the visual performance by tests
and it can be shown that increasing the illuminance improves the visual efficiency
until a pointis reached where it becomes uneconomic to increase the level further.
Very high levels cannot therefore be justified and these will also tend to produce
glare unless correctly designed. Size and contrast will also affect the visual
performance.
The colour of the light source can also have an influence on the task. If part of the
task is to assessa colour then a lampwith a strongcolour component in the colours
of the task should not be used. Colour matching lamps are available for these
problems. Contrast may also be affected so that objects become more difficult to
see.
6.2.3 Illuminances Illuminances have been quoted in Table 6.3 and should be used as a guide for
general design. There are recommended steps in illuminance which have been
chosen to give a subjective increase.
These are as follows:-
50 lux. — access areas such as walkways,platforms, etc.
100 lux. — access areas whichinclude obstacles such as ladders
150 lux. — storage areas, plant rooms, where continuous operation is not
required
300 lux. — rough work involvingassemblyof large plant and rough machinery
500 lux. — routinework for offices,control rooms
750 lux. — demanding work for inspection.
It is usual to increase the level to the nextvalue ifcontrast or reflectances are low or
serious problems would occur followingdamage to expensive plantdueto mistakes
by an operator. Areas of extreme danger should also be well illuminated. Care
should also be taken on how the levels are applied and each scheme should be
examined on its own. The levels recommended in Table6.3 may have to be varied
to suit particular problems and the scheme must be viewed as a whole. It is not
good practice for instance to have large differences in levels between adjacent
areas: a control room illuminated to 500 lux should not have a walkway of 50 lux
forming its access, particularly if steps are involved. A maximum ratio of 3:1 will
generally be found to be a good guide to avoid extreme values.
The illuminance refers to the working plane (850 mm above the floor), the floor,
the operating point or the vertical face ofapanel, as appropriate.
The illuminance also assumesthe total effect of all sources suchas borrowed light
from other areasor daylight.
6.2.4 Environmental Conditionsand This guide is concerned with the lightingin hazardous and hostile environments and
MaintenanceFactor the environmental conditions are likelyto be severe with regard to deterioration of
the luminaires and the light output. Normal lighting design techniques have
therefore to be modified.
As will be shown in 6.4, the number of lumens required to give a particular
illuminancehave to be increased to allow for the reduction of light due to deposits
on the luminaire between periods of cleaning. This allowance is termed the
"maintenance factor" and for normal conditions it is usually set at 0.8. The severe
conditions in chemicalplants may require a factorof 0.6. The nomogram in Fig 6.1
indicates the maintenance factor to be used for a given cleaning cycle and location.
The effect of the environment on the construction and materials used for the
luminaire may determine that only certain types of luminaires can be considered in
the design. It may not be possible therefore to use the most efficient source for the
particular application, since the designer is restricted to what is available on the
market. Section 3 gives advice on the type of materials to look for in the
construction of the luminaire and the degree of protection requiredfor a particular
zone classificationor corrosiveenvironment.
6.2.5 MaintenanceofEquipment When designinglightinglayouts consideration should be given to the location ofthe
luminaire since this affects the output and the access for lamp changing and
cleaning. Luminaires, near a source giving off fumes, will quickly deteriorate in
light output and will have a reduced life. The luminaire may therefore have to be
locatedin a position which is not ideal and two luminaires may have to be used
instead ofone in order to achieve the illuminance required at the task.
Maintenancefactor
Good cleaning Poor cleaning
characteristics, characteristics,
e.g. sealed beam e.g. openreflector;
lamp; easyoccess; difficultaccess; Cleaning
aimed downwards aimed upwards cycle
Cleanness of 10 0.9 3 months
location
Veryclean 6
0.9 08 9
Fairly clean .. 12
0.8 0.7
0.7 06 15
Fairly dirty
06 05 —..
05 0.4
Very dirty
21
Fig. 6.1 Nomogram for estimating maintenance factor for outdoor floodlighting
installations.
Luminaires should be arranged so that an overlap in the light distribution from an

adjacent unit will provide a nominal amount of illumination so that work can
continue in the area if there should be a lamp failure. It is not economic to have
staff immediately available for lamp changing so that a production process is not
affected. Maintenance will be organised so that miscellaneous items such as lamp
changing can be fitted in with the normal work programme.
Consideration should be given to changing lamps, cleaning and attentionto control
gear, during a works' shutdown or at a predetermined time based on the fall in
outputfrom the luminaire. As explained in section 6.2.4the lighting scheme has to
assume a value for the 'maintenance factor' and the lowerthe factor the higher the
running costs and the initial capital cost. These costs have to be set against the cost
ofmaintenance.
As an alternative to local lighting it may be possible to provide lighting from
floodlighting towers which are located away from the corrosive areas and give a
central point for maintenance and also enable a higher maintenance factor to be
used. With this scheme, a small number of local luminaires in the area of the plant
could provide additional illuminationfor reading gauges, areas requiring inspection
and fill-in for shadowed areas. The maintenance costs can also be affected by the
choice of lamp. Some lamps, suchas tungsten halogen have a relatively short lamp
life and will require changing more frequently. A longer period of use can be
obtainedfrom dischargeor fluorescent lamps.
A long lamp life is, however, not the only factor and consideration should be given
to the lumen maintenance of the lamp. Mercury discharge and fluorescent lamps
tend to have a higher lumen depreciation factor than high pressure sodium
discharge lamps. This means that after, say. 12,000 hours of operation the output
from the mercury lamp would not be sufficient for the task, whereas the high
pressure sodium lamp would still be producing a high output.
Lamp life can also be affected by the voltage and the amount of switching.
Plate1, above,Increased Safety (typese') 2 x 40 wattfluorescent luminaires
installed in an offshore production platform module. Note also flameproof
junction boxes and flame and gas detectorin ceiling.
Plate2, above right,Increased Safety (type 'e') 2 x 40 wattfluorescent

luminaires installed in an offshore production process module.
Plate3, right,Flameproof (type'd')platform statusindicator lights installed on

an offshore production platform. Note also the German designflamedetector
and flameproof junction box.
Plate4, right,Increased
Safety (type 'e') 2 x 40
watt fluorescent
luminaircs installed in an
analysis laboratory
(Zone 1) on a
pharmaceutical plant.
Plate5, Top left, Flameproof(type 'd')
2 x 65 watt fluorescent luminaire
installed in a process unit (Zone 1) in the
oil industry. Note the Flameproof (type
ed') 20 watt emergency fluorescent
luniinaire complete with integral battery
pack mounted on the haiidrail, at top of
stairs.
Plate, 6, Top right, Flameproof (type Sd')

40() watt high pressure sodium luminaires
installed on an oil company tank farm,
(Zone 1) utilising the height ofthe tanks
andinter-connecting walkwaysto give
the required height for effective
floodlighting.
Plate 7, Above right, Flameproof (type
id') 250 watt MBFRand 2 x 85 watt
fluorescent luminaires installed in a
whisky distillery (Zone 1).
Plate8, above, Tungsten restricted breathing (typeIN') luminaires intalled

around the perimeterof an offshore production helideck (Zone 2).
Plate9, above, Increased Safety (type 'e') 2 x 40watt fluorescent luminaires Plate10, above, 80 watt MBF
installed in a control room on an offshore platform. Note nearestlurninairewith totally enclosed (1P66)bulkhead
integral batterypack for emergency lighting. luminaire installed on the loading
rampofa ferry terminal,subject
to a severelyhostilesaline
atmosphere.
Plate 11, left, Specially

designedtotally enclosed
(1P55) 2 x 65 watt
fluorescent luminaires
installed in a hostile
(non-hazardous)
environment in a food
factory.
Plate 13, below, totally enclosed

(1P54)2 x 85 watt corrosion
resistantfluorescent luminaires
installed in a sugar refining
factory. The original mixed
incandescent and fluorescent
Plate12, below,Totally enclosed (1P54) 2 x 85 watt corrosion resistant installation was converted to the
fluorescent luminaires installed in a hostile (non-hazardous) environment in a below to give an economic and
modernautomatic fish processing factory. corrosion resistantsolution.
..-
N
—l
L5
Plates 14a and b, above, show a strcss crack' caused by corrosion.
Plate 15, below, shows corrosion pittingand seal failure.
Plate16, above, shows corrosion causing

disintegration of luminaire.
6.2.6 Glare Glare occurs when light sources, luminaires, windows or other sources, seen either
directly or by reflection are too bright compared with the general brightness of the
surrounds. Glare can impair vision (disabling glare) and cause visual discomfort
(discomfortglare). The two effects may be experienced separately or simultaneous-
ly depending on the light sourcesin thefieldof view.
Chemical plants have a large numberof luminaires mounted in the open and care
has to be taken in the siting of floodlights, wellglassand bulkhead luminaires since
many of themmay be mounted at a low level or be viewedagainst a dark sky.
Interior installations tend to give lower values of glare because the source
illuminates the background and the contrast is reduced. Glare becomes more
important if the worker has a fixed direction ofview for long periods.
CIBS (IES) Technical Report No.10 gives guidance on the Limiting Glare Index
for interior installations and other formulae are available for assessing glare in
exterior locations. The Glare Index enables the discomfort glare from lighting
installations to be ranked in order of severity and the permissible limit of
discomfort glare from an installationto be quantified.
The methods of calculation are however, more of interest to the lighting specialist
thanto the general engineer interested in a broad appreciation of the subject. If the
recommendations given in this Guide are followed, it is unlikely that there will be
serious problems with glare.
In order to reduce the glare, luminaires without special diffusers should be
mounted above the recommended minimummounting heights and not be directed
towards a person so that it is in his normal line of sight. Accidents can occur if the
luminance of the source prevents an obstacle being seen clearly such as steps or
pipes. The glare can sometimes be reduced by attaching a shield to the luminaire if
no alternative solution can be found.
Certain luminaires have diffusers or lenses which control the brightness and
manufacturers' recommendations should be usedfor spacing and mounting heights
ratios.
6.2.7 Spacing and Mounting Heights As stated in section 6.2.6, low mounting heights can cause glareparticularly if the
light distribution and cut-off from the luminaire are not controlled. Additionally,
low mounting heights can result in unacceptable diversity in illuminance. A
compromise has therefore to be found in order to give an even illuminance over the
area. Since the amount of light arriving at a surface is related to the square of the
distance from the source and the cosine ofthe angle, it will be necessary to consider
different luminaires at varying mounting heights and spacing in order to arrive at
the most practical and economical arrangement. It is therefore usual to start with
the minimum mounting height which should avoid glare. Table 6.1 shows the
mounting heights for different lamps below which glare could be a problemunless
special luminaires are used. A separate table (6.6) is to be used for floodlighting
applications.
Table 6.1 Non-FloodlightingApplication
Wattage and TypeofLamp MinimumMountingheightabovefloor

Tungsten MBF SON In Metres
150 50 3
200 80 35 3.5
300 125 70 4
500 250 150 4.5
750 400 250 5
1000 700 400 6
1500 600 7.5
1000 1000 8.5
Fluorescent luminaires have lower levels of luminance and can generally be

