Sta1510 Zulu Translation

Umnyango We-statistics
STA1510
I-Statistics Sezinga Eliyisisekelo

I-Study guide se-STA1510
Open Rubric
UHLA LOKUNGAPHAKATHI
IYUNITHI YESIFUNDO SOKU-1

1.1 Ukuqhathanisa isampula nobuningi bezinto ezibalwayo 1
1.2 Izinhlobo zama-variable 2
1.3 Amazinga okukala 3
IYUNITHI YESIFUNDO SESI-2

2.1 Amathebula namashadi amaqoqo edatha 5
2.2 Amathebula namashadi amaqoqo edatha eyizinombolo 5
2.3 Idayagramu yobudlelwano kanye namathebula okwendlaleka 8
2.4 Okufingqiwe 10

3.1 Indawo yobunding bedatha 11
3.2 Izikali zokusabalala 13
3.3 Izikali zobudlelwano 16
3.4 Okufingqiwe 20

4.1 Isingeniso 21
4.2 Ukusebenzisa i-probability emiphumeleni yokuhlola 23
4.3 Ukubalwa kwe-probability 25
4.4 Isivivinyo sokuzihlola ngokwakho 38
4.5 Izixazululo zezivivinyo zokuzihlola ngokwakho 42
4.6 Okufingqiwe

5.1 Isingeniso 45
5.2 Ukwendlaleka kwe-probability yama-variable ahluke ngokuqhakambile
akhethwe noma kanjani 47
5.3 Ukwendlaleka komphumela ongakubili 52
5.4 Ukwendlaleka kwe-Poisson 55
5.5 Isivivinyo sokuzihlola ngokwakho 57
5.6 Izixazululo zezivivinyo zokuzihlola ngokwakho 59
5.7 Okufingqiwe

6.1 Isingeniso 61
6.2 Ukwendlaleka okujwayelekile nokwendlaleka okulinganisiwe 62
6.3 Isivivinyo sokuzihlola ngokwakho
6.4 Izixazululo zezivivinyo zokuzihlola ngokwakho
6.5 Okufingqiwe 82

7.1 Isingeniso 83
7.2 Ukwendlaleka kwesampula le-mean 85
7.3 Ukwendlaleka kwesampula le-proportion 92
7.4 Isivivinyo sokuzihlola ngokwakho sesigaba 7.2
7.5 Isivivinyo sokuzihlola ngokwakho sesigaba 7.3
7.6 Izixazululo zezivivinyo zokuzihlola ngokwakho zesigaba 7.2
7.7 Izixazululo zezivivinyo zokuzihlola ngokwakho zesigaba 7.3
7.8 Okufingqiwe

8.1 Isingeniso 108
8.2 Isikali sesigamu semikhawulo yokuqinisekisa se-mean lapho i-standard
deviation saziwa sezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo 110
8.3 Isikali sesigamu semikhawulo yokuqinisekisa se-mean lapho i-standard
deviation singaziwa sezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo 112
8.4 Isikali sesigamu semikhawulo yokuqinisekisa se-proportion 117
8.7 Okufingqiwe

9.1 Isingeniso 121
9.2 Izigamu zomqondo owendlalekile wokuvivinya i-hypothesis 122
9.3 Ukuvivinywa kwe-hypothesis ye-mean 125
9.4 Ukuvivinywa kwe-hypothesis ye-proportion 131
9.7 Okufingqiwe
IYUNITHI YESIFUNDO SE-10

10.1 Isingeniso 137
10.2 Izigamu zemiqondo eyendlalekile yokuvivinya i-Chi-square 137
10.3 Ukuvivinya kwe-Chi-square okumayelana nokuzimela 138
10.4 Okufingqiwe 141

11.1 Isingeniso 142
11.2 Umugqa webika lokuzokwenzeka kuma-variable 143
11.3 Isingeniso ekuhlaziyweni kobudlelwano bokuhambelana 145
11.4 Okufingqiwe 148
I-STATISTICS!
Igama elithi statistics lenza abantu balenanele ngezindlela ezihlukene, kusukela

ekucasukeni kuya ekuncomeni. Ngabe nawe ukholwa ukuthi i-statistics sinzima futhi siyinto
engenamsebenzi? Eqinisiweni, ngifisa ukuthi akunjalo neze, kodwa-ke uma ubuka izinto
kanjalo, iyona kanye le mojuli ezokwenza ukwazi ukubhekana ngqo nalo mcabango bese
uwuguqula kancane kancane uze ube umcabango ozokumangaza mayelana nesidingo
kanye namandla etiyori ye-statistics, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-statistics ngobuhlakani
emikhakheni eyehlukene. Inhloso yami ukukubonisa ukuthi empeleni i-statistics yisihloko
esifike ngesikhathi esifanele, esakha ingxenye ebalulekile yokuthuthuka komqondo wakho!
Cishe ukuthi le mojuli iyona kuphela ezokuhlanganisa ne-statistics ngenkathi wenza izifundo
zakho zeziqu zasenyuvesi noma iziqu zediploma futhi inhloso yami ukwenza lesi singeniso
se-statistics sibe ngesihlaba umxhwele kakhulu ngangendlela okungenzeka ngayo.
Sonke kunendawo esihlose ukufinyelela kuyo futhi-ke wena, njengoba ungumfundi, kufanele
uphokophelele emsebenzini omusha ojabulisayo noma ekwenzeni ngcono amakhono akho
emfundo ephakeme. Ungawabukeli neze phansi amandla omqondo wakho maqondana
nendawo oyogcina ufinyelele kuyo ngale mfundo yeziqu osuyibhalisele. Ukungasithandi i-
statistics ngenxa yokuthi awuzithandi izinombolo, noma ngenxa yokuthi awusiqondi isidingo
semojuli ye-statistics kuzoba nomthelela endleleni ofunda ngayo futhi nasendleleni
oqhubekela phambili ngayo.
Kumele ube "nomqondo ovulekile" maqondana nalokhu osuzokufunda; kuvumele-ke

kujubalalise umqondo wakho. Ngicela uzame ngempela, ngoba kuyacaca ukuthi lokhu
kuzoba ngukuzakhela ingomuso lakho empilweni yakho wena uqobo nasohlangothini
lomsebenzi owufundele. Cabanga ngempumelelo futhi cabanga nangesiphetho sohambo
lwakho, okuyilezo ziqu ofuna ukuziphothula!
MASIYE khona-ke!
Zitshele lokhu okulandelayo: Ngifuna ukusifunda, ngisithande
futhi ngisisebenzise i-statistics!
Ngiqinisekile ukuthi kunemibuzo eminingi onayo emqondweni wakho futhi-ke njengoba

ufunda usekhaya, ngizobe ngiyilindele eminye yaleyo mibuzo:
Umbuzo woku-1
Kuzongisiza ngani ukuthola lolu lwazi?
Amakhono e-statistics aba yizindlela eziningi futhi yize ungakuboni lokho, kodwa amaningi
awo uhlale uwasebenzisa mihla namalanga empilweni yakho. Maduze nje, wonke umuntu
uzophoqeleka ukuthi abe sezingeni elithile ngokolwazi lwezibalo (numeracy) esikoleni futhi i-
statistics naso sesiqalisiwe emazingeni ezikole. Ukufunda umqondo wolwazi lendima ethile
(concept) ngenhliziyo akuyona into enegalelo elibalulekile kwi-statistics ngoba lesi yisifundo
esimayelana nokucabanga, ukuba nolwazi kanye nokwazi ukulusebenzisa ulwazi. Vumela
ukucabanga ngokulandelana kwezinto kube yikhona okuzokuhola emithethweni
nemiphumela.
Kuzokusiza ngani lokhu na? I-statistics sizokwenza ucebe ngolwazi olusebenza emizileni
eyehlukene yempilo, ngenxa yokuthi siwulwazi oluphilayo, olusebenziseka noma kuphi lapho
lufaneleke khona. Empeleni asigcini nje ngokuqoqa ulwazi kuphela, olubizwa ngedatha.
Thina sizodlulela phambili ngale kwedatha futhi wena uzokuba ngumuntu ohambe ehlolisisa,
ngokuguqula ulwazi lube wubuhlakani. Emuva kokuphothula le mojuli, kufanele ube
usuziqonda izinto eziningi mayelana nempilo, iqhaza lokuthatha izinqumo kanye
nokubaluleka kolwazi lwesayensi kwezokuphatha nokulawula.
Umbuzo wesi-2
Nhloboni ye-statistics esikule mojuli?
Ababhali bencwadi emiselwe ukufunda bayachaza esendlalelweni ukuthi inhloso yabo

kwakungukwethula i-statistics ngendlela ehlaba umxhwele futhi elusizo. Baphumelele
kulokhu futhi nasekusebenziseni kwabo ulwazi lwesimanje kwezobuchwepheshe.
Ungayifunda uyiphothule le mojuli noma ngabe ungenayo ikhompyutha, kodwa-ke uma
ikhona ongayisebenzisa, ungazijwayeza amasoftiwe ahlukene e-statistics kanye nolwazi
lokwengezela olunikezwe kwi-CD-ROM ehambisana nencwadi yokufunda ngayinye. Le
mojuli iyimojuli eyinsiza yabafundi abasezindimeni ezihlukene futhi abasuke benolwazi
oluyisisekelo oluhlukene. Ngakho-ke sihlukile kuleso esine-mathematics kakhudlwana
esifundiswa abafundi baseKolishi Lesayensi, noma abafundi baseKolishi Lesayensi
Yezomnotho Nezokuphatha abasuke befunda i-statistics njengesifundo esiyi-major. Lena
yimojuli ezimele, njengoba futhi ingeke yaba ngemiselwe ukuba yisandulelo senye imojuli
kunoma yiliphi izinga kwi-statistics.
Umbuzo wesi-3
Kumele ngiyifunde kanjani le mojuli?
Khumbula ukuthi abafundi abehlukene banezindlela ezihlukile zokufunda, ngakho-ke ayikho

ngempela indlela yokusho ukuthi singakanani isikhathi ozosisebenzisa ukulungisilela le
mojuli. Isikhathi osisebenzisa ufunda akusho ukuthi sihambelana nokuhlakanipha. Iqiniso
elisemqoka kakhulu engifuna ukuligcizelela ngukuthi i-Statistics sidinga uhlale ugxile kuso
njalo nje futhi ngendlela eqhubekayo! Udinga isikhathi sokucabangisisa ngolwazi
osulutholile. Sicela uzenzele uhlelo lwesikhathi sokufunda lwawo wonke amamojuli
owabhalisele, futhi ucabange nangezinsuku okumele ama-asayimenti alethwe ngazo kanye
nesimo sakho wena uqobo.
Umbuzo wesi-4
Ngingaqhubeka yini ne-statistics uma sengiyiphothulile le mojuli?
Njengoba bese kushiwo, lena yimojuli eyinsiza. Ngeke ukwazi ukwethula le mojuli ngoba
ufuna ukuvunyelwa ukungayenzi noma iyiphi enye imojuli eyi-major ye-statistics e-Unisa.
Phezu kwalokho, le mojuli ngeke yaba yingxenye yesifundo esiyi-major ye-statistics.
Siyethemba ukuthi le mojuli izosabalalisa umqondo wakho futhi ikwenze usithande i-
statistics kodwa-ke uma ufuna ukuba i-statistics sibe yisifundo esiyi-major yakho, kufuneka
uphinde uqale phansi ezingeni lokuqala. Isizathu salesi sitatimende esidikibalisayo wukujula
kolwazi nendlela okwethulwa ngayo le mojuli, eyehluke kakhulu ekufundiseni okujwayelekile
okuhambelana kakhulu ne-methametics kwamamojuli ayingxenye ye-major ye-statistics.
Umbuzo wesi-5
Kuzokwenzekani uma ngingakwazi ukusebenzisa i-CD-ROM?
Uma ungeke ukwazi ukuya ehhovisi lesifunda, noma uma ungenayo ikhompyutha noma
uma ikhompyutha yakho ingeke ikwazi ukufunda i-CD-ROM, usengakwazi ukuyiphothula
ngempumelelo le mojuli. Ngeke uhlolwe olwazini lokwengezela olunikezwe kwi-CD noma
ubuzwe ukuthi ungayakha kanjani i-descriptive measure ethile kwamanye ama-phrogremu
esoftiwere ye-statistics. Yebo, i-CD ilusizo kakhulu kulabo benu abakwaziyo ukufinyelela
kwikhompyutha yesimanje ngoba isebenza njengohlelo lwe-tutor yokwengezela. Sonke kuba
sengathi siziqonda kangcono izinto uma zenziwa ngokwenza kwangempela (practical),
ngamaqoqwana edatha yokwengezela, izithombe njalo njalo. Uma unothando ngempela
lwe-statistics futhi usibona njengento engaba lusizo emsebenzini wakho, uzokubona
ukubaluleka kokufinyelela kwikhompyutha. Uso-statistics wesimanje udinga ikhompyutha
ngendlela efanayo nalapho isizukulwane esingaphambili kade sidinga ama-calculator
afakwa ekhukhwini!
Umbuzo wesi-6
Iyini incwadi eqoqela ndawonye (noma isiqondisi sencwadi yokufunda)?
Lokhu okufunda njengamanje yisiqondisi sencwadi yokufunda. Lena yindlela yokukhuluma

nawe ngendlela efana nokufundiswa nguthisha wasenyuvesi okuhlalwa ngaphakathi kuyo,
lapho ekhuluma nabafundi bakhe. Ngiyazi ukuthi amagama abhalwe ephepheni ngeke aze
akwazi ukuthatha indawo yokuxhumana ngqo kodwa ngizozama ukuthi ngisondele kulokho
ngangokusemandleni. Kulesi siqondisi, ngifake izigaba ezithile ezifingqiwe, ngixoxa
ngezigaba ezibukhuni, ngikukhombise nezigaba okudingeka zibe yingxenye yokulungiselela
kwakho ukuhlolwa, futhi-ke ngizokunika into ebizwa ngemisebenzi. Ifana nezibonelo
esezenziwe, kodwa-ke ngiyakunika ithuba lokuthi uke uzizame ngokwakho ngaphambi
kokuthi ubheke izisombululo zami. Indlela okumele uyilandele yile elandelayo:
● Funda isigaba esithile esisencwadini yokufunda (esisebhulokhini ekuqaleni
kweyunithi yesifundo ngayinye).
● Funda isigaba esihambelana nayo esikulesi siqondisi sencwadi yokufunda.
● Zama ukuphendula imibuzo ekulowo msebenzi ohambelana naleso sigaba.

Ungazibheki izisombululo zami ezisekugcineni kweyunithi yesifundo ngasinye
ngaphambi kokuzama kakhulu ngempela ukuzenzela ngokwakho.
Kungenzeka ube neminye imibuzo futhi uma ibalulekile kube kukhona nokungakuphathi
kahle, thintana nothisha wakho wasenyuvesi. Kungenzeka uthole ukuthi usuyakwazi
ukuziphendulela ngokwakho imibuzo ngokuqhubeka konyaka!
Uhlaka kwale mojuli
Zonke izihloko ngqangi ze-statistics okumele uzifunde zifakiwe encwadini emiselwe

ukufunda. Eqinisweni, kule ncwadi yokufunda zikhona nezihloko zokwengezela ezingeyona
ingxenye yale mojuli. Lapha ngezansi kukhonjiswe ngokucacile lezo zahluko ezimiselwe
ukuhlola kodwa-ke funda amanothi akumayunithi ezifundo ehlukene ukuze uthole
imininingwane enemidanti.
Kumele uzazi lezi zahluko ezilandelayo maqondana nokuhlolwa:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Organizing and visualizing data
Chapter 3: Numerical Descriptive Measures
Chapter 4: Basic Probability
Chapter 5: Discrete Probability Distributions
Chapter 6: The Normal Distribution
Chapter 7: Sampling and Sampling Distributions
Chapter 8: Confidence Interval Estimation

Chapter 9: Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing: One-Sample Tests
Chapter 11: Chi-Square Tests
Chapter 12: Simple Linear Regression
Ngeke ukwazi ukwenza le mojuli ngaphandle kwencwadi emiselwe ukufunda. Kumele

uqinisekise futhi ukuthi uthenga ushicilelo lwayo olufanele. Kumele uziphathe ngobunono
zonke izincwadi zakho omiselwe ukuzifunda, noma ngabe usuwaqedile amamojuli ahlukene.
Zizokuba yizincwadi eziyigugu ongacobelela kuzona emsebenzini wakho wamanje noma
wangomuso. Qaphela ukuthi ngesikhathi kwakhiwa le mojuli, umgomo bekuwukuthi ama-
asayimenti akho namaphepha okuhlolwa konke kuzoba nemibuzo engokhethi-khethi
(multiple choice) ngenxa yobuningi babafundi ababhalisele le mojuli. Iningi lemibuzo
esemisebenzini ekule ncwadi eqoqelwe ndawonye nayo izokuba ngokhethi-khethi. Kodwa-
ke ezinye izimiselo ngqangi zingachazeka kabanzi embuzweni ojwayelekile.
Okuqukethwe kule mojuli kuhlukaniswe kwaba amayunithi ezifundo eziyi-11.
Okokufunda
Izinto zakho zokufunda kukhona kuzo
● incwadi emiselwe ukufunda: imininingwane iku-Tut 101
● nale study guide
Amanothi
● Incwadi yokufunda kumele uzithengele ngokwakho ngokushesha okukhulu!
● I-Tutorial Letter 101, equkethe ulwazi ngokwendlalekile kanye nemibuzo yama-

asayimenti iyingxenye yezinto zokufunda ozithole ngesikhathi sokubhalisa.
Sicela uqinisekise ukuthi uyyithola i-study guide kanye ne-Tutorial Letter 101 ngesikhathi
ubhalisa. Uma usuyithengile incwadi emiselwe ukufunda, uzobe usukulungele ukuqala
ukufunda kwakho okusha futhi okujabulisayo. Uma ukwazi ukufinyelela kwi-inthanethi,
ngena ku-myUnisa bese ujoyina izinkundla zokuxoxa eziamayelana namamojuli ehlukene
owabhalisele. Ukufunda usekhaya kungakwenza uzizwe uwedwana, ngakho-ke thola
ukuxhumana noma ubohlale uhlangana nontanga nabo ababhalisele le mojuli. Bheka izinto
ezikhona endaweni bese uhlola ukuthi ungaluthola yini ulwazi lwe-statistics emphakathini
wangakini, ubandakanye nabazali bakho, abangani, njalo njalo.
T P Mohlala
IYUNITHI YESIFUNDO SOKU-1
ISAHLUKO SOKUFUNDA SOKU-1
Imibuzo esemqoka kule yunithi
Siyini i-statistics?
Uyiqoqa kanjani futhi uyifingqe kanjani idatha?
Zinhlobo zini zama-variable ezikhona?
1.1 UKUQHATHANISA ISAMPULA NEZINTO ZONKE EZIBALWAYO

(POPULATION)
Isahluko sokuqala sikhuluma ngokwenabile futhi sikunika ulwazi oluhle kakhulu

lokwendlalela ulwazi oluzolandela. Cisho impela ukuthi uzohlangana nemiqondo yolwazi
lwezindima ezintsha kuwena; ezinye zizobukeka sengathi zijwayelekile kodwa-ke uzobe
ungenasiqinisekiso sokuthi zibaluleke kanjani noma zisho ukuthini. Ngabe yisona yini lesi
sikhathi lapho uye ucabange khona ukuthi i-statistics siyisicefe futhi sinezinto eziningi
ezingathi shu? Woza siye khona! Akukho lutho oluhle empilweni ovele uluthole kalula nje!
Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa ulimi oluthile, kumele ufunde amagama akhathazayo futhi kuthi
uma usukwazi ukuwasebenzisa emishweni lawo magama, kube yilapho lolo limi seluqala
ukuzwakala bese ukwazi-ke ukuzwa ubumnandi nobuhle balo obuphelele! Yiba nesineke,
kukhona amaqiniso ngqangi kanye nemiqondo yolwazi lwezindima okumele uzifunde! Ake
sithi fahlafahla ngezinto "zokuqalisa".
Qinisekisa ukuthi uyakuqonda okushiwo yizinto zonke ezibalwayo (population) kanye

nesampula. Khumbula ukuthi izinto zokukala
● isampula zibizwa nge-statistic
● izinto sezizonke ezibalwayo zibizwa ngezimpawu ezikalekayo ngezinombolo

(parameters)
Ulwazi olusethebuleni lapha ngezansi luzoya ngokuya lukucacela ngenkathi siqhubeka
nalesi sahluko. Uma ungazi ukuthi zisho ukuthini izindlela zokukala ubuningi endaweni noma
ukufana nokwehluka kokwendlaleka kwento ekalwayo, sebenzisa leli thebula ukuthola
kabanzi.
Table 1.1 Ukuqhathanisa isampula nobuningi bezinto ezibalwayo
Isampula Izinto sezizonke

ezibalwayo
Iqoqwana lokuhlolwayo
okutholakele Konke okuhlolwayo
okutholakele
Okokukala I-statistic Uphawu olukaleka

ngenombolo
I-mean yezinto sezizonke

Izindlela zokukala umumo I-mean yesampula
ezibalwayo
nokwakheka
I-median yezinto sezizonke
I-avareji
I-median yesampula ezibalwayo
I-mode yezinto sezizonke

Ingxenye ephakathi ezibalwayo
I-mode yesampula
nendawo
Ingxenye elokhu ivela

ukudlula ezinye
Ukukalwa kokufana
nokwehluka kokwendlaleka
I-range
I-range yezinto sezizonke

ezibalwayo
I-standard deviation (SD)
I-range yesampula I-standard deviation yezinto
sezizonke ezibalwayo
I-standard deviation
yesampula
Manje sesifika kuma-variable kanye nomehluko phakathi kwama-variable a-qualitative

nalawo a-quantitative. Indlela yokubalula ubunjalo bezimpawu zedatha iyona ndawo
yokuqala kunoma ikuphi ukuhlaziya ngokwe-statistics, ngakho kumele uyazi idatha yakho!
Ngingathanda ukukuqeqesha ukuze ukwazi ukuhlaziya ukucubungulwa kwe-statistics
okusuke kushicilelwe, ukuze ukwazi ukuthatha isinqumo sokuthi ngabe leyo miphumela
ithembeke ngempela yini. Lokhu kuqala ngohlobo lwedatha kanye nohlobo olufanele
lokuhlaziya oluhambelana nayo.
1.2 IZINHLOLBO ZAMA-VARIABLE
Manje sesifika kuma-variable kanye nomehluko phakathi kwama-variable ezigaba

