Profiling the top five wind power farms operating

in India
❑Muppandal Wind Farm: 1,500MW. Situated in Kanyakumari district of
the Indian state of Tamil Nadu
❑Jaisalmer Wind Park: 1,600 MW

❑Brahmanvel Wind Farm: 528MW

❑Dhalgaon Wind Farm: 278MW

❑Vankusawade Wind Park: 259MW

WHAT IS A WIND TURBINE?

It is a device which converts the kinetic

energy of the wind to mechanical energy.
Different types of wind turbines
Basic Designs of Wind Turbines
• One convenient categorization is the following:
– “Horizontal” Axis Machines
– “Vertical” Axis Machines
• The words “horizontal” and “vertical” are normally
used, but we are really referring to rotors with axes
that are either parallel (horizontal) or perpendicular
(vertical) to the local wind velocity.
• Each type has certain advantages and disadvantages
Wind Turbine Classification
• Horizontal Axis Machines: Machines with rotors that
move in a plane perpendicular to the direction of the
wind.
– A farmers windmill, for example.
• Vertical Axis Machines: Machines that have the
working surfaces traveling in the direction of the wind.
– These machines are sometimes called “panemones.”
Examples of Horizontal Axis
Machines
Examples of Vertical Axis Machines
Advantages of Vertical Axis
Machines
• The generator and gearbox can be placed on the ground
• The structure is usually simpler.
• You do not need a yaw (pointing) mechanism to turn
the rotor against the wind.
• These are easier for hobbyists to build – little detailed
knowledge of aerodynamics is needed for simple
designs.
Disadvantages of Vertical Axis
Machines
• These structures are low to the ground, where wind
speeds are lowest.
• The overall efficiency is much lower than horizontal
axis machines.
• Most vertical axis machines are not self starting.
• Many vertical axis machines require guy wires which
greatly increase the structural footprint.
• Maintenance is usually more difficult.
– For example, replacement of the generator typically
requires disassembly of the entire machine.
Current Status of Vertical Axis
Machines
• The only commercially available vertical axis machine
that was built in large quantities was the Darrieus rotor,
built by Flowind Inc.
• Flowind declared bankruptcy in 1997.
• There are several vertical axis concepts that are being
studied.
– They all face the same challenges that scuttled previous
efforts.
VAWT that are Under Development
Other VAWT Designs
Other VAWT Designs (continued)
Other VAWT Designs (continued)
Advantages of Horizontal Axis
Machines
• The efficiency is higher than that of vertical axis
machines.
• They are easier to mount high enough to avoid much of
the ground effect.
• They are self starting.
• They are less expensive.
• The technology is better developed.
• They are available commercially.
Disadvantages of Horizontal Axis
Machines
• Many of the important parts that require maintenance
are high off the ground.
• A yaw mechanism must be in place to turn the turbine
into the wind.
How Many Blades?
• Two-blade designs are problematic because they can
lead to structural instability for stiff structures.
– This is because as one blade passes the wind shade of the
tower, generating its minimum lift, the other blade is above
the tower generating its maximum lift.
• Three blade designs avoid this problem, and are able to
rotate slower.
– This is more or less the standard design right now – and is
called (at least by the Danes) the “Classical Danish Design.”
• This terminology also refers to certain control and power take off
schemes.
Noise Issues with Wind Turbine
Design
• There have been complaints concerning noise
generated by wind turbines.
• They are really not very loud, but the noise they do
put out is pretty much constant!
– There are stories of homesteading settlers, driven insane by
the constant west Texas wind, running out of there homes
and across the plains, never to be seen again!
• The noise level doesn’t bother most people, but we
should probably avoid instigating insanity among
even a small portion of the populace.
Mechanical Noise in Wind Turbines
• Mechanical noise emanates from moving parts such as
gearboxes and Shafts.
– Gearboxes can be designed for quite operation, and insulated
to reduce noise.
• Certain gear designs (hard surface, softer interior, for example)
are quieter than others.
– Unstable vibrations of turbine blades and structures can emit
sound.
• This problem has largely been eliminated through the use of
finite element analysis and other modern structural design tools.
 Aerodynamic Noise in Wind
Turbines
• Sources of Aerodynamic Noise
– Vibrations induced by Aerodynamic effects may be in the
audible range.
– A portion of the irreversible losses that occur as the wind
transfers energy
– Just as with mechanical noise, these effects can all be
minimized through the use of modern design tools.
Wind Turbine components
Blade Design
 SOME IMPORTANT POINTS
● ROTOR AERODYNAMICS

● ROTOR BLADE

● POWER CONTROL

● BRAKING SYSTEM

● GENERATOR

● TOWER
ROTOR AERODYNAMICS

● LIFT
● STALL
● WHAT HAPPENS IN A WIND TURBINE...
● Rotor blade
ROTOR BLADES

● A rotor blade will stop giving lift thus rotating if

the angle of attack is too steep .
● Thus, rotor blade has to be twisted to attain an
optimum angle of attack throughout the length.
● It also helps stop the wind turbine in case of high
wind speeds .
Blade Design
POWER CONTROL

● Normally wind turbines operate under wind speed

of 33mph or 30 knots.
● Thus, turbines which work at high efficiency at
high wind speeds is useless.
● Moreover, they need to waste excess energy to
avoid damage to it.
● It can be done safely by two ways
1.PITCH CONTROLLED WIND TURBINE

● Turbines electronic controller checks the output

several times a sec.
● When power output becomes too high it pitches
the blade(turns by an angle) out of the wind.
● Conversely, it turns it back when the wind speed
reduces.
2.STALL CONTROLLED WIND TURBINES

● These have rotor blades bolted into the hub

at angle.
● It is designed such that as soon as the wind
speed becomeeeeees high turbulence is
created.
● Advantage over pitch controlled is that they
have no moving part in the rotor blade.
3.OTHER POWER CONTROL SYSTEM

⚪ Some older wind turbines use flaps to

control power just like an aeroplane.
⚪ Another technique is to yaw the turbine.
⚪ This is in practice for only small
turbines(1 kW).
BRAKING MECHANISM

⚪ It essential for turbines to stop automatically in

case malfunction of components.
⚪ Thus, it is necessary to have an over speed safety
system.
⚪ There are two types of braking:-
1.aerodynamic braking system
2.mechanical breaking system
1.Aerodynamic braking system

⚪ It consists of turning the rotor blades or

tips about 900 about the longitudinal axis.
⚪ They are spring operated and thus work
even in case of power failure.
⚪ They have a very gentle and secure way
of stop the rotor thus avoiding the
damage.
⚪ They are extremely safe .
MECHANICAL BRAKING SYSEM

⚪ they act as back-up for other mechanism.

 GENERATOR

⚪ They are a bit different

than other turbines b'coz
they have to handle
changing mechanical
torque.
⚪ They usually produce
around 690 V, 50 or 60
Hz, 3 phase ac.
 Towers
Lattice tower Tubular steel towers,

Guyed Pole Tower

Concrete tower
Wind Farms
 Location
Wind speed
Altitude
Wind park effect
Environmental and
aesthetic impacts
Effect on power grid