mounted at low heightswithout causing glare.
Where an even level of illuminance is required,the "pacing to mounting height"
ratio should be 1:1 to 2:1 as recommended by the manufacturer. For exterior
installations where the uniformity is not so important the ratio can be increased to
3:1 or 4:1. Special luminaires are also availableto givewide angle light distribution.
Foroutdoorlightingconsiderations, further details are given in section 6.4.4.
6.2.8 Type ofInstallation A major problem with the type of installation covered by this guide is that they
differ so much in size, shape and content. At one end of the scale lies what may be
described as Task Areas such as paint spray booths and garage pits, whilst at the
otherend are the giant chemicalplants and petroleum refineries.
In the case of the smaller units referred to above, it is usually a simple task to
ascertain the illuminance required and to appreciate the task and conditions. From
this information, conventional design calculations will produce a satisfactory
solution and it is only then necessary to ensure that materials and equipment are
suitable for the conditions. On large projects, the designer must first of all ensure
that he can visualise the whole of the scene as particularly on outdoor plants.
uniformity of illumination is. to some extent, more important than illuminance.
Although a study of plant drawings will provide a great deal of information, a
model is of much greater advantage. The next stage should be to decide on logical
areas and clear cut examples would be roads, paths, and parking areas for which
parameters can be obtained from BS 5489.
Progress can then be made to buildings where the information obtained indicates
that plant is set out in a uniform pattern and floor levels, staircases. etc., are clearly
defined. In such buildings.if luminaires have not been specified, the type will often
be dictated by available mounting heights or the degree of congestion from
pipework, etc.. at high level. It may well be the case that within a building there are
several critical areas requiring high illuminance, e.g. pump bases and valve
chambers, but it does not necessarilyfollow that the whole of a building should be
illuminated to the same extent. However, care should be taken to ensure that
variation in illuminance conforms to the recommendations given in section 6.2.3.
Major problems exist on outdoor structures which may consist of storage tanks.
high towers, silos, cracker plants. etc. Again, it is essential to distinguish the vital
areas of equipment and also stairways, high walkways and access platforms.
Lighting in such areas will almost always consist of a mixture of flood lighting and
local lighting and very often layouts will be dictated by the configuration of the
whole ofthe plant.
Upon completion of the design, as outlined above, the total scheme should then be
re-examined with a view to coordination of what, at this stage. amounts to a
number of different lighting layouts. Whilst traffic routes, by their very nature,
should be illuminated in a uniform pattern, it could well prove that spillage from
roadway lighting is sufficient for other adjacent areas; that the columns could be
utilised for the mounting of floodlights; that pipe bridges and catwalks, etc. are
suitably placed for use as supports.
6.2.9 Switching Once the locations and types of luminaires have been finalised, unless mass
switching is required, the overall scheme must be studied and broken down into
logical blocks to enable switchingarrangements to be decided upon. In particular,
isolated areas that will be subject to infrequent visits should be separately switched;
stairways and catwalks etc.. should be switched at all access points; road and
footpathlighting should be switchedfrom common points.
If, as is usual on large plants, automatic control of lighting is required, similar
principles to the above should be applied and, when photocells are employed, care
must be takenwith regard to the positioning to ensure that they are not affected by
light from other areas.
Where a plant is not in use at night or contains large areas where staff would not
normally be working, it is usual to provide patrollighting on certain routes through
the plantso that security or maintenance staff canwalk the route to check that all is
well.
This will substantially reduce running costs, since general areas will only require
background lighting, and the switchingcan be arranged to raise the level in case of
the odd night when maintenance is necessary.
Safety lighting should not form part of the normal switchingcircuits; it is generally
operated from a time switchor photocell.
If certain areas require frequent switching then care should be taken in the
selection of the type of luminaire. Mercury and sodium discharge lamps take 4—
minutes to reach their full output and do not restrike immediately if the supply is
interrupted (See table 5.2).
Areas requiring frequent switchingshould be illuminated by tungsten, fluorescent
or tungsten halogen lamps.
The time to restrike can be a problem in critical areas and a secondary form of
lightingmay have to be installed to ensure safety to operators. Certaintypes of high
pressure discharge lamps can take about 10 minutes to re-strike, but for high
pressure sodium lamps with external igniters this can be reduced to one minute.
Where a standby supply is used, a battery inverter feeding a proportion of the
luminaires will maintain the continuity to the lighting until the diesel generator or
otherstandby planthas time to run up and takeover the supply.
6.2.10 Daylight Withthe increasingcosts of energy, it is important that the artificial lighting system
is not used for longer periods than necessary. Photoelectric cells will therefore
produce a more accurate means of switching than a solar dial time switch with
manual over-ride. Switching can also be arranged so that areas within buildings are
manually controlled and the areas adjacent to windows are automatically con-
trolled.
The use of light colours for walls and installation of roof lights both assist in
allowingdaylight to penetrateintothe darker areas of a building.
Unfortunately, chemical plants tend to produce dust or fumes which quickly
discolour wallsand obstruct glazing.
The change in colour of coded pipework, danger labels, or manufactured material,
between daylight and artificial light should be considered. It may be necessary to
screen the daylight from an area and use permanent artificial lighting from a good
colour rendering source such as fluorescent, metal halide or tungsten lamps, so that
constant conditions can be maintained.
For interior lighting design, a "daylight factor" is taken into account. This defines
the percentage of daylight on a horizontal plane within the building interior. The
external illuminance is usually taken as 5000 lux, which is known to be reached
throughout 85% of theyear,and hence a 'daylight factor' of 2% would give at least
100 lux. 3% is about the maximum figure which can be achieved in most side-lit
building layouts.
6.2.11 Economics The true economic cost of a lighting scheme should take into account the initial
capital cost, the maintenance cost and running costs projected over the life of the
equipment.
When making comparisons it is essential to first make sure that the schemes being
considered will provide equal lighting performance.
6.2.11.1 Capital Cost The capital cost depends on: unit cost per luminaire installed, amortization
allowance, spacing/mounting height ratio, illuminance, maintenance factor
assumed, cost of the wiringinstallation, environmental conditions.
All the factors have to be considered for each installation and it is not always the
case that the cheapest form of luminaire gives the cheapest overall cost. Whilst
tungsten flameproof luminaires will be cheaper than fluorescent or discharge
luminaires, they may result in a more expensive installation. Highmounting heights
will require discharge type luminaires rather than fluorescent. There are many
more examples of how costs can vary and only experience in examining different
schemes will leadto the best solution.
6.2.11.2 MaintenanceCosts Having determined the life of the installation, the cost of maintenance can be
examined. The maintenance factor has to be taken into account during the initial
design which assumes a certain cleaning cycle. Apart from the self-cleaning
luminaires which allow the convection air currentto carry dust particles through the
reflector, most luminaires will deteriorate at the same rate depending on their
mounting arrangement, and therefore the cleaning costs will be similar. However,
cleaning is generally left untillamp changingis necessaryor attentionis requiredto
the control gear and maintenance engineers tend to use long life lamps such as
tubular fluorescent or other discharge lamps to reduce the numberof visits. As a
consequence, the cost of maintenance is reduced but the illuminance will fall well
below the designlevel. This practice is not to be recommended but tends to happen
due to the wide variation in levelswhich canbe tolerated.
It should also be noted that lamps can be very costly and should be taken into
account in the projected estimates. As mentioned previously, group lampreplace-
ment should be considered and many firms tend to employ outsidecontractors to
carry out the replacements so that their own staff can concentrate on more
specialised tasks. It can also be shown that groupreplacement can be cheaper than
individual replacement.
Careshould be taken in all maintenance procedures that the degree of protection of
the luminaires is not lowered.
6.2.11.3 Running Costs It may be found that the running costs can considerably exceed the initial capital
cost and become critical with rising energy costs.
Experience has shownthat failure to take account of running costs can force a plant
manager into a relighting scheme before the end of the useful life of the luminaires
has been reached.
6.2.11.4 Comparison ofLighting The following is one method of assessingthe total through life cost of a lighting
Costs installation. The symbols used are for the quantities listed in Table 6.2. For the
purpose of comparison the data in Table 6.2 should be completed for eachscheme
considered.
It should be assumed that inflation costs will not affect the comparison and that
energy costswill keep pacewith inflation. Amortization costs may also be ignored.
The total cost of the scheme in T years will be the sum of the capital cost,
maintenance cost and energy cost for the period.
(a) CapitalCost
Costofluminaires = Ax I
Costofinstallingluminaires = Ax J
Costofwiring = Ax K
Total capital cost = A (I + J + K)
(b) MaintenanceCostfor T Years
Cost oflampreplacement = A x (L + N) x (iL — 1)
Cost ofcontrol gear T F—
replacement = Ax (M + N) x (—h-— 1)
Cost ofcleaning (twice-yearly) = 2 x A x P x T

Total maintenance cost
(c) Energy Costsfor T Years
Total annual energy
=A
((L +N) (_ 1)
+ (M+ N) ( —
i)+ 2PT)
consumption(kWh) = A x Ex F
1,000
Total energycostforT years ()= AEFQTxi05

Table 6.2 Comparison of Lighting Costs
Symbol Unit Item Symbol

A — Total number of luminaires A
B Lumen Lamp lumens per luminaire (Refer Manufacturer) B
I C —
Light output ratio of luminaire (LOR) (Refer Manufacturer) C
D Lumen Total lumens emitted from installation (D = A x B x C) D
E Watts Circuit watts per luminaire E

I F Hours Hours of use per annum F
G Hours Operating life of control gear (Refer Manufacturer) G
H Hours Operating life of lamp (Refer Manufacturer) H

1 £ Cost of each luminaire I
J £ Installation cost of each luminaire J
K £ Cost of wiring to each luminaire K
L £ Cost of each lamp L
M £ Cost of control gear per luminaire M

N £ Cost of installing lamp or control gear per luminaire N
0 £ Cost of cleaning per luminaire 0
Q Pence/kWh Costper kilowatt hour of electricity Q
6.3 CHOICE OF EQUIPMENT Having examined the various factors which are relevant in a lighting scheme, it is
then necessary to establish which types of luminaires are available from manufac-
turers. It will be found that the more severe, corrosive, or flammable, the
atmosphere becomes, the less will be the choice of luminaires and the higher the
cost. As stated in Section 4, luminaires to be installed in explosive or flammable
areasshould have received a certificate from a recognised authority. In some cases
where certification is not required, it may be necessary to prepare a specification
for a manufacturer so that special luminaires can be built.
Figure 6.2 summarises the various points which have to be considered when
selecting luminaires for hazardous atmospheres. If the hazard is in the accepted
general form of explosive or flammable material, sub-division of the dust, gas or
liquid can be made and cross reference made to known national or international
regulations relating to the material in question.
The nature of the occurrence of the material will determine the area classification
into Zones 0. 1 and 2, with additional cross reference, when considering dusts, to
Ministry of Defence or Home Office regulations if applicable to the installation.
The type of protection and the light source suitable to the classificationcan now be
determined which will enablethe luminaire to be finalised.
Table 6.3 gives examples of lighting requirements for specific industrial applica-
tions.
N.flre ofHatard
:°
—
G.n.r.I
OccuienceOat. SpacifIc
Gaus. Vapour.,
L.qu
TYPE OFPROTECTION
ir
Horn. Offion
I Code of Pracf.C,
_________ USE Faufory Inopactor

Min,.lryofDefence
Rogulnoon.
0;
Daucnpf.o. Cod. Left.. Spcitio.oon
0 1 2 GLS MET MEF MCF TLX SOld
IEC 79-11
ES 1259
Intn....cSafety BS 5501Pt 7
SFA3012
IEC 79-1
FI,n..peoof 854683Pt 2
ES5501 Pt 5
fEC 79-7
Inc.....dS.fety ES4683 Pt 4
BS5501 Pt 6
ES4533-21
Non-SpoUting 8S4683Pt 3
Sp.c..I SFA3009
Co.tstrucf.on
IEC 79-2
ES5501 Pt 3
Dust-Tqftt H00.SPEC.
BS3807 (TEST)
Su.f.b.I.tyofProfectron Type G.n.r.IAu..I.bdf yof Lu.n.n.n.
ApEn000t BASEEFA
'i
Sp.c,f,cAoIcI.bdiry __________
Aothoe,ty PIE
Usa, KEMAOIO
Fig. 6.2 Luminaire selectionflowchart.

Table 6.3
Specific IndustryApplications
This listis not exhaustive but gives typicalexamples of installations in hostile and/or
hazardous environments. Further recommendations can be obtained from the
CIBS Code for InteriorLighting.
Notes
1.IP Rating
The IP Rating given in the table is the minimum recommended for the
particular installation and environment. It may be that luminaires with this
rating are not commerciallyavailable and a luminaire with a higher rating must
be used. (See Appendix 1).
2. PlantConditions
If extremes of climatic and environmental conditions are expected it is
advisable to consultwith the manufacturer.
3. PositionofMeasurement
The position of measurement for the illuminance is taken to be at the task
under consideration.

Industry Standard Service Plant Recommended Minimum
Illuminance (lux) Conditions Luminaires Recommended
(see note 2) IP Rating Wiring Remarks
(see Appendix 1 & System
Note 2) (see Section 9)
AircraftFactories See SI. No. 1689

and The Factories (Testing of Aircraftand Accessories)
MaintenanceHangars Spec. Reg. 1952
Aircraft Engine Testing 750 Clear/Good Portable and/or 'Ex' protected 44 PVC/SWA/PVC Cable
may be required
500 .. .. 44 MICV. PVC in HG conduit
Inspection/Repairs
Breweriesand Distilleries
ProcessAreas 300 Warm/Humid 'Ex' protected may be required 44 PVC/PVC Cable or MICS Cable
150 42 —
Bond Stores Dry Storage ,.
ChemicalWorks (Non-Hazardous) See S.R. andONo.731 Chemical Works Regs. 1922.

Exterior Walkways, Platforms.Stairs and ladders 511 Dusts and Steamcontinuously Totally enclosed PVC/SWA/PVC Cable, MICV, Possible low maintenancefactor
present PVC in FIG Galvanised Conduit Consider local lighting for salvesand meters.
High level ol corrosive activity may require special
Exterior pump and valve areas 100 44
151) ., 44
Pump and compressorhousings
Interior Plant Areas — General 200 ., Totally enclosed/dastproof
Coal Handling Plants Possible low mainlcnaxcc factors
(Surface areasonly)
lOll Very dirty: large accumulationof Es protected may be required 65 PVC/SWA/PVC cable, PVC in
Cracking Houses.Hoppers. Bunkers
dust andwater and/ortotallyenclosed.dust-tight. HG galvanised conduit
Platforms and Stairways 511 ,, .. 65
CokeOwens Possiblelow maintenancefactors
Oven top 30 Very dirty: Large accumulation of Totally enclosedDust-tight 'En' 65 High temperature insulated SWA Refer to BCRA Special
dust, protectedmay be required cable, PVC in HG galvanised Publications 22 and 23
High humidity and temperature. conduit
Chemical Pollution
Gas Alleys 50 .. ,. 65
Stairs. Platforms, Walkways 51) , 65
5)1 ,, .. 65
Quenching Station
Paddle Feeder Pit 00 .. 65
Benzole Serabbers 50 ., 65
Cold Stores Possible high level of corrosive activity. Lamps

suitable br low lcntpcrature operation maybe
General 3011 Cold and Wet Totally enclosed 44 MICV. PVC in Conduit required.
1511 ., -. 44
Loading Bays
Farm Installations . . . High levels ofcorrosive activity.
PVC In insulated conduit. Possible hissing down of installations.
General farm buildings 211 Warm. humid and dirty. Chemical Totally enclosed 55 PVC/SWA/PVC cable
Pot lation
Milking premises '. "

Flour mills . . Consider surface temperaturesof luminaires with
PVC In conduit dus d .1'I.. P 'hI II
I t
300 High levels of dust Totally enclosed. dust.tight 65 PVC/SWA/PVC cable
Milling, filteringand packing
See SI No.1172. Food Hygiene (General)
Food Factories Regulations 1970. If hosing down of installation on a
PVC/SWA/PVC cable, PVC in
55 conduit. MICV regular basis, a higher IP rating is required.
501) Good/Clean Totally enclosed. No glass.
Preparation
Cannedand Bottled Goods:-
Retorts 3011 .. ., 55
Automatic Processes 2)111

illuminance (lux) Conditions Luminaires Recommended
(see note 2) IP Rating Remarks
Wiring
(see Appendix1 & System
Note 2) (see Section9)
FurnitureFactories
Syray booths:
Colour finishing 5(X) Good/Clean 'En' protectedmay be required 44 PVC in conduit, PVC/SWA/ See Highly Flammable Liquids and Liquefied
PVC cable, MICS Petroleum Gases Regulations 1972. Sec also Local
Clear finishing 300 .. .. 44 ..
Authority Regulations
Garages/PetrolStations
(a
Forecourt: See Petroleum (consolidation) Act 1928. and Local
General 5)) Good/Clean 'En' protected may be required 44 MICV, PVC in galvanised conduit Authocity Regulations
Pumps 300 44 ., Hazardous area if luminaires installed in pus where
Servicing Pits 331) petrol enginesare serviced. Possiblehosing down of
Tends to becomedirty ,, 55 installation.
Gas Plants
See Chemical Works Regulations 1922. Possiblelow
-..( Exterior Stairs/Walkways/Platforms 50 maintenancefactors.
Enclosedand possibly 'Eu' 54 PVC/SWA/P VC cable, PVC in
protected HG galvunised conduit.
Process Areas 151) 'En' protected 54
tnduutrial Kitchens
See SI No. 1172. Food Hygiencc (Genera))
Working area 500 Hoi and Humid 55 Regulations 1970. Special luminaires may be
Totally Enclosed No glass MICV, PVC/SWA/PVC cable required for high ambient iemperaiures.
Laboratories Position Inminairesover working surface or area.
General 200 Good/Clean
Possiblecorrosive agentspresentinatmosphere.
'Es' protected may be required 44 PVC overall cable orconduit.
Bench 500 PVC/SWA/PVC cable if 'En'
.' " 44
protection required.
Laundries and Dry Cleaning Works
Sorting, washing, drying. ironing. despaich, dry 300 54
High level of humidity Totally enclosedand possibly 'Es' PVC in galvanisedconduit,
cleaning, bulkmachine work. proiecied MICV. PVC/SWA/PVCcable.
Leather Working Factories/Tanneries
General/Processingareas 30)) 54
Highly corrosive and humid Totally enclosedand possibly 'En'
protected PVC incondnii
Offshore Inntaiiationu
Possible low maintenancefactors.
Enierior Walkways and Platforms 50 High levels of salinecorrosion, 55
Specialconsideration given to fire-protection of
Totally enclosed.'En' protection PVC/SWA/PVCcable cables.
esireme weather conditions maybe required 66 on exposed Elustomeric braided cubIc Special consideration to emergencylighiing.
Driilingareas: positions
Rotary Tuble and Draw Works 500 ,, ,, 55 MICS Cable on light-duty circuiis
Shale shakers 200 ,, ,, 55
Cementand Mud Tank Area 100 High levels ofsaline corrosion, Totally enclosed'Es' proieciion 55 MICS cableson light-duty circuits
extreme weather conditions may be required in all areas
Lifeboat and LiferafiStations 100 ,, ,, 55
Oil Jetties/Inutaitations
Esterion Walkways, Stairs. Platform 50 High levelsof saline conrosion, 65
Totally enclosed.'Es'protection PVC/SWA/PVC cable Possible lowmainienancc faciors
extreme weatherconditions maybe required
Exterior pump andvalve areas 100 ,, 65
Loading manifolds 150 ., ,, 65