(qualitative) kanye nama-variable abalekayo (quantitative). Sicela ukuqonde ukuthi
kunomehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo zama-variable kanye namazinga okukala. Ama-variable
aye ahlelwe ngokuthi anezigaba (cabanga ngento efana nekhwalithi yempilo) noma kuthiwe
ayabaleka (okusho into okwaziyo ukuyibala). Ulwazi olunjalo lunganikezwa ngethebula. Uma
nje sewazi ukuthi i-variable yakho ingebalekayo, kuyasiza ukuzibuza ukuthi ngabe wena
ubalile ngempela yini (okusho ihluke ngokuqhakambile) noma ukalile (okusho eqhubekayo)
ngenkathi uqoqa amanani.
<*Production, Please see layout. and format of arrows (yellow

marked symbols) on p g 2 of original manuscript*>
Table 1.2 Ama-variable ezigaba nalawo abalekayo
I-variable yezigaba I-variable ebalekayo
(izinhlobo eziningana) 
Hluka ngokuqhakambile Eqhubekayo
Izimpawu ezithile kuphela Noma iliphi inani

ozibalile elingaphakathi kwesigamu
obusikala
Idatha Idatha Idatha
Idatha ibekwa ngamahlandla Yakhiwa ngokubala ama- Yakhiwa ngokukala

okuvela kwayo kuphela (bala element izingxenye ezithile zama-
ama-element ngezinhlobo) element
Amahlandla okuvela kwayo

angabekwa futhi
njengamaphesenti
1.3 AMAZINGA OKUKALA
Uma i-variable seyikaliwe, kumele wazi ukuthi ihlaziywa kanjani leyo datha (okukalwayo
sekubekwe ndawonye) kodwa ukuze ukwazi ukwenza lokhu, kudingeka uyibheke ngeso
elibukhali i-variable. Kunikezwe amazinga amane okukalwayo, abizwa ngezikali. Idatha kuba
ngeyezigaba noma eyokulandelana. Kuncane esingakusho ngedatha yezigaba kodwa
idatha yokulandelana ingachazwa njengebanga lokuhlukana ngezigamu zama-interval noma
i-ratio. Qinisekisa ukuthi uyawuqonda umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo zedatha.
<*Production, Please see layout and format of arrows (yellow

marked symbols) on p3 of original manuscript*>
Ithebula 1.3 Okokukala
Eyezigaba Eyokulandelana
Eyokulandelana Ukushiyana I-ratio

kwezigamu
Izigaba noma Okukhethwayo Ukuphawulwa Uziro wangoqobo

izimpawu. Uma kubekwa ngokwezinombolo usuke ekhona futhi
kusetshenziswa ngokulandelana. kukhombisa okuphindaphindiwe
izinombolo, azisho Izinombolo zibekwa ukulandelana kusho okuthile.
lutho ngokokubala. ngokulandelana kwezinto kanye
kwezigatshana, nebanga. Iyunithi
kodwa izigatshana yokukala isuke
zisuke zingamele ikhona kodwa isuke
ukukalwa kwezinto ingekho indawo
ezithile. enguziro
wangoqobo.
Umsebenzi 1.1
Umbuzo woku-1
Yiziphi kulezi zitatimende ezilandelayo okuyizona ezingafanele mayelana nenhlobo ye-

variable?
1. Ukuthi ngabe wena unomabonakude wePanasonic noma cha, lokhu kuyi-variable
yezigaba.
2. Isikhundla sakho sokuba ngumfundi ofunda ngokugcwele noma ofunda ngezikhathi

ezithile kuyi-variable ebalekayo.
3. Inani labantu obaziyo ababekhona ekuthwesweni kweziqu ngonyaka odlule yi-

variable ebalekayo, eyehluka ngokuqhakambile.
4. Imali oyikhokhe kade uyogunda kokugcina iyi-variable ebalekayo, eyehluke

ngokuqhakambile.
5. Isikhathi esithathwa uCyril ehamba esuka ekhaya eya esikhungweni sokuhlolwa yi-
variable ebalekayo, yesibalo esiqhubekayo.
Umbuzo wesi-2
Yimaphi kulawa ma-variable abalekayo alandelayo okuyiwona angaqhubeki (okusho ukuthi

yehluke ngokuqhakambile)?
1. Isisindo sakho
2. Umjikelezo wekhanda lakho (ngamasentimitha)
3. Isikhathi esithathwa nguJerome ehamba esuka ekhaya eya lapho ebamba khona
itekisi
4. Ubude bengalo kusuka endololwaneni kuya esihlakaleni
5. Ubuningi bemali eyinsimbi ekhona ephaketheni lakho
Izimpendulo ngalo msebenzi
Umbuzo woku-1
Impendulo yesi-2
1. Ifanele. Ungakhetha ukusebenzisa “uyebo” no“cha”. Le variable akuyona elandela

ukukalwa kwama-element kodwa ngeyokubalwa kwenani labantu abasesigabeni
ngasinye.
2. Ayifanele. Ungakhetha ukusebenzisa ukuthi ungumfundi ngokuphelele noma
ungumfundi ngezikhathi ezithile futhi lokhu kuyi-variable yezigaba, ngesizathu
esifanayo naleso esinikezwe kweyoku-1.
3. Ifanele. Impendulo yinani labantu abathile ongababala, okuyinto eyenza ukuba

impendulo ibe yinombolo futhi ingaba yizinombolo eziphelele (whole) kuphela,
ngakho-ke iyi-variable eyehluke ngokuqhakambile.
4. Ifanele. Impendulo yinani lentengo ngamarandi namasenti. Lezi yizinombolo, ngakho-

ke ziyabaleka, futhi lezi zinombolo zingakhula zifike endaweni yesibili yama-decimal
kuphela, ngakho-ke zehluke ngokuqhakambile.
5. Ifanele. Impendulo iyinombolo, ngakho-ke ingebalekayo, kodwa-ke isikhathi

singakaleka ncamashi kunoma iliphi izinga ngokuqonde ngqo. Ngakho le variable
ebalekayo iphinde futhi ibe ngeqhubekayo.
Umbuzo wesi-2
Impendulo yesi-5
1. Eqhubekayo. Impendulo iphakathi kwesigamu (interval).
2. Eqhubekayo. Okukalwayo kundawana thile phakathi kwesigamu sezinto

ezingenzeka.
3. Eqhubekayo. Isikhathi esithathwa nguJerome ehamba esuka ekhaya eya lapho

ebamba khona itekisi yinto ekalwayo.
4. Eqhubekayo. Ubude bengalo kusukela endolowaneni kuya esihlakaleni ngukukala.
5. Ayiqhubeki. Ubuningi bemali eyinsimbi esephaketheni lakho iyinani elihluke

ngokuqhakambile; kulula ukuyibala.
ISAHLUKO SOKUFUNDA SESI-2
Ulibhala kanjani ithebula ledatha ye-statistics?
Yiziphi izinhlobo zamagrafu ezikhona?
2.1 AMATHEBULA NAMASHADI AMAQOQO EDATHA
Kule yunithi yesifundo kuzogxilwa ezindleleni ezifanele zokuhlaziya idatha yezinto

ezibalekayo, kodwa sizoyiphetha ngesingeniso sokuqhathanisa ama-variable ezigaba
ngokusebenzisa ukuqhathanisa kwethebula.
Kuyadikibalisa ukuzama ukuthola ukuthi isho ukuthini idatha engahluziwe (okusuke

kuwulwazi nje oluvele lwaqodelwa ndawonye). Ngisho nabantu abangebona oso-statistician
basuke bekudinga ukwenza okuthile ngalolo lwazi. Indlela yokuqala elula
okungasetshenzwa ngayo idatha kungaba ukuyihlela kusukela kwencane kuya kwenkulu,
noma ngokulandelana kwe-alfabhethi, noma-ke uma kuyidatha engamaqoqo, ungadweba
ithebula bese usebenzisa i-bar chart, i-pie chart noma i-pareto chart ukukhombisa leyo
datha.
2.2 AMATHEBULA NAMASHADI EDATHA EYIZINOMBOLO
Kulesi sigaba esidlulile siye sathatha isinqumo sokuthi ubuningi bokwendlaleka kuyinto
engcono kakhulu kunokuvele ubhale lokho okukalwayo ngesikhathi kuqoshwa lolo lwazi.
Kodwa uma idatha isifakwe ezigabeni ezingefani, olunye lwalolo lwazi luyalahleka. Usuke
ungasenayo idatha ekaliwe kodwa usala nesibalo kusigaba ngasinye. Kuye kusetshenziswe
amashadi ehlukene ukukhombisa leyo datha futhi enye indlela ngukukhombisa ngesiqu
negatsha, okuyindlela enhle kakhulu yokwethula izinto ezibukwa ngeso. Akukho lwazi
olumayelana nedatha oluye lulahleke! Idatha futhi ibekwa ngamaqoqwana: iziqu
zihambisana nezigamu zamaqoqwana obuningi bokwendlaleka kwento kodwa amaqabunga
anikeza imininingwane ethe xaxa, ngoba aqopha ubunjalo bedatha ngempela kuleso sigamu
samaqoqwana. Qaphela ukuthi i-printout yekhompyutha yesiqu namaqabunga ye-MINITAB
ikunika enye ikholamu eyengeziwe ekhombisa isibalo senani lamaqabunga kusiqu ngasinye.
Uma uye wafunda wathola ukuthi kunezindawo ezingu 37 kulesi sigaba noma ngaphansana,
kodwa ube uzibonela ngawakho amehlo ukuthi kukhona amaqabunga ayisishiyagalolunye
kuphela, okungabo 5, 5, 5, 7, 8, 8, 9 no 9, ngokulandelana kanjalo, kungakuphathi kabi
lokho. Yini edala ukuthi lokhu kungabi wona amanga? Lapho kubhalwe khona, kuchaziwe
ukuthi kuyinto enokwenzeka ukuhlukanisa isiqu ngasinye sibe yimigqa emibili noma
ngaphezulu. Ake uphinde futhi ubheke i-printout, uzobona ukuthi iziqu seziphindwe kabili:
sekuno 1 ababili, no 2 ababili njalo njalo. Ngenxa yokuthi isiqu ngasinye besinezinombolo
eziningi kakhulu, isiqu ngasinye basihlukanise saba yizingxenye ezimbili. Isibonelo, kusiqu 1
zonke izinombolo kusukela ku 10 kuya ku 14 zibhalwa kumugqa wokuqala kanti zonke
izinombolo kusukela ku 15 kuya ku 19 zibhalwe emgqeni wesibili. I-outlier yinani ledatha
elisuke likude kakhulu kuneningi layo.
Yebo, uma lokho okuhloswe ukuthi kutholwe kuyindlela yokwakheka kwedatha (izinhlangothi
ezifanayo, ezitshekile) iziqu eziphindekayo akufanele zisetshenziswe uma kukhonjiswa isiqu
namaqabunga.
Umsebenzi 2.1
Umbuzo woku-1
Lo mbhalo wesiqu namaqabunga ukhombisa iminyaka yobudala yabantu abahlala eBlock A,

endaweni yasebethathe umhlalaphansi:
5 5
6 04
6 57
7 1112
7 5799
8 01334
8 666789
9 0124
9 78
Yisiphi isitatimende okuyisona esingafanele?
1. Kukhona amaphuzu edatha angu 39 kulesi siqu namaqabunga akhonjisiwe.
2. Umhlali osemncane kunabo bonke uneminyaka engu 55.
3. Bayisishigalombili abantu abaneminyaka ephakathi kwengu 70 nengu 80.
4. Azikho izinombolo ezingama-outlier kule datha.
5. Abantu abayingxenye ewuhhafu bangaphansi kweminya engu 83.
Umbuzo wesi-2
Lesi simo esilandelalyo sesiqu namaqabunga sikhombisa ubunjalo besimo lapho isiqu
sakhiwe ngamayunithi kanti iqabunga limele amadijithi angamadesimali.
3 0167
4 333
5 258
6 99
7 4
Yisiphi kulezi zitatimende ezilandelayo okuyisona esingafanele?
1. Inombolo okuyiyona evela kakhulu ngaphezu kwezinye ngu 4.3.
2. Kukhona amaphuzu edatha angu 13 kulesi siqu namaqabunga akhonjisiwe.
3. Izinombolo zokuqala zedatha ebezikhona ngabo 3.0, 3.1, 3.6, 3.7, 4.3, 5.2, 5.5,
5.8, 6.9 kanye no 7.4.
4. Amanani okuyiwona emancane kunawo wonke futhi nalawo amakhulu kunawo

wonke ngu 3.0 kanye no 7.4.
5. Uma ehlelwe ngokulandelana kusuka kokuncane, iphuzu elizoba phakathi

nendawo ngu 4.3.
Izindlela ezintathu zokusiza ekukhombiseni ubuningi bokwendlaleka kwento yi-histogram, i-
polygon yamaphesenti kanye ne-polygon yamaphesenti aqokelelene.
Umsebenzi 2.2
Umbuzo woku-1
Lokhu okukhulunywa ngakho lapha ngezansi kumayelana namagrafu anga-histogram. Thola

ukuthi yisiphi isitatimende okuyisona esingafanele.
1. Ama-histogram akhombisa ngegrafu ukwehlukana kwezigamu zamaqoqwana

kanye nobuningi bokuvela kwamaqoqwana.
2. Ama-histogram awakufanele ukusetshenziswa nedatha yezigaba.
3. Yize ukukhonjiswa ngesiqu namaqabunga kuwafanela kakhulu amaqoqwana

amancane edatha, amaqoqo edatha amakhulu wona-ke abekeka kangcono ngama-
histogram.
4. Ama-histogram ngamathuluzi amahle okuthola isimo sokwakheka kweqoqo ledatha,

uma nje isampula lilikhulu ngokugculisayo.
5. Yizilinganiselo zamaphakathi nendawo, ukuhlukahluka kanye nama-outlier amaqoqo

edatha kuphela okuyiwona akwaziyo ukutholakala ngokusebenzisa i-histogram.
Umbuzo wesi-2
Lokhu okukhulunywa ngakho lapha ngezansi kumayelana nokukhonjiswa kwama-histogram

ahlukene. Yisisiphi isitatimende okuyisona esingafanele?
1. Onxande (rectangles) ababhekene be-histogram basuke benesayidi elilodwa

elifanayo kanti labo abakwi-bar chart basuke benesikhala phakathi kwabo.
2. I-pie chart iyindingilizi ehlukaniswe ngezigaba ezihambelana nokuthi into ethile

ehlolwayo ivela izikhathi ezingaki ngaphakathi kumaqophelo.
3. Maqondana nombhalo wesiqu namaqabunga, izigamu zeziqu ziba nobude

obuhamba bugcine kodwa lokho akunjalo kwi-histogram.
4. Ama-histogram kanye nama-bar chart asuke emele ubuningi bokwendlaleka
ngokuhambelana nobude beqoqo lonxande.
5. I-boxplot yenza kubonakale ngqo iphakathi nendawo, ukwehluka, ama-outlier kanye

nesimo seqoqo ledatha.
2.3 IDAYAGRAMU YOBUDLELWANO KANYE NAMATHEBULA

OKWENDLALEKA
Umbhalo wobudlelwano noma idayagramu yobudlelwano ikhombisa ubudlelwano phakathi

kwama-variable amabili abalekayo. Lawa ma-variable anobudlelwano lapha eyodwa iyi-
variable ezimele kanti enye iyi-variable encikile. Kuyisiko ukubeka i-variable ezimele kwi-axis
evundlayo, bese ibizwa ngo x kanti leyo encikile, ekwi-axis eqonde phezulu, ibizwe ngo y.
Qinisekisa ukuthi uyaziqonda izimpawu zobudlelwano obuhlukile. Kule mojuli sizocubungula
ubudlelwano obenza yehle noma ikhuphuke enye, ngokukhuphuka kwenye phakathi
kwalawa ma-variable amabili. Kwiyunithi yesifundo esilandelayo sizogxila ekutholeni
umugqa okhombisa ukuthi amaphoyinti edatha anakuphi ukwakheka. Njengamanje
sizobheka njw umbhalo wobudlelwano bese sicabangela ngeso lomqondo ukuthi
kunomugqa ohlukanisa idatha, ngokusebenzisa indlela abaye bathi ngukubuka ngeso
lenyama.
Kule yunithi yesifundo futhi sizobheka ukufakwa kwezigaba zedatha emathebuleni. Ngisho
nabantu abengebona oso-statistician nabo bavamise ukusebenzisa lokhu kukhombisa uma
befuna ukuqhathanisa amaqoqo ezinto. Qinisekisa ukuthi uzokwazi ukuhlaziya lezi zethulo
lapho uhlangabezana nazo ezimweni eziningi ezihlukene empilweni.
Umsebenzi 2.3
Umbuzo woku-1

1. Noma iliphi ichashazi lombhalo wobudlelwano limele amanani atholakele ama-
variable amabili.
2. Ama-variable amabili anokuhambelana okuvumelanayo uma amanani awo womabili

lawo ma-variable ehlala ehambisana njalo.
3. Ama-variable amabili asuke ekhombisa ukuhambelana okuphikisanayo lapho

amanani e-variable eyodwa ehlika uma amanani enye i-variable ekhuphuka.
4. Ukwenyuka nokwehla komugqa oqondile phakathi kwamachashazi ombhalo

wobudlelwano kukhombisa ubudlelwano obukhona phakathi kwama-variable amabili.
5. Uma amachashazi edatha ombhalo wobudlelwano ebukeka sengathi awumugqa

ovundlayo, lokho kusho ukuthi isibalo se-variable eyodwa ngeke sasetshenziselwa
ukusho ukuthi sizoba njani isibalo sale enye i-variable.
Umbuzo wesi-2
Ukuqhathanisa kwethebula ngukukhombisa idatha ngokufingqiwe okusebenza kahle lapho

kuhlolwa ...
1. i-variable eyodwa enedatha eyizigaba noma efakwe emaqoqweni ngokwezigaba.
2. i-variable eyodwa enedatha ebalekayo.
3. ama-variable amabili okungawezigaba noma afakwe ngamaqoqo ezigaba.
4. ama-variable amabili abalekayo womabili.
5. ama-variable amabili, lapho i-variable eyodwa kungebalekayo kanti enye

kungeyesigaba noma eyamaqoqo afakwe ezigabeni.
Izimpendulo ngale misebenzi
Umsebenzi 2.1
Umbuzo woku-1
Impendulo yoku-1
1. Ayifanele. Kunamachashazi edatha angu 30. (Asizibali iziqu.) Ungavele ubale

amadijithi angakwesokudla kwegabelo elime labheka phezulu.
2. Ifanele. Isiqu sokuqala esingu 5 ngesabantu asebeneminyaka esemashumini
amahlanu kanti iqabunga liyisihlanu, okwenza iminyaka yobudala ibe ngu 55.
3. Ifanele. Esiqwini esingu 7, kunamanani ayisishiyagalombili, okungo 71, 71, 71, 72,
75, 77, 79 kanye no 79.
4. Ifanele.U 55 (okuyiyona nombolo encane kunazo zonke) akehlukile ngokubonakalayo

kunenombolo yesibili ephansi kakhulu okungu 60. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u 98,
(okuyiyona nambolo ephezulu kunazo zonke) isondele kakhulu ku 97 futhi akayona i-
outlier.
5. Ifanele. Uhhafu wabantu vele bangaphansi kweminyaka engu 83. Kukhona abantu
abangu 30, ngakho kusho ukuthi uhhafu wabo usho abantu abangu 15. Uma ubala
iminyaka yobudala ebekwe ngokulandelana, ube uqale ku 55, umuntu we 15
uneminyaka engu 81.
Umbuzo wesi-2
Impendulo yesi-3
<*Production, Please see layout of stem and leaf diagram on pg 9

of original manuscript*>
3 0167
4 333
5 258
6 99
7 4
1. Ifanele. Inombolo kuyiyona evela kaningana ngaphezu kwezinye ngu 4.3 ngenxa
yokuthi kunamachashazi edatha amathathu anenani lika 4.3. (Ukuvela kaningi kusho
evela kakhulu ngaphezu kwezinye.)
2. Ifanele. Uma ubala amaqabunga uzothola amanani angu 13. Uma unenkinga, bheka
kulezi zinombolo ezifakwe ohlwini lapha ku 3 ngezansi bese uzibala.
3. Ayifanele. Lolu luhla olunikezwe lapha ngezansi aluwaphindi amanani avela

ngaphezu kokukodwa. Amanani okuqala edatha abekhona ngu 3.0, 3.1, 3.6, 3.7, 4.3,
5.2, 5.5, 5.8, 6.9 kanye no 7.4. Amanani aphindiwe ango 4.3, 4.3 no 6.9 kumele
avele futhi ohlwini, futhi kunamachashazi edatha angu 13.
4. Ifanele.
5. Ifanele. Embhalweni wesiqu neqabunga, amanani ahlelwe ngendlela yokusuka

kwelincane kuya kwelikhulu. Uma unezinto ezingu 13 ezihlelwe ngokulandelana,
lokho okungunombolo 7 kuphakathi nendawo futhi kunezinto ezingu 6 ngapha
nangapha kwalokho. Uma uqala ngo 3.0, uzothola inani lesibili elingu 4.3 endaweni
engunombolo 7.
Umsebenzi 2.2
Umbuzo woku-1
Impendulo yesi-2
Isitatimende sesi-2 yisona sitatimende kuphela esifanele, ngoba ama-histogram yiwona

afanele uma idatha kungebalekayo.
Umbuzo wesi-2
Impendulo yesi-5
Imibhalo ye-boxplot yenza kubonakale ngqo maphakathi nendawo, ukwehluka, ama-outlier

kodwa hhayi umumo.
Umsebenzi 2.3
Umbuzo woku-1
Impendulo yesi-2
Ama-variable amabili asuke ekhombisa ukuhambelana okuvumelanayo lapho amanani e-

variable eyodwa ekhuphuka uma namanani enye i-variable ekhuphuka.
Umbuzo wesi-2
Impendulo yesi-3
Zonke ezinye izitatimende azifanele.
2.4 OKUFINGQIWE
Uma usuwazi kahle amayunithi esifundo soku-1 nesesi-2, kumele ukwazi ukwenza
okulandelayo:
● ukusebenzisa ukukhombisa ngegrafu ekuchazeni idatha yesampula kanye nokuthola

ulwazi mayelana nobunjalo bezinto zonke zesampula ezibalwayo
● ukuchaza nokuhlaziya amazinga okukala ehlukene
● ukufaka ngamaqoqo idatha yezigaba kanye nokuhlaziya ukukhonjiswa

kwamagrafu ehlukene
● ukuhumusha nokuqhathanisa ukukhonjiswa kwama-bar chart, pie charts, histograms

kanye nesiqu neqabunga
● ukuthola ubudlelwano phakathi kwama-variable amabili akwidayagramu

yobudlelwano
● ukufaka umugqa oqondile phezu kwedayagramu yobudlelwano ngokusebenzisa

indlela yokubuka “ngeso lenyama”
● ukuwuqonda umgomo wokwenza ithebula elilula kanye nendlela nobuhle

bokuqhathanisa ngokwethebula
● ukwazisa ngolwazi oluqukethwe ezilinganisweni ezihlukene zokufingqa i- statistics

Yiziphi izikali zendawo yobuningi ezisetshenziswayo?
Yiziphi izikali zokusabalala kwedatha ezisetshenziswayo?
Ubuthola kanjani ubudlelwano phakathi kwama-variable ezinombolo ezimbili?
3.1 INDAWO YOBUNINGI BEDATHA
Zintathu izikali zendawo yobuningi bedatha:
● i-arithmetic mean (i-avareji)
● i-median (inani eliphakathi nendawo lapho idatha isuke ihlelwe ngokulandelana)
● i-mode (inani/amanani elivela kakhulu ngaphezu kwamanye ohlwini lwamanani)
Lapho kuxoxwa khona nge-arithmetic mean, uzoqaliswa indlela yokubhala ngokwe-

mathematics efana nokuthi µ, Σ,xi, x . Lezi zimpawu zifana “nezithombe” futhi kumele
uzifunde ngaleyo ndlela. Uma useklasini lasenyuvesi, uthisha wasenyuvesi ngeke athi “myu”
maqondana no-µ, kodwa uyothi “yi-mean yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo”. Ake ngikunike
amagama ezimpawu, ngoba ngiyethemba ukuthi lokhu kuzokusiza ekufundeni kwakho.
<*Production, Please see correct form of symbols on page 12 of

original manuscript>*
Uphawu Indlela yokuluphimisela Lufundwa kuthiwe

µ "myu" (njengekati) i-mean yezinto sezizonke ezikalwayo
Σ i-sigma isamba se-
xi ex eye wonke amanani ka x
∑x i
sigma ex eye isamba sawo wonke amanani ka x
x ex bar i-mean yesampula
N isamba samanani ezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo
n isamba samanani esampula selilonke
Manje usungacabanga ngeso lengqondo lapho uthisha wasenyuvesi esho lemisho

elandelayo:
I-mean yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo ilingana nesamba sawo wonke amanani edatha
asezintweni sezizonke, bese kuhlukaniswa ngenombolo yamanani edatha asezintweni
zonke zika µ=
∑x i
.
N
I-mean yesampula ilingana nesamba sawo wonke amanani edatha asesampulini,
esehlukaniswe ngenombolo yamanani edatha asesampulini lika- x =