SeeSR. and G No. 73! Chemical Works
Oil RefineriesandPetrochemicalPlants
Regulations 1922
Exterior Walkways, Stairs and Platforms 50 Possible low maintenancefactors
Corrosive agentsand slcam tend Totally enclosed.'Es' protection 54 PVC/SWA/PVC cable, PVC in
to be continually present may be required HG galvanised circuit
Exterior pump and valve areas 100 ., ,, 54
Pump nodcompressorhouses 150 -' ,, 44

Interior Plant areas 200 -- --
Tank farms 50 .. -- --
54 Possible use ofportable equipment.
(I)
tin
us Standard Service Plant Recommended Minimum
Industry
Illuminance (lux) Conditions Luminaires Recommended
(see note 2) iF Rating Wiring Remarks
Note 2) (seeSection9)
SeeHighly Flammable liquidsand Liquefied

Paint Factories PetroleumGasesRegulations 1972. Local lighting
44 PVC/SWA/PVC cable, PVC in may be required.
2101 Totally enclosed 'En' protection
Automatic processes conduit. MICS
may be required
., 4.4
3011
General
750 ,, 44
Special Butch mixing
11901 ,, 44
Colour matching
See Highly Flammable liquids and Liquefied
Paint Shopsand Spray Booths Petroleum GasesRegulations 1972
44 PVC/SWA/PVC cable, PVC in
3101 'En' protectedmay he required
Dipping, firing,rough spraying conduit, MICS
5110/750 ,, 44
Rubbing. painting spraying and finishing
Paper Mills
Paperand board making:
301) Dsst Totally enclosed 54 PVC/SWA/PVC cable PVC in
General galsunisedconduit, MICS
2110 .. .. 54
Automatic Processes
310/ Wet Conditions ,, 54
Pulps. mills, preparation plants
5011 .. ,. 54
Inspection. Sorting
Paperconverting processes:
3101 ,. 54
General
51)1) ., 54
Associated Printing
SeeSR. and G, No 731 Chemicat Regulations 1922.
Pharmaceuticalsand Fine ChemicalWorks Possiblerequirement to hosedown.
50)) Good/Clean lototlyenclosed nnd/or 'Es 54 MICS, PVC in conduit.
Pharmaceutical generalmanufacture and PVC/SWA/PVC for 'En
protected
inspection protected Inminaires
Fine Chemical Mannfacturr:
44 ., Possiblelow maintenancefactor
ExteriorWalkways/Stairs/Platforms SI) Corrosive agents and steam Totally enclosed
cononaully present
201) .. . 44
Rawmaterials Starr
510) ., ,. 44
Fine Chemical finishing. Inspection
Plating Shops
54 PVC/SWA/PVC cable Passible low mainirnancc factor
3)01 H/gb level of corrosioe and 'En' protectedmaybe reqaired
Vats and baths
humidity
SIX) -,
Buffing, polishing and burnishing
750 ., .. 54
Fine buffing and polishing
Ports Installations
SI) Salt-ladenatmosphere Totally enclosed 66 PVC/SWA/PVC cable
Jetties. qnays
Possible severeweather conditions
110) Salt-ladenatmosphere 66 PVC/SWA/PVC cable

Loading ramps Totally enclosed
Possible severeweatherconditions
Printing Works
-- PVC/SWA/PVC cable, MICS. Colonr rendering maybe important. Consider
.3)11) Good/Clean 'En' protectedmaybe required
Hand and machine casting PVC in conduit volatile natureof inks being used.
.. - local lighting in machinesmaybe requirrd.
Presses SOt ..
—
Pont assembly,sorting. hund composing 75)1 .. ,,
Railway Maintenance
3)01 'I otally enclosed 55 PVC/SWA/PVCcable ConsiderSpecial luminaires to withstand hosing
ServicePits Damp/corrosiveconditions down using corrosive agentsin cleaning fluid.
Illurninance (lux) Conditions Luminaires Recommended
(see note 2) IP Rating Wiring Remarks
Note 2) (see Section 9)
Sewage Works
Walkways 50 Damp/corrosive conditions 'Ex' protected may be required 54 Pvc in galvanised conduit, Possible high level of corrosive agents
Processareas 100 MICV, PVC/SWA/PVCcable
,, 54
Slaughter Houses
General See SINo. 2168 Slaughterhouses(Hygiene)
500 Damp 55
Totally enclosed PVC in galvanised conduit Regulations 1958
lnspectton 750 ,, ,, 55
Possible hosing down.
. SoapFactories See SI No. 1172 Food Hygiene (General)

General, Machines, Edible product processingand 300 Regulations 1970
Damp/Humid Totally enclosed 55 PVC in galvanisedconduit. MICS
packing
Swimming Pools Consider access for maintenance.
'C Consider stainlesssteel luminaires
Pool'club recreation 300 Damp/Humid/corrosive Totally enclosed 54 PVC in galvanised conduit.
150
MICV.
Spectator areas 54
Changingareas 150 54
Underwater lighting
C., Water.tight 68
'-Is
—1
6.4 METHOD OFCALCULATION The particular problems identified in the initial appraisal of the scheme and the
type of luminaires available will determine the method of calculation. Two basic
methods are used: the Lumen Method by which the average illuminance from a
regular array of luminaires can be calculated or, the Point-by-Point Method by
which the contribution from individual luminaires to the illuminance at a specific
point or points is calculated. The methods described below are intended to give
sufficient information on how to perform basic calculations.
The accuracy of these lighting calculations is not only determined by the accuracy
of the photometric data used but also by the precision with which the installation
details can be specified. Furthermore, strictadherence to the specifiedilluminances
is not critical: it is more important to design a satisfactory lighting scheme than to
obtainthe precise illuminancespecified.
The followingsymbolshave beenusedin the calculation:
A,, — Area ofhorizontal reference plane —
A, — Total areaofroom surfaces — m2

—
E — Illuminance lux
Eh — HorizontalIlluminance — lux
EhA
— HorizontalIlluminancefrom luminaireA — lux
EhB — HorizontalIlluminancefrom luminaireB — lux
E,,c — HorizontalIlluminancefrom luminaireC — lux
Efld — IndirectIlluminance — lux
E — VerticalIlluminance — lux
I — Luminous Intensity — candela
Lengthof room
— m
L —
MF — Maintenance Factor — —
Ri — RoomIndex — —
UF — UtilizationFactor — —
W — Width ofroom — m
h —
Mountingheightof luminaires above — m
reference plane
I — Distancefrom luminaire to reference point — m
n — Number ofluminaires — —
Average reflectance of room surfaces

— — —
rat,
0 —
Anglebetweenlocusof 1 and vertical —
degrees
—
Lightingdesignlumensper lamp — lumen
6.4.1 The Lumen Method The lumen method for calculating average illuminance is commonly used for
interior lighting when a regular array of luminaires is requiredto give a reasonably
uniform level ofilluminance.
The illuminance on a working plane is, amongst other factors, related to the
luminous flux emitted from the lamps and to the area of the plane.The full formula
for horizontal illuminanceis:
E _n.UF.MF.Ø
A,,
Thewall, ceilingor vertical illuminancecanbe obtained in a similar manner but the
Utilisation Factor is taken for the wall, ceiling or vertical surface instead of the
horizontal plane and the areaofthe illuminated surface is used.
Lighting design lamp lumens are obtained from manufacturers' published data and
utilisation factors from tables of Room Indices provided in lighting manufacturers'
catalogues for particular luminaires.
Theutilisation factoris found by calculating the RoomIndexwhere:
RI — h LW
(L+W)
Allowanceis made in the calculations for the effect of depreciation in light output
by using the design lumens rather than the initial lumens of the lamp and also
choosinga suitable maintenance factor(see section 6.2.4).
Unacceptable variations in illuminance will occur if the luminaires are spaced too
far apart. To provide information to prevent this happening, Technical Memoran-
dum No. 5 issued by the CIBS recommendsthat manufacturers publish a maximum
spacing to mounting height ratio.
The spacing between luminaires in either of the two principal directions divided by
the mounting height above the working plane should not exceed the maximum
spacing/mountingheight ratio.
If this condition is satisfied, then the Uniformity of Illuminance (defined as
minimumilluminance/averageilluminance)over the horizontal task area will be 0.8
or better. However, this only applies to unobstructed horizontal tasks, and for
other situations, closer spacingis essential.
Example ofthe Lumen Method
As an example of the lumen method it is proposed to calculate the number of
luminaires necessaryto illuminate a room in a Distillery. The basic parameters are:
dimensions: length 10 m, width 8m, height 4.5 m
reflectances: ceiling 30%, walls 30%,floor 20%
Using the method of defining the problemgiven in section 6.2, the steps are as
follows:-
Visualperformance — large objects to be handled,
gauges to be examined.
Illuminance level— 300 lux (see table 6.3)
Environmental conditions—ethyl alcoholbased liquids present at all times, failure
of the ventilation system would give explosive gas/air
mixtures, i.e. Zone 1 classification, no dust, lamp
replacements and cleaning every 12 months, i.e.
maintenance factor = 0.9 22(see table 6.2.4).
Maintenance— no restrictionon access to luminaires
Glare — highceiling,glareindex = 22
MountingHeight— floor to underside of trusses = 4.5 m, ideal mounting
height would be 4.5 x 0.75 = 3.4 m but suspended
luminaires would be required.It is preferable to fix the
luminaires to the structure to avoid flexible connections
in a flammable area. At 4.5 m fluorescent or high
pressure mercury or sodium luminaires could be used.
Spacingshould not exceed 1.5 x4.5 = 6.75 m.
Type ofInstallation— overall illuminationrequired
Switching — no special requirements
Daylight— rooflights, safety lights not necessary with fluorescent
luminaires
Economy— shift work indicates that running costs will be impor-
tant, maintenance costswill be related to lampchanges.
In view of the Zone 1 classificationthere will only be a limited choice of suitable
luminaires available from manufacturers.
Having selected one or two luminaires it then becomes necessary to carry out a
numberof calculations to determine which type of luminaire and lamp size gives
the best arrangement at an economical cost. It is, however, proposedto examine
only one of the possible luminaires, this being an 85 W 1800 mm flameproof
fluorescent with reflector. A typical luminaire with photometric data is given in
Figure 6.3
Thecalculation is carried out as follows:-
RoomIndex= h
(L+W)
—
— 10x8
4.5 (10+8)
= 0.99
From the photometric data it can be seen that the Utilization Factor corresponding
to the.relevant reflectancesis 0.39 or 0.4 according to the height ofsuspension.
The lighting design lumens for an 85W lamp is quoted as 6300 lumens for a white
tube.
As stated above, the maintenance factoris 0.9. The numberof lamps requiredto
give an illuminancelevel of300 lux is therefore:
n = 300x10x8
0.4x0.9x6300
= 10.5
Having determined the numberof lamps, the optimum arrangement for the room
should be established. If single tube luminaires are used, two rows of luminaires
mountedend to end could be installed. However, since the spacing to mounting
height ratio is 1.5:1 i.e. 6.75 m, advantage could be taken of fewer luminaires at
widerspacingswhich would reduce the capital and installation costs.
Description Flameproof singletubefittingwith reflector 1800mm
LightOutput Ratio Up 01 Down .67 Total .68

Max. SpacingtoHeight Ratio (SHR MAX) 1.70
Utilisation Factors UFIF] SHR NOM =1.50
Room Room Index

Refi ectances
C W F .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 4.00 5.00
.70 .50 .20 .40 .45 .51 .54 .59. .63 .65 .68 .70
.30 .34 .40 .46 .50 .55 .59 .62 .65 .68
.10 .31 .36 .42 .46 .52 .56 .59 .63 .66
.50 .50 .20 .38 .44 .49 .53 .57 .60 .62 .65 .67
.30 .34 .39 .45 .49 .54 .57 .60 .63 .65
.10 .30 .36 .41 .45 .51 .55 .57 .61 .64
.30 .50 .20 .37 .43 .47 .51 .55 .58 .60 .63 .64
.30 .33 .39 .44 .47 .52 .55 .58 .61 .63
.10 .30 .35 .41 .45 .50 .53 .56 .59 .61
.00 .00 .00 .28 .34 .39 .42 .47 .51 .53 .56 .58
BZClass 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
CIE flux Code 45/ 79J 96/ 99/ 68

Flux Fraction Ratio .01
Fig. 6.3 Example ofluminaire data.
,n
din 8m
10
Fig. 6.4 Example ofluminaire layout.

CJBSApplication Guide
For the example chosen, it will be found that twin lamp luminaires will give the
most economicalsolution. The arrangement in Fig.6.4 uses 6 twin tube luminaires
instead of 10 single tube luminaires. A check calculation should be performed to
show that the utilisation factor for a twin lamp luminaire gives a satisfactory
answer.
6.4.2 Point Source Method The point source and linear source methods of calculation will be found to cover
most installations where outdoor illumination is required. The calculation takes
account of the direct component of flux from the source and where reflective
surfaces are present,the indirect component.
Ifthe luminousintensity distribution and position (relative to the featureor surface
being illuminated) of a luminaire are known, the illuminanceat any given pointcan
be derived from the diagrams and formulae of Fig. 6.5.
The indirect or reflected component of illuminance can be calculated by assuming
that the component is uniform over thewhole of theworking plane, hence
Fmd =—ø
A
Ja
,I
/
h h
I,
E I
I
E: Icos E, I cos2e sine

h2
= I cos6
h2
Fig. 6.5 Illuminance at a point for given luminous intensity, distance and aiming
angle.
The calculated value ofEIfld canbe usedfor thevertical or horizontal planes.

ExampleofPointSource Calculation
As a single example of the point source method, it is proposedto calculate the
illuminance on a platform at the bottomof a stairway whenilluminated from three
luminaires, as indicated in Fig. 6.6.
Using the method of defining the problemgiven in Section 6.2, the more relevant
items are:
illuminance level— 50 lux-Table6.3
Environmentalconditions— exposedoutdoor location in chemical works, Zone 2
classification,no corrosive gasespresent.
Maintenancefactor— 0.8
Mounting height— 2.5 mon steelposts
In order to be consistentwith otherlight sources in the area, itwasdecided to keep
to high pressuremercury lamps, a typical luminaire polarcurve is given in Fig. 6.7.
It will be noticed that the polarcurve is symmetrical and axial and transverse angles
do not have to be considered separately.
The angle of elevation from luminaire A is 25° to the platform at the bottomof the
stairway, the intensity from the polar curve is 80 cd/1000 lm. The lighting design
lumens from the manufacturers catalogue for a 80W MBF/U lamp is 3350Im.
C
4.Sm 4.5m
N
N
N
N
N
N
Fig. 6.6 Example oflighringforaplatform.
Theintensityat 25° is therefore80x

= 268cd
and the illuminanceEhA (see Fig. 6.5) = cos3 25°
(652
=321ux.
From luminaire B, the angle of elevation is 50° and the intensity at this angle is
85 cd/1000 im.
The illuminanceEhB = 80 x x COS5O
= 12 lux.
Forluminaire C, the angle of elevation is 40° and the mounting height is 4.5 m. The
intensity at 40° is 80 cd/1000 im.
The illuminanceEhB = 80 x x cos3 40°
1000 (4.5)2
=6lux.
The total illuminanceat the platform is therefore:
EhA + EhB + Ehc= 50 lux
With a recommended maintenance factor of 0.8, the actual value will vary between
40 and 50 lux. In practice it was foundthat the measured value was 45 lux. It should
be noticed that the lighting level on the stairway would also be approximately 45 lux
which is acceptable for a stairway with open treads but would be insufficient for
closed treads where a level of 100 lux is recommended. (Table 6.3)
Fig. 6.7 Typicalrepresentationofpolar curve.
6.4.3 LinearSource Method Fluorescent lamps are considered to be a linearsource and ifthe lampiswithin five
times its length from the point to be illuminated, the Point Source Method of
calculation cannot be used. If it is necessary to calculate accurate levels of
illuminance at shortdistances, the methods given inTechnical Report No.11 should
be used. As an approximate guide to the illuminance which may be expected in
service from 1500 mm fluorescent luminaires having enamelled trough type
reflectors mountedat heights up to 1.6 m above the working plane, the following
tablesmay be used.
Table 6.4 Single-LampLuminaire — Area over whichdiversityof illuminance does
not exceed2:1
Height above Lux per 1000 lumensoflampoutput
Approx. Area Max. Mm. Mean
workingplane
0.6m Ellipse 1.5mxlm 300 150 225
im Ellipse2mxl.5m 150 75 110
1.3 m Circle2 mx 2m 100 50 75
1.6m Circle2.3mx2.3m 60 30 45
A continuous line of 1.5 m enamelled trough reflectors mounted0.6 m above a

bench will give an average service illuminance of the order of 270 lux (per 1000
lumens oflamp outputof eachlamp) over a strip 0.6 m wide beneath the lamps.

Table 6.5 Single Row of Single-LampLuminaires — Illuminance values on a bench
1.25 mwide
Height above Lux per 1000lumens oflampoutput

Spacing(Centres) Max. Mm. Mean
workingplane
im 2m 180 75 120
1.3m 2m 120 75 100
1.3m 2.6m 110 60 85
1.6m 2m 85 70 80
1.6m 2.6m 70 55 60
1.6m 3.2m 65 45 55
6.4.4 Area Lighting Methods Outdoorareasare usuallyilluminated by one of two systems.

The most common is generally known as area lighting in which luminaires are
located around the perimeter of the area to be illuminated and light directed
inwards. The other system is usually applied to the lighting of very large areas using
high mounted floodlightsaimed so as to give reasonably uniform illuminance over
thearea; it is generally referred to as floodlighting.
Most area floodlighting installations use either linear tungsten halogen or high
intensity discharge lamps in trough reflectors. These produce fan shaped beams
with a wide angle distribution in the horizontal plane. With this type of light
distribution the floodlight positions along the side of the area can be spaced at two
or three times the mounting height. The choice of spacing is dependent on the
degree of uniformity required, the closer the spacing the better the uniformity.
Choice of mounting height, and selection of floodlight to give a suitable light
distribution, are interdependent.
/1
(a) (b)
Fig. 6.8 Area Lighting

(a) Spacing ofluminairestogive acceptablyuniform illuminance.
(b) Area lighting of large site using additional luminaires within the area to
supplementtheperimeter luminaires.
Procedure
1) Decide the design illuminanceneeded.
2) By reference to Table6.6 selecta suitable mounting height and floodlight.
3) Reference to Table 6.6 will give the types and maximum wattages of the lamps
suitable for use at the selected mounting height. The table also gives the
lighting design lumens needed for the calculation, though this should be
checked with manufacturer's data.
4) Decide onthe most suitable typeof floodlight.
5) By reference to Table6.7 decide on the utilization factor(UF)
6) Ensure that the spacing to mounting height ratio comes within the limits laid
down in Table 6.8.
(7) Allow for a maintenance factor (MF) of 0.7 for average outdoorconditions.
(8) Calculate the total lamp lumensneededto provide the design illuminance using
the formula.
Total lamp lumens = UFAh Eh
MF
The number oflamps required = Total lamp lumens
0
If the area is so large that it cannot be illuminated properly by luminaires at the
perimeter, additional luminaires should be mounted within the area (see Fig. 6.8).
The limitations on the spacing/mounting height ratio described above will still
apply. For even larger areas it may be necessary to use narrow angle floodlightsto
provide light over the central parts ofthe area.
Table 6.6 shows the mounting heights for different lamps below which glare could
be a problem, unless special luminaires are used. Table 6.1 should be used for
non-floodlightingapplications.
Table 6.6 RecommendedLuminaire Mounting Heightfor FloodlightingSchemes
Lamp designation Normal Lighting Recommendedminimum

andCode rating W designlumens mountingheight (h) m
Tungsten: general 200 2720 4.5
lightingservice 300 4300 6.0
GLS 500 7700 7.5
750 12400 9.0
1000 17300 9.0
1500 27000 12.0
Tungsten halogen 300 5100 6.0
TH 500 8500 7.5
1000 22000 9.0
1500 33000 12.0
2000 44000 15.0
Highpressure mercury 125 5800 6.0

fluorescent 250 12500 7.5
MBF 400 21300 9.0
700 36500 12.0
1000 58000 15.0
2000 110000 18.0
Mercury-tungsten 160 2560 4.5
MBT,MBTF 250 4850 6.0
500 12300 9.0
Highpressure sodium 150 15000 12.0
SON 250 25500 12.0
310 32000 12.0
360 36500 12.0
400 45000 15.0
600 62000 15.0
1000 110000 15.0
Table6.7 Typical UtilizationFactorfor Area Floodlights
Type ofasymmetricfloodlightfor use Ratio of areadepthto mounting height

withhorizontallymounted lamp. and 2:1 3:1 4:1
typicallamprange
Open tungsten halogen 0.5—0.6 0.5—0.6 0.5—0.6

300-1000WT/H
Enelosedprojector, narrow beam, — 0.5 0.5
specularreflector
300-2000WT/H
240-400WSON, MBF, MBIF
Enclosedprojector, wide beam,diffused reflector 0.3—0.4 0.3—0.4 —
300-2000WT/H
250-400WSON, MBF, MBI
Table6.8 Spacingof FloodlightsRelativeto Mounting Height (h)
Type of luminaire Maximum spacing Limit ofthrow Maximumendspacing
Wideangle 3h 3h h
Medium angle I½ h 4h 2/3 h
6.5 MEASUREMENTOF The condition ofa lightinginstallation canonly be assessed with accuracy by usinga
ILLUMINANCE light meter, or photometer. The human eye is most unreliable when it comes to
ascertaining actual lighting levels and a gradual deterioration in light outputwill go
unnoticed. The light meter is a photocell which generates an electric current when
light falls on its surface. The stronger the light, the higher the current.
New installations should have their illuminance levels recorded so that the
deterioration can be observed and an indication given of when the lamps will
require to be replaced. Where a change in the type of work is to be made in a
certain area, it is possible that the lighting level may have to be improved andthe
light meter will give an idea of the distribution and the extra luminaires needed for
the newprocess. There are many more examples which could be given for the use
of this relatively cheap instrument. In order to make a measurement of illumi-
nance, the followingprocedure is recommended.
The interior is divided into a number of equal areas which should be as nearly
square as possible. The illuminance at the centre of each area is measured (Fig.
6.10) and the mean value calculated. This gives an estimate of the average
illuminance.The accuracy of the estimatedepends on the number of measurement
pointsand the uniformityof illuminance.
Table6.9 relatesthe room index to the number ofmeasurement pointsnecessaryto
give an accuracy better than 10 per cent; the data in the table is valid for
spacing/height ratios up to 1.5:1. Where an accuracy better than 5 per cent is
required,the number of measurement pointsshould be doubled.
x x x The only limitation on the use of Table 6.9 is when the grid of measuring points
coincides with the grid of lighting points; large errors are then possible and more
points than the number given in Table 6.9 should be used. The numbers of
measurement points suggested are minima, and it may be necessary to increase
their number to obtain a symmetricalgrid to suit a particular room shape.
x x x Table 6.9 Relationship between room index and the numberofmeasurement points
for squarerooms
RoomIndex Number ofpoints
Below 1 4
x x x landbelow2 9
2 and below3 16
3 and above 25
Fig. 6.10 An array for measuringaverageilluminance.
The followingexamples illustrate the use of the method: For an interiormeasuring

20 m x 20 m and with luminaires mounted 4 m above the working plane
Room index = 20x20 = 2.5
Sixteen points of measurement are therefore requiredi.e. a 4 x 4 grid.
If the room measures 20 m x 40 m and the luminaires are mounted at the same
height, it should be treated as two 20 m x 20 m areas and thirty-two points of
measurement should be used.
If an outdoorinstallation is to be investigated, the metercanbe usedto plot a series
ofvalues over an area and then the isolux curves can be drawn. Moving the source
orchanging the aspect angle canbe checked and the best distribution obtained.
6.6 ENERGY CONSERVATION The increases in the price of energy have made the majority of industrialised
countries look at the various sources using energy in an endeavour to conserve the
energy used without losing benefit. Lighting is one of these and there are many
ways of improving, or at least maintaining, the lighting levels to maximise the
overall benefits of good lighting in terms of health, environment, productivity,
safety and security.
In most lighting situations there is room for making economies in energy usage and
energy can be saved in many different ways depending on the light source being
used originally and the various light sources that can be used as a suitable, and
energy saving, alternative.
Lighting is a complex matter, there being no simple answer for all lighting
situations, but if both existing and new installations are looked at logically in
relation to six rules, there is little -doubt that most situations will provide
opportunities for savingsboth in energy and monetary terms.
Thesix basic rules for good lightingcoupled with EnergyConservation are:-
1. Use the most efficient light source practicable, 2. Use the lamp light output as
effectively as possible, 3. Maintain lighting equipment in good order, 4. Use well
designedenergy effective lightingschemes, 5. Control switchingoperation andusage
ofthelightinginstallations,6. Consider the effectofsurrounding installations
6.6.1 Use ofthe most efficientlight Theneedis clearly to use lamp types givingthe maximum light outputfor eachwatt
source practicable of electrical energy used consistent with the otherneedsof the lighting installation.
Of course not all lamps are suitable for all applications, for example, the colour of
the emitted light from a SOX type sodium lamp is normally unacceptable for
certain industrial applicationsin spite oftheir efficacy.
6.6.2 Use ofthe lampoutput Careful selection of luminaires which give the required illuminance for the least
efficiently energy consumed should alwaysbe considered.
6.6.3 Maintain lighting equipment in A high standard of maintenance ensures not only safety but contributes to energy
good order saving. Poor maintenance and the accumulation of dust and dirt reduces the useful
light output and so in effect increases the cost. Planned maintenance provides the
best overall efficiencyand with it real economiescanbe gained.
6.6.4 Use well-designed In Section 6.1 and 6.2 of the guide, we have illustrated ways of designingeffective
energy-effective lighting schemes lighting schemes. After installation it should be maintained so as to ensure these
results are continuouslyachieved.
It is therefore essential to provide for maintenance schedules when the design is
being considered, so that the required illuminances can be achieved with the
minimumluminaires and consequently a lower consumption of energy.
6.6.5 Control the switchingoperation Controlled switchingof the lighting installation offers a numberof possibilities for
and usage ofthe lighting installation effective energy saving. Central switching from a control console or use of
photoelectric control are two methods which ensure the lighting is only on when it
needsto be.
6.6.6 Considertheeffect ofthe The surrounding plant, particularly on industrial installations, can have a marked
surrounding installation effect on illuminancesand needsto be takeninto account, particularly at the design
stage.
Whilst reflection factors tend to be minimal, every advantage should be taken of
the use of light surface finishes which will reflect the light and consequently
produce energy saving.
A more detailed consideration canbe obtained by reference to the CIBS Code for
Interior Lighting (Section 4) and Parts 1. 2, 3 and 4 of the CIBS Building Energy
Code.