∑x i
.
n
Qaphela
Qaphela, ungakubhali ukuthi µ =

∑x i
.
n
Yini engalungile lapho?
U-µ usho izinto sezizonke kwezibalwayo futhi ngeke ukwazi ukuhlukanisa ngenombolo
yamanani ka-n esampulini uma ukhuluma ngophawu olukalekayo ezintweni sezizonke
ezibalwayo.
Nokubhala u x =
∑x i
nakho kungaba umhlola!
N
Qaphela
Kungakusiza ukuqaphela lezi zinto ezilandelayo:
● Izinhlamvu zesiGriki zisetshenziselwa izimpawu ezikalekayo zezinto sezizonke

kwezibalwayo, isibonelo u-µ.
● Izinhlamvu ze-alfabhethi ezijwayelekile zisetshenziselwa i-statistics sesampula,

isibonelo u x .
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-mean, i-median ne-mode bulawulwa wumumo wokwakheka

kokwendlaleka, okungaba yinto enomumo wezinhlangothi ezifanayo, etshekele
ngakwesokudla noma itshekele ngakwesokunxele.
Umsebenzi 3.1
Umbuzo woku-1
Funda lezi zitatimende ezilandelayo bese usho ukuthi yiziphi izitatimende okuyizona
ezingafanele:
1. I-mean ngenye yezindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokukala indawo yobuningi

bedatha.
2. Uma i-mean inkulu ngaphezu kwe-mode, siye sithi itshekele ngakwesobunxele.
3. Uma i-mean inkulu ngaphezu kwe-median, siye sithi itshekele ngakwesokudla.
4. Uma ukwakheka kokwendlaleka kunezindawo ezimbili eziyiziqongo zama-mode,

ngeke kwenzeke ukuthi i-mean, i-median kanye nawo womabili lawo ma-mode
alingane.
5. I-mean iyona nto yokukala ethinteka kakhulu uma amanani ephansi kakhulu noma
ephezulu kakhulu.
Umbuzo wesi-2
Kukhona okuthile kokukala osekubaliwe mayelana naleli sampula ledatha elincane
elilandelayo:
15 17 23 11 9 20 45 9 13
Okuyikhona okubaliwe okungafanele yilokhu okulandelayo:
1. I-mean yale datha ilingana nenani le-mode eliphindwe kabili.
2. Inani elingu 45 liyi-outlier.
3. I-mode yale datha u 9.
4. I-median u 15.
5. Emuva kokususa i-outlier, i-mean kuba u 13.
3.2 IZIKALI ZOKUSABALALA
Ukuchaza idatha ngokusebenzisa i-mean, i-median kanye ne-mode kuphela kungadala into
eyinhlekelele. Khumbula ukuthi ukuhlaziya ngokwe-statistic kumele kusekelwe phezu
kwakho konke okukalwayo, kodwa-ke ngenxa yokuthi lokhu akukwazi ukwenzeka ngempela
ezimweni eziningi, ngakho-ke siye sisebenzisa ukufingqa. Lokhu kufingqa kudingeka ukuthi
kumele yonke idatha ngendlela engcono okungenzeka ngayo, okusho ukuthi kudingeka
okungaphezu kokuchaza amanani aphakathi nendawo.
Ukukala kokusabalala okukhulunywa ngakho kulesi sigaba yilokhu okulandelayo
● i-range, okusho umehluko phakathi kwamanani aphezulu kakhulu kanye namanani

aphansi kakhulu
● ama-quartile (ukuhlukanisa idatha ibe ngamaqoqo amane alinganayo)
● i-variance/i-standard deviation (okuyikhona okukhombisa ukwehluka ngokwe-avareji

kusuka kwi-mean)
I-range iwumqondo wendima ondlalekile okulula ukuwuqonda futhi bambalwa abafundi

abaye bahlangabezane nezinkinga mayelana nalokhu.
Ukukhuluma ngama-quartile khona kuthe ukuba nzima kakhudlwana ngenxa yokuthi
ukuhlukanisa idatha ibe ngamaqoqo alinganayo kudala ukuthi kube nezimpawu ezisemqoka
zedatha. Ibanga phakathi kwama-quartile lineqhaza elibaluleke kakhulu ekuhlaziyeni idatha
ye-statistics. Indawo okusebenziseka ama-quartile kuyona kangcono ukudlula konke
itholakala kuma-boxplot. Qinisekisa ukuthi uyayiqonda futhi uyakwazi ukuyihumusha i-
boxplot ethile enikeziwe.
I-variance kanye ne-standard deviation zihlukaniswe yisibalo esisodwa se-mathematics

kodwa-ke ngokujwayelekile abantu bathanda ukukhuluma nge-standard deviation kune-
variance. Kudingeka wazi ukuthi zibalwa kanjani lezi zindlela zokukala futhi ukuqonde
ezikushoyo lapho uhlangabezana nazo ezindleleni zempilo ezihlukene.
Njengoba siqhubeka nokufunda incwadi emiselwe ukufunda, uzothola ukuthi liyanda inani
lezimpawu okudingeka uzazi. I-variance kanye ne-standard deviation zinezimpawu zazo
futhi-ke kunomehluko ocacile phakathi kwezindlela zokukala isampula kanye nezokukala
izinto sezizonke kwezibalwayo. Usasifuna esinye isifingqo nemisho?
<*Production, Please see correct form of symbols and formulas on

page 14 of original manuscript>*
Uphawu Indlela yokuluphimisela Lufundwa kuthiwe
σ sigma (luyefana nolwe- Σ) i-standard deviation yezinto sezizonke

kwezibalwayo
σ2 i-sigma squared i-variance yezinto sezizonke

kwezibalwayo
s i-standard deviation yesampula
s2 i-variance yesampula
∑ ( x − µ)
i
2 i-variance yezinto sezizonke isibalo sama-square omehluko phakathi
kwezibalwayo kwamanani kanye ne-mean yezinto
N
sezizonke kwezibalwayo, sihlukaniswe
Qaphela ukuthi kuhlukaniswa ngenombolo yesamba samanani ezinto
ngo-N. sezizonke
∑ (x − x)
i
2 i-variance yesampula isibalo sama-square omehluko phakathi
kwamanani kanye ne-mean yesampula,
n −1
Qaphela ukuthi kuhlukaniswa sihlukaniswe ngenombolo yenani
ngo (n− 1). seliphelele lesamba samanani esampula
kwasuswa okukodwa
∑ ( x − µ)
1
2 i-standard deviation yezinto i-square root sevariance yezinto
sezizonke kwezibalwayo
N sezizonke kwezibalwayo
∑ (x − x)
1
2 i-standard deviation yesampula i-square root se-variance yesampula
n −1
Qaphela
Uyakhunjuzwa ukuthi
● Izinhlamvu zesiGriki zisetshenziselwa izimpawu ezikalekayo zezinto sezizonke

kwezibalwayo, isibonelo i-σ kanye ne-σ2.
● izinhlamvu ze-alfabhethi ezijwayelekile zisetshenziselwa i-statistics sesampula,

isibonelo u-s kanye no-s2.
Qinisekisa ukuthi uzokwazi ukuyidweba ubuye uyimushe i-boxplot.
Mayelana nokuhunyushwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-standard deviation, izochazwa i-

theorem ka-Chebyshev kanye noMthetho Wolwazi Olubonakalayo (empirical).
Umsebenzi 3.2
Umbuzo woku-1
Lapha ngezansi kunikezwe i-statistics esifingqiwe sedatha emayelana nejubane eliyisivinini

esiphezulu osekwake kwashayelwa ngalo. Asithathe ngokuthi ijubane libekwe
ngamakilomitha ngehora, bese sithi:
Abesilisa Abesifazane
Abafundi Abafundi abangu

abangu 87 102
I-Median 110 89
Ama-quartile 95 120 80 95
Aphansi naphezulu kakhulu 55 150 30 130
Thola
1. ijubane elishesha kunawo wonke umuntu owake washayela ngalo kuleli qoqo labantu
2. ijubane eliphansi kunawo wonke lokushayela kowesilisa
3. ijubane elingumnqamula juqu elikhombisa ukuthi ngu 25% wabesilisa ababeshayela

ngalelo jubane noma ngaphezulu
4. ingxenye yabesifazane ababeshayele ngejubane lamakhilomitha angu 89 ngehora

noma ngokushesha okungaphezu kwalokho
5. inani labesifazane ababeshayele ngejubane lamakhilomitha angu 89 ngehora noma

ngokushesha okungaphezu kwalokho
6. umehluko (uma ukhona) phakathi kwabashayeli besilisa nabesifazane (futhi

kudingeka uzihumushe izimpendulo zakho
7. i-range yabesilisa nabesifazane
8. ibanga phakathi kwama-interquartile abashayeli besilisa nabesifazane
9. ukwendlaleka kobuningi bedatha yabesilisa nabesifazane ngokudweba ama-boxplot

amabili
Umbuzo wesi-2
Yisiphi kulezi zitatimende ezilandelayo okuyisona esifanele?
1. I-range itholakala ngokuthola umehluko phakathi kwamanani amakhulu namancane

bese kuhlukaniswa impendulo ngo 2.
2. I-range yama-interquartile itholakala ngokuthola umehluko phakathi kwe-quartile
yokuqala neyesithathu bese uhlukanisa ngo 2.
3. I-mean yisikali sokuthi ihluka kanjani ethile.
4. I-standard deviation sibhalwa ngokwamayunithi okuqala okukala kodwa i-variance

kuyona akunjalo.
5. I-median yisikali sokusabalala.
3.3 IZIKALI ZOBUDLELWANO
Izikali ezimbili okukhulunywa ngazo lapha yi-covariance kanye ne-coefficient of correlation.
I-covariance I-coefficient of correlation (r)
* Ikala ukuqina kobudlelwano obenza * Ikala ukuqina kobudlelwano obenza yehle

yehle noma ikhuphuke enye ngokuphuka noma ikhuphuke enye ngokuphuka kwenye,
kwenye, phakathi kwama-variable amabili phakathi kwama-variable amabili ayizinombolo
ayizinombolo
* Inani lika-r yilona elilawula uhlangothi okuya
ngakulona kanye nokuqina
* −1 ≤ r ≤ 1:ukuqina kuyakhuphuka lapho inani

le r liseduze no +1 noma u −1
* r ≥ 0: ama-variable anobudlelwano ngqo
* r< 0: ama-variable anobudlelwano

obungaqondile ngqo
Umsebenzi 3.3
Umbuzo 1
Thola ukuthi yisiphi isitatimende esifanele:
1. Uma i-coefficient of correlation r i-positive, kusho ukuthi i-variable encikile engu y

kanye ne-variable ezimele engu x kuthiwa zinobudlelwano obuphambanayo.
2. Ngeke kwaba khona ukubonakala kwenani le-coefficient of correlation yesampula
ngokubheka i-scatter plot (umbhalo okhombisa ubudlelwano).
3. Uma i-coefficient of correlation r = ±1, uma kunjalo kusho ukuthi umugqa okhomba
lapho kuya ngakhona uzoba nawo wonke amaphuzu edatha.
4. I-coefficient of correlation r iyinombolo ekhombisa kuphela uhlangothi okuya kulona

ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-variable encikile engu y kanye ne-variable ezimele engu
x. Uma i-coefficient of correlation = 0, uma kunjalo kusho ukuthi kunobudlelwano
obenza yehle noma ikhuphuke enye ngokuphuka kwenye phakathi kwe-variable u y
encikile kanye ne-variable u x ezimele.
Umsebenzi 3.1
Umbuzo woku-1
Impendulo yesi-2
Uma i-mean inkulu ngaphezu kwe-mode, siye sithi itshekele ngakwesokudla.
Umbuzo wesi-2
Impendulo yesi-5
1. Ifanele. I-mean yedatha ethile enikeziwe ingu 18 kanti i-mode ingu 9 (kukhona o 9
ababili) futhi sonke siyazi ukuthi u 18 ungo 9 ababili.
2. Ifanele. Inani eliseduze kuka 45 kakhulu ngu 23 futhi-ke le datha iqukethe izinombolo
eziphansi kakhulu, ngakho u 45 kungathatheka ngokuthi uyi-outlier.
3 Ifanele. Sesixoxile nge-mode futhi sibonile ukuthi ingu 9.
4. Ifanele. Ukuze kutholakale i-median, idatha kudingeka ibekwe ngokulandelana

kwayo (kusukela kwenkulu kuya kwencane noma kwencane kuya kwenkulu): 9, 9,
11, 13, 15, 17, 20, 23, 45
Uma kunamanani ayisishiyagalolunye, eliphakathi nendawo lisendaweni yesihlanu

(amanani mane ohlangothini ngalunye). Kule ndawo sino 15.
5. Ayifanele. Uma ususa u 45 kusala u 117, okudingeka uhlukaniswe ngo 8. Impendulo
bekumele ibe ngu 14.625(117 ÷ 8). Uma uthanda ukwazi, le mpendulo okuyiyona
engafanele ibalwe ngokuhlukanisa u 117 ngo 9 esikhundleni sika 8.
Umsebenzi 3.2
Umbuzo woku-1
Abesilisa Abesifazane
Abafundi abangu 87 Abafundi abangu 102
I-Median 110 89
Ama-quartile 95 120 80 95
Aphansi naphezulu 55 150 30 130

kakhulu
1. Ijubane elishesha kakhulu okushayelwe ngalo ngunoma ubani oseqoqweni

ngamakhilomitha angu 150 ngehora. Ijubane eliphezulu labesilisa nabesifazane
likhonjiswe ethebuleni ngokuthi ngamanani aphansi naphezulu kakhulu. (Ijubane
eliphezulu kunalo lonke labesifazane ngamakhilomitha angu 130 ngehora.
2. Ijubane eliphansi kunawo wonke lokushayela kowesilisa lingamakhilomitha angu 55

ngehora.
3. Ijubane elingumnqamula juqu elikhombisa ukuthi ngu 25% wabesilisa ababeshayela

ngalelo jubane noma ngaphezulu lisho inani le-quartile emaphezulu maqondana
nabesilisa, okungamakhilomitha angu 120 ngehora.
4. Ukuthola i-proportion yabesifazane ababeshayele ngejubane lamakhikomitha angu 9

ngehora noma ngokushesha ngaphezu kwalokho, kumele ubone ukuthi u 89 uyinani
le-median yabesifazane. I-median ihlukanisa idatha ibe yizingxenye ezimbili
ezilinganayo, ngakho ingxenye yedatha engaphezu kuka 89 ingu 50% uma ibhalwe
ngamaphesenti, noma ngu 0.5 uma ibhalwe yaba yiqhezu.
5. Inani labesifazane ababeshayele ngejubane lamakhilomitha angu 89 ngehora noma
ngokushesha okungaphezu kwalokho (njengoba bekushiwo) linguhhafu wenani
labesifazane.
Uma kunabafundi besifazane abangu 102, uhhafu wabo kuzoba ngu 51.
6. Sebenzisa ithebula ukuhumusha umehluko phakathi kwabashayeli besilisa

nabesifazane. Omunye umehluko osobala yilo olandelayo:
a. I-median yejubane labesilisa iphezulu kunaleyo yabesifazane.
b. Ijubane eliphezulu kunawo wonke kwaba ngelowesilisa.
c. Ijubane eliphansi kunawo wonke kwaba ngelowesifazane (okuyinto

engalindeleka uma amanani e-mean ehluke ngale ndlela ahluke ngayo.
d. I-quartile ephezulu yabesifazane iyefana ne-quartile ephansi yabesilisa

(ijubane elingu 95).
7. I-Range
Abesilisa: (150 − 55) = 95
Abesifazane: (130 − 30) = 100
8. I-interquartile range yabesilisa nabesifazane yile (120 − 95) = 25 kanye no (95 − 80)
= 15, ngokuhambelanayo.
<*Production, Please see layout of figure on page 19 of original

manuscript*>
9.
Umbuzo wesi-2
Yisiphi kulezi zitatimende ezilandelayo okuyisona esifanele?
Impendulo yesi-4
1. Ayifanele. I-range itholakala ngokuthola umehluko phakathi kwamanani amakhulu

namancane – ayihlukaniswa ngo 2.
2. Ayifanele. I-interquartile range itholakala ngokuthola umehluko phakathi kwama-

quartile okuqala nawesithathu – ayihlukaniswa ngo 2.
3. Ayifanele. I-mean iyisikali sendawo yobuningi bedatha, i-central tendency.
4. Ifanele. I-standard deviation sibhalwa ngokwamayunithi okuqala okukala kodwa i-

variance kuyona akunjalo.
5. Ayifanele. I-median iyisikali sendawo yobuningi bedatha.
Umsebenzi 3.3
Umbuzo woku-1
Impendulo yesi-3
Izitatimende esezilungisiwe yilezi ezilandelayo:
1. Uma i-coefficient of correlation engu r i-positive, kusho ukuthi i-variable encikile engu
y kanye ne-variable ezimele engu x kuthiwa zinobudlelwano ngqo.
2. Uma i-coefficient of determination (yokuhambelana) ingu 0.81, i-coefficient of

correlation engu r ingaba ngu 0.90 noma u –0.90.
3. Lesi sitatimende sifanele.
4. I-coefficient of correlation engu r iyinombolo ekhombisa uhlangothi okuya ngakulona

kanye nokuqina kobudlelwano phakathi kwe-variable encikile engu y kanye ne-
variable ezimele engu x.
5. Uma i-coefficient of correlation = 0, kusho ukuthi akukho budlelwano obenza yehle

noma ikhuphuke ngokukhuphuka kwenye phakathi kwe-variable encikile engu y
kanye ne-variable ezimele engu x.
3.4 OKUFINGQIWE
Uma ususifunde wasazi lesi sahluko, kumele ukwazi ukwenza lokhu okulandelayo
● ukuqhathanisa lezo zinto ezibhekisiswayo lapho usebenzisa i-mean, i-median, ne-

mode yedatha ebalekekayo
● ukuliqonda igalelo lama-outlier kwi-mean, i-median ne-mode kanye nokuhambelana

kwalokho maqondana nomumo wokwakheka kobuningi
● ukuhlaziya ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukusabalala kwedatha njengalokho kukhonjiswe

ngokwe-range, ngama-quartile, nge-MAD kanye ne-variance/standard deviation
● ukusho ukuthi ngabe amanani akwidatha ethile ngabe angama-outlier yini noma cha,
ube ucabanga ngombhalo we-box-and-whisker
● ukusebenzisa i-standard deviation kanye ne-mean ekutholeni i-coefficient of variation

yesampula kanye neyezinto sezizonke kwezibalwayo
● ukuhlolisisa izindlela ezihlukene zokukala ubudlelwano ukuze uthole uhlangothi

okuya ngakulona kanye nokuqina kobudlelwano

Chaza nge-probability (okungenzeka). Thola umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo
ezintathu ze-probability.
Isho ukuthini imiqondo yendima yolwazi ethi “event”, “joint event”, “complement of an
event” kanye ne-“sample space””?
Kungaphansi kwaziphi izimo lapho i P(A/B) = P(A)?
Ungawakha kanjani amaqoqo amasha kwamadala ngokwakha amanye amancane,
amaqoqo ayinhlanganisela (unions), amaqoqo ayingxube (intersections),
ukungenzeki komphumela wesenzeko, ukwehluka kwamaqoqo kanye nokwehluka
kwezinhlangothi?
Kusho ukuthini uma sithi emphumeleni wezenzeko ezimbili, ukwenzeka kwesisodwa
akunamthelela ekwenzekeni kwesinye?
Kungani umphumela wezenzeko ezingenamthelela ekwenzekeni kwesinye ungabi
ngozimele futhi?
4.1 ISINGENISO
Le yunithi yethula imiqondo yezindima zolwazi eziyisekelo sezinto ezingenzeka

(probability). Ikhuluma ngemithetho kanye namaqhinga okwenza izinto lapho
kuqondaniswa ama-probability nomphumela wezenzeko. I-probability idlala iqhaza
elikhulu kwi-statistics. Sonke siye senze izinqumo ze-probability yemiphumela
yokungenzeka ezimpilweni zethu. Ngesinye isikhathi lezo zinqumo zisuke zesekelwe
ezintweni eziyiqiniso kanti ezinye zisuke zincike ekubukeni ngokohlangothi olulodwa.
Uma i-probability yokwenzeka kwento iphezulu, umuntu angalindela ukuthi
izokwenzeka kunokuthi ngeke yenzeke. Uma amathuba okuba khona kwemvula
engu 95%, cisho ukuthi kuzonetha impela kunokuthi kunganethi.
Izimiselo ze-probability ziyasiza ekuxhumaniseni i-statistics esichaza ngezinombolo

kanye ne-statistics sokuhlozinga (inferential). Ukufunda le yunithi kuzokusiza
ekufundeni izinhlobo ezihlukene ze-probability, ukuthi ibalwa kanjani i-probability
kanye nokuthi ungayibuyekeza kanjani i-probability uma sekunolwazi olusha.
Izimiselo ze-probability yizona eziyisisekelo sokwendlaleka kwe-probability,
umqondo wolwazi lwendimua endlalekile wokulindela okungenzeka ngokwe-
mathematics, kanye nokwendlaleka kokwakheka ngokwe-binomial kanye ne-
Poisson, okuyizona zihloko okukhulunywa ngazo kule yunithi yesi-5.
Umsebenzi 4.1: Isihloko Ikhono lokufunda
Dweba ibalazwe lomqondo lezigaba/izihloko ezihlukene ozozifunda kule yunithi

yesifundo. Emuva kwalokho-ke phenya amakhasi ale yunithi ngenhloso yokudweba
lelo balazwe uliqede.
manuscript*>
Imiphumela yezenzeko A no-B
Imiphumela engenzeki ndawonye ka-A no-AC I-probability encikile

P(AC) = 1 − P(A/B) = P(A no B)
P(B)
P(A)
Imiphumela yezenzeko A no-B iyimiphumela

enganamthelela ekwenzekeni komunye nakomunye
P(A no B) = 0
Imiphumela yezenzeko A no-B yimiphumela ezimele
P(A no B) = P(A) × P(B)
Imiphumela yezenkeko A no B
Iqoqo eliyinhlanganisela Elizimele Iqoqo elingxube

A noma B P(A/B) = P(A) A no B
I-probability encikile I-probability edibene
Imithetho ye-probability
Umthetho wokuphindaphinda Umthetho wokuhlanganisa