7. EMERGENCY AND STANDBY LIGHTING
7.1 INTRODUCTION At the present time there is no specific mandatory requirement for emergency
lighting in onshore installations. However, for offshore installations as defined in
the Mineral Working (Offshore Installations) Act 1971 compliance with the
requirements are statutory(see Appendix 3). The Factories Act, Offices, Shops
and RailwayPremises Act and Fire Precautions Act do not contain specificclauses
on emergency lighting. However, under the latter Act a local fire authority may
require emergency lightingto be installed in certain buildingsbefore issuing a Fire
Certificate.
Most pertinent to this subject, is the 'Health and Safety at Work Act'. Although
this far reaching Act makes only passing reference to lighting, its general provision
means almost anything can be takenas comingwithin its scope.
The following endeavours to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the
various aspects concerned with emergency lighting and provides guidelines to
designers to select a system to meet their requirements. The normal permanent
installation should be kept in operation as long as possible in the event of an
emergency. In the eventof supply failure to this system a second system powered
by an alternative source should be provided. This emergency lighting can be
achieved by various systemsto meet a specificrequirement.
All the emergency lighting provided should meet the relevant requirements of
BS 5266.
7.2 DESIGN CONCEPTS In addition to consideringthe application and typeofemergency lighting, designers
should also bear in mind the zonal classification,environment, quality, reliability
and installed costs.
It is emphasised that all luminaires and ancillary equipment must comply with the
hazard zonal classificationifrelevant. (ReferBS 5345).
7.3 LEVELSOF ILLUMINATION The emergency illuminance should be provided within 5 seconds after the power
7.3.1 Escape Lighting supply failure and should maintain operation for between ½ hour and 3 hours
durationdepending on the type of areainvolved.
Because the eye adapts fairly quickly to changes in luminance the average level of
emergency illuminance need only be about 1% of the normal service illuminance
with a minimumof 0.2 lux.
A diversity ratio of not more than 40:1 between maximum and minimum
illuminance is essential in well defined unobstructed escape routes. A ratio of 10:1
however, should be adopted on staircasesand high level walkwaysetc.
7.3.2 Standby Lighting In certain places standby lighting may be neededwhere a short durationtask has to
be performed prior to vacating an area or where life is at risk. In these areas a
higher illuminance of 10 to 30 lux should be provided at the essential working
points.
Some typical examples of areas which may require standby lighting are:
Boiler Houses, Compressor Houses, Control Rooms/Panels, Fire Points, General
Process Areas, Sub-stations,VitalValve Points.
7.4 EQUIPMENT/SYSTEMS Thepower source for emergencylighting systemsfall intotwo broad categories:
1. Centralised
2. Individual (Self Contained)
7.4.1 Centralised Systems These systemsinvolvethreeprincipal types and are:
Battery
This type of system tended to be restricted for use with tungsten luminaires on a
non-maintained basis but fluorescent luminaires with individual inverters are now
available.
Bulk Inverter
This type of system is similar to that above but incorporates a central inverter to
convert d.c. to a.c. This permits fluorescent luminaires to be used.
Generator
Where diesel sets are used to provide power for other ancillaries at times of power
failure it may be advantageous to use some of the available output for emergency
lighting.

7.4.2 Individual Systems Luminaires with Individual Power Pack
These systems are self contained with the emergency power source being derived
from the individual power pack normally fitted within the luminaire. The system is
suitable for local 'Health Condition' monitoring, e.g. third wire. It should be noted
that where such luminaires are intended for hazardous areas the isolation features
of the batterysupply should receivespecial consideration.
Self-LuminousSigns
Where electrically operated signs are either not suitable or not available, illumin-
ated legend type such as EXITsigns etc. whichrequire no electricity supply may be
considered. The units are continuouslyilluminated by tritium gas, and a life of over
fifteen years is claimed. No harmful radiation is given off by these signs and they
are now accepted by most Fire Authorities. Theirmaindisadvantage is their lackof
brightness and where used the legends should be of ample size. They are not
suitable for general lighting.
Before installating these signs they must be registered with the Departmentof the
Environment under the Radioactive Substances Act. Disposal of these signs also
presents problems and the usual procedure is to return them to the manufacturers
when they are no longer required. The vessels containing titrium are carefully
designed to minimise the risk of damage, and it is claimed that these units can be
subjected to very violent treatment whilst in service without impairing the
radioactive source.
7.5 DURATIONOF POWER The minimum of duration for which the power source should be available for
SOURCEANDRECHARGINGOF supplying the total load is as follows:
BATTERIES Escape Lighting: ½ hour minimum; sufficient time for personnel to escape after
the standby lightingperiod (when required)has expired should
be provided.
Standby Lighting: normally3 hours, orto suit plantrequirements.
7.5.1 Recharging Time If the source of emergency power is a secondary batterythe charging system should
be designed asfollows:
Central BatterySystem
After the period of discharge through the full connected emergency lighting load
for the period stipulated the associated charger should be capable of recharging the
batterywithin 14 hours.
Individual Sources
Most luminaires of this pattern contain sealed nickel cadmium batteries. These can
be easily damaged if recharged too quickly and whilst it is desirable that they be
restoredto full power in fourteenhoursthis may not always be possible.
In the case of luminaires with a three hour emergency duration it is advisable to
seek reassurance from the manufacturers that the batteries are not being recharged
at toohigh a rate in an effort to achieve a 14 hours recharge time.
7.6 LIGHT SOURCES Advantages: Low cost; may be operatedon d.c., thus the overall system is simple.
7.6.1 Tungsten Filament Lamps
Disadvantages: Low efficacy; expected life is relatively short, therefore mainte-
nance and lamp replacement cost may be high; adversely affected by mechanical
vibration.
7.6.2 Fluorescent Lamps Advantages: Fluorescent lamps have a high efficacy; normally long expected life,
therefore, keeping maintenance cost to a low level; normally unaffected by
mechanicalvibrations.
Disadvantages:High capital cost; low temperature striking problems
7.6.3 Discharge Lamps Discharge lamps are not suitable as an emergency light source because of the long
restriking time.
7.7 MODE OF OPERATION In this system the emergency lightinglamps are in operation at the same time as the
7.7.1 Maintained Emergency normal lighting system.
Lightmg
Advantages:Malfunction of a faulty light source can be observed. Efficiency of the
overall installation, is improved by utilisation of the emergency luminaire under
normal conditions.
Disadvantages: The life of the battery cells could be reduced either by: (i) The
continuous emission of heat from the lamps in the self-contained type of fitting.
(ii) The continuous load on a centralised battery system. This can be avoided by
arranging the circuity via an auto-changeover switch.
Lamp utilisation could be reduced throughmaintained usage, thus reducing system
reliability, particularly where tungsten filament lamps are used.

Even if the emergency luminaires are painted a different colour to the normal
fittings there is always the danger that plant operators or maintenance personnel
may not readily identify failure of the lamp/fitting.
Need forregular observation and inspection.
7.7.2 Non-maintainedEmergency In this system emergency lighting is only in operation when the normal lighting
Lighting supply fails.
Advantages:The system permits positive and simple testing of the complete system
on ascheduled maintenance basis.
The life of the system is increased through the reduced time of operation and is
therefore more reliable.
Disadvantages: Need for regular testing. Unlikely possibility of complete failure
between test periods.
7.7.3 CombinedEmergency An emergency lighting luminaire containing two or more lamps at least one of
Luminaire which is energised from the emergency lighting supply and the other(s) from the
normal lighting supply. A combined lighting luminaire may be either maintained or
non-maintained, and specialist wiring arrangements may be requiredto segregate
and identify both supplies.
Advantage:Ease of integrating emergencylighting intoexistingplants.
Disadvantage:Verylimited choiceavailable.

8 WIRING SYSTEMS AND INSTALLATION
The types of wiring that may be used for installation in hostile and hazardous
environments are basicallythe same, whilst there are no defined standards for the
hostile environment, guidance can be obtained from the 15th Edition lEE
Regulation for Electrical Installations, and for hazardous environments the types
which may be usedin principle are laid down in BS5345: Part 1. (see Table 6.3.)
The detailed requirements for permittedtypes of cable and their accessories are
described in the parts of BS5345 dealing with individual types of protection. All
cables, conduit and other accessories should be manufactured in accordance with
theappropriateBritish Standards.
8.1 HOSTILE ENVIRONMENTS As mentioned above, there are no defined standards for the types of wiring that
may be used: the only criterion is that the wiring system (cable or conduit)must be
ableto withstand the effects of thehostile agents present.
Due account must be taken of the nature of the environment, including chemical
and thermalfactors, particularlycorrosive and solvent agencies.
PVC armoured cables to BS6346 provide a high degree of resistance to both
corrosion and mechanical damage, and are widely used by industry. Special grades
of flame-retardent PVC having a higher oxygen index than normal are readily
available if required. These can be substituted as outer sheath only, or alternatively
throughout the cable. Where armour corrosion may be a problem, for instance
where the outer sheathing may be damaged, cables having PVC insulation and
sheath,followed by a further sheath ofhard grade PVC may be used; although they
are suitable for most situations, they are not so mechanically robust as the
armoured versions, and under all circumstances must be suitably protected from
mechanical damage.
Screwed steel conduit wiringsystemsare satisfactoryfor many applications but care
should be takenwherevibration or stress may cause fracture or loosening ofjoints,
or where corrosion orexcessiveinternal condensation of moisture is likely to occur.
8.2 HAZARDOUS BS5345: Part 1, and the relevant parts covering specific types of protection, cover
ENVIRONMENTS in considerable detail the types of wiringsystems that may be used for installations
in a hazardous environment and should be closely studiedto ensure all aspects of
the installation are covered.
However, two types of wiringsystemsare generally accepted:—
Cables drawn into screwed, cold drawn or seam welded steel conduit and cables
that are otherwisesuitably protected against mechanical damage.
Conduit systems are not widely used in the oil and petrochemical industry in the
U.K. but are widely used in America and as such may therefore be used on
installations which have American influence or associated with American equip-
ment.
The more common practice is to use cables specificallyprotected against mechanic-
al damage with installations being in armoured (SWA) cable or mineral insulated
metal sheath (MICS) cable.
Whilst the above covers installation in both Zone 1 and Zone 2 areas certain
relaxations are permitted ifthe installation is a Zone 2 area.
The followingsections are designed to give further details both generally or when
specificallyapplied to a particular type of protection which affects lighting and
associated equipment.
As in the case of hostile environments, due account must be taken of the nature of
the environment, includingchemical and thermal factors, particularlycorrosive and
solvent agencies, as well as the zonal classificationof the area.
Caremust be taken to select the type of sheath most suitable for the conditions and
temperatures in which the cable will be used.
In particular situations such as petrochemical plants, cables constructed generally
in accordance with BS6346, but with the addition of a lead or lead alloy sheath,
provide possiblythe best protection of all and are particularly suitable for burial in
contaminated soils. The finish of these cables is covered by Oil Companies
Materials Association (OCMA) specification No. ELEC 4: Underground
Armoured Cable Protected against Solvent Penetrationand Corrosive Attack. Of
the two types of PVC bedding allowed, namely lapped or extruded, the latter is
almost always chosen.

Mineral insulated metal sheathedcables are suitable for many situations, particu-
larly where the metal sheath is protected from corrosion by an external PVC
covering, but should not be usedwhere they are subjected to flexing.
Mineral insulated cables and other organic insulation cables, with or without
armouring, are particularly suitable for use in providing essential lighting supplies
in areas of high fire risk. These cables meet the requirements of IEC 331 "Fire
Resisting Characteristicsof Electric Cables".
Additionally, special types of organic insulation cables have been developed for use
wherelimited servicein firesituations would be advantageous. Under conditions of
fire, these cables may be expected to maintain circuit integrity for periods longer
thancables ofstandard design.
8.2.1 Conduit Systems Conduit should be screwed heavy gauge steel, solid drawn or seam welded in
accordance with the requirements of BS31 or BS4568.
All screwed jointsshould be pulled up tight and should be provided with locknuts.
After assembly all joints should be painted with good quality moisture resistant
paint to inhibit the development of rust. Particular attentionshould be given here
to maintaining efficientearthing and bonding of installations.
Any bends in conduit should preferably be machine-formed to facilitate easy
drawing-inofcables. It is important to realise that where a conduit run passes from
a hazardous area to a non-hazardous area an approved box or sealing
device must be inserted atthe hazardous area boundary. stopper
The use of a plastic conduit is restricted to Zone 2 only. In this case, additional
earthing conductors must be provided to maintain the overall earthing integrity of
installations. It is important to note that the metal sheath, braid or armouring of a
cable must not be usedas a neutral conductor.
In addition to the above requirements there are certain special requirements for
conduit systems used in conjunction with type 'd', type 'e' or type 'N' apparatus
which are discussedlater.
8.2.2 Cable System Conductors may be of copper or aluminium, but plain aluminium is not recom-
mended for conductorswith cross-sectionalareas ofless than 16mm2.
As far as possible, cable runs should be uninterrupted. Where discontinuities
cannot be avoided, the joint should be encapsulated or made in a compound filled
jointbox or be protectedin accordance with the requirements ofthe zone.
Certain types of protection require special types of cable glands and these special
requirements are discussedin more detail later.
All cables should be provided with adequate mechanical protection. Where single
core metal sheathed or armoured cables are used, precautions should be taken to
avoid dangerous sheath/armour voltages or currents.
Although PVC is still the most widelyused material for protective sheathings, other
materials are available and reference is made to the relevant British Standards in
the Appendices. PVC compounds become increasingly stiff and brittle as the
temperature decreases and ifcables are bent too quickly to too small aradiusor are
struck sharply at temperatures in the region of 0°C or lower, there is a risk of
shattering the PVC components.
It is therefore desirable that the cables should be installed only when both the
cables and the ambient temperature are above 0°C and have been so for the
previous 24 hours, or where special precautions have been taken to maintain the
cable above this temperature.
Fittings for mineral insulated cables should be of a type approved for use with the
luminaires and should effectively seal the insulation and provide adequate earth
continuity. Care should be taken to ensure that the compound in the seal is not
exposed to temperatures whichcould affect its satisfactoryoperation.
Wherethere is a risk of mineral insulated cables being exposed to inductive surges,
suitable surge suppressionshould be fitted.
It is important to note that additional special requirements apply when cable
systems are used in conjunction with type 'd', type 'e' and type 'N' apparatus, and
theseextrarequirements are discussedin moredetail below.
8.2.3 Wiring SystemsintoType of The changes in specification requirements for flameproof luminaires, particularly
Protection 'd' luminaires in respect of cable and conduit entry, make it desirable to explain the permitted
conditions in the cases of luminaires manufactured and certified to (a) BS229,
(b) BS4683: Part 2, (c) Mixed installationsand (d) BS5501: Part 5 (EN50018).