P(A no B) = P(A/B) × P(B) P(A noma u B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A no B)
Uma u-A no-B BEZIMELE
Uma u-A no-B bezimele, kanjalo i- NGOKUNGAHAMBELANI, kanjalo i-P(A
P(A no-B) = P(A) × P(B) noma B) = P(A) + P(B)
Umsebenzi 4.2: Umqondo wendima yolwazi Ikhono lokucabanga ngomqondo

wendima yolwazi Ikhono lezokuxhumana
Hlola ulwazi lwakho (bhala ngepensela) bese ubuye ukulungisa ukuqonda kwakho
emuva kwalokho (ngokucisha bese ubhala incazelo efanele). Ngokujwayelekile, ulimi
olusuke luselusha kungenzeka lungabi nawo amagama awo wonke amatemu
endimeni ethile yolwazi. Yiziphi izibonelo ongazicabanga?
Itemu leSingisi Incazelo Itemu ngolimi lwakho

lwasekhaya
Probability
Event
Joint event
Exhaustive event
Venn diagram
Complement of event
Sample space
Simple probability
Joint probability
Marginal probability
General addition rule
Conditional probability
Decision trees
Independence
Multiplication rule
Bayes’ theorem
4.2 UKUSEBENZISA I-PROBABILITY EMPHUMELENI WESENZEKO
Lesi sigaba sixoxa ngezindlela zokusebenzisa ama-probability emiphumeleni

yezenzeko futhi sikhuluma nangezidingo ngqangi okumele zifezwe ngama-
probability asetshenziswa emiphumeleni yezenzeko ezilula. Ama-probability
angasetshenziswa emiphumeleni yezenzeko ezilula (noma-ke futhi kunoma yimiphi
imiphumela, ngokusebenzisa indlela endala, indlela yezikhathi zobuningi
bokwenzeka noma indlela ebhekela uhlangothi olulodwa (subjective).
Noma ngabe iyiphi indlela esetshenziswayo kuma-probability mayelana

nemiphumela elula okuyiyona eyakha isampula, kudingeka kufezeke kuqala izidingo
ngqangi ezimbili:
1. Umphumela olula we-probability kudingeka ube nenani elisuka ku 0 kuya ku
1.
2. Isamba sama-probability asetshenziswa emiphumeleni elula yonke
engatholakala yesampula kudingeka ilingane no 1.
I-probability yanoma imuphi umphumela A emuva kwalokho iye itholakale

ngokuhlanganisa ama-probability asetshenziswe emiphumeleni elula equkethwe ku
A.
Ngizokwazi kanjani ukuthi kumele ngiyihlanganise yini imphumela emibili engu-A no-
B ngokusebenzisa u"kanye" noma "unoma"?
Isixazululo:
Ukhiye lapha ngukuthi siqondisise ngokuphelele ukuthi sisho ukuthini lesi
sitatimende esihlanganisiwe.
P(A no B) = i-probability yokuthi u-A no-B bobabili bazokwenzeka, ngesikhathi lapho
i-P(A noma u-B) = i-probability yokuthi u-A noma u-B noma kokubili kuzokwenzeka.
Ngezinye izikhathi kuzodingeka usibhale kabusha isitatimende somphumela
wesenzeko esithile ukuze sihambelane nombhalo owodwa kule emibili enikezwe
lapha ngenhla. Isibonelo, ake sithathe ngokuthi umngani wakho uRajab sekusele
kancane nje abhale ukuhlolwa okubili bese wena uchaza leyo miphumela ngale
ndlela elandelayo:
A: URajab uzophumelela ekuhlolweni kwe-statistic.
B: URajab uzophumelela ekuhlolweni kwe-accounting.
Umphumela othi “URajab uzophumelela okungenani ekuhlolweni okukodwa kulokhu

okubili" ungabhalwa kabusha kuthiwe "URajab uzophumelela ekuhloweni kwe-
statistics noma uzophumelela ekuhlolweni kwe-accounting, noma uzophumelela
kukhona kokubili ukuhlolwa". Lo mphumela omusha ngakho-ke ungabhaleka kanje
(A noma B).
Ohlangothini olulodwa, umphumela othi "uRajab ngeke angaphumeleli kulokhu

kuhlolwa kokubili" kuyefana nokuthi "uRajab uzophumelela kukhona kokubili
ukuhlolwa kwe-statistics nokwe-accounting." Lo mphumela ngakho-ke ungabhaleka
kanje (A no-B).
Isibonelo 4.1
Umtshalizimali usecele umdayisi wamasheya ukuthi akale amasheya amathathu

okungo (A, B no C) bese ewafaka ngohlu lokulandelana kwawo angaluncomela
yena. Cabanga ngale miphumela elandelayo:
L: Isheya A akulona elibekwe laphansi kunawo wonke.
M: Isheya B akulona elibekwe laphansi kunawo wonke.
N: Isheya C yilona elibekwe laphezulu kunawo wonke.
(i) Chaza le experimenti yezinto ezikhethwe noma kanjani bese wenza uhla
lwemiphumela yesenzeko engatholakala yesampula.
(ii) Bhala uhla lwemiphumela elula kule miphumela ngamunye L, M no N.
(iii) Yenza uhla lwemiphumela elula okungeyomphumela ngamunye kule
elandelayo: L noma N, L no M, no M.
(iv) Ikhona yini imiphumela yesenzeko ehamba ngambili engenamthelela
ekwenzekeni komunye phakathi kuka-L, M no-N?
(v) Ikhona yini imiphumela yesenzeko ehamba ngambili okuyiyona equkethe
konke phakathi kwa-L, M no-N?
Isixazululo:
(i) I-eksperimenti yezinto ezikhethwe noma kanjani imayelana nokubukisisa
ukulandelana kokuncoma kwe-stockbroker amasheya amathathu. Imiphumela
engatholakala yesampula inesethi yakho konke ukulandelanisa okungenzeka:
S = {ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, CBA}
(ii) L = {ABC, ACB, BAC, CAB}; M = {ABC, BAC, BCA, CBA}; N = {CAB, CBA}
(iii) Umphumela wesenzeko (L noma u-N) uphethe yonke imiphumela elula eku L
noma u-N noma kokubili;
(L noma u-N) = {ABC, ACB, BAC, CAB, CBA}. Umphumela (L no-M) unayo
yonke imiphumela elula okukhona kokubili okuthi L no-M; (L no-M) = {ABC,
BAC}. Imiphumela engenzeki ndawonye no-M inayo yonke imiphumela elula
okungeyona eka -; M′ = {ACB, CAB}.
(iv) Cha, akukho okungakubili kwemiphumela engenamthelela ekwenzekeni
komunye phakathi kuka-L, M no-N, ngenxa yokuthi okungenani okungakubili
kwemiphumela kunomphumela wesenzeko owodwa ohambelanayo.
(L no-M) = {ABC, BAC}
(L no-N) = {CAB}
(M no- N) = {CBA}
(v) Yebo, u-L no-M yimiphumela yesenzeko engambili ebhekela konke ngenxa
yokuthi umphumela olula ngamunye osemiphumeleni engatholakala
yesampula ukhona ku-L noma u-M noma kokubili. Okusho ukuthi, (L no M) =
S.
4.3 UKUBALWA KWE-PROBABILITY
I-probability ungayithatha ngokuthi iyiqhezu. Esivivinyweni semibuzo engokhethi-

khethi, umbuzo ojwayelekile uba nezimpendulo ezinhlanu okungenzeka kube
ngezifanele. Uma umuntu obhala ukuhlolwa evele waqagela ngokuthatha noma
yimuphi kuleyo mibuzo, ingakanani i-probability yokuthi leyo kuzoba yimpendulo
engafanele?
Isixazululo:
I-probability ingu 4/5, ngenxa yokuthi phakathi kwezimpendulo eziyisihlanu, zine
izindlela zokuphendula umbuzo ngendlela okuyiyona engafanele. Umbuzo
ngamunye ungabekeka ngale ndlela elandelayo:
Uhlobo lwempendulo Inombolo I-probability

1
Ifanele 1 /5
4
Ayifanele 4 /5
5
Isamba 5 /5 noma u 1
Ngaphambi kokuba sibale ama-probability, masiqale ngokuxoxa ukuthi asho ukuthini

amagama.
Okungenani ezimbili/okubili: Lokhu kusho ukuthi ezimbili yilona nani elincane

kunawo wonke futhi uma sithi okungenani izingane ezimbili, kusho ukuthi izingane
ezimbili noma ezintathu noma ezine noma...
P(X ≥ 2) = P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) + P(x = 4) + …
Ezingafika kwezimbili ngobuningi: Lokhu kusho ukuthi okubili yinani elikhulu
kunawo wonke. Ezingafika kwezimbili ngobuningi kusho ukuthi akukho ngane noma
ingane eyodwa noma izingane ezimbili.
P(X ≤ 2) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2)
Ezingeke zidlule kwezimbili: Lokhu kusho ukuthi ezimbili iyona nombolo enkulu
kunazo zonke, okusho ezimbili noma eyodwa noma akukho zingane (zero).
P(X ≤ 2) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2)
Ngaphansi kwezimbili: Lokhu kusho ukuthi ezimbili azibaliwe futhi sifuna nje
kuphela lawo manani angaphansi kokubili, okusho uziro noma okukodwa.
P(X < 2) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1)
Ngaphezu kwezimbili: Lokhu kusho ukuthi ezimbili azibaliwe futhi sifuna nje
kuphela lawo manani angaphezu kokubili, okusho ezintathu, ezine, ezinhlanu njalo
njalo.
P(X > 2) = P(x = 3) + P(x = 4) + P(x = 5) + …
Isibonelo 4.2
Ake ucabange ngaleli thebula elilandelayo lapho izimbali ezingama-wild azalea
zazifakwe ngezigaba ngokombala futhi nangokuba khona kanye nokungabi khona
kwephunga elimnandi.
Iphunga elimnandi Ezimhlophe Eziphinki Ezisawolintshi Isamba

Yebo 12 60 58 130
Cha 50 10 10 70
Isamba 62 70 68 200
Uma i-azalea eyodwa ivele yakhethwa noma ngayiphi indlela eqoqweni, iyiphi
kulawa ma-probability alandelayo okuyiyona engafanele?
130
1. P(iphunga elimnandi) =
200
68
2. P(umbala osawolintshi) =
200
58
3. P(isawolintshi futhi inephunga elimnandi) =
200
58
4. P(isawolintshi futhi kuyaziwa ukuthi inephunga elimnandi) =
130
58
5. P(inephunga elimnandi ngoba kuyaziwa ukuthi isawolintshi) =
130
Isixazululo:
Impendulo yoku-1: Ifanele
Impendulo yesi-2: Ifanele
Impendulo yesi-3: Ifanele
Impendulo yesi-4 Ifanele
58
Impendulo yesi-5: Ayifanele – P(inephunga elimnandi ngoba isawolintshi) =
68
Umthetho ojwayelekile wokuhlanganisa

Uma imiphumela emibili u-A no-B benzeka ngesikhathi esisodwa, umthetho
wokuhlanganisa yiwona osetshenziswayo ukuthola i-P(A noma B) = i-probability
yokuthi umphumela wesenzeko u-A noma umphumela-B uzokwenzeka noma
kuzokwenzeka kokubili.
Ifomula: P(A noma B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A no-B)
Isibonelo 4.3
Ake ubheke ithebula lezimbali zama-azalea (isibonelo 4.2). Uma umphumela A usho
ukuthi imbali isawolintshi nomphumela u-B uthi inephunga elimnandi, uma kunjalo-
68 130 58 140
ke: P(A noma u-B) = + − =
200 200 200 200
Qaphela ukuthi igama elithi NOMA (OR) kwitiyori ye-probability lisho

UKUHLANGANISA.
Uma u-A no-B bengeke bakwazi ukwenzeka ngesikhathi esifanayo, kanjalo-ke i-P(A
no-B) = 0.
Umphumela u-A no-B yimiphumela yesenzeko engenamthelela ekwenzekeni

komunye nomunye uma ingeke ikwazi ukwenzeka ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Isibonelo 4.4
Ukwendlaleka kwezinhlobo zegazi ezweni elithile kucishe kube kanje:

A: 41% B: 9% AB: 4% O: 0:46%
Sekulethwa umuntu egumbini lesimo esiphuthumayo emuva kwengozi yemoto. Ithini
i-probability yokuthi lowo muntu uzokuba negazi eliyi-type A noma u-B noma u-AB?
P(A noma u-B noma u-AB) = P(A) + P(B) + P(AB) = 0.41 + 0.09 + 0.04 = 0.54
Ngenxa yokuthi ngeke kwenzeka ukuthi umuntu oyedwa abe nezinhlobo ezimbili
zegazi, le miphumela ayinamthelela ekwenzekeni komunye nomunye.
Mayelana nemiphumela yezenzeko eziningi ezingenamthelela ekwenzekeni kwesiye
nesinye okungo-A1, A2, A3, ..., An, umthetho wokuhlanganisa ungabhalwa kanje:
P(A1 noma u-A2 noma u-A3 noma... noma An) = P(A1) + P(A2) + P(A3) + ... + P(An)
Umthetho wokuphindaphinda
Umthetho wokuphindaphinda uthi kune-probability yokuthi yomibili imiphumela
yesenzeko A no-B izokwenzeka. Imiphumela emibili isuke izimele uma owodwa
ungenzeka ngaphandle kokwenzeka komunye. Isibonelo, umphumela A, isiguli
sivuvukele indololwane kanti umphumela B, isiguli siphethwe yisisu se-appendicitis,
yomibili ivele ibukeke njengezimele.
Ifomula: P(A no B) = P(A) × P(B)
Mayelana nemiphumela yezenzeko eziningi ezingenamthelela ekwenzekeni

kwezinye, okungabo-A1, A2, A3, ..., An, umthetho wokuphindaphinda ungabhalwa
kanje:
P(A1 no-A2 no-A3 ... no-An) = P(A1) × P(A2) × P(A3) × ... × P(An)
Qaphela ukuthi kwi-probability, igama elithi NO- lisho UKUPHINDAPHINDA.
Isibonelo 4.5
I-probability yokuthi isihlahla esithile sizoqhakaza ngehlobo lokuqala ingu 0.6. Uma
kutshalwe izihlahla ezinhlanu, bala i-probability yokuthi zonke zizoqhakaza ngehlobo
lokuqala.
I-probability ingu 0.6 × 0.6 × 0.6 × 0.6 × 0.6 = 0.078.
Ukubalwa kwe-probability etholakala ngokubukisisa (isigaba 4.1 no 4.4 sencwadi

yokufunda)
I-probability etholakala ngokubukisisa ingahlukaniswa ibe yizigaba ezintathu. Lezo
zigaba yilezi
● yi-probability yesenzeko esisodwa
● i-probability edibene
● i-probability encikile
Ukuchazwa nokubalwa kwenhlobo ngayinye kuzochazwa ngokulandelayo.
I-probability yesenzeko esisodwa

I-marginal probability yi-probability yokwenzeka komphumela owodwa kuphela ongu-
A. Ibhalwa kanje P(A). Umphumela wesenzeko esisodwa ungumphumela ochaza
lokho okutholakale kwi-variable eyodwa esuke yenzeke noma kanjani. Ubuningi
bokwendlaleka kwento kuchaza ukwenzeka kwento enophawu olulodwa okusuke
kugxilwe kulo ngaleso sikhathi futhi busetshenziselwa ukulinganisela ama-probability
esenzeko esisodwa.
Isibonelo 4.6
Ethebuleni 4.1 i-variable ekhethwe noma kanjani, okuwuhlobo lwemboni, ichazwa

ubuningi bokwendlaleka kwento kwikholamu yesibili.
Ithebula 4.1
Uhlobo lwemboni Inani lamafemu ase-JSE
Ezokuvukuza 35
Ezezimali 72
Ezamasevisi 10
Ezokudayisa 33
72
Masithi u-B = umphumela (ezezimali). Kanjalo i-P(B) = = 0.48.
150
I-probability edibene
I-probability edibene yi-probability ethi yomibili imiphumela engu-A nomphumela B
izokwenzeka ngesikhathi esisodwa lapho kwenziwa i-eksperimenti ethile evele
yakhethwa noma kanjani. Umphumela oyinhlanganisela uchaza ukwenzeka kwama-
variable amabili noma ngaphezulu avele enzeke noma kanjani ngesikhathi esisodwa
(okusho lezo zimpawu okugxilwe kuzo. Ubhalwa kuthiwe:
P(A no-B)
Isibonelo 4.7
Ithebula 4.2
Imboni Ubungako benkampani (ngokwezigidi zamarandi angenayo)
Encane Emaphakathi Enkulu Isamba
(0 kuya ngaphansi (10 kuya ngaphansi (50
kuka 10) kuka 50) nangaphezulu)
Ezokuvukuza 0 0 35 35
Ezezimali 9 21 42 72
Ezamasevisi 6 3 1 10
Ezokudayisa 14 13 6 33
Isamba 29 37 84 150
Masithi u-A = umphumela wesenzeko(inkampani encane) kanti u-B = umphumela

wesenzeko(inkampani yezezimali).
Esampulini kunezinkampani eziyisishiyagalolunye kwezingu 150 ezibhaliswe e-JSE,
okuyizinkampani ezincane futhi okungezezimali.
9
Kanjalo i P(A no-B) = = 0.06.
150
I-probability encikile
I-probability encikile yi-probability yokuthi umphumela owodwa ongu-A uzokwenzeka
njengoba kunolwazi ngokwenzeka komunye umphumela ongu-B. Umphumela
oncikile uchaza okwenzeka kwe-variable eyodwa eyenzeka noma kanjani lapho
kunolwazi olwengeziwe olwaziwayo mayelana ne-variable yesibili evele yenzeke
noma kanjani. I-probability encikile ichazwa kuthiwe:
P(A/B) = P(A no- B)

P(B)
Uphawu olusemqoka lwe-probability encikile ngukuthi imiphumela engatholakala

yesampula iba yilokho okutholakele okuchaza umphumela B (okuyiwona mphumela
obewushiwo ngaphambilini) kuphela, futhi hhayi konke okungatholakala maqondana
ne-probability yomphumela owodwa kuphela kanye ne-probability edibene.
Isibonelo 4.8
● Masithi u-A = umphumela wesenzeko(inkampani enkulu)

● Masithi u-B = umphumela wesenzeko(inkampani edayisela abantu izimpahla)
Uma kunjalo, i-probability yokukhetha inkampani esampulini elikhulu le-JSE
njengoba kwaziwa ukuthi le nkampani iyinkampani edayisela abantu izimpahla,
ibalwa ngale ndlela elandelayo:
Ezokudayisa Encane Maphakathi Enkulu Isamba

14 13 6 33
Kukhona izinkampani eziyisi 6 ezinkulu kulezo ezingu 33 ezidayisela abantu (bheka

ethebulini 4.2).
6
Ngakho-ke i-P(A/B) = = 0.1818.
33
Ngokusebenzisa ifomula ethi:
6
P(A no- B) = (i-probability edibene)
150
33
P(B) = (i-probability yesenzeko esisodwa kuphela)
150
6
6
Kanjalo i P(A/B) = 150 = = 0.1818 (i-probability encikile)
33 33
150
I-probability encikile, ebhalwa kuthiwe P(A/B) iyi-probability yokuthi umphumela
wesenzeko A uzokwenzeka ngoba kuyaziwa ukuthi umphumela B usuvele
wenzekile.
Igama elingukhiye ekuboneni i-probability encikile ngukubheka amagama athi

"ngoba kuyaziwa" (given that) noma asho okufanayo. Isibonelo, isitatimende se-
probability encikile kungenzeka sifundeke kanje "I-probability yokuthi u-A
uzokwenzeka uma u-B enzeka" noma "I-probability yokuthi u-A uzokwenzeka lapho
kwenzeke u-B." Kuzo zombili lezi zimo, ungasihlela kabusha lesi sitatimende
ngokusebenzisa "ungoba kuyaziwa" esikhundleni sika "lapho" noma "uma". Ngakho-
ke zombili lezi zitatimende zikhuluma nge-probability encikile.
Imithetho ye-probability
Lesi sigaba sikhuluma ngemithetho emithathu ye-probability ekwenza ukwazi
ukubala ama-probability emiphumela emithathu eyisipesheli [A, (A noma B) no- A
no- B)] ngokusebenzisa ama-probability aziwayo emiphumela eyehlukene
ehambelanayo. Le mithetho emithathu imi ngale ndlela elandelayo:
1. Umthetho wokungenzeki komphumela: P(A′) = 1 − P(A)
2. Umthetho wokuhlanganisa: P(A noma u-B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A no- B)
3. Umthetho wokuphindaphinda: P(A no- B) = P(A)P(B/A) noma P(A no- B) =
P(B)P(A/B)
Siyabona ukuthi umthetho wokuhlanganisa nomthetho wokuphindaphinda

ungabhaleka ngendlela elula phansi kwezimo ezithile.
Uma u-A no-B beyimiphumela yezenzeko ezingenamthelela ekwenzekeni kwezinye
kusho ukuthi i P(A noma B) = 0, ngakho umthetho wokuhlanganisa uba yilokhu:
P(A noma B) = P(A) + P(B)
Uma u-A no-B beyimiphumela ezimele, kanjalo-ke umthetho wokuphindaphinda uba:
ngu P(A no- B) = P(A) × P(B)
Umsebenzi 4.3 Amakhono okuyisebenzisa
Umbuzo woku-1
Inkampani eyakha iziphuzo ezingadaki iba nomncintiswano lapho umklomelo
ungatholakala ngaphakathi kwesivalo sebhodlela. I-probability yokuthi ibhodlela
ngalinye kuzovela kulona umklomelo ingu 0.1 futhi ukuwina akuncikile kwibhodlela
nebhodlela elilandelayo. Iyini i-probability yokuthi ikhasimende lizowuwina
umklomelo lapho livula ibhodlela lalo lesithathu?
1. (0.1)(0.1)(0.9) = 0.009
2. (0.9)(0.9)(0.1) = 0.081
3. (0.9)(0.9) = 0.81
4. 1 − (0.1)(0.1)(0.9) = 0.991
5. (0.9)(0.9)(0.9) = 0.729
Umbuzo wesi-2
Ake sithi kabantu ababili, kumele ngamunye akhethe inombolo eyodwa kusukela ku
00 kuya ku 99 (ngakho-ke ziyi 100 izinto abangakhetha kuzona). I-probability yokuthi
bobabili bazokhetha unombolo 13 ingu… .
2
1.
100
1
2.
100
1
3.
200
1
4.
10 000
2
5.
10 000
Umbuzo wesi-3
Sebenzisa ulwazi olufanayo nalolo olusembuzweni wesi-2. I-probability yokuthi
bobabili bazokhetha inombolo efanayo ilingana nokuthi... .
2
1.
100
1
2.
100
1
3.
200
1
4.
10 000
2
5.
10 000
Umbuzo wesi-4
Mayelana nemiphumela yezenzeko ezintathu ezingenamthelela ekwenzekeni
kwesinye nesinye, ama-probability angale ndlela elandelayo:
P(A) = 0.2, P(B) = 0.7 no- P(A noma u-B noma u-C) = 1.0. Inani le P(A noma C)
lilingana no… .
1. 0.3
2. 0.5
3. 0.9
4. 0.6
5. 0.1

Umbuzo woku-1
Impendulo yesi-2
Amabhodlela amabili okuqala akumele ngempela ukuthi abe nomklomelo
ngaphakathi kwesivalo sebhodlela. I-probability yokungawini ngebhodlela elilodwa
ingu 1 − 0.1 = 0.9. I-probability yokungawini ngamabhodlela amabili ingu (0.9)(0.9) =
0.81. I-probability yokuwina ngebhodlela lesithathu ingu (0.9)(0.9)(0.1) = 0.081.
Umbuzo wesi-2
Impendulo yesi-4
1
Ukuthi umuntu wokuqala akhethe unombolo 13, i-probability yalokho ingu .
100
Ukukhetha komuntu wesibili akuhlangene nokukhetha kokuqala futhi i-probability
1
yokukhetha u 13 kumuntu wesibili nakhona ingu . Ukuthola i-probability
100
yemiphumela emibili ezimele, sebenzisa umthetho othi P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B) =
1 1 1
× = .
100 100 10 000
Umbuzo wesi-3
Impendulo yesi-2
Kulo mbuzo odlulile sithole ukuthi i-probability yokuthi bobabili bazokhetha inombolo
1
ethile engu (13) ingu . Maqondana nalo mbuzo, noma ikuphi ukuphindeka
10 000
kabili kwezinombolo kuyabhekisiswa mayelana ne-probability. Kungaba khona abo 1
ababili, abo 2 ababili, ..., abo 99 ababili futhi uma ubala lezi zinto ezingenzeka,
kukhona ukuphindeka ngambili okunjalo okungu 100.
1 1
P(ukukhetha inombolo efanayo) ingu 100 × = .
10 000 100
Umbuzo wesi-4
Impendulo yoku-1
Ngoba kuyaziwa ukuthi i P(A noma u-B noma u-C) = 1.0 kanye nokuthi le miphumela
ayinamthelela ekwenzekeni komunye nakomunye. Ngakho-ke i P(A) + P(B) + P(C) =
1.0. Uma sifaka lawo ma-probability anikeziwe sithola u
0.2 + 0.7+ P(C) = 1.0. Uma sibala lapha, i P(C), kanjalo-ke i P(C) = 0.1. Ngakho-ke
P(A noma u-C) = P(A) + P(C) = 0.2 + 0.1 = 0.3.
Amadayagramu ayisihlahla
Leli thebula lokuqhathanisa elilandelayo likhombisa idatha yesampula lezifundazwe
ezine zaseNingizimu Afrika kanye nezinhlobo ezintathu zomculo olalelwa ngabantu.
Sizosebenzisa leli thebula ukukhombisa izinhlobo ezihlukene ze-probability.
I-classical Ijezi I-rock

ELimpopo 50 40 85
EGauteng 105 85 160
EFree State 80 70 125
KwaZulu-Natali 65 55 80
Ukuze silisebenzise leli thebula, kudingeka sihlanganise isamba sabantu

abasesifundazweni ngasinye kanye nabantu abalalela uhlobo ngalunye lomculo.
I-classical Ijezi I-rock Isamba

ELimpopo 50 40 85 175
EGauteng 105 85 160 350
EFree State 80 70 125 275
KwaZulu- 65 55 80 200
Natali
Isamba 300 250 450 1 000
Ulwazi olunikezwe lapha ethebuleni lokuqhathanisa ngenhla lunganikezwa futhi

ngale ndlela elandelayo yesihlahla sokubala i-probability.
<*Production, Please see layout of figure (Tree 1) on page 33 of
original manuscript; please set figures as fractions*>
Isihlahla 1 Isifundazwe Uhlobo lomculo
(Esisodwa) × (Esincikile) = (Esidibene)
ELimpopo 50/175 I-classical
175/1 000 40/175 Ijezi
85/175 I-rock
EGauteng 105/350 I-classical

350/1 000 85/350 I-jazz
160/350 I-rock
EFree State 80/275 I-classical

275/1 000 70/275 I-jazz
125/275 I-rock
KwaZulu-Natali 65/200 I-classical

200/1 000 55/200 I-jazz
80/200 I-rock
Qaphela ukuthi ama-probability asezifundazweni wonke angama-probability

angawodwana futhi ama-probability ohlobo ngalunye lomculo esifundazweni
ngasinye kulezo ezine wonke angama-probability ancikile. Ngakho-ke i-probability
yokuthi umuntu othile ulalela umculo we-classical, ngokwesibonelo, iyaguquka, kuye
ngesifundazwe ahlala kuso lowo muntu.
Ithebula lokuqhathanisa esilakhe lapha ngenhla likhombisa izifundazwe kanye

nohlobo lomculo olukhethwa kuleso sifundazwe okuhlala kuso umuntu othile.
Kodwa-ke ake sithi sifuna ukusikhombisa ngenye indlela isihlahla sokuqhathanisa,
okungukuthi ake sithi sifuna ukukhombisa uhlobo lomculo kuqala bese kuthi
izifundazwe zivezwe ngokohlobo lomculo okhethwayo.

manuscript; please set figures as fractions*>
Isihlahla sesi-2 Uhlobo lomculo Isifundazwe
(Esisodwa) × (Esincikile) = (Esidibene)
I-classical 50/300 eLimpopo
300/1 000 105/300 eGauteng
80/300 eFree State
65/300 KwaZulu-Natali
I-jazz 40/250 ELimpopo

250/1 000 85/250 eGauteng
70/250 eFree State
I-Rock 85/450 eLimpopo

450/1,000,160/450 eGauteng
125/450 eFree State
Qaphela ukuthi izinhlobo zomculo zingama-probability angawodwana futhi ama-

probability ohlobo ngalunye lomculo esifundazweni ngasinye angama-probability
ancikile. Ngakho-ke i-probability yokuthi umuntu othile ohlala eLimpopo ulalela
umculo we-classical, ngokwesibonelo, iyaguquka, kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni lomculo
alulalelayo.
Ama-probability adibene angabalwa kusukela ngqo ethebuleni lokuqhathanisa noma

ngokusebenzisa amadayagramu esihlahla, isibonelo:
P(i-classical neGauteng) = P(i-Classical) × P(iGauteng/i-classical)
300 105
= ×
1 000 300
105
=
1 000
Umbuzo woku-1
1. I-probability engayodwana yi-probability yokuthi umphumela wesenzeko
esithile uzokwenzeka ngaphandle kokuthi kwenzekani kweminye imiphumela.
2. I-probability edibene iyi-probability yokuthi imiphumela emibili noma
ngaphezulu izokwenzeka yonke.
3. Uma i-P(A) = 0.8 ne-P(B) = 0.5 ne- P(A no- B) = 0.24, singafika esinqumweni
sokuthi u-A no- B yimiphumela yezenzeko ezingenamthelela kwesinye
nesinye.
4. Uma kunolwazi olufanayo njengokwempendulo yesi-3, umphumela A no- B
ngeke babe ngezimele.
5. Imiphumela yezenzeko ezimbili ngeke ikwazi ukungabi namthelela
ekwenzekeni komunye nakomunye futhi ibe ngezimele.
Umbuzo wesi-2
Kwenziwa ucwaningo ekolishi elincane kubafundi ababenza unyaka wokuqala
behlala ngaphakathi. Maningana ama-variable akalwa. Leli thebula elilapha ngezansi
linikeza ulwazi mayelana nenani lalaba ababehlala ndawonye kanye nesimo
sezempilo ekupheleni kwesigamu sonyaka maqondana nabafundi ababenza unyaka
wokuqala kuleli kolishi. Isimo sezempilo yomuntu nomuntu sikalwa ngokuthi sibi,
siphakathi nendawo nokuthi sihle kakhulu.
Isimo sezempilo Inani labafundi ezindlini

Abekho Oyedwa Ababili
Sibi 15 36 65
Siphakathi nendawo 35 94 40
Sihle kakhulu 50 50 25

1. I-probability yokuthi umfundi owenza unyaka wokuqala ovele wakhethwa
noma kanjani futhi okungenabafundi ahlala nabo uzobe esesimweni sempilo
esibi ekupheleni kwesigamu sonyaka ingu 0.15.
2. I-probability yokuthi umfundi owenza unyaka wokuqala ohlala nomunye
oyedwa ebe evele wakhethwa noma kanjani uzobe esesimweni sempilo esibi
ekupheleni kwesigamu sonyaka ingu 0.20.
3. Imiphumela yezenzeko H = {umfundi unesimo sempilo esibi} no-N = {umfundi
akanabafundi ahlala nabo} yimiphumela engenamthelela ekwenzekeni
komunye nakomunye.
4. Imiphumela yezenzeko H = {umfundi unesimo sempilo esibi} no-N = {umfundi
akanabafundi ahlala nabo} incike komunye nakomunye.
5. Uma uthola umuntu onempilo ephakathi nendawo, ungaba nesiqiniseko
esingu 52% sokuthi lowo muntu uhlala endlini nomuntu oyedwa kuphela.
Umbuzo wesi-3
EBarana Republic kunabakhiqizi bamafriji ababili ababizwa ngo-Cool kanye no-Dry.
Ake sithathe ngokuthi awekho amafriji avela kwamanye amazwe. Ingxenye
yamasheya emakethe mayelana nalaba bakhiqizi ababili ingu 70% okungeka-Cool
bese iba ngu 30% eka-Dry. Umphathi oyedwa wakwa-Dry waphakamisa ukuba kube
nesikhathi sewaranti ende ezonikezwa ngezindleko ezithe ukuze kukhuliswe
ingxenye yemakethe yale nkampani. Inkampani yezocwaningo lwezimakethe
eqashwe ngabakwa-Dry yenza ubalo lwabantu yathola lokhu okulandelayo: Abantu
abangu 50% abangabanikazi bamafriji enziwe ngu-Cool bayasithanda lesi
siphakamiso kanti abangu 30% abasithandisisi, bese kuthi labo abanye abanikazi
basiphikise. Phakathi kwabanikazi bamafriji akhiwe ngu-Dry, abangu 70%
bayasithanda lesi siphakamiso kanti abangu 20% abasithandisisi, bese kuthi labo
abanye abanikazi abasasele basiphikise.
a. Umnikazi wefriji ukhethwe noma kanjani. Ingakanani i-probability yokuthi

umuntu uzoba nefriji elenziwe ngabakwa-Dry?
b. Umnikazi wefriji ukhethwe noma kanjani. Ingakanani i-probability yokuthi
umnikazi uzophikisana nesiphakamiso sewaranti entsha okufakwa izindleko
ezengeziwe kuso?
Iseluleko: Yakha idayagramu yesihlahla.

Umbuzo woku-1
Impendulo yesi-3
1. Ifanele. I-probability engayodwana yi-probability yokuthi umphumela
wesenzeko esithile uzokwenzeka, noma ngabe kwenzekani kweminye
imiphumela.
2. Ifanele. I-probability edibene yi-probability yokuthi imiphumela yezenzeko
ezimbili noma ngaphezulu yonke izokwenzeka.
3. Ayifanele. Mayelana nemiphumela yezenzeko ezingenamthelela ekwenzekeni
kwesinye nesinye, i P(A no B) = 0.
4. Ifanele. Uma kunolwazi olufanayo njengokwempendulo yesi-3, umphumela A
no-B ngeke babe ngabazimele. Uma umphumela A no-B bezimele, kusho
ukuthi i-
P(A no- B) = P(A) × P(B) = 0.7 × 0.6 = 0.42. Kodwa-ke inkinga ibeka ukuthi i-
P(A no-B) = 0.35, hhayi u 0.42.
5. Ifanele. Imiphumela yezenzeko ezimbili ngeke yakwazi ukungabi namthelela
ekwenzekeni kwesinye nesinye futhi ibe ngezimele.
Umbuzo wesi-2
Impendulo yesi-3
1. Ukuze ukwazi ukuphendula lo mbuzo, uyelulekwa ukuthi uhlanganise imigqa
namakholamu ethebula elinikeziwe.
Isimo sezempilo Inani labafundi ezindlini Isamba

Abekho Oyedwa Ababili
Sibi 15 36 65 116
Siphakathi 35 94 40 169
nendawo
Sihle kakhulu 50 50 25 125
Isamba 100 180 130 410
Ifanele. Kulabo bafundi abangu 100 abangenabafundi abahlala nabo, abangu

15
15 babenesimo sempilo esibi futhi = 0.15.
100
2. Ifanele. Kulabo bafundi abangu 180 abahlala nomfundi oyedwa, abangu 36
36
babenesimo sempilo esibi futhi = 0.20.
180
3. Ayifanele. Uma le miphumela yezenzeko ezimbili kwakungathiwa
ayinamthelela ekwenzekeni komunye nakomunye, leyo seli okuhlangana kuyo
"impilo embi" kanye "nokungahlali namuntu" kumele ibe noziro (kanti ino 15).
4. Ifanele. Sebenzisa umthetho wokuphindaphinda ukufakazisa ukuthi le
miphumela yezenzeko akuyona ezimele. Hlola ukuthi ngabe P(H no-N) = P(H)
× P(N).
15
P(H no- N) = = 0.037
410
116 100
P(H) × P(N) = × = 0.069 ≠ 0.037
410 410
Lokhu kusho ukuthi le miphumela yezenzeko ezimbili incikile.
5. Ifanele. Lena yi-probability encikile, ongayifunda nje kalula ethebuleni
94
ngokuthi ngu = 0.5222.
180
94
P( A and B)
Ungayibala futhi ngokusebenzisa ifomula ethi P(A/B) = = 410 =
P( B) 180
410
0.5222.
Umbuzo wesi-3
Le dayagramu yesihlahla elandelayo inikeza ulwazi lombuzo ngendlela eqonde
ngqo:
manuscript*>
Ake sithi u-A = Ifriji yakwa-Cool kanti u-A′ = ifriji yakwa-Dry.
B1 = uyasithanda isiphakamiso
B2 = akanandaba nesiphakamiso
B3 = uyasiphikisa isiphakamiso
P(B1 | A) = 0.5 P(A no- B1) = 0.35

P(A) = 0.7 Abakwa-Cool P(B2 | A) = 0.3 P(A no- B2) = 0.21
P(B3 | A) = 0.2 P(A no- B3) = 0.14
P(B1 | A′) = 0.7 P(A′ no B1) = 0.21

P(A′) = 0.3 Abakwa-Dry P(B2 | A′) = 0.2 P(A′ no- B2) = 0.06
P(B3 | A′) = 0.1 P(A′ no- B3) = 0.03
a. I-probability yokuthi umuntu uzoba nefriji elenziwe ngabakwa-Dry ilingana no

0.30.
b. I-probability yokuthi umnikazi uzophikisana nesiphakamiso sewaranti entsha
efakwa ngezindleko ezengeziwe ngu 0.03 + 0.14 = 0.17.
4.4 UKUVIVINYA NGOKUZIHLOLA NGOKWAKHO
Umbuzo woku-1
Yisisiphi isitatimende okuyisona esifanele?
1. I-probability ithatha inani kusukela ku 0 kuya ku 1.
2. I-probability imayelana nenombolo esho ukuba khona kwethuba lokuthi
umphumela othile uzokwenzeka.
3. I-probability iba nguziro uma umphumela wesenzeko A okuyiwona obhekiwe
ungeke wakwazi ukwenzeka.
4. Imiphumela engatholakala yesampula isho konke okungatholakala lapho
kwenziwa i-eksperimenti.
5. Zonke lezi zitatimende ezingenhla zifanele.
Umbuzo wesi-2
Thatha ngokuthi u-X no-Y yimiphumela emibili ezimele P(X) = 0.5 no- P(Y) = 0.25.
1. P(X′) = 0.75
2. P(X no- Y) = 0.125
3. P(X noma u- Y) = 0.625
4. U-X no-Y akuzona izinto ezingenamthelela okunye nakokunye.
5. P(X/Y) = 0.5
Umbuzo wesi-3
Funda leli thebula lokuqhathanisa elingezansi:
Umphumela C1 C2 C3 C4 Isamba
D1 75 125 65 35 300
D2 90 105 60 45 300
D3 135 120 75 70 400
Isamba 300 325 200 150 1 000

1. P(C1 no-D1) = 0.075
2. P(D1) = 0.3
3. P(C1 no-D1) = 0.6
4. P(D3/C4) = 0.4667
5. P(C4/D3) = 0.175
Umbuzo wesi-4
Umdayisi ka-ayiskhrimu udayisa oyizinhlobo ezintathu zokunambitheka:
owushokoledi, i-vanilla ne-strawberry. Kulowo asuke ewudayisile, u 40%
ngushokoledi, u 35% yi-vanilla bese kuba nama-strawberry angu 25%. Udayiswa
ngophonjwana oluyikhoni noma ngenkomishi. Amapheseni amakhoni kashokoledi
odayisiwe, awe-vanilla nawe-strawberry angu 80%, 60% kanye no 40%,
ngokulandelana. Sebenzisa idayagramu yesihlahla ukuthola ama-probability afanele
mayelana nokudayiswa kuka-ayiskhrimu owodwa okhethwe noma ingayiphi indlela.
1. P(we-strawberry) = 0.25
2. P(we-vanilla esenkomishini) = 0.14
3. P(kashokoledi okwikhoni) = 0.32
4. P(kashokoledi noma we-vanilla) = 0.75
5. P(we-vanilla/okwikhoni) = 0.3889
Umbuzo wesi-5
Kwinhlolovo kwakubuzwa abantu ukuthi bajwayele kangakanani ukweqa umkhawulo
wejubane. Emuva kwalokho idatha yafakwa ngalezi zigaba zethebula
lokuqhathanisa elalikhombisa ubudlelwano phakathi kweminyaka yobudala
ngokweqoqwana kanye nempendulo.
Ukweqa umkhawulo uma kunokwenzeka

Njalo Hhayi njalo Isamba
Ubudala Ngaphansi kweminyaka engu 30 100 100 200
Ngaphezu kweminyaka engu 30 40 160 200
Isamba 140 260 400

1. Kulabo bantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engu 30, i-probability yokweqa njalo
umkhawulo wejubane ingu 0.20.
2. Kulabo bantu abangaphansi kweminyaka engu 30, i-probability yokweqa njalo
umkhawulo wejubane ingu 0.5.
3. I-probability yokuthi umuntu okhethwe noma ingayiphi indlela uzoba
ngaphezu kweminyaka engu 30 futhi ngeke ahlale eweqa njalo umkhawulo
wejubane ingu 0.4.
4. U 10% wabantu abakule nhlolovo bahlale njalo nje beweqa umkhawulo
wejubane.
5. Phakathi kwabantu abahlale njalo beweqa umkhawulo wejubane abangu
71.43% kubona bangaphansi kweminyaka engu 30.
Umbuzo wesi-6
Izinombolo 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 zibhalwa emakhadini ehlukene. Amakhadi
ayashovwa bese kuphenywa lelo khadi elingaphezulu. Ake sithi u-A = inombolo
engelona ugweje futhi u-B = inombolo engaphezu kuka 6. Yisiphi kulezi zitatimende
ezilandelayo okuyisona esingafanele?
1. Imiphumela engatholakala yesampula S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
2. P(A) = 4/9
3. P(B) = 1/3
4. P(A no-B) = 1/9
5. P(A noma u-B) = 7/9
Umbuzo wesi-7
Uma u-A no-B beyimiphumela yezenzeko ezizimele lapho P(A) = 0.25 ne-P(B) =
0.60, kanjalo i P(A/B) ilingana no… .
1. 0.25
2. 0.60
3. 0.35
4. 0.85
5. 0.15
Umbuzo wesi-8
Njengoba kwaziwa ukuthi i P(A) = 0.7, P(B) = 0.6 ne-P(A no-B) = 0.35, yisiphi kulezi
zitatimende ezilandelayo okuyisona esingafanele?
1. P(B′) = 0.4
2. U-A no-B akukhona ukuthi okunye akunamthelela ekwenzekeni kokunye.
3 U-A no-B bancike omunye nakomunye.
4. P(B/A) = 0.6
5. P(A noma u-B) = 0.95
Umbuzo wesi-9
INkampani yakwaBurger Queen inezindawo ezingu 124 ezisogwini
olusentshonalanga. Imenenja enkulu iphatheke kabi ngesimo senzuzo eyenziwa
yilezo zindawo uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto ezithengwa kakhulu ohlwini
lokudayiswayo. Lolu lwazi olungezansi lukhombisa inombolo yento ngayinye
esohlwini lokudayiswayo ekhethwe ngokungeniswa kwenzuzo esitolo.
I-Burger I-Burger I-Burger Ama- Ama- Isamba

Yezingane Yomama Yobaba Nachos Tacos
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5
Inzuzo 250 424 669 342 284 1 969
ephezulu
R1
Inzuzo 312 369 428 271 200 1 580
ephakathi
nendawo
R2
Inzuzo 289 242 216 221 238 1 206
ephansi
R3
Isamba 851 1 035 1 313 834 722 4 755
Uma i-oda lento esohlwini lokudayiswayo livele lakhethwa noma ngayiphi indlela,
yisiphi isitatimende okuyisona esingafanele?
1. P(M5) = 0.1518
2. P(R3) = 0.0501
3. P(R2 no- M3) = 0.0900
4. P(M2/R2) = 0.2335
5. P(R1/M4) = 0.4101
4.5 IZIXAZULULO ZEZIVIVINYO ZOKUZIHLOLA NGOKWAKHO
Umbuzo woku-1
Impendulo yesi-5
Umbuzo wesi-2
P(X′) = 1 − P(X) = 1 − 0.5 = 0.5
P(X no-Y) = P(X) × P(Y) = 0.5 × 0.25 = 0.125
P(X noma u-Y) = P(X) + P(Y) − P(X no-Y) = 0.5 + 0.25 − 0.125 = 0.625
P(X no-Y) = 0.125 ≠ 0, ngakho-ke u-X no-Y akukhona ukuthi abanamthelela kokunye
nakokunye.
0.125
P(X|Y) = P(X no-Y)/P(Y) = = 0.5
0.25
Impendulo yoku-1
Umbuzo 3
75
P(C1 no-D1) = = 0.075
1 000
300
P(D1) = = 0.3
1 000
P(C1 no-D1) = 0.3 + 0.3 − 0.075 = 0.525
70
P(D3|C4) = = 0.4667
150
70
P(C4|D3) = = 0.175
400
Impendulo yesi-3
Umbuzo wesi-4
Ake sithi imiphumela izoba njengokulandelayo:
C = enokunambitheka kukashokoledi
V = enokunambitheka kwe-vanilla
S = amaphesenti okudayiswa kwamakhoni
Sa = enokunambitheka kwe-strawberry
P(i-strawberry) = 0.25
P(i-vanilla esenkomishini) = P(V) × P(S′/V) = 0.35 × 0.4 = 0.14
P(ushokoledi okwikhoni) = P(C) × P(S/C) = 0.4 × 0.8 = 0.32
P(ushokoledi noma i-vanilla) = P(C) + P(V) = 0.4 × 0.35 = 0.75
P(i-vanilla/ekwikhoni) = P(i-vanilla ekwikhoni)
P(ikhoni)
= P(V) × P(S/V)
P(C)P(S/C) + P(V)P(S/V) + P(Sa)P(S/Sa)
= 0.35 × 0.6
(0.4 × 0.8) + (0.35 × 0.6) + (0.25 × 0.4)
= 0.21
0.63
= 0.333
Impendulo yesi-5
Umbuzo wesi-5
40
P(sonke isikhathi|ngaphezu kuka 30) = = 0.20
200
100
P(sonke isikhathi|ngaphansi kuka 30) = = 0.5
200
160
P(ngaphezu kuka 30 futhi hhayi ngaso sonke isikhathi) = = 0.4
400
140
Amaphesenti ngokwabantu okuhlale kweqe ngabo = = 0.35 = 35%
400
100
P(ngaphansi kuka 30|sonke isikhathi) = = 0.7143 = 71.43%
140
Impendulo yesi-4
Umbuzo wesi-6
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A no- B) = 4/9 + 1/3 − 1/9 = 6/9 = 2/3
Impendulo yesi-5
Umbuzo wesi-7
P( A and B) P( A) × P( B)
P(A/B) = = = P(A) = 0.25
P( B) P( B)
Impendulo yoku-1
Umbuzo wesi-8
P(B′) = 1 − P(B) = 0.4
P(A no-B) ≠ 0, A no-B abayona imiphumela yezenzeko ezingenamthelela kokunye
nokunye.
P(A)P(B) ≠ P(A no-B), ngakho-ke u-A no-B bayimiphumela encikile.
P( A and B) 0.35
P(B|A) = = = 0.5
P( A) 0.7
P(A no-B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A no-B) = 0.7 + 0.6 − 0.35 = 0.95
Impendulo yesi-4
Umbuzo wesi-9
722
P(M5) = = 0.1518
4 755
1 206
P(R3) = = 0.2536
4 755
428
P(R2 no-M3) = = 0.0900
4 755
369
P(M2|R2) = = 0.2335
1 580
342
P(R1|M4) = = 0.4101
834
Impendulo yesi-2
4.6 OKUFINGQIWE
Uma usuyifunde wayazi le yunithi yesifundo, kumele ukwazi ukwenza lokhu

okulandelayo
● ukuxhumanisa izimo ezivele zenzeke nganoma iyiphi indlela ne-probability
yokuthi zivele zenzeke empilweni yansuku zonke
● ukuchaza imiphumela engatholakala yesampula, umphumela kanye neqoqo
lemiphumela
● ukwazi idayagramu ka-Venn ekhombisa imiphumela engatholakala
yesampula kanye nemiphumela elapho ngaphakathi
● ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemiphumela yeqoqo eliyinhlanganisela kanye
neyeqoqo eliyingxube
● ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-probability engayodwana, edibene kanye nencikile
● ukuchazisisa umehluko phakathi kwemiphumela engenamthelela
ekwenzekeni komunye nakomunye kanye nemiphumela ezimele
● ukwazi izisekelo ezihlukene zokubala kwi-probability
● ukuchaza kanye nokusebenzisa imithetho ngqangi ye-probability
● ukusebenzisa amathebula okuqhathanisa kanye namadayagramu esihlahla
ekuxazululeni imibuzo eyimpica emaqondana ne-probability
Chaza ukwendlaleka kwe-probability ehluke ngokuqhakambile.
Ungakwakha kanjani ukwendlaleka kwe-probability ye-variable ehluke ngokuqhakambile

ekhethwe noma kanjani?
Hlukanisa phakathi kwama-variable ahluke ngokuqhakambile nalawo akhethwe noma

kanjani aqhubekayo.
Ungasibala kanjani isibalo senani elilindelekile kanye ne-variance ye-variable ehluke

ngokuqhakambile ekhethwa noma yingayiphi indlela?
Ungasibala kanjani isibalo senani elilindelekile kanye ne-variance yokwendlaleka okuhluke

ngokuqhakambile?
Ungasibala kanjani isibalo senani elilindelekile kanye ne-variance yokwendlaleka ngokwe-