BS229 RequirementsOn earlier designs of flameproof luminaires made in accord-
ance with BS229 requirements. the flamepath between the tapped boss and a
threaded compression cable gland had to be of 1" axial length. Thus the practice
grew of providing a tapped hole in the boss of approximately l'/8" to allow for a
path of 1" with tolerance. Mechanical cable glands of the compression seal type
were designed with a male threadedportionof at least 1" length.
In the 1957 edition of BS229, for metal to metal paths, the minimum allowable
length of flamepath was reduced to 1/2" and some mechanical glands were made
with 3/4" length of threaded part. However, in general, manufacturers still made
luminaires with tapped bosses of length of at least 3/4" and even then allowed for
connection ofa gland having a length of 1" threadedpart.
In the case of conduit entry, direct attachment of the conduit to the terminal
chamber by integral boss or adaptor plate was allowed for conduit up to and
including 1" in diameter and locknuts were used to lock the conduit into place. In
these cases the conduit was treated as a flameproof protection and joints had to be
made with long threadedunions. Furthermore,a minimum axial length of engaged
thread of ¾" was required for screwed conduit of up to 1" diameter used with
flameproof enclosures. Long threaded stopping plugs are used with early BS229
apparatus.
The B.S. Code of Practice 1003 Part 1 gives recommendations for installation
requirements for cables and conduit associated with flameproof equipment to
BS229.
BS4683: Part 2 RequirementsWith the introduction of the later standard,BS4683:
Part 2, based on International recommendations, the cable entry conditions have
been modified from those of BS229. For threaded joints, the number of threads
engaged must be a minimum of 5 for Groups hA and IIB, and 6 for Group IIC,
with minimum axial lengths of 8mm and 9.5mm respectively.
For the first time, a British Standard for metric threaded mechanical cable glands
(BS6121) was published including specific requirements for flameproof types and
specifying lengths of threaded parts to meet the BS4683: Part 2 requirements.
Flameproof enclosures can now have shorter entry bosses to accept the newglands
whichmay be tappedin ISO metric or other threadforms.
In the case of conduit entries it is now necessary to fit a sealing device at the entry
to the enclosure to prevent any explosionpressure from being transmitted into the
conduit (e.g. stopping gland). Thus the conduit system is now only a mechanical
protection for the conductors and is not part of the flameproof arrangements as in
the case ofBS229.
Only BASEEFA approved glands and stopping glands may be used in association
with BS4683: Part 2 luminaires and BS4683: Part 2 is being amended to allow the
associationof BS5501 glands.
MixedApparatus A problem arises in that the existingand newequipment have to
be interconnected. It has therefore beennecessary to amend BS229 (Amd. No. 8)
to allow the cable entry conditions of BS4683: Part 2 to be applied to BS229
equipment. CP1003: Part 1 was also amended to allow for fitting sealing devicesfor
conduit entry.
If BS4683: Part 2 conduit entry conditions are being used, it is necessary to
incorporate an approved sealing device at each point of conduit entry into
flameproof apparatus.
With BS229 apparatus, if no sealing device is used, the minimum axial length of
conduit engagement is necessary i.e. ¾" or 19mm for conduits up to 1" or 25mm
diameter respectively. However, a screwedsealing device may be usedwith conduit
sizes up to 25mm diameter, in which case the device should be in accordance with
BS4683: Part 2.
Approved thread adaptors may be used with apparatus to either standard.
However, it should be noted that only short threadcable glands or stopping glands
may be accommodated. In the case of conduit entry without a sealing device, a
short threadadaptoris not acceptable. Stopper plugs may be usedwhethershortor
long threadwith apparatus to either standard so long as the boss length is adequate.
BS5501:Part5 RequirementsWith the introduction of this standard (European Std.
EN50018)new problems arise.
In the first place only cable entries certified to this standardmay be associated with
luminaires to the same standard, so that entries to BS229 or BS4683: Part 2 are not
valid with luminaires in accordance with BS5501: Part 5.
ISO threaded joints must have 5 full threadsfor all Groupswith minimum engaged
lengths of 8mm.
In the case of conduit entry, a sealing device must be fitted at the to the
enclosure. The conduit is thus only a mechanical protection and is notentry
part of the
flameproof consideration.
Thread adaptors and stopping plugs must be approved to BS5501: Part 5 and
certified for use in associationwith BS5501: Part 5 luminaires.
8.2.4 Wiring SystemsintoType of For installations using Type 'e' (Increased Safety) luminaires cable systems have
Protection 'e' Luminaires generally been used in preference to conduit. Continental practice hasbeen to use a
non-armoured cable but in the U.K. preference has been given to the use of
armoured or, more recently, wire braided cables.
Cable systems may be entered into an increased safety enclosure by means of
glands appropriate to the type of cable usedand that incorporatea suitable sealing
component to maintain a degree of protection 1P54 (or better) of the terminal
enclosure. Additionally, a sealing washer or suitable threadsealant must be usedto
provide a seal between the cable gland and the enclosure. Metal screwed glands
specified in BS6121 or BS6081 are recommended for cable entriesalthough plastic
glands with suitable Component Approval may also be used. Mineral insulated
cables must be terminated with increased safety seals having suitable Component
Approval.
It would appear unlikely that conduit systems will be widely used with type 'e'
luminaires. It is necessary to seal between the conduit and the enclosure, using a
sealing washer or thread sealant, and between inner cable conductors and the
conduit, by means of a special sealing device, in order to maintain degree of
protection IP54. Care must be takento ensurethe maintenance ofefficient earthing
and bonding paths in all installations.
Cable conductors must only be connected to apparatus terminals
recommendations given in BS5345: Part 6. Direct and indirect connection using the
(using
lugs, spades etc.) is permittedproviding that loosening or twisting of conductors
does not occur or that loose strands from conductors are avoided in order that
creepage and clearance distances are maintained. Particular care should be taken
where terminals permit entryof more than one conductor.
The insulation of each conductor should be maintained up to the metal of the
terminal to avoid risk of shortcircuits between adjacentconductors or terminals.
8.2.5 Wiring SystemsintoType of It is intended that type 'N' luminaires are used only in Zone 2 areas where the
Protection 'N' Luminaires requirements are less stringent than for Zone 1 areas. In addition to the types of
wiring acceptable for use in Zone 1 areas welded conduit and metallic or
non-metallic trunking are considered to give adequate protection in Zone 2 areas.
Where the risk of mechanical damage is slight, the plastic sheath of the cable may
be sufficientprotection.
When restricted breathing is used in the design of a luminaire, the wiring and
glanding must allow this to be maintained. Sealing of conduit is necessary at the
pointof entryto the luminaire, and where cable glands are used suitable seals must
be placed between the enclosure and the body of the gland. Furthennore
compression of the sheath must produce a satisfactory seal. Standard glands to
BS6081 or BS6121 with suitable seals are adequate for this purpose and may be
manufactured in either metal or suitable plastic materials. (See Section 15 of
BS5345: Part 7).
Mention must be made of the cable construction when associated with restricted
breathing luminaires. Leakage through the cable cores or fillingcannot be tolerated
and a solid extruded construction is preferred.
8.2.6. Unused Cable Entries If any cable entries provided on luminaires are not utilized for a particular
installation, the entries must be closed the use of a proper screwed stopperplug
of approved design and construction so by as to retainthe mode of protection afforded
by the design.
Failure to do thiswill almost certainly invalidate the integrity of the enclosure.
The requirements are more specific when considering flameproof enclosures and
BASEEFA have detailed acceptable closing devices unless the luminaires have
been approved together with an acceptable device. Reference to the luminaire
manufacturer will confirm. Four typical methods of sealing are illustrated in Figure
8.1 and are as follows:—
a) The closing device shall be capable of being fitted or removed from the
outside or inside the enclosure. If removable from the outside this shall only
be possibleafter disengagementof an internally accessibleretaining device.
b) Shall be separately secured by means of the special fasteners.
c) Shall be capable of being fitted and removed only by the use ofa special tool.
d) Shall be of special design in which the means of insertion cannot be used as
the means of removal and capable of being removed only by the use of one of
the otheralternative methods or a special technique.
The pluggingof un-used cable entries on 'e' & 'N' type luminaires can be done by
the use of metal or plastic sealing devices as long as the plug maintains degree of
protection 1P54 for type 'e' and the degree ofprotection recommended, particular-
ly noting if the enclosure is restricted breathing, for type 'N' luminaires. A tool
should be usedfor insertion and removal.
It should be noted that a number of luminaires are fitted with plastic travelling
plugs to prevent the ingress of dust and moisture during transport and handling
prior to installation. Care must be taken to remove these and replace, as required,
with the appropriate sealing device.
8.3 INSTALLATIONOF WIRING The main statutory requirements governing the installation and use of electrical
SYSTEMS apparatus in industries to which the Factories Act 1961 applies are given in the
Electricity Regulations 1908 as amended by the Electricity (Factories Act) Special
Regulations 1944. Amplificationand comment on these regulations are given in the
Memorandum on the Electricity Regulations published by H.M.S.O.
(Form SHW928).In addition to the foregoing, wiringsystems should conform with
the latest edition of the I.E.E. Regulations. Furthermore, all electrical installations
in potentially explosive atmospheres should be in accordance with British Standard
Code of Practice BS5345 "Selection, Installation and Maintenance of Electrical
Apparatusfor Use in Potentially Explosive Atmospheres". Basic requirements are
Screwdriver slot
given in Part 1 of the Code of Practice and further parts of the Code detail specific
requirements for the various types of protection that may be used to achieve
electrical safety. BS5345 is applicable to all new permanent installations and to
A
changes to existing installations, although it is recognised that some changes and
additions to certain existinginstallations, may need to be made in accordance with
earlier British Standard Code of Practice CP1003. It should be noted that CP1003
Split pin will eventually be withdrawn when all the parts ofBS5345 are published.
The recommendations of BS5345 also apply to semi-permanent or temporary
Special installations, however, in some circumstances, it may be necessary to adopt
fastener alternative safety measures and procedures.
B Rubber insulated and PVC insulated single core cables to BS6007 and BS6004
respectively in screwed metal conduit or trunking are used in industry but where
corrosion is likely, additional precautions are necessary. Steel conduit should be
heavy gauge and careshould be takento ensurethat it stands clear of the structure.
Inside Ouide As it is virtually impossible to avoid the damaging the external protective coating of
fittings and conduit during erection, whole installation should be overpainted
after completion with a suitable corrosion resistant paint. Bitumastic paints are
often usedfor this final protection, but cold setting epoxide paints and chlorinated
C
rubber paints may also be suitable. When choosing the paint, the operating
temperature of the equipment and especiallythe luminaire must be considered.
One answer to the problem of corrosion maybe to use non-metallic conduits made
from rigid PVC or pitch-impregnated paper and wood pulp fibres. These may prove
useful for some situations but caremust be takento ensurethat they are suitable for
all the conditions existingthroughout their length. For example, pitch-impregnated
paper conduit may be suitable for resisting the attack of sulphurous fumes, but
Hex unsuitable if exposed to heat radiation from a nearby furnace. The use of any form
0 of non-metallic conduit necessitates special attentionto the proper earthing of the
fittings to protect personnel from electric shock and to protect the structurefrom
fire in the event of a fault occurring in a luminaire. It is essential to provide a
Shearableneck separate earth continuity conductor in all installations employing non-conducting
conduit.
Fig. 8.1 Typical methods ofsealing entries.
The use of proper sealing glands for cables, complete with shrouds, is essential.
After glanding, any armourwhich may be exposed must be protectedby wrapping
with a suitable protective non-absorbent tape. A number of proprietary makes of
heat-shrinkable or flexible elastomeric gland shrouds are available, and these
provide excellent resistance against corrosive atmospheres, due to their intimate
surface contact with the gland.
As with luminaires, the positioning of cable runs, switchesand othercontrol gearis
important, and as far as possible should be chosen to avoid exposingthem to rain,
dripping or condensed water or to corrosives. The use of cable shields in exposed
situations may also be considered. Where exposure is unavoidable, all switches,
metal conduit, ducts and trunking, metallic sheaths or armour, glands, clips and
fixings and all earthing and bonding, should have a corrosion-resistant finish.
It is sometimes necessaryto buryconduit or cables in the buildingstructureand this
can lead to corrosion problems under certain conditions. Building materials
containing magnesiumchloride and plasterundercoats contaminated with corrosive
salts can attack the metal; aluminiumsheaths, armour and conduit are particularly
prone to attack if laid in contact with damp, unpaintedwalls. If fittings or conduit
are to be embedded in wet plaster walls they need protection by bitumastic or
similar paint. Corrosion can also occur where metal-sheathed cables, metal
conduit, fittings or glands are laid on oak or other acidic woods, or wherethey are
in contact with dissimilarmetals.
Earthing The accepted practice in the U.K. for providing protection against both direct and
indirect shock, is the application of directearthing back to the source of supply, the
requirements for which are detailed in the 15th Edition of the I.E.E. Regulations
(Part IV, Chapter 54 and Appendix 7 refer).
Although —the Regulations do not differentiate between installations in various
situations the basicconceptbeingthe same in all cases — practical considerations
dictate that more care should be takento maintain Earthing Systems, where hostile
environments exist, to prevent deterioration. This is particularly applicable in those
cases whereconduit, trunking, tray, etc. provide the earth return path, and also at
theterminations ofbonding conductors.
Where non-metallic protection is provided for conductors and an independent
protective conductor installed, it is unlikely that problems could arise except at
terminations.
In hazardous areas, where metallic protection provides an earth return path, it is
essential to ensure that the maximum earth fault current cannot raise the
temperature of the metallic protection above the appropriatepermittedsafe level.
9 INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE
Regular inspection and maintenance is particularly important to ensure the
luminaires and ancillary equipment are maintained in the installed mode, and any
maintenance procedure should aim at suppressingthe speed of corrosion from any
centres ofattack.
To ensure maintenance is carried out consideration must first be given to the
provision of adequate safe access to the location of each item of equipment for the
electrical maintenance staff at such regular intervals considered necessary for the
particular environment. Also the luminaire should be installed so that, as far as
possible, access is convenient for visual inspection of vital components that are
liable to corrode.
It must be remembered that the removal of a component may damage the
surrounding metal work and unless remedial action is taken might lead to
intensified corrosion in the future, requiring costly maintenance or even replace-
ment.
The period of inspection will depend on the nature of the installation with no
recommended period laid down but it may need to be at intervals as short as one
month if the environment is particularly hostile. For installations in hazardous
areas BS5345: Part 1 makes particular reference to this subject under Sections
27-32 recommending initial and periodic inspection and testing should be carried
out before energising and at regular intervals with a system devised to record the
results of inspection and action taken. The frequency of inspection must be left to
the discretion of the user but should be regular enough to ensure the luminaires
continue to operatein their designed manner.
Visual inspection will normally be all that is required,but the periodic inspection of
such parts as flame-paths on flameproof (Ex 'd') luminaires which are not visible
without opening the luminaire may be necessary to ensure adequate inspection
procedures.
The resultsof these inspections should be recorded and where equipment is found
to be faulty effective repair should be carried out as quickly as possible. If
necessary, some sort of repairpriority system should be introduced to ensure that
the most potentially hazardous faults are rectified first. An example of an
inspection schedule is given in Fig. 9.1.
Different types of inspection can be usedto cater for the particular circumstances of
the plant. For example, a "walk-round" inspection observing and recording the
condition of equipment without actually touching the equipment can be a very
useful check on the equipment in adverse environments. Such an inspection could
be used on older plants in hostile atmospheres where the rate of failure of
equipment would be expected to be high.
A more rigorous inspection, sometimes referred to as an external inspection could
be made at less frequent intervals. Such an inspection would involve the examina-
tion of anything which can be examined without opening up the equipment. This
would include such things as checking the tightness of glands and bolts, ensuring
the armouring is suitably protected, the correct gland is used, and the flamegap is
below the maximum acceptable.
The most rigorous inspection which could be applied is the internal or open-up
inspection in which the equipment is completely isolated and stripped down to
check on the stateof all the component parts. Such an inspection could be done on
a random basis at the discretion of the engineer responsible.
Anychanges that have occurred since the last inspection should be noted.
This ensures that any maintenance personnel are totally aware of any items of
equipment which are reportedas faulty, as well as any other equipment that is no
longer used but must be either removed or made safe in some other wayto ensure
the integrity of the installationis maintained.
The following list indicates some of the points that should be given particular
attention during the inspection programme. If faults are found then maintenance
workshould be put in hand immediately to correct them.
1. Corrosion ofthe enclosureandits Thedegree of corrosion canbe found initially by removing the surface dirt or loose
componentswhich may result in loss paint by washing down and cleaning with a wire brush where appropriate. If only
ofmechanicalstrength. the paintwork has deterioratedthen it should be renovated to bring backto a good
condition. Any components which are beyond simple repairshould be replaced.
2. Damaged light transmittingparts. Examine the cement around the lampglass assemblies of flameproof (type 'd')
luminaires carefully, inside and outside. If the cement is eroded or softenedmore
than 4mm max. depth thenthe assembly must be replaced. If the cement erosionis
less than 4mm deep then a fillet of Herculite EN cementcan be applied wiping off
to a smooth surface which when dry should be paintedover and greased to prevent
furtheratmospheric attack. A new glass canonly be recemented into the lampglass
mounting castings bythe manufacturer.
Where plastic diffusers are part of the luminaire caremust be taken in ensuring that
the cleaning agentis of the type which does not attack the diffuser. Dirty diffusers
can cause dangerously low levels of illumination therefore regular maintenance!
cleaning should be employed.
All components that are replaced must be in accordance with the manufacturers
specification.Failure to use such components may invalidate the certification!
approval of the luminaire and may makethe apparatus dangerous.
3. Missingfasteners. These should be replaced with items of the correct quality and material. This is
important on approved luminaires as missing bolts, nuts etc. can invalidate the
certificate. Do not overtighten the fasteners as distortion of the flamepaths of type
'd' luminaires may occur, or gaskets may be forced off their seatings which will
allow the ingress of liquids and dusts. Overstressing of glass or plastic components
should be avoided.
4.Missingordamaged gaskets. These must be immediately replaced by the correct item/part number. On some
luminaires such as type 'e', or type 'N', the gasketting forms a requiredpart of the
specification. Luminaires, which have an I.P. number, depend upon the gaskets
being fitted and in goodcondition to prevent the ingress of moisture and dust into
the interiorofthe luminaire.
5. Loose mounting arrangements. These are generally overlooked during inspection and maintenance. Ensurethat all
mountings are secure and in good condition and that the adjacent material or
surfaces to whichthe mountings are secured is inspected and maintained.
6. Terminations. Cable and conductors must be properly terminated using the correctcable glands,
stopperboxes etc. Stopper boxes must be properly filled with the specifiedgrade of
compound in accordancewith the manufacturers instructions.
All luminaires must be effectivelyearthed and all terminals and conductors should
be thoroughly cleaned and greased.
7.Checkflamepaths. Check flamepaths on type 'd' luminaires for signs ofpittingand that they are within
the required gap limits. Any damaged components should be replaced. If the
flamepath needs cleaning this should be done with a non-metallic scraperand/or a
suitable non-corrosivecleaning fluid. In addition wipe down with solvent to remove
old grease.
During maintenance it is recommended that all flamepaths and threaded compo-
nents are greased with an approved form of non-setting grease but care must be
taken to ensurethat blind tappedholes are freefrom accumulated dirt or excessive
grease which can prevent the correct closure of, for example, flamepaths, or cause
damage to the tapped components.
In addition check the luminaire is installed in accordance with the.requirements of