Poisson okubhekela izenzeko eziningi?
5.1 ISINGENISO
Kwiyunithi yesifundo sesi-4 uye wafunda okuningi mayelana ne-probability jikelele. Kule
yunithi yesifundo sizoxoxa ngama-variable ehluke ngokuqhakambile akhethwe noma
ingayiphi indlela. Ukwendlaleka kwama-probability kuye kufakwe ngaphansi kwesigaba
okungaba esihluke ngokuqhakambile noma esiqhubekayo, kuye ngesimo se-variable
ekhethwe noma ikanjani. I-variable ekhethwe noma ingayiphi indlela iyi-variable engaba
namanani ehlukene ngokuhambelana nomphumela we-eksperimenti. Ichazwa ngokuthi
ikhethwe noma ingayiphi indlela ngenxa yokuthi sisuke singeke sazi ngaphambilini ukuthi
izoba naliphi ngempela inani emuva kwe-eksperimenti. Isibonelo, uma siphonsa uhlamvu
lwemali phezulu sisuke singazi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi luzofike luhlale phansi ngekhanda yini
noma ngomsila. Kanjalo-ke uma sikala idayamitha ye-bearing esabhola sisuke singazi
ngaphambilini ukuthi ukukalwa kwayo kuzokhomba ukuthi ingakanani ngempela. Ama-
variable akhethwa noma ingayiphi indlela aye ahluke ngokuqhakambile noma abe
ngaqhubekayo. Kule yunithi yesifundo kuzogxilwa kuma-variable ahluke ngokuqhakambile
kanye nokwendlaleka kwe-probability yawo. Kwiyunithi elandelayo sizoxoxa ngama-variable
akhethwa noma ikanjani awuhlobo oluqhubekayo.
<*Production, Please compare all formulas in this unit with those in

original manuscript*>
● I-variabke ekhethwe noma ikanjani kusuke kungeyehluke ngokuqhakambile uma
ingaba kuphela yinombolo yamanani abalekayo angaba khona (0, 1, 2, 3, ...).
● I-variable eqhubekayo ekhethwe noma ikanjani iba ngamanani angeke abaleka;

ingaba yinoma yiliphi inani elilodwa noma ngaphezulu kumaqoqwana ezindawo. U-
Levine nabanye basinikeza le ncazelo elandelayo yendawo ye-probability:
Indawo engathathwa yi-probability, ebhalwa kuthiwe p(x), iye isho ngokucacile ukuthi i-
probability yokuthi i-variable ekhethwe noma ikanjani iyalingana nenani elithile. Uma
kubekwa ngokuqonde ngqo, i p(x) yi-probability yokuthi i-variable ekhethwe noma kanjani u-
X iba yinani elingu-x, noma p(x) = P(X = x).
Izimpawu ezimbili ezisemqoka zendawo engathathwa yi-probability yilezi
● 0 ≤ p(x) ≤ 1 mayelana nanoma yiliphi inani lika-x
● Σp(x) = 1, okungukuthi isibalo sekuhlanganiswe wonke ama-probability ayo yonke

imiphumela engatholakala singu-x we-variable ekhethwe yinoma kanjani engu-X
silingana nokukodwa.
Umsebenzi 5.1: Isihloko Ikhono lokufunda
Dweba ibalazwe lomqondo lezihloko ozozifunda kule yunithi yesifundo. Emuva

kwalokho-ke phenya amakhasi ale yunithi ngenhloso yokudweba lelo balazwe uliqede.
<*Editor/Translator: Please do not work inside the diagram –
edit/translate the text entered below the diagram*>
<*Editor/Translator: List of words for editing/translation*>
UKWENDLALEKA KWE-PROBABILITY
Ama-variable ahluke ngokuqhakambile akhethwe yinoma kanjani
i-mean
i-variance
Ukwendlaleka komphumela ongakubili
i-mean
i-variance
Ukwendlaleka kwe-Poisson
i-mean
i-variance
<*End of words*>
Umsebenzi 5.2: Umqondo wendima yolwazi
Amakhono okucabanga ngomqondo wendima yolwazi
Ikhono lezokuxhumana
Hlola ulwazi lwakho (bhala ngepensela) bese ubuye ulungisa ukuqonda kwakho
olusuke luselusha kungenzeka lungabi nawo amagama awo wonke amatemu endimeni
ethile yolwazi. Yiziphi izibonelo ongazicabanga?
Itemu leSingisi Incazelo Itemu ngolimi lwakho lwasekhaya
Probability distributions
Discrete random variables
Continuous random variables
Binomial distributions
Poisson distributions
The mean of the binomial distribution
The variance of the binomial distribution
The mean of the Poisson distribution
The variance of the Poisson distribution
The standard deviation
5.2 UKWENDLALEKA KWE-PROBABILITY YAMA-VARIABLE

AHLUKE NGOKUQHAKAMBILE AKHETHWE NOMA KANJANI
U-Levine nabanye bachaza ukwendlaleka kwe-probability ye-variable eyehluke
ngokuqhakambile ekhethwe noma ikanjani njengokwenza uhla lwayo yonke imiphumela
engatholakala ngokwezinombolo engenamthelela ekwenzekeni kweminye kanye ne-
probability yokwenzeka komphumela ngamunye (bheka isigaba 5.1). Kusho ukuthi uma u-X
eyi-variable eyehluke ngokuqhakambile ehambelana ne-eksperimenti ethile yezinto zonke
ezingenzeka, uhla lwawo wonke amanani angatholakala ka-X angaba nawo kanye nama-
probability ahambelana nawo kubizwa ngokwendlaleka kwe-probability eyehluke
ngokuqhakambile. Isamba se-probability sayo yonke imiphumela ngu 1.
5.2.1 Inani elilindelekile le-variable ehluke ngokuqhakambile ekhethwe

noma kanjani
I-mean µ yokwendlaleka kwe-probability ehluke ngokuqhakambile ibizwa ngokuthi yinani

layo elilindelekile futhi lokhu kubekwa kanje E(x) noma µ. Ibalwa njengesamba somkhiqizo
we-variable ekhethwe noma kanjani X kanye ne-probability engumaqondana wayo, P(X),
kanje:
N
µ = E(X) = ∑ X P( X )
i =1
i i
lapho
u Xi = ith yomphumela we-variable X ehluke ngokuqhakambile ekhethwe noma

kanjani
P(Xi)= i-probability yokwenzeka kwe-ith yomphumela ka X
Isibonelo 5.1
Ngokolwazi lwakhe, usolwazi othile uyazi ukuthi ukwendlaleka kwe-probability ka

X = inombolo yabafundi abaye beze ehhovisi lakhe ngoLwezithathu kunikeziwe lapha
ngezansi.
x 0 1 2 3 4
P(X = x) 0.10 0.20 0.50 0.15 0.05
Iyiphi inombolo elindelekile yabafundi abamvakashelayo ngoLwezithathu?
1. 0.50
2. 0.70
3. 1.85
4. 0.90
5. 0.30
Isixazululo:
Inombolo elindelekile (i-mean) ibalwa njengesamba somkhiqizo we-variable ekhethwe noma

kanjani u-X kanye ne-probability engumaqondana wayo, u P(X), ngale ndlela elandelayo:
N
µ = E(X) = ∑ X P( X )
i =1
i i
= (0 × 0.1) + (1 × 0.20) + (2 × 0.5) + (3 × 0.15) + (4 × 0.05)
= 1.85
Impendulo yesi-3
5.2.2 I-variance kanye ne-standard deviation kwe-variable ehluke

ngokuqhakambile ekhethwe noma kanjani
I-variance yokwendlaleka kwe-probability ibalwa ngokuphindaphinda umehluko ngamunye

ongatholakala nge-square (Xi− µ)2 nge-probability eqondene naso, P(Xi), bese kuhlanganiswa
umkhiqizo ongumphumela kanje:
∑ [( X ]
N
σ2 = i − µ) 2 P ( X i )
i =1
lapho
Xi = eyi-Ith yomphumela we-variable X ehluke ngokuqhakambile ekhethwe noma

kanjani
P(Xi)= i-probability yokwenzeka kwe-Ith yomphumela ka-X
Sicela uqaphele ukuthi kumele sibale i-mean kuqala ngaphambi kokucabanga ukubala i-
variance ye-variable ehluke ngokuqhakambile ekhethwe noma kanjani.
I-standard deviation yi-positive square root ye-variance ye-variable ehluke ngokuqhakambile

ekhethwe noma kanjani:
N
σ= σ2 = ∑(X
i =1
i − µ) 2 P ( X i )
Isibonelo 5.2
Vumela ukuba ukwendlaleka kwe-probability ka X = inombolo yemisebenzi ebikhona kulo

nyaka odlule maqondana nabafundi basekolishi ibe njengokulandelayo:
x 1 2 3 4 5
P(X = x) 0.25 0.33 0.17 0.15 0.10
I-standard deviation yenombolo yemisebenzi ekade ikhona ngu… .
1. 8.000
2. 1.3682
3. 2.5200
4. 1.2844
5. 1.6496
Isixazululo:
Siqala ngokubala i-mean.
N
µ = E(X) = ∑ X P( X )
i =1
i i
=(1 × 0.25) + (2 × 0.33) + (3 × 0.17) + (4 × 0.15) + (5 × 0.10)
=2.52
Emuva kwalokho sibala i-variance:
[ ]
N
σ2 = ∑ ( X i − µ ) 2 P ( X i )
i =1
= (1 − 2.52)2 × 0.25 + (2 − 2.52)2 × 0.33 + (3 − 2.52)2 × 0.17 + (4 − 2.52)2 × 0.15 + (5 − 2.52)2 ×

0.10
= 1.6496
I-standard deviation σ = σ2 = 1.6496 = 1.2844.
Impendulo yesi-4
Uma ungakayitholi kahle indlela yokubala i-mean, i-variance kanye ne-standard deviation
ye-variable eyehluke ngokuqhakambile ekhethwe noma ikanjani, manje usungaphinda futhi
ufunde isigaba 5.1 sika-Levine nabanye, ngale kwalokho zama ukwenza lo msebenzi
olandelayo ngaphambi kokubheka isixazululo salokhu.
Umbuzo woku-1
Izincingo ezingena ku-switchboard kanye nama-probability azo ahambelanayo ngesigamu

semizuzu emi-3 zinjengokulandelayo:
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(X = x) 0.60 0.20 0.10 0.04 0.03 0.03
Zingaki izincingo ezingalindeleka ngesigamu semizuzu emi-3?
1. 0.04
2. 3
3. 0.2
4. 0.79
5. 3.75
Umbuzo wesi-2
Ukwendlaleka kwe-probability ye-variable ehluke ngokuqhakambile ekhethwe noma ikanjani

kukhonjisiwe lapha ngezansi.
x 0 1 2 3
P(X = x) 0.25 0.40 0.20 0.15
Thola isitatimende okuyisona esingafanele.
1. Lesi yisibonelo sokwendlaleka kwe-probability ehluke ngokuqhakambile.
2. Inani elilindelekile lika-x ngu 1.25.
3. I-variance ka-x ngu 2.55.
4. Uma u-x = 0, impendulo ka 0 ngemuva kokuphindaphinda ngo P(x) isho ukuthi i-

probability ehambelana nenani elingu-x =0 alinamthelela ezimpendulweni ze-mean
kanye ne-variance.
5. I-standard deviation ka-x ngu 0.9937.
Umbuzo wesi-3
Sebenzisa idatha onikezwe yona embuzweni wesi-2 bese uthola leso sitatimende okuyisona
esingafanele.
1. P(x> 1) = 0.35
2. P(x ≤ 2) = 0.65
3. P(1 <x ≤ 2) = 0.20
4. P(0 <x< 1) = 0.00
5. P(1 ≤ x< 3) = 0.60
Umbuzo woku-1
Khumbula ukuthi inombolo elindelekile futhi iyona eyi-mean ye-variable ehluke

ngokuqhakambile ekhethwe noma kanjani, ebalwa kanje:
N
µ = E(X) = ∑ X P( X )
i =1
i i
= (0 × 0.60) + (1 × 0.20) + (2 × 0.10) + (3 × 0.04) + (4 × 0.03) + (5 × 0.03) = 0.79
Impendulo yesi-4
Umbuzo wesi-2
1. Ifanele. I-variable iba ngamanani ehluke ngokuqhakambile, ngakho-ke lesi

sitatimende sifanele. Khumbula ukuthi esigabeni 5.2 sale yunithi siye sachaza
ukwendlaleka kwe-probability ye-variable ehluke ngokuqhakambile ekhethwe noma
ikanjani njengokwenza uhla lwayo yonke imiphumela engatholakala
ngokwezinombolo engenamthelela ekwenzekeni kweminye kanye ne-probability
yokwenzeka komphumela ngamunye, okuyisimo esinjalo ncamashi kule mpendulo.
2. Ifanele.
N
µ = E(X) = ∑ X P( X )
i =1
i i
=(0 × 0.25) + (1 × 0.40) + (2 × 0.20) + (3 × 0.15)

=1.25
3. Ayifanele. Lesi sibalo sibalwe ngendlela engafanele. Kumele ngabe sithi:
[ ]
N
σ2 = ∑ ( X i − µ ) 2 P ( X i )
i =1
= (0 − 1.25)2 × 0.25 + (1 − 1.25)2 × 0.40 + (2 − 1.25)2 × 0.20 + (3 − 1.25)2 × 0.15
=0.9875
4. Ifanele. Ungakubona uma ufunda ukubalwa kwe-mean kanye ne-variance.
5. Ifanele. σ = σ2 = 0.9875 = 0.9937
Umbuzo wesi-3
1. Ifanele. Sihlanganisa sisukela ku 2 (ngaphezu kuka 1) kuze kufike ku 3 ngale ndlela

elandelayo:
P(x> 1) = P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) = 0.20 + 0.15 = 0.35
2. Ayifanele. Lapha sithatha amanani kusukela ku 0 kuya ku 2. Lo mbuzo futhi

ungawucabanga njengokubili okungaba okuningi kakhulu, njengalokho kuxoxiwe
kwiyunithi yesifundo sesi-4.
P(x ≤ 2) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) = 0.25 + 0.40 + 0.20 = 0.85
3. Ifanele. Kulesi simo u 1 akafakiwe kodwa u 2 yena ufakiwe.
P(1 <x ≤ 2) = P(x = 2) = 0.20
4. Ifanele. P(0 <x< 1) = 0.00 ngoba phakathi kuka 0 no 1 akukho nani elihluke
ngokuqhakambile lika-x.
5. Ifanele. Lapha u 1 ufakiwe kodwa u 3 yena cha.
P(1 ≤ x< 3) = P(x = 1) +P(x = 2) = 0.40+0.20 = 0.60
Manje njengoba usuwaqonda ama-variable ahluke ngokuqhakambile akhethwa noma

ikanjani, sesingaxoxa nge-probability yokwendlaleka kwawo. Lesi yisigaba esincane kakhulu
kodwa esisemqoka kwi-statistics. Kukhona ukwendlaleka okumbalwa kwe-probability ehluke
ngokuqhakambile, yize-ke u-Levine nabanye bona begcizelela amabili kuphela,
okungukwendlaleka komphumela ongakubili kanye nokwendlaleka kwe-Poisson.
5.3 UKWENDLALEKA KOMPHUMELA ONGAKUBILI
Ukwendlaleka komphumela ongakubili kuchaza ukwendlaleka kwe-probability okuvela

kumphumela we-eksperimenti engakubili. Kuvamise ukuthi i-eksperiment engakubili
iqukathe ukuphindwa okumbalwa kwaleyo eksperimenti ngqangi. Ukwendlaleka kwe-
probability yomphumela ongakubili kusinika i-probability ethi impumelelo izokwenzeka
izikhathi ezingu-x emizamweni engu-n ngoba x = 0, 1, 2, ..., n.
Izimpawu
● I-eksperimenti kumele ibe nemizamo engu-n efanayo.
● Umzamo ngamunye unomphumela owodwa kwemibili engatholakala ongenamthelela

ekwenzekeni komunye nomunye: ukuphumelela nokungaphumeleli (ukuphumelela
kumaqondana nokwenzeka kwesenzeko okugxilwe kusona).
● I-probability (π) yokuthi umzamo uzoba nempumelelo ihlale ifana kusuka emzamweni
owodwa kuya komunye umzamo.
● Imizamo izimele ngamunye ngamunye (umphumela womzamo awubi namthelela

kumphumela wanoma imuphi omunye umzamo).
● I-probability yokwendlaleka kwenombolo yokuphumelela okungu-x kwe-variable

ekhethwe noma kanjani engu-X emizamweni engu-n ye-eksperimenti enomphumela
ongakubili kungu:
n!
P(x) = πx(1 − π)n − x
x!(n − x)!
lapho u-n = inombolo yemizamo noma ubungako besampula
π =i-probability yempumelelo kumzamo ngamunye
x =inombolo yemiphumela okugxilwe kuyona esampuleni

Uphawu lwezezibalo oluthi ! lubizwa ngophawu lwama-factor lwenombolo ephelele e-
positive engu n. Luhunyushwa njengomkhiqizo wazo zonke izinombolo eziphelele ezi-
positive ezingaphansi noma ezilingana no-n. Isibonelo,
5! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1= 120, 4! = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1= 24 no 0! = 1.
5.3.1 I-mean yokwendlaleka komphumela ongakubili
I-mean µ yokwendlaleka komphumela ongakubili ilingana nobungako besampula elingu-n

liphindwe nge-probability yomphumela wesenzeko okugxilwe kuso π.
µ = E(x) = nπ
5.3.2 I-variance ne-standard deviation yokwendlaleka komphumela

ongakubili
σ= σ2 = Var ( X ) = nπ(1 − π)
Isibonelo 5.3
Ifemu eyakha indwangu isithole ngokubuka okwenzeka kuyona ukuthi ngabantu abangu
20% kuphela kwabasuke befake izicelo zokusebenza emishinini ethile yokuthunga
abawufundele umsebenzi. Uma kwenziwa umhlangano wokuhlola abantu aba 5, ithini i-
probability yokuthola okungenani abantu abathathu abafuwundele umsebenzi?
n = 5, π = 0.20, P(x≥ 3) = ?
Sicela ungakhohlwa ukuthi okungenani abathathu kusho ukuthi hlanganisa, ube usukela
phezu kokuthathu.
P(x≥ 3) = P(x = 3) + P(x = 4) + P(x = 5)
5! 5! 5!
= 0.203(1 − 0.20)5 − 3 + 0.204(1 − 0.20)5 − 4 + 0.205(1 − 0.20)5 − 5
3!(5 − 3)! 4!(5 − 4)! 5!(5 − 5)!
=0.0512 + 0.0064 + 0.0003
=0.0579
Manje usungayizama le mibuzo elandelayo evamise ukubuzwa uma kuhlolwa. Sicela uzame
ukuyiphendula ngaphambi kokubheka izixazululi.
Umbuzo woku-1
Umdayisi wezimoto odayisa izimoto ezintsha uyazi ukuthi udayisela ikhasimende elilodwa
imoto kulawo ayi 10 asuke engene endaweni okukhangiselwa kuyona. I-probability yokuthi
uzokwazi ukudayisela imoto amakhasimende amabili kulawo amathathu alandelayo ingu....
1. 0.027
2. 0.973
3. 0.000
4. 0.090
5. 0.901
Umbuzo wesi-2
Sebenzisa ulwazi olunikezwe embuzweni woku-1. Masithi u-X uyinombolo yezimoto

ezidayiswa umdayisi wezimoto ezidayisela amakhasimende amathathu alandelayo. Yisiphi
kulezi zitatimende ezilandelayo okuyisona esingafanele?
1. U-X unokwendlaleka komphumela ongakubili.
2. Inombolo elindelekile yezimoto ezidayisiwe uma n =3 ngu 0.3.
3. I-variance yalokhu kwendlaleka ngu 0.27.
4. P(X ≤ 1) = 0.9720
5. P(X> 2) = 0.0280
Umbuzo wesi-3
Ake sithi izimoto ezingu 62% ezintsha ezidayiswe ezweni elithile zisuke zakhiwe yinkampani
eyodwa enkulu. Isampula elikhethwe noma kanjani lokuthengwa kwezimoto eziyisi 7
ezintsha bese liyakhethwa. I-probability yokuthi ekuthengeni oku-4 kulokho kuthengwa
kwezimoto kuzoba yizimoto ezakhiwe yile nkampani eyakha izimoto kungu … .
1. 0.5800
2. 0.5714
3. 0.2838
4. 0.4200
5. 0.7162
Umbuzo woku-1
1
n = 3, π = =0.1, P(x = 2)= ?
10
3!
P(x = 2) = 0.12(1 − 0.1)3 − 2
2!(3 − 2)!
= 0.027
Umbuzo wesi-2
1. Ifanele.
2. Ifanele. E(x) = nπ = 3 × 0.1 = 0.3
3. Ifanele. σ2 = nπ(1 − π) = 3 × 0.1(1 − 0.1) = 0.27
4. Ifanele. P(x ≤ 1) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1)
3! 3!
= 0.10(1 − 0.1)3 − 0 + 0.11(1 − 0.1)3 − 1
0!(3 − 0)! 1!(3 − 1)!
= 0.7290 + 0.2430
= 0.9720
3!
5. Ayifanele. P(x> 2) = P(x = 3) = 0.13(1 − 0.1)3 – 3 = 0.001
3!(3 − 3)!
Umbuzo wesi-3
n = 7, π = 0.62, P(x = 4) = ?
7!
P(x = 4) = 0.624(1 − 0.62)7 − 4
4!(7 − 4)!
= 0.2838
5.4 UKWENDLALEKA KWE-POISSON
Ukwendlaleka kwe-Poisson ngukwendlaleka okuhluke ngokuqhakambile komphumela

wesenzeko lapho isuke incane kakhulu i-probability yokuthi senzeke kuleso sikhathi
esibaluliwe, endaweni ethile noma ebangeni elithile. Usuke ungekho umkhawulo othile
ophezulu osuke obaluliwe (i-n isuke ingaziwa), yize-ke ukubala okugcina ndawana thile
kusuke kulindelekile. Ukwendlaleka kwe-Poisson ngokujwayelekile kuchaza ukwenzeka
kwezinto ezifana nalokhu:
● ukufika kwamakhasimende endaweni yezinsiza ngesikhathi esithile esibaluliwe,

isibonelo, inombolo yabanikazi bezimoto abeza endaweni okukhokhelwa kuyo
umgwaqo; inombolo yabantu abalambile abasuke bengena endaweni edayisa ukudla
noma inombolo yezincingo ezingena esikhungwneni sezincingo senkampani ethile.
Kulesi simo, kulusizo futhi eqhingeni lezokuphatha ngesayensi elibizwa ngetiyori
yokuba semgqeni (waiting line theory)
● ogcobho bokonakala ezimpahleni ezikhiqiziwe, njengenombolo yezinto ezisuke

zingakhekanga kahle emikhiqizweni yocingo noma yamapayipi esibalweni esithile
sobude ngokwamafithi, noma inombolo yamashanda emapulangweni asendaweni
ethile enikeziwe
● inombolo yokushona kwabantu okuhambelana nomsebenzi, izingozi, izehlukaniso,
ukuzibulala noma ukubulawa esikhathini esiyisigamu esithile esinikeziwe
Yize isondelene kakhulu nokwendlaleka komphumela ongakubili, ukwendlaleka kwe-Poisson
kunezimpawu eziningi ezenza kwehluke. Phakathi kwazo kukhona lokhu okulandelayo:
● Inombolo yobuningi bempumelelo eyenzeka ezigamwini ezithile ezibaluliwe

ayinamthelela kubuningi bokwenzeka kunoma isiphi esinye isigamu.
● I-probability yokuthi impumelelo izokwenzeka kwisigamu iyefana kuzo zonke izigamu

ezilinganayo futhi ihambelana nobungako besigamu.
● U-x ungukubalwa kwenombolo yobuningi bempumelelo eyenzeka kwisigamu esithile

esinikeziwe futhi ungaba yinoma iliphi inani kusukela ku 0 kuya
kokungenamkhawulo.
● Uma u-X eyi-variable ye-Poisson ekhethwe noma ikanjani, ukwendlaleka kwe-

probability kwenani lobuningi bempumelelo ka-x ngu:
λx ⋅ e − λ
P(x) =
x!
x = 0, 1, 2 ,...
lapho
λ = inombolo eyi-avareji yempumelelo eyenzeka esikhathini esithile esinikeziwe

noma isikali
e = 2.71828 (isisekelo sama-natural logarithm)
Isibonelo 5.4
Inani eliyi-avareji yohlobo oluthile lomsakazo oludayiswa ngosuku yifemu ethile licishe libe
yi-Poisson, ene-mean ka 1.5. I-probability yokuthi le femu izodayisa okungenani imisakazo
emibili esikhathini esiyisigamu sezinsuku ezintathu ilingana nokuthi... .
1. 0.5578
2. 0.1255
3. 0.9344
4. 0.0447
5. 0.4422
Isixazululo:
Khumbula ukuthi lokhu kwendlaleka akunamkhawulo wokuphezulu. Ngakho-ke kumele

sikubeke okungenani ngenye indlela elinganayo efana nokuthi:
P(x ≥ 2) = 1 − P(x ≤ 1)
= 1 − {P(x = 0) + P(x = 1)}
1.50 ⋅ e −1.5 0.51 ⋅ e −1.5 

=1–  + 
 0! 1! 
=1 − {0.2231 + 0.3347}
= 0.4422
Impendulo yesi-5
Isibonelo 5.5
Ibhange lithola ngokwe-avareji amasheke ayisi-6 asuke engalungile ngosuku lulunye. I-

probability yokuthi lizothola amasheke ama-4 ncamashi angalungile ngosuku oluthile ingu... .
1. 0.0892
2. 0.1393
3. 0.2851
4. 0.1339
5. 0.6667
Isixazululo
Njengoba sazi ukuthi i λ = 6, P(x = 4) = ?
λx ⋅ e − λ 64 ⋅ e −6
P(x = 4) = = =0.1339
x! 4!
Impendulo yesi-4
Lesi sigaba siqukethe imibuzo esuselwa kwiyunithi yesifundo sonke. Sicela uyizame
ngaphambi kokuba uyobheka izixazululo.
Umbuzo woku-1
Abaphangi abagebenga amabhange baye baveze izibhamu ukusabisa abazisulu zabo

ezigamekweni ezingu 80%. Isimemezelo sokuthi kunamabhange ayisithupha abanjwa
inkunzi siyasakazwa njengamanje. I-probability yokusetshenziswa kwesibhamu okungenani
kokukodwa kulokhu kubanjwa kwenkunzi ingu ... .
1. 0.0015
2. 0.7379
3. 0.0001
4. 0.9999
5. 0.0016
Umbuzo wesi-2
Endaweni ethile esemadolobheni, abasebenzi bezempilo balindele ukuthi inombolo

yobuningi bokuzalwa kwezingane izofana kulo nyaka neyangonyaka odlule, lapho kwazalwa
izingane ezingu 438, okuyi-avareji ka 438 356 noma ukuzala okungu 1.2 ngosuku. Ukuzala
kwansuku zonke kwendlaleke ngokulandela ukwendlaleka kwe-Poisson.
Lokhu kwendlaleka kungabhalwa kanje:
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P(X = x) 0.3012 0.3614 0.2169 0.0867 0.0260 0.0062 0.0012 0.0002