the installation, particularly the classificationof the area if hazardous, and that the
correctlamp is fitted and is operating. Anylamps in the burnt-outcondition should
be replaced. Check the supply voltage and frequency is correct.
No modifications should be made to the luminaire without reference to the
manufacturer as unauthorised modifications to an approved luminaire will invali-
date the certification. Any such fitting foundin a hazardous area must be replaced
immediately.
Manufacturers installation/maintenance literature is usually provided with each
luminaire and should always be referred to for guidance when carrying out any
maintenance. If in doubt alwaysconsult the manufacturer.
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APPENDIX 1
INGRESSOF LIQUIDSAND The IP system classifies the degree of protection given by an enclosure against
-
DUSTS IPRATING persons touching live parts, contact with moving parts inside the enclosure and
protection of the equipment against the ingress of solid foreign bodies, as well as
the protection against the harmful ingress of liquids. This system was originally
formulated by the IEC under publication 144.1963 and is now issued under
BS.5490.
It is very important to note that this system of classifying protection of enclosure
relates to non-explosive environments and must not be confused with the types of
protection e.g. Ex'd', Ex'N' etc., specified for explosive atmospheres (see Section
4.3 - Methods of Safe-guarding).
The IP Coding system is being used increasingly on specifications issued by the
majororganisationsand, therefore,some explanation may be helpful.
The designation to indicate the degress of protection consists of the characteristic
letters IP followed by two numerals (the "characteristic numerals") indicating
conformitywith the conditionsstatedinTableA.1.1.
The first characteristic numeral designates the degree of protection of persons
against touching live parts, contact with moving parts inside the enclosure and
protection of the equipment against ingress of solid foreign bodies. The second
designates the degree of protection inside the enclosure against harmful ingress of
water.
Thehigher the numeral ofthe first and second characteristicthe greater the degree
of protection the enclosure offers, for example Jet-proof 1P55 meets all the less
onerous degrees such as 1P21,1P23,1P34 and 1P54.
The term "weatherproof" which was frequently used as defined in BS.2817 (now
Table A.1.1 withdrawn)is not includedat present in the IP system.
Characteristic FirstCharacteristicNumeral Second CharacteristicNumeral

Letters (Protectionagainst Contactand (Protectionagainst IngressofLiquid)
IngressofForeignBodies) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 IPOO — — — — — — — —
1 IP1O IP11 1P12 — — — — — —
2 1P20 1P2'l 1P22 1P23 — — — — —
IP 3 1P30 1P31 1P32 1P33 1P34 — — — —
4 1P40 1P41 1P42 1P43 1P44 — — — —
5 1P50 — — — 1P54 1P55 — — —
6 1P60 — — — — 1P65 IP66 1P67 1P68
The above table shows theIPratings whichwillnormally be used but those in bold type are relevantto luminairesfor hostileand hazardous
environments
First Second
Digit DegreeofProtection Digit DegreeofProtection
Numeral (ForeignBodies) Numeral (Liquids)
0 Noprotection of equipmentagainst ingress ofsolid foreign 0 Noprotection

bodies.
1 Protection against ingress oflargesolid foreign bodies. I Protection againstdropsofcondensed water.

2 Protection against ingress ofmedium size solid foreignbodies. 2 Protection againstdropsof liquidfalling at anyangle up to 15°
from the vertical.
3 Protection against ingressofsmall solid foreignbodies greater 3 Protection againstrain fallingat any angle up to 600from the
inthickness than 2.5mm vertical.
4 Protection against ingressofsmall solid foreignbodies greater 4 Protection againstsplashing. Liquidsplashed from any
inthickness than 1mm. directionshall have no harmfuleffect.
5 Protection against the ingressofdustin an amount sufficient 5 Protection againstwaterprojected by anozzle from any
tointerferewith satisfactoryoperation ofthe equipment direction.
enclosed.
6 Complete protection against ingressofdust. 6 Protection againstconditions onships' decks.
7 Protectionagainst immersion in water.
8 Protectionagainst indefinite immersionin water.

APPENDIX 2
CHECKLIST FORASSESSMENT At some point the designer or user should check systematicallythat he has taken
OF LUMINAIRES account of all the factors relevant to the design of the luminaire to ensure its
suitability for the installation it is to light. The followingcheck list is given to help
him do this, the user having to assessthe degree of importance of the installation in
question.
1. LUMINAIRETYPE.
2. REFERENCEOR CATALOGUENO.
3. MAKE.
4. MAKERSSPECIFICATION.
5. COMPONENTSAND/ORAPPLICATION.
5.1 Materials ofConstruction
Body (or spine)
PaintFinish
Visor or Diffuser
Reflector
Fixings etc.
Fasteners
Lampholders
Gaskets/Sealsetc.
5.2 Cost
Luminaire complete
Installation (estimated)
5.3 Safety
Electrical
Suspension
Effect oflampor Component Failure
Captive Components
Sharp Edges
Vibration Resistance
5.4 Ease of Maintenance
AccessibilityofWiring
Terminal Chamber
Accessibilityof Control Gear
Re-lamping
Dirt Collector
EaseofCleaning
Weight
Terminal Block
Entries
5.5 Control Gear
Type and Make
Choke Losses and P.F.
Insulation
Separate or Integral
Replacement
Noise
5.6 I.P. Protection
5.7 Corrosion Resistance
5.8 British Standards/Approval/Certification

APPENDIX 3
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS FOR INSTALLATIONS IN
GREAT BRITAIN
A3.1 INTRODUCTION This section lists the main legal requirements for land-based and offshore installa-
tions, where electrical apparatus in hostile and potentially flammable atmospheres
is installed. Further guidance can be obtained from the Health and Safety
Executivefor onshore and the Department of Energy for offshore installations.
A3.2 STATUTORY Themain requirements are:
REQUIREMENTSFOR (1) The Health and Safetyat Work etc. Act 1974
LANDBASED ACTIVITIES
(2) The Factories* Act 1961
(3) The Electricity(Factories Act) Special Regulations 1908 and 1944
(4) The Highly Flammable Liquids and Liquefied Petroleum Gases Regulations
1972
(5) The Petroleum (Consolidation) Act 1928
(1) The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, which provides a legislative
framework for the protection of the health and safety of people at work and
othersaffected by work processes.
Section 2 deals with the general duties ofemployers to their employees.
Section 3 deals with the general duties of employers and self-employed to
persons other than theiremployees.
Section 6 deals with the general duties of designers, manufacturers, impor-
ters, suppliers, erectors and installers.
Section 7 deals with the general duties of employees at work.
Section 8 deals with the duty not to interfere with or misuse things provided
pursuant to certain provisions.
(2) The Factories*Act, 1961 is embraced by the Health and Safety at Work etc.
Act 1974. Whilst it is applicable only to 'factories', it is good advice to other
places ofwork.
* NB. The term
'factory' within the meaning of the Act, has far wider scope
thanits everyday meaning.
(3) The Electricity (Factories Act) Special Regulations 1908 and 1944 is a
combined set ofregulations initiallymadeunder the Factories Act in 1908 and
slightlymodified in 1944.
Regulation 27 is particulairy relevant as it concerns the use of electrical
apparatus in potentially explosive atmospheres and states:— "All conductors
and apparatus exposed to . . flammable surroundings or explosive
.
atmosphere . . . . shall be so constructed or protected, and such special

precautions shall be taken as may be necessary adequately to preventdanger
in view ofsuch exposure or use".
(4) The Highly Flammable Liquids and Liquefied Petroleum Gases Regulations
1972 were made under the Factories Act 1961. Note the term "highly
flammableliquid" means a liquidwhich has aflash pointbelow 32°C(90°F).
Regulation 9 (i) is relevant to electrical apparatus and states:— "No means
likely to ignite vapour from any highly flammable liquid shall be present
where a dangerous concentration of vapour from highly flammable liquids
may reasonably be expected to be present".
(5) The Petroleum (Consolidation)Act 1928 governs the storage and keeping of
petroleum spirit, whether in factory premises or not and provides for the
licensingof premiseswherepetroleum spirit is stored.
A3.3STATUTORY All installations must complywith:

REQUIREMENTSFOR (1) The Petroleum (Production) Act 1934 (Whilst this Act is relevant
EXPLORATION,DEVELOPMENT legally,it has no technical implications).
AND PRODUCTIONOFFSHORE 2) The Continental Shelf Act 1964
3) The Mineral Workings (Offshore Installations) Act 1971
4) The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and Regulations made
underthese Acts. (See sectionA3.2)
(5) The Offshore Installations (Construction and Survey) Regulations 1974
which require certification of offshore installations.
(6) The Offshore Installation (Operation and Safety, Health and Welfare)
Regulations 1976which gives the requirements for the use of electrical
equipment offshore. Additionally, installations which are also British
Registered vesselsmust also complywith Section 2— MarineIndustry.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CIBS PUBLICATIONS CIBS Code 1983 for Interior Lighting
CIBS LightingGuides
Buildingand Civil Engineering Sites
Sports
The Outdoor Environment
Hospital and Health CareBuildings
Shipbuildingand Ship Repair
Technical Reports
TR4 Daytime Lighting
TRiO Evaluationofdiscomfortglare
TR13 Industrial area floodlighting
Technical Memoranda
TM5 Thecalculationand use ofutilisationfactors
TM6 Lightingfor VisualDisplayUnits.
REGULATIONS(AVAILABLEFROM The ElectricityRegulationsof 1908 and 1944

IIMSO) TheChemical WorksRegulations 1922
The Petroleum(Consolidation)Act 1928
The Slaughterhouse(Hygiene)Regulations 1958
The Food Hygiene (General) Regulations 1970
The HighlyFlammableLiquids and LiquefiedPetroleum GassesRegulations 1972
The Health and Safetyat Work etc. Act 1974
HEALTHANDSAFETYEXECUTIVE Guidance Note EH9 SprayingofHighlyFlammable Liquids