Ikhona yini i-probability yokuthi okungenani kuzozalwa kabili ngosuku oluthile olunikeziwe?
1. 0.3374
2. 0.8795
3. 0.3795
4. 0.7831
5. 0.6626
Umbuzo wesi-3
Lokhu kwendlaleka okulandelayo kwe-probability yezinto sezizonke ezingenamkhawulo ene-

variable eyehluke ngokuqhakambile ekhethwe noma kanjani engu-x kunikeziwe:
x 0 1 2 3
P(x) 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.4
1. I-mean ka-x ngu 1.9.
2. I-probability yokuthi u-x unomkhawulo omkhulu ka 1 ilingana no 0.3.
3. I-variance ka-x ngu 1.29.
4. I-standard deviation ka-x ngu 1.14.
5. I-probability yokuthi u- x okungenani ungu 0 ilingana no 0.2
Umbuzo wesi-4
Umuthi oyisidakamizwa uyaziwa ukuthi usebenza ngempumelelo engu 80% ekwelapheni

isifo esithile. Uma abantu abane abanalesi sifo bezonikwa lo muthi oyisidakamizwa, i-
probability yokuthi kuzokwelapheka abangaphezu kwababili ingu ... .
1. 0.8464
2. 0.1536
3. 0.5000
4. 0.1808
5. 0.8192
Umbuzo wesi-5
Uma ubheka embuzweni wesi-4, inani elilindelekile labantu abazokwelapheka lingu ... .
1. 0.80
2. 0.20
3. 3.20
4. 0.64
5. 1.00
Umbuzo wesi-6
Uma kukhona i-variable ekhethwe noma kanjani ye-Poisson engu-X lapho inombolo eyi-
avareji yempumelelo eyenzeka kuzigamu ezibaluliwe ingu 1.8, i-P(X = 0) ilingana no … .
1. 0.1653
2. 0.2975
3. 1.0000
4. 0.0000
5. 0.4762
Umbuzo woku-1
Isixazululo
P(x ≥ 1) = 1 − P(x≤ 0)
= 1 −{P(x = 0)}
6!
=1– 0.800(1 – 0.80)6−0
0!(6 − 0)!
= 1 – 000064
= 0.9999
Impendulo yesi-4
Umbuzo wesi-2
P(x ≥ 2) = 1 − P(x ≤ 1) = 1 − {P(x = 0) + P(x = 1)} = 1 − {0.3012 + 0.3614} = 0.3374
Impendulo yoku-1
Umbuzo wesi-3
1. Ifanele.
N
µ = E(x) = ∑ X P( X )
i =1
i i
= (0 × 0.20) + (1 × 0.10) + (2 × 0.30) + (3 × 0.4) = 1.9
2. Ifanele. P(x ≤ 1) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) = 0.2 + 0.1 = 0.3
3. Ifanele.
∑ [( X ]
N
σ2 = i − µ) 2 P ( X i )
i =1
= (0 − 1.9)2 × 0.2 + (1 − 1.9)2 × 0.1 + (2 − 1.9)2 × 0.3 + (3 − 1.9)2 × 0.4
= 1.29
4. Ifanele. σ = 1.29 = 1.14
5. Ayifanele. P(x ≥ 0) = P(x = 0) +P(x = 1) +P(x = 2) +P(x = 3) = 1.0
Umbuzo wesi-4
P(x> 2) = P(x = 3) + P(x = 4)
4! 4!
= 0.803(1 − 0.8)4 – 3 + 0.84(1 − 0.8)4 – 4
3!(4 − 3)! 4!(4 − 4)!
= 0.4096 + 0.4096
=0.8192
Impendulo yesi-5
Umbuzo wesi-5
E(X) = nπ =4 × 0.80 = 3.2
Impendulo yesi-3
Umbuzo wesi-6
Njengoba sazi ukuthi λ = 1.8, P(x = 0) = ?
λx ⋅ e − λ 1.80 ⋅ e−1.8
P(x = 0) = = = 0.1653
x! 0!
Impendulo yoku-1
5.7 OKUFINGQIWE
Uma usuyifunde wayazi le yunithi yesifundo, kumele ukwazi ukwenza lokhu okulandelayo
● ukubona nokuchaza ukwendlaleka kwe-probability eyehluke ngokuqhakambile
● ukwakha ukwendlaleka kwe-probability ye-variable ehluke ngokuqhakambile

ekhethwe noma kanjani
● ukuqonda umqondo wendima yolwazi lokwenzeka kwezinto ngokwe-Bernoulli kanye

nokusetshenziswa kwakho emizamweni ezolandela, njengalokho kuhambelana
nokwendlaleka komphumela ongakubili
● ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokwendlaleka komphumela okugakubili nokwe-Poisson

● ukuthola i-probability yokuthi i-variable yomphumela ongakubili izoba yinani elithile
elinikeziwe futhi ne-variable ye-Poisson ibe yinani elithile ngaphakathi kohlu
lwesigamu esithile esinikeziwe.
UKWENDLALEKA OKUJWAYELEKILE
Ungawabala kanjani ama-probability ekwendlalekeni okujwayelekile?
Ungakwazi ukwehlukanisa phakathi kokwendlaleka kwe-probability eyehluke

ngokuqhakambile kanye nokwendlaleka kwe-probability eqhubekayo?
Ungakwazi ukusebenzisa ithebula elijwayelekile ukubala ama-probability?
Ungakwazi ukuthola ukuthi iyiphi i Z-variable uma unikwe indawo engaphansi kwensonge
(curve) ejwayelekile?
Ungakwazi ukwehlukanisa phakathi kokwendlaleka okujwayelekile, okufanayo nokukhula

okuhambelanayo?
<*Production, Please compare all formulas and graphs in this unit

with those in original manuscript*>
6.1 ISINGENISO
Lesi sahluko sichaza ukwendlaleka okuthathu okuqhubekayo, okungukwendlaleka

okujwayelekile, okufanayo nokukhula okuhambelanayo. Ukwendlaleka okujwayelekile
yikhona kwendlaleka okusemqoka kunakho konke kwi-statistics futhi ngezizathu ezisemqoka
zalokho, kukhona kuzo lezi:
● Ama-variable amaningi aqhubekayo avamise emabhizinisini aye abe nokwendlaleka

okufana kakhulu nokwendlaleka okujwayelekile.
● Ukwendlaleka okujwayelekile kungasetshenziswa ukulinganisela ukwendlaleka kwe-

probability eyehluke ngokuqhakambile okunhlobonhlobo.
● Ukwendlaleka okujwayelekile yikhona okuyisisekelo sokufinyelela kusinqumo
ngokwe-statistics, ngenxa yobudlelwano bakho ne-Central Limit Theorem (bheka
isigaba 6.1 nesigaba 6.2 sika-Levine nabanye).
Kudingeka uqinisekise ukuthi uyazazi izimpawu zokwendlaleka okujwayelekile kanye nokuthi

ungalisebenzisa kanjani ithebula elijwayelekile (E.2) ukuthola ama-probability. Kule mojuli,
akudingekile ukuthi ukwazi ukusebenzisa ukwendlaleka okujwayelekile ekulinganiseleni
ukwendlaleka komphumela ongakubili. Noma kunjalo, sicela usize uzifunde lezi zigaba
ngokucophelela ngenxa yokuthi ngeke sikwazi ukukhuluma ngalo lonke ulwazi kwimojuli
eyodwa, futhi ziqukethe ulwazi olubalulekile lwe-statistics okumele ulwazi. Ngenhlanhla,
uzohlale njalo unencwadi yokufunda ongabheka kuyona uma ungayidinga noma yingasiphi
isikhathi ngomuso!
Umsebenzi 6.1: Isihloko Amakhono okufunda
Dweba ibalazwe lomqondo lezigaba/izihloko ezihlukene ozozifunda kule yunithi yesifundo.

Emuva kwalokho-ke phenya amakhasi ale yunithi ngenhloso yokudweba lelo balazwe
uliqede.
<*Editor/Translator: Please do not work inside the diagram –

edit/translate the text entered below the diagram*>
<*Translator: List of words for translation*>
UKWENDLALEKA KWE-PROBABILITY OKUQHUBEKAYO
Ithuba lokuthi i-variable ibe yinani elithile (Normal Density Function)
Ithuba lokuvela kwamanani ngokulinganayo (Uniform Density Function)
Ukwanda kwamanani ngokukhulayo
lapho
i-mean<<NOT italics>>
i-standard deviation <<NOT italics>>
lapho
ukwendlaleka kophawu olukalwayo
<*End of words*>
Umsebenzi 6.2: Umqondo wendima yolwazi Amakhono okucabanga

ngomqondo wendima yolwazi Ikhono lezokuxhumana
Hlola ulwazi lwakho (bhala ngepensela) bese ubuye ukulungisa ukuqonda kwakho emuva
kwalokho (ngokucisha bese ubhala incazelo efanele). Ngokujwayelekile, ulimi olusuke
luselusha kungenzeka lungabi nawo amagama awo wonke amatemu endimeni ethile
yolwazi. Yiziphi izibonelo ongazicabanga?

lwasekhaya
Continuous probability distributions

Discrete probability distributions
The standard normal probabilities
The mean of the normal distribution
The standard deviation of the normal

distribution
The area under the normal curve
6.2 UKWENDLALEKA OKUJWAYELEKILE KANYE

NOKWENDLALEKA OKULINGANISIWE
Okuyilona qiniso elisemqoka okudingeka uliqonde ngukuthi yize ukwendlaleka

okujwayelekile kubuye kube ngukwendlaleka kwe-probability ngokwendawo, kodwa
kunezimpawu zakho kodwa futhi okuyilona phawu olusemqoka ngukuthi i-variable
okuyichazayo ingeqhubekayo. Lokhu kuyawuguqula umqondo wendima yolwazi lwe-
probability lube yindawo, esikhundleni sokuba ubude bokuphakama kwe-bar. Iningi
labafundi lihlangabezana nenkinga ekuqondeni ukuthi sisuke sisho ukuthini ngaleyo ndawo
engaphansi kwensonge, ikakhulukazi ngoba sithi le ndawo itholakala nge-mathematics ye-
calculus. Ngakho-ke uma ungomunye walabo, ungakhathazeki noma ungakucabangi
njengento enzima kakhulu. Kusukela esikoleni samabanga aphansi kade wawuzwa
ngendawo (area) futhi yayihlale njalo ingumkhiqizo wobude nobubanzi (l × b). Namanje i-
area isengumkhiqizo wamanani amabili, yize-ke isuke ingelona "ibhokisi" langempela.
Okuyiyona ndaba emnandi ngukuthi akuyona inkinga yakho ukuthi i-area "yebhokisi"
elingajwayelekile itholakala kanjani – kuphela nje wena uvele ufunde impendulo ethebuleni
(bheka ku-E.2).
Funda izigaba 6.1 no 6.2 zencwadi yokufunda okungenani kube kanye!
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona izinto ezimbalwa okudingeka uzazi ngokwendlaleka

okujwayelekile.
● Umumo wokwendlaleka uchazwa ngokuthi umise okwensimbi (bell shaped), okusho
ukuthi unezingxenye ezimbili ezilinganayo (uma kwakungenzeka uyisike phakathi
nendawo le nsimbi, wawungayisonga kabili bese kuthi zombili izingxenye zihlale
khaxa enye phezu kwenye ngokulinganayo).
● Insonge ejwayelekile (normal curve) iye ikhonjiswe ngama-axis - okuyimigqa eqonde

ngqo (njengaleyo okungenzeka ukuthi wawuyisebenzisa eBangeni lesi-9 lapho
ubhala igrafu yomugqa oqondile).
● Amanani e-variable eqhubekayo u-X (ngokokubhala kwamanani kuka-Levine

nabanye) abhalwa kwi-axis evundlayo.
● Kukhona umehluko phakathi kokwendlaleka kwe-probability kanye nama-probability.
° Ukwendlaleka kungumugqa kuphela lowo osuke wakhe insimbi futhi kubizwa

ngendawo okungaba kuyona, okukhonjiswa njengokuthi f(X) (okuyindawo ye-
variable X).
° Isamba se-probability sesisonke sibekwe kuleyo area ephakathi kwendawo

okungaba kuyona (umugqa onomumo wensimbi) kanye ne x-axis.
● I-area isiyonke ilingana nokukodwa, kodwa-ke iyakwazi ukuhlukaniseka ibe yizigaba,

ezilawuleka ngamanani asuke enikezwe yi-variable X kwi-axis evundlayo
njengalokho kukhonjiswe kulawa magrafu alandelayo:
● Inani elingu-X elisenkabeni lapho ungayigoqa khona insonge ukuze ukhombise

ukuba khona kwezinhlangothi ezilinganayo imele i-mean µ yalokho kwendlaleka
(bheka amagrafu angenhla).
● Akuyona indawo okubekwe kuyo i-mean µ kuphela okuyiyona elawula ukwendlaleka

okuthile okujwayelekile, ne-standard deviation σ nayo iyayilawula indlela
yokwendlaleka.
● Uma amanani e-µ ne-σ esetshenziselwa ukulinganisa (standardise) inani ngalinye
X −µ
lika-X ngokusebenzisa ifomula ethi (bheka isibalo 6.2), uma kunjalo,
σ
ukwendlaleka okujwayelekile kokuqala kuzoguquka kube yilokho okuthiwa
ngukulinganisa kokwendlaleka okujwayelekile okune-mean yakho engu = 0 kanti i-
standard deviation yona =1.
● Amanani asethebuleni elijwayelekile anikeza ama-area ama-probability okulinganisa

kokwendlaleka okujwayelekile, okuyiwona ane-mean engu =0 kanti i-standard
deviation yona =1.
● Lesi sitatimende esisanda kushiwo siqonde ukuthi konke ukwendlaleka

okujwayelekile kudingeka ukuthi kulinganiswe ngokusebenzisa ifomula ngaphambi
X −µ
kokuba kusetshenziswe ithebula elijwayelekile.
σ
● Kule study guide sifake futhi enye inhlobo yethebula elijwayelekile (elithathwe ku-Utts
kanye noHeckkard: Mind on Statistics, 3rd edition ukuze kube lula kuwe. Lapha
kunikezwe amathebula amabili ehlukene, elilodwa ngelamanani ango-negative Z-
value kanti elinye ngelamanani ango-positive Z-value. Abanye abafundi baye
bakuthole kulula ukubala ama-area angaphansi kwensonge ejwayelekile
ngokusebenzisa lawa mathebula amabili.

manuscript*>
Ama-probability Ajwayelekile Okulinganisa (ka z<O)
z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
–3.4 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0002
–3.3 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0003
–3.2 .0007 .0007 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0005 .0005 .0005
–3.1 .0010 .0009 .0009 .0009 .0008 .0008 .0008 .0008 .0007 .0007
–3.0 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0012 .0012 .0011 .0011 .0011 .0010 .0010
–2.9 .0019 .0018 .0018 .0017 .0016 .0016 .0015 .0015 .0014 .0014
–2.8 .0026 .0025 .0024 .0023 .0023 .0022 .0021 .0021 .0020 .0019
–2.7 .0035 .0034 .0033 .0032 .0031 .0030 .0029 .0028 .0027 .0026
–2.6 .0047 .0045 .0044 .0043 .0041 .0040 .0039 .0038 .0037 .0036
–2.5 .0062 .0060 .0059 .0057 .0055 .0054 .0052 .0051 .0049 .0048
–2.4 .0082 .0080 .0078 .0075 .0073 .0071 .0069 .0068 .0066 .0064
–2.3 .0107 .0104 .0102 .0099 .0096 .0094 .0091 .0089 .0087 .0084
–2.2 .0139 .0136 .0132 .0129 .0125 .0122 .0119 .0116 .0113 .0110
–2.1 .0179 .0174 .0170 .0166 .0162 .0158 .0154 .0150 .0146 .0143
–2.0 .0228 .0222 .0217 .0212 .0207 .0202 .0197 .0192 .0188 .0183
–1.9 .0287 .0281 .0274 .0266 .0262 .0256 .0250 .0244 .0239 .0233
–1.8 .0359 .0351 .0344 .0336 .0329 .0322 .0314 .0307 .0301 .0294
–1.7 .0446 .0436 .0427 .0418 .0409 .0401 .0392 .0384 .0375 .0367
–1.6 .0548 .0537 .0526 .0516 .0505 .0495 .0485 .0475 .0465 .0455
–1.5 .0668 .0655 .0643 .0630 .0618 .0606 .0594 .0582 .0571 .0559
–1.4 .0808 .0793 .0778 .0764 .0749 .0735 .0721 .0708 .0694 .0681
–1.3 .0968 .0951 .0934 .0918 .0901 .0865 .0869 .0853 .0838 .0823
–1.2 .1151 .1131 .1112 .1093 .1075 .1056 .1036 .1020 .1003 .0985
–11 .1357 .1335 .1314 .1292 .1271 .1251 .1230 .1210 .1190 .1170
–1.0 .1587 .1562 .1539 .1515 .1492 .1469 .1446 .1423 .1401 .1379
–0.9 .1841 .1814 .1768 .1762 .1736 .1711 .1685 .1660 .1635 .1611
–0.8 .2119 .2090 .2061 .2033 .2005 .1977 .1949 .1922 .1894 .1867
–0.7 .2420 .2389 .2358 .2327 .2296 .2266 .2236 .2206 .2177 .2148
–0.6 .2743 .2709 .2676 .2643 .2611 .2578 .2546 .2514 .2483 .2451
–0.5 .3085 .3050 .3015 .2981 .2946 .2912 .2877 .2843 .2810 .2776
–0.4 .3446 .3409 .3372 .3336 .3300 .3264 .3228 .3192 .3156 .3121
–0.3 .3821 .3783 .3745 .3707 .3669 .3632 .3594 .3557 .3520 .3483
–0.2 .4207 .4168 .4129 .4090 .4052 .4013 .3974 .3936 .3697 .3859
–0.1 .4602 .4562 .4522 .4483 .4443 .4404 .4364 .4325 .4286 .4247
–0.0 .5000 .4960 .4920 .4860 .4640 .4601 .4761 .4721 .4681 .4641
Endaweni Esekugcineni (ka z< 0)
z –3.09 –3.72 –4.26 –475 –5.20 –5.61 –6.00

I- .001 .0001 .00001 .000001 .0000001 .00000001 .000000001
U S-PLUS usetshenziswe ekutholeni ulwazi lwengxenye yethebula "esekugcineni/ekuqaleni kakhulu".

manuscript*>
Ama-probabiliy Ajwayelekile Okulinganisa (ka z>O)
z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.0 .5000 .5040 .5080 .5120 .5160 .5199 .5239 .5279 .5319 .5359
0.1 .5398 .5438 .5478 .5517 .5557 .5596 .5636 .5675 .5714 .5753
0.2 .5793 .5832 .5871 .5910 .5948 .5987 .6026 .6064 .6103 .6141
0.3 .6179 .6217 .6255 .6293 .6331 .6368 .6406 .6443 .6480 .6517
0.4 .6554 .6591 .6628 .6664 .6700 .6736 .6772 .6808 .6844 .6879
0.5 .6915 .6950 .6985 .7019 .7054 .7088 .7123 .7157 .7190 .7224
0.6 .7257 .7291 .7324 .7357 .7389 .7422 .7454 .7486 .7517 .7549
0.7 .7580 .761 I .7642 .7673 .7704 .7734 .7764 .7794 .7823 7852
0.8 .7881 .7910 .7939 .7967 .7995 .8023 .8051 .8078 .8106 .8133
0.9 .8119 .8186 .8212 .8238 .8264 .8239 .8315 .8340 .8365 .8389
1.0 .8413 .8438 .8461 .8485 .8508 .8531 .8554 .8577 .8599 .8621
1.1 .8643 .8665 .8686 .8708 .8729 .8749 .8770 .8790 .8810 .8830
1.2 .8849 .8869 .8888 .8907 .8925 .8944 .8962 .8980 .8997 .9015
1.3 .9032 .9049 .9066 .9082 .9099 .9115 .9131 .9147 .9162 .9177
1.4 .9192 .9207 .9222 .9236 .9251 .9265 .9279 .9292 .9306 .9319
1.5 .9332 .9345 .9357 .9370 .9382 .9394 .9406 .9418 .9429 .9441
1.6 .9452 .9463 .9474 .9484 .9495 .9505 .9515 .9525 .9535 .9545
1.7 .9554 .9564 .9573 .9582 .9591 .9599 .9608 .9616 .9625 .9633
1.8 .9641 .9649 .9656 .9664 .9671 .9678 .9686 .9693 .9699 .9706
1.9 .9713 .9719 .9726 .9732 .9738 .9744 .9750 .9756 .9761 .9767
2.0 .9772 .9778 .9783 .9788 .9793 .9798 .9803 .9808 .9812 .9817
2.1 .9821 .9826 .9830 .9834 .9838 .9842 .9846 .9850 .9854 .9857
2.2 .9861 .9864 .9868 .9871 .9875 .9878 .9881 .9884 .9887 .9890
2.3 .9893 .9896 .9898 .9901 .9904 .9906 .9909 .9911 .9913 .9916
2.4 .9918 .9920 .9922 .9925 .9927 .9929 .9931 .9932 .9934 .9936
2.5 .9938 .9940 .9941 .9943 .9945 .9946 .9948 .9949 .9951 .9952
1.6 .9953 .9955 .9956 .9957 .9959 .9960 .9961 .9962 .9963 .9964
2.7 .9965 .9966 .9967 .9968 .9969 .9970 .9971 .9972 .9973 .9974
2.8 .9974 .9975 .9976 .9977 .9977 .9978 .9979 .9979 .9980 .9981
2.9 .9981 .9982 .9982 .9983 .9984 .9984 .9985 .9985 .9986 .9986
3.0 .9987 .9987 .9987 .9986 .9988 .9989 .9989 .9989 .9990 .9990
3.1 .9990 .9991 .9991 .9991 .9992 .9992 .9992 .9992 .9993 .9993
3.2 .9993 .9993 .9994 .9994 .9994 .9994 .9994 .9995 .9995 .9995
3.3 .9995 .9995 .9995 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9997
3.4 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9998
Endaweni Esekugcineni (ka z> 0)
z 3.09 3.72 4.26 4.75 5.20 5.61 6.00

I-probability .999 .9999 .99999 .999999 .9999999 .99999999 .999999999
U S-PLUS usetshenziswe ekutholeni ulwazi lwengxenye yethebula "esekugcineni/ekuqaleni kakhulu".
Ithebula elijwayelekile lingasetshenziswa ukuthola leyo ndawo engaphansi kwensonge

ejwayelekile maqondana nenani lika-Z elinikeziwe noma ngokuhlehlela emuva noma nini
lapho inani le-variable ka-Z kusuke kudingeka litholakale maqondana nendawo ethile
enikeziwe.
Manje sekufuneka uphinde ufunde izigaba 6.1 no 6.2 futhi. Akukho lutho olungalungile
ngawe uma kudingeka uphinde usifunde isahluko amahlandla amaningana. Kungenzeka
futhi kudingeke ukuthi isahluko usenze sibe yizigatshana ezincane bese ulokhu uzifunda
njalo ngokuphindelela kuze kufike isikhathi lapho usukuqonda ukuthi yini esizama
ukukufundisa yona.
Khumbula ukuthi i-statistics simayelana nokuqonda bese wakha isakhiwo somqondo

esisuselwa kuleyo tiyori okwakhelwe phezu kwayo. Ngicabanga ukuthi manje usukulindele
ukwenza imisebenzi embalwa. Ubohlale njalo nje ulufundisisa ulwazi lwezimpendulo, ngoba
ngiye ngichaze kakhulu lapho (maqondana nalabo abangakwazanga ukwenza lo msebenzi
bebodwana).
Umsebenzi 6.3 Ikhono

lokufunda
Umbuzo woku-1
Ake uthathe ngokuthi u-X wendlaleke ngokujwayelekile futhi une-mean µ = 15 kanye ne-
standard deviation σ = 3. Sebenzisa izindawo zokulinganisela ezingaphansi kwensonge
ejwayelekile ukuhlaziya lezi zitatimende ezilandelayo. Isitatimende okuyisona esingafanele
yilesi… .
1. P(X ≥ 15) = P(X ≤ 15) = 0.5
2. P(12 ≤ X ≤ 18) = 0.955
3. P(X ≤ 9) = 0.0228
4. P(X = 20) = 0
5. P(X ≥ 12) = 0.8413
Umbuzo wesi-2
Yenza umbuzo 6.9 osencwadini yokufunda. Amandla okuqina kwamasaka eplastiki

esetshenziswa ukupakisha izimpahla ezikhiqiziwe endlaleke ngokujwayelekile, futhi lapho i-
mean ingama-pound ayisi-5 nge-square inch sisinye bese kuthi i-standard deviation kube
ama-pound angu-1.5 nge-square inch sisinye.
a. Yingxenye engakanani yamasaka ezoba naleli zinga lamandla angadabuka kulona?