PUBLICATIONS (AVAILABLE FROM Health and SafetyTechnicalPaper22
HMSO)
Memorandum onthe ElectricityRegulations(Form SHW 928)
BRITISHSTANDARDS BS31 1940 (1979) Steel conduit andfittings forelectricalwiring

BS229 1957 Flameproofenclosureofelectricalapparatus
BS 889 1965 Flameproofelectric lightingfittings
BS 950 Artificialdaylightfor the assessmentofcolour.
BS 1259 1958 Intrinsicallysafe electricalapparatus andcircuits for use in explosiveatmospheres
BS 2817 1957 Typesofenclosure ofelectricalapparatus (withdrawn)
BS 4056 1966Method of test for ignitiontemperature of gases and vapours
BS 4137 1967Guideto the selectionofelectricalequipment for use inDivision2
BS4533 Electricluminaries(lightingfittings)
Pt 1 1971Generalrequirementsand tests
Pt 2 1969Detailrequirements
BS4568 Steel conduitand fittingswith metric threads or ISO form for electricalinstallations.
Pt 1 1970 Steelconduit, bends and couples
Pt 2 1970 Fittingscomponents
BS 4683 Electrical apparatus for explosiveatmospheres
Pt 1 1971 Classificationofmaximumsurfacetemperature
Pt 2 1971 Theconstruction and testingofflameproofenclosuresofelectricalapparatus
Pt 3 1972 Type ofprotection N
Pt 4 1973(1969)Type ofprotection e
BS 4727 Glossaryofelectrotechnical.power telecommunicationsand electronics.
Pt 1 (9 groups)Terms common topower. telecommunicationsand electronics.
Pt2 (8 groups)Terms particular to power engineering
Pt 3 (10 groups)Terms particular to telecommunicationandelectronics.
Pt 4 (3 groups) Termsparticular to lightingandcolour
BS5266 EmergencyLighting
84 CIBSApplicationGuide
BS5345 Code of practice for the selecting,installation and maintenance of electricalapparatus for
use in potentially explosive atmospheres (other than mining applications or explosive
processingand manufacture)
Pt 1 1976 Basicrequirementsfor all parts ofthe code
Pt 2 1983 Classification ofHazardous Areas
Pt 3 1979 Installation and maintenance requirements for electrical apparatus with type of
protection d' flameproofenclosure
protection i'intrinsicallysafe electricalapparatus andsystems.
Pt 5 1983 Installation and maintenance requirement for electrical apparatus with type of
protection 'p' pressurizingincludingcontinuousdilution and forpressurizedrooms.
e'
protection increasedsafety
protection N
protection s'specialprotection
BS5489 Code ofpractice for road lighting(In nine parts)
BS5490 1977 Specificationfor degrees ofprotection provided by enclosures
BS5501 Electrical apparatus for potentiallyexplosiveatmospheres
Pt 1 1977 General requirements
Pt 2 1977 Oil immersion'o'
Pt 3 1977 Pressurizedapparatus 'p'
Pt 4 1977 Powder filling q'
Pt 5 1977 Flameproofenclosure'd'
Pt 6 1977 Increased safety e'
Pt 7 1977 Intrinsicsafety 'i'
BS5958 1980 Codeof Practicefor the control ofundesirable static electricity
BS6004 1975 PVC-insulatedcables(non-armoured) for electricpower andlighting
BS6007 1975 Rubber-insulatedcables for electricpower andlighting
BS6081 1978 Specificationfor terminationsfor mineral insulated cables
BS6121 1973 Mechanicalcableglands for elastomerand plasticsinsulated cables
BS6141 1981 Insulatedcables and flexiblecords for use in high temperature zones.
BS6346 1969 PVC-insulatedcablesfor electricitysupply.
BS CP 1003 Electrical apparatus and associated equipment for use in explosive atmospheresof gas or
vapour otherthan mining applications.
Pt 1 1964 Choice, installationandmaintenance of flameproofand intrinsicallysafe equipment
Pt 2 1966 Methods of meeting the explosive hazard other than by the use of flameproof or
intrinsicallysafe equipment.
Pt 3 1967 Division 2 areas
INTERNATIONALSTANDARDS EN 50014 1977Electrical apparatus for potentially explosiveatmospheres. Generalrequirement.

EN 50015 1977Electrical apparatus for potentiallyexplosiveatmospheres. Oil immersion 'o'.
EN 50016 1977Electrical apparatus for potentiallyexplosiveatmospheres. Pressurized apparatus 'p'.
EN 50017 1977Electrical apparatus for potentiallyexplosiveatmospheres. Powder filling'q'.
EN 50018 1977Electrical apparatus for potentiallyexplosiveatmospheres. Flameproof enclosure 'd'.
EN 50019 1977Electrical apparatus for potentiallyexplosiveatmospheres. Increased safety 'e'.
EN 50020 1977Electrical apparatus for potentiallyexplosiveatmospheres. Intrinsic safety 'i'.
IEC79 Electricalapparatus for explosivegas atmospheres.
IEC79-0 Part 0: 1971General introduction.
1EC79-1 Part 1: 1971 Construction and test of flameproof enclosures of electrical apparatus.
(Ex'd').
IEC79-lA 1975 First supplement: Appendix D: Method of test for ascertainment of maximum
experimentalsafe gap.
IEC79-2 Part 2: 1975Pressurisedenclosures(Exp').
IEC 79-3 Part 3: 1972 Spark test apparatus for intrinsicallysafe circuits (Ex'i').

IEC 79-4 Part4: 1975 Method of test for ignitiontemperature.
1EC 79-4A 1970 First supplement
IEC 79-5 PartS: 1967 Sand-filledapparatus (Ex'q').
IEC 79-SA 1969 First supplement
IEC79-6 1968 Oil-immersedapparatus (Exo').
IEC79-7 1969 Constructionand test ofelectricalapparatus. type ofprotection 'e (Ex'e').
IEC79-8 Part 8: 1969Classificationof maximumsurfacetemperatures.
IEC79-9 Part 9: 1970Marking
IEC79-10 1972 Classificationofhazardous areas.
IEC79-11 Part 11: 1976Construction and testofintrinsicallysafe and associatedapparatus (Ex'i').
OTHER PUBLICATIONS 'Electrical installationsinflammableatmospheres' ICICompanyStandard.

'Explosibilitytests for industrialducts'.
Fire Research Station TechnicalPaperNo. 21. 1975, HMSO.
'InteriorLightingDesign'
LightingIndustry Federation/ElectricityCouncil 1977.
'Regulations for ElectricalInstallations'
15thEdition — Institution ofElectricalEngineers 1981.
'Underground ArmouredCableProtected against Solvent Penetration and CorrosiveAttack'
Document ELEC 4, Oil CompaniesMaterialsAssociation.
FactfinderNo. 3, 'LampGuide'
LightingIndustryFederation 1982
FactfindcrNo. 6,'Hazardous Areas Lighting'
LightingIndustryFederation.

INDEX
Page numbers of normal references are marked in plain type, definitions are
marked in bold, and recommendations are marked in italic.
Aircraft factories 54 Ignition Temperature 7
Aluminium 12 Illuminance 7, 41
Breweries 54 IntrinsicallySafe Circuit 7, 23
Cable systems 73 IP Rating 9,81
Calculations 58 Isolux Diagram 66
Candela 6 Kitchens 55
CENELEC 9 Laboratories 55
Checklist 83 Lamps 32
Chemicalcompatibility 6 Lamp replacement 38
Chemicalworks (non-hazardous) 54 Leather 55
Chemicalworks (hazardous) 54 LimitingTemperature 7
Clearance 6 Liquids(flammable) 17
Coal handlingworks 54 Low pressuresodium lamps 37
Coke ovens 54 Lumen 7
Cold stores 54 Lumen Method 7
Conduitsystems 73 Luminaire 7
Control gear 38 Lux 7
DaylightFactor 49 Maintainedlighting 7
Degree of Protection 6 Maintenance 41, 78
Distilleries 54 Maintenancecosts 49
Dusts 17, 19 MaintenanceFactor 41
Economics 49 Maximumsurfacetemperature 7
Efficacy 33 Measurement 67
Emergencylighting 69 Metal halidelamps 35,37
Enclosed break device 6 Mists 16
Energy 67 Non-Sparking 7, 23
Environmental Conditions 14 Offshoreinstallations 55, 88
Equipment 52 Oil installations 55
ERA 9 Paint 56
Explosivegasairmixture 6 Paper 56
'Ex 9 Petrol stations 56
Ex'd' 9, 19 Petrochemicalplants 56
Ex'e' 9,21 Pharmaceuticals 56
Ex i 9,23 Plastics 56
Ex n ('N') 9,23 Plating shops 56
Ex'p 9,22 Plug-in SON 37
Ex'5' 9,22 Ports 56
Factory Sealed 6 Pressurizing 7
Farms 55 Printingworks 56
Finishings 13 Product marking 29
Fixings 14 Proofluminaire 8
Flammableatmosphere 6 Publications 84
Flameproofenclosure 18 Railways 56
Flicker 38 Restricted breathing 8
Flour mills 53 Rubber 13
FLP 9 Sewageworks 57
Food 53 SHR 9
Furniture 53 Slaughter houses 57
Garages 53 Soap works 57
Gases 16, 19 Standby lighting 8
Gas Plants 53 Stroboscopiceffect 8
Glands 14 Swimming pools 57
Glare 47 Switching 48
Glass 13 Temperature classification 8,27
Grouping ofapparatus 7 Totallyenclosed 8
Hazard 7 Tubular fluorescentlamps 36,37
Hazardous Area 7 Tungsten filamentlamps 33
Hazardous environment 16 Type ofProtection (see 'Ex')
High pressurelamps 33,35 UtilizationFactor 8, 58
High pressuremercurylamp 35,37 Vapours 16, 19
High pressuresodium lamp 35,37 Visualperformance 40
Hostileenvironment 10 WiringSystems 72
HMFI 9 Ex 'd' 73
HSE 9 Ex 'e' 75
IEC 9 Ex 'N' 75
Zonalclassification 8, 18
Lighting in HostileandHazardousEnvironments 87
CIBS
TheChartered Institution
ofBuildingServices
The Chartered Institution of Building Services was formed in March 1976 by the
granting of a Charter to the Council of the Institution of Heating and Ventilating
Engineers. The Charter made provision for the amalgamation ofthe IHVE (founded
in 1897) and the Illuminating EngineeringSociety (1909), and the amalgamationtook
place onthe firstofJanuary, 1978.
Themainobjects oftheInstitution, as specified in theCharter, are:
(1) the promotion for the benefit of the public in general of the art,
science and practice of such engineering practices as are associated
with the builtenvironment,and
(2) the advancement of education and research in building services
engineering, and the publication ofthe useful results of such research.

TR 4 Daytime lighting
i
TR 13 Industrial areafloodlighting
ultipte design
ctors
— Preprints
0'•
All pubIictions are available frm CIBS Publications Department,

Delta House, 222 Balharn HighRoad, London W129BS. Phone01-675 5211
- -. .:---- £ -<-. -.

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Lighting in hostile and hazardous environments is a complex subject which is

The CIBS wishesto acknowledgethe helpprovided by the followingorganisations

8. Wiring Systems and Installations

9. Inspection and Maintenance 79

CIBS Application Guide

6 CIBS Application Guide

Lightingin Hostile andHazardousEnvironments 7

Type ofProtection A technique of explosion protection that is applied to an apparatusor part of an

CIBS Application Guide

Lightingin Hostile and HazardousEnvironments 9

General attack Pitting lntercrystallinecOrrOsion

Layer corrosion Selective corrosion Depasit carrasian

Fig. 3.1 Schematicillustrationsofdifferenttypesofcorrosion.

Table 3.1 Chemical resistanceofsome materials used for luminaires.

TEMP* CHEMICAL COMPATIBILITY**

Table 3.2 Resistanceofsome AluminiumMaterials used for Luminaires

Fig. 3.2 BritishStandard KitemarkandSafety Mark

There is always a danger of explosion wherever flammable materials are manufac-

16 CIBS Application Guide

CENELEC Non-Harmonised EEC Standards

Figure 4.1 Typical Zonal Classification diagram ofplant

General BS4683 Pt. 1. 1971 IEC 79.0

Ex 'd' Flameproof BS229 1957

Ex 'e' Increased Safety BS4683 Pt. 4. 1973

Ex ia' IntrinsicSafety BS1259 1958

Ex 'ib' Intrinsic Safety

Ex 'p' Pressurisation BS5501 Pt. 3. 1977 EN5O.016 IEC 79.2

Ex 's' Special Protection BASEEFA SFA3009.1972 Not yetpublished Not yetpublished

Ex Non Sparking BS4683 Pt. 3. 1972(Type N)

GLASS CEMENTED GLASSCEMENTED

Fig. 4.2 Typicalmethods ofprotecting flameproofflanges.

22 CIBS Application Guide

Lightingin Hostile andHazardousEnvironments 23

Name Country Marks Used

EEC Mark ofCertification EEC E

LCIE Paris France AE

NEMKO Oslo Norway

Factory Mutual. Norwood United States ofAmerica

Underwriters Laboratory. Northbrook United States of America

CSA. Toronto Canada

Fig. 4.3 International CertifyingAuthorities and RegistrationMarks (this listis not

Lightingin Hostile and Hazardous Environments 25

Table 4.3 International Standards

CENELECStandard EN50 EN 50 EN 50 EN 50 EN50 EN 50 EN 50

Belgium NBN NBN NBN NBN NBN NBN NBN

Denmark AFSNIT AFSNIT AFSNIT AFSNIT AFSNIT AFSNIT AFSNIT

Finland SFS4094 SFS4095 SFS4096 SFS4097 SFS4098 SFS4099 SFS4100

Italy CEI CEI CEI CET CE! CEI CEI

Netherlands NEN- MEN- MEN- NEN- NEN- NEN- MEN-

Norway NEN- NEN- NEN- NEN- NEN- NEN- NEN-

Spain UNE UNE UNE UNE UNE UNE UNE

Switzerland SEV SEV SEV SEV SEV SEV SEV

UK BS 5501 BS5501 BS5501 BS 5501 BS 5501 BS5501 BS 5501

26 CIBS Application Guide

Table4.4 Temperature Classification

4.5.5 ProductMarking &

Lightingin Hostile andHazardousEnvironments 29

luminaire in addition to the relevant letter reference (d' in this example).

Lightingin Hostile and HazardousEnvironments 31

TubularFluorescentLamps Low Pressure

However development in lamp technology is continuing to take place and may

Fig. 5.1 A guide to the efficacy oflamptypes.

Small Edison Screw