(i) ngaphansi kwama-pound angu 3.11 nge-square inch sisinye
(ii) okungenani ama-pound angu 3.8 nge-square inch sisinye
(iii) phakathi kwama-pound angu 5 nangu 5.5 nge-square inch sisinye
b. ama 95% endawo okungadabuka kuyona azobe ekumaphi amanani amabili

endlaleke ngokwezinhlangothi ezilinganayo eduze kwe-mean?
Umbuzo wesi-3
Inkampani ekhiqiza amaketanga okudonsa izimoto ithola ukuthi iqophelo lapho

lingagqashuka khona ngokujwayelekile ngama 3 500 kg kanti i-standard deviation ingu 250
kg. Uma udonsa isisindo esingama 4 200 kg ngaleli ketanga lokudonsa, izinga lamaphesenti
ngokwezikhathi ongalindela ngazo ukuthi ligqashuke ngama… .
1. 2.8%
2. 0.26%
3. 49.74%
4. 99.74%
5. Akukho kulokhu okungenhla.
Umbuzo wesi-4
Umnikazi wesitolo othile uthola ukuthi ukudingeka komdlalo webhodi othile odumile kungu
100 ngesonto lilinye kanti i-standard deviation yakhona ngu 20. Uma lo mdayisi efuna
ukuhlala enesitokwe esanele ngesikhathi esingu 95%, mingaki imidlalo okudingeka ahlale
enayo?
Umbuzo wesi-5
Thola isitatimende okuyisona esingafanele.
1. Isikhathi esijwayelekile sokulinda ekhawunteni okukhokhwa kulona esitolo esikhulu

esiyinxanxathela siyimizuzu engu 2.45, kanti i-standard deviation yimizuzwana engu
24 (imizuzu engu 0.40). Uma sithatha ngokuthi ukwendlaleka kwezikhathi zokulinda
kungokujwayelekile, i-probability yokuthi ikhasimende lizolinda imizuzu engaphezu
kwengu 3 endaweni okukhokhwa kuyo ingu 0.9162.
2. Ngokubuka ulwazi olukulokho ongakhetha kukho ku 1, ingxenye yamakhasimende

asizwa esikhathini esiphakathi komzuzu owo 1 kanye nengu 2.5 ingu 0.5518.
3. Ake sithathe ngokuthi ukudingeka kwamathayi ezimoto esitolo esiwadayisayo

kwendlaleke ngokujwayelekile, kanti i-mean ingamathayi angu 250 bese kuthi i-
standard deviation kube ngamathayi angu 50. Inani lamathayi okumele isitolo
ngasinye sibe nawo esitokweni ekuqaleni kwenyanga ngayinye ukuze
kuhlangatshezwane nokudingeka kwawo esikhathini esingu 95% angu 332.25.
4. Umlingisi wesekisi oye adutshulwe njengenhlamvu ephuma enganonweni kusuke

kulindeleke ukuthi awele enethini lokumvikela. Ubude bebanga alindizayo lendlaleke
ngokujwayelekile futhi kune-mean yamamitha angu 55 kanye ne-standard deviation
yamamitha angu 4.7. Inethi afike athi cababa kulona lingamamitha angu 16 ubude
kanti indawo emaphakathi nendawo ingamamitha angu 55 uma usuka enganonweni.
I-probability yokuthi umlingisi wesekisi uzoligeja inethi lokuphepha ngobusuku
obuthile ingu 0.0892.
5. I-probability yokuthi umlingisi wesekisi empendulweni ka 4 uzothi cababa enethini

ilingana no 0.9108.
Umbuzo wesi-6
Ama-score abafundi bezikole zamazinga aphakeme ekuhlolweni kukazwelonke kwe-

mathematics e-Uganda ayendlaleke ngokujwayelekile, kanti i-mean kwakungu 86 bese kuthi
i-standard deviation kube u 4. Uma kwakunabafundi abangu 97 680 ababenama-score
angaphezu kuka 91, bangaki abafudi ababhala leso sivivinyo?
1. 125 000
2. 925 000
3. 105 000
4. 247 667
5. 394 400

Umbuzo woku-1
1. Ifanele. Siye siqale ukulinganisa njengalokho kwenziwe esibalweni esiku 6.2 ku-
Levine nabanye.
 X − µ 15 − 15  15 − 15
P(X ≥ 15) = P(X ≤ 15) = P  <  = P(Z ≤ )= P(Z ≤ 0) = 0.5
 σ 3  3
I-mean iphakathi nendawo kokwendlaleka, ngakho-ke ihlukanisa engu 1 ibe

yizingxenye ezimbili (ingxenye enguhafu ngayinye isuke imele u 0.5 wendawo
isiyonke) njengalokho kukhonjisiwe kulo mdwebo ongezansi.
2. Ayifanele. Walinganise ama-variable akhethwe noma kanjani ngaphambi kokufunda

ama-probability ahambelanayo akumagrafu. Ungawasebenzisa amagrafu
asemakhasini 4 no 5 e-study guide noma ethebuleni E.19 ku-Levine nabanye.
<<Author/Production, please check page numbers>>
12 − 15 X − µ 18 − 15
P(12 ≤X≤ 18) = P( ≤ ≤ )
3 σ 3
= P(−1.00 ≤Z≤ 1.00)
= 0.8413 − 0.1587
= 0.6826
X − µ 9 − 15
3. Ifanele. P(X ≤ 9)= P( ≤ )= P(Z≤ –2.00) = 0.0228
σ 3
4. Ifanele. P(X = 20) = 0
Uma i-variable ingeqhubekayo, siye sithathe ngokuthi i-probability yayo mayelana

nanoma iliphi inani elingaguquki ihlale njalo inguziro! Khumbula ukuthi i-variable
eqhubekayo isendaweni ethile phakathi kwesigamu esithile esincane kodwa ngeke
thina sakwazi ukuyinika inani layo elingaguquki.
5. Ifanele.
X − µ 12 − 15
P(X≥12) = P( ≥ ) = P(Z≥ –1.00) = 1.00 – 0.1587 = 0.8413
σ 3
Umbuzo wesi-2
X − µ 3.11 − 5
a. (i) P(X< 3.11) = P( < ) = P(Z< –1.26) = 0.1038
σ 1.5
X − µ 3.8 − 5
(ii) P(X ≥ 3.8) =P( ≥ ) = P(Z≥ –0.80) = 1.00 – 0.2119 = 0.7881
σ 1.5
5 − 5 X − µ 5.5 − 5
(iii) P(5 <X< 5.5) = P( < < ) = P(0 <Z< 0.33) = 0.1293
1.5 σ 1.5
b. P(a<X<b) = 0.9500
Qaphela: Njengoba amanani ka-a no-b endlaleke ngokwezinhlangothi ezilinganayo, ayefana
ngokobubanzi futhi anezimpawu eziphikisanayo. Uma sisebenzisa igrafu ejwayelekile,
(bheka ku-E.2), a = −1.96 futhi u b = 1.96.
Umbuzo wesi-3
Impendulo yesi-2
X − µ 4 200 − 3 500
P(X> 4 200) = P( > ) = P(Z≥ 2.80) = 1.00 – 0.9974 = 0.26%
σ 250
Umbuzo wesi-4
Impendulo yoku-1
Lo mbuzo umayelana nokusebenza uhlehlele emuva. Qala ngokulinganisa ama-variable

akhethwe noma ikanjani bese ubheka inani lika-Z elihambelana nendawo engaphansi kuka
0.95. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi lokhu kufanele ukufunde ethebuleni njengalokho kukhonjisiwe
lapha ngezansi.
P(X<w) = 0.95
X − µ w − 100
P( < ) = 0.95
σ 20
w − 100
P(Z< ) = 0.95
20
w − 100
= 1.645
20
w = 100 + (20 × 1.645) = 132.9
Umbuzo wesi-5
1. Ayifanele. Impendulo efanele ngu 0.0838.
Qaphela ukuthi ngaso sonke isikhathi kumele usebenzise amayunithi afanayo, lapha-
ke kumele usebenzise imizuzu.
X − µ 2.45
P(X>3) = P( > ) = P(Z> 1.38) = 1.00 – 0.9162 = 0.0838
σ 0.40
Ethebuleni elijwayelekile, inani elihambelana no 1.38 (uma kusondelaniswe

kumadesimali amabili) ngu 0.9162. Lena iyona mpendulo enikeziwe kodwa akuyona
efanele. Usakhumbula ukuthi ithebula elijwayelekile libalwa kanjani? Izindawo ziye
zibalwe ngokuqongelelana kusukela kwi-mean kuze kufike enanini elibhaliwe ohlwini,
kodwa-ke umbuzo ubalula leyo ndawo engaphezu kuka 1.38 (engakwesokudla sika
1.38). Ukuze uthole impendulo efanele, ngakho-ke kufanele ususe u 0.9162 ube
uwususa ku 1.00.
2. Ifanele. Ngokusebenzisa ithebula elijwayelekile:
1− 2.45 X − µ 2.5 − 2.45

P(1 <X< 2.5) = P( < < ) = P(–3.63 <Z< 0.13)
0.40 σ 0.40
= 0.00014 + 0.5517 = 0.5518
3. Ifanele. Lo mbuzo umayelana nokusebenza uhlehlele emuva.
X − µ w − 250 w − 250
P(X<w) = P( < ) = P(Z< ) = 0.95
σ 50 50
Ukuhlangabezana nesidingo sayo izikhathi ezingu 95% kusho ukuthi sifuna inani lika-z
ukuze indawo engu 0.95 ibe ngasohlangothini lwesokunxele kwayo. Sisebenzisa ithebula
elijwayelekile (bheka u-E.2) ukubheka inani lika 0.95 phakathi kwethebula elijwayelekile
ngoba lena yindawo. Inani lika-z elihambelana nendawo ka 0.95 lingu 1.645. Leli nani
yilona nani lika-z kodwa-ke kufuneka silisebenzise ukuthola inani lika-w.
w − 250
= 1.645
50
w= 250 + (50 × 1.645) = 332.25
4. Ifanele. Ngokwalolu lwazi, inethi elingamamitha angu 16 libekwe ngendlela yokuthi

liqala kumamitha angu (55− 8 =47) wamamitha bese liqhubeka njalo lize lifike
emamitheni angu (55 + 8 =63) wamamitha, ukusuka enganonweni. Umlingisi wesekisi
uzoligeja inethi ngokuthi afike endaweni elingaqali kuyo noma alidlule aye ngale
kwalo. Ngokwe-variable eyendlaleke ngokujwayelekile, lo mbono usho ukuthi P(X ≤
47) noma P(X ≥ 55).
47 − 55 63 − 55
Linganisa: P(Z≤ ) noma P(Z≥ )
4.7 4.7
P(Z≤−1.70) noma P(Z≥ 1.70)
Inani lethebula lika P(Z ≤ −1.70) lingu 0.0446, okusho ukuthi i-

P(Z ≥ 1.70) = 1.00 − 0.9554 = 0.0446. Ukuhlanganisa ama-probability kungo 0.0446
ababili, okungu 0.0892.
5. Ifanele. Ngithemba uyabona ukuthi akudingekile ukuphinda usibale lesi sibalo.

Umuntu angafike kuphela athi cababa phezu kwenethi noma aligeje. Lokhu kusho
ukuthi isibalo sama-probability kudingeka silingane nokukodwa. I-probability
yokuhlala phezu kwenethi ngakho-ke ingu 1 − 0.0892 = 0.9108.
Umbuzo woku-1
Yikuphi kulokhu okulandelayo okungelona uphawu lokwendlaleka okujwayelekile?
1. I-variable ejwayelekile ikwazi ukuba ngamanani ahluke ngokuqhakambile kuphela.
2. Ingukwendlaleka okunezinhlangothi ezilinganayo.
3. I-mean, i-median ne-mode konke kuyalingana.
4. Ingukwendlaleka okumise okwensimbi.
5. Indawo engaphansi kwensonge ilingana no 1.
Umbuzo wesi-2
Njengoba kwaziwa ukuthi u-Z uyi-variable ejwayelekile ekhethwa noma kanjani, inani eli-
negative lika z likhombisa ukuthi…
1. inani lika-Z lingakwesokunxele se-mean.
2. inani lika-Z lingakwesokudla se-median.
3. i-standard deviation ka-Z i-negative.
4. indawo ephakathi kukaziro no-Z i-negative.
5. indawo engakwesokudla ku-Z ilingana no 1.
Umbuzo wesi-3
Uma u-Z eyi-variable ejwayelekile lapho i µ =0 futhi i σ = 1, indawo engakwesokunxele ku-Z

= 1.6 okungu… .
1. 0.4452
2. 0.9452
3. 0.0548
4. 0.5548
5. 0.5000
Umbuzo wesi-4
Sebenzisa ithebula elijwayelekile ukuthola inani lika Z-value Z1 uma indawo

engakwesokudla kuka-Z1 ingu 0.8413. Inani lika-Z1 lingu… .
1. 1.36
2. −1.36
3. 0.00
4. −1.00
5. 1.00
Umbuzo wesi-5
Ake sithi u-Z uyi Z-score esingaziwa kodwa esikwaziyo ukutholakala ngokwalapho sibekeke
khona kanye nangokwendawo. Uma indawo engakwesokunxele kuka-Z ingu 0.9306, uma
kunjalo-ke inani lika-Z kumele libe u… .
1. 1.48
2. 0.9603
3. −1.48
4. 0.4306
5. −0.0694
Umbuzo wesi-6
1. P(Z ≥ 1.63) = 0.0516
2. P(Z ≥ 0.5) = 0.3085
3. P(Z< −1.63) = −0.0516
4. P(Z> 1.28)
5. P(−1 ≤ Z ≤ 1) = 0.6826
Umbuzo wesi-7
Uma i-mean iyimizuzu engu 20 kanti i-standard deviation iyimizuzu emi 5 kanjalo-ke leyo
ndawo ephakathi kuka 22 no 25 wemizuzu yensonge ejwayelekile ingu... .
1. 0.1554
2. 0.3413
3. 0.4967
4. 0.1859
5. 0.0185
Umbuzo wesi-8
Indawo ebhaka izinkwa ithola ukuthi isisindo esijwayelekile samabhisikidi ayo adume
kakhulu singu 200.5 wamagremu kanti i-standard deviation yawo ingu 10.5 wamagremu.
Yingxenye engakanani yamaphakethe azobiza ngaphansi kuka 180 wamagremu?
1. 0.4744
2. 0.0256
3. 0.5226
4. 0.4713
5. 0.9744
Umbuzo wesi-9
Isikhathi esijwayelekile somsebenzi wokuthunga i-jean ngu 4.2 wamahora kanti i-standard
deviation ngu 0.5 wehora. Uma ukwendlaleka kungokujwayelekile, kanjalo-ke i-probability
yokuthi umsebenzi angayithunga ayiqede i-jean ngamahora angu 3.5 ingu... .
1. 0.0808
2. 0.4192
3. 0.5808
4. 0.9192
5. 0.9808
Umbuzo we-10
Umnikazi wesitolo othile uthola ukuthi ukudingeka komdlalo webhodi othile odumile kungu
50 ngesonto lilinye kanti i-standard deviation yakhona ngu 20. Uma lo mdayisi efuna
ukuhlala enesitokwe esanele esikhathini esingu 99%, mingaki imidlalo okudingeka ahlale
enayo?
1. 81.0
2. 89.2
3. 50.0
4. 70.0
5. 96.6
Umbuzo woku-1
I-variable ejwayelekile ikwazi ukuba ngamanani aqhubekayo kuphela.
Impendulo yoku-1
Umbuzo wesi-2
Inani lika-Z lingakwesokunxele se-mean.
Impendulo yoku-1
Umbuzo wesi-3
P(Z< 1.6) = 0.9452
Impendulo yesi-2
Umbuzo wesi-4
P(Z>Z1) = 0.8413
P(Z<Z1) = 0.1587 ⇒Z1 = −1.00

Impendulo yesi-4
Umbuzo wesi-5
P(Z<z) = 0.9306 ⇒z = 1.48
Impendulo yoku-1
Umbuzo wesi-6
Impendulo yoku-1: Ingefanele.
P(Z ≥ 1.63) = 0.0516
Impendulo yesi-2: Ingefanele.
P(Z ≥ 0.5) = 0.3085

Impendulo yesi-3. Ayifanele! Khumbula ukuthi le ndawo engaphansi kwegrafu ayikwazi
ukuba negative.
P(Z< −1.63) = 0.0516
Impendulo yesi-4. Ifanele.
P(Z> 1.28) = 0.1003
Impendulo yesi-5. Ifanele.
P(−1 <Z< 1) = 0.6826
Umbuzo wesi-7
22 − 20 25 − 20
P(22 ≤ X ≤ 25) = P( ≤Z≤ )
5 5
= P(0.4 ≤ Z ≤ 1) = 0.8413 − 0.6554 =0.1859
Impendulo yesi-4
Umbuzo wesi-8
180 − 200.5
P(X< 180) = P(Z< )
10.5
=P(Z<−1.95) =0.0256
Impendulo yesi-2
Umbuzo wesi-9
3.5 − 4.2
P(X> 3.5) = P(Z> )
0.5
=P(Z> −1.4) =P(Z< 1.4) =0.9192
Impendulo yesi-4
Umbuzo we-10
Lo mbuzo umayelana nokusebenza uhlehlele emuva.
a − 50
P(Z≤ )= 0.99
20
a − 50
= 2.33
20
a = 50 + (20 × 2.33) = 96.6

Impendulo yesi-5
6.5 OKUFINGQIWE
● ukwazi ukuthi i-probability iye inikezwe ngokwendawo uma i-variable

kungeqhubekayo
● ukuthola ukwendlaleka okujwayelekile njengokwendlaleka okuqhubekayo bese

ukusebenzisa ngendlela efanele
● ukwazi ukubona izimpawu zokwendlaleka okujwayelekile ngokubuka ususela

ekwakhekeni kokulingana kwezinhlangothi (symmetry)
● ukwazi ukubona ukuxhumana phakathi kokwendlaleka okujwayelekile kanye

nokwendlaleka okulinganisiwe
● ukusebenzisa ithebula elijwayelekile ukuthola izindawo ezithile ezibaluliwe

eziphakathi kwemikhawulo enikeziweyo
● ukwazi ukusebenzisa ithebula elijwayelekile ngokuhlehlela emuva, okusho ukuthi

thola inani lika-z endaweni ethile enikeziwe.
UKWENDLALEKA KWESAMPULA
Isho ukuthini imiqondo yendima yolwazi ethi "estimate", “inference”, “sample mean”,
“population mean”, “statistic”, “parameter”, “sample proportion” kanye no “population
proportion”?
Chasisa ukwendlaleka kwesampula.
Khombisa umehluko phakathi kokwendlaleka kwesampula le-mean kanye nokwendlaleka

kwesampula le-proportion.
Kusuke kuyini inhloso lapho kwenziwa ukuhlozinga (inference) ngokwe-statistics?
Ilusizo ngani itiyori eyi-Central Limit Theorem?
<*Production, Please see all formulas and graphs in this unit in

7.1 ISINGENISO
Ukwendlaleka kwesampula kuye kufakwe ngokwesigamu sokuthi kungukwendlaleka

kwesampula le-mean noma ngukwendlaleka kwesampula le-proportion, kuye
ngamasampula angatholakala akhethiwe noma i-proportion yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo
ezisuke zinophawu oluthile okugxilwe kulona.
Funda isigaba 7.1 no 7.2 ku-Levine nabanye okuyizona ezichaza kabanzi. Kepha-ke lokhu
kuyizihloko ngokwakho futhi akuyona ingxenye yale mojuli.
Kwiyunithi yesifundo sesi-4 siyichazile i-mean yesampula ( X ), i-mean ye-population (µ), i-
statistic kanye nophawu olukalwayo (parameter). Kule yunithi yesifundo naleyo elandelayo
sizosebenzisa le miqondo yezindima zolwazi kodwa ngendlela ehlukile, okubalwe kuyona
ne-proportion yesampula, ne-proportion yobuningi bezinto ezibalwayo.
● Ukuhlozinga kusho ukuthi sisuke sithatha ngokuthi into ingokuthile noma ukufinyelela
kusinqumo ngezinto eziningi ezibalwayo, sibe lokho sikususela phezu kwedatha
yesampula lapho kuqokelelwa khona idatha ngokudonsa isampula kulezo zinto
eziningi ezibalwayo.
● Isampula kudingeka lakhiwe yizinto ezimele okuningi okubalwayo.
● Ukwendlaleka kwesampula ngukwendlaleka kwemiphumela uma kade uwakhethe

wonke amasampula angaba khona.
Umsebenzi 7.1: Isihloko Ikhono

lokufunda
Dweba ibalazwe lomqondo lezigaba/izihloko ezihlukene ozozifunda kule yunithi yesifundo.

Emuva kwalokho-ke phenya amakhasi ale yunithi ngenhloso yokudweba lelo balazwe
uliqede.

manuscript*>
Ukwendlaleka kwesampula
Ukwendlaleka kwesampula le-mean Ukwendlaleka kwesampula le-proportion
Ezimweni eziningi izinto eziningi ezibalwayo zisuke ziziningi ngangendIela yokuthi ngeke
ukwazi ukuthola ulwazi ngento ngayinye. Esikhundleni salokho, kuye kusetshenziswe
izindlela zokwakha amasampula ukuze kugxilwe ekuqoqeni iqoqwana elincane lalezo zinto
kodwa elimele izinto zonke eziningi kwezibalwayo. Ukuhlaziya imiphumela etholakale
esampulini akuthathi isikhathi eside, akubizi futhi kuyenzeka ngempela uma kuqhathaniswa
nokuhlaziywa kwezinto zonke sezizonke ezikalwayo.
Umsebenzi 7.2: Imiqondo yezindima zolwazi Amakhono
okucabanga ngomqondo wendima yolwazi Ikhono lezokuxhumana
Hlola ulwazi lwakho (bhala ngepensela) bese ubuye ukulungisa ukuqonda kwakho emuva
kwalokho (ngokucisha bese ubhala incazelo efanele). Ngokujwayelekile, ulimi olusuke
luselusha kungenzeka lungabi nawo amagama awo wonke amatemu endimeni ethile
yolwazi. Yiziphi izibonelo ongazicabanga?

lwasekhaya
Sample mean
Population mean
Inference
Statistic
Parameter
Sample proportion
Population proportion
Sampling distribution
Unbiased
Standard error of the mean
Standard error of proportion
7.2 UKWENDLALEKA KWESAMPULA LE-MEAN
Incazelo: Ukwendlaleka kwesampula le-mean ngukwendlaleka kwama-mean awo wonke

amasampula angaba khona ngokobungako (size) obuthile.
I-mean yesampula ( X ) isuke ikala ngokulinganayo ngoba i-mean yawo wonke amasampula
e-mean angaba khona iyalingana ne-mean yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo (µ). Ngenye
indlela, i-mean yesampula ( X ) isuke ikala ngokulinganayo ngoba inani elisuke lilindelekile
le-mean yesampula ( X ) lisuke lilingana nophawu olukalwayo lwezinto sezizonke
ezikalwayo:
E( X ) = µ
I-STANDARD ERROR YE-MEAN
I-standard error ye-mean ( σ X ) iyalingana ne-standard deviation (σ) ezintweni sezizonke
ezibalwayo kuwo wonke ama-mean esampula angaba khona.
Izinyathelo
1. Bala i-standard deviation yezinto sezizonke ezikalwayo (σ), uma beyingabaliwe.
2. Thola ubungako besampula n.
I-standard deviation ye-mean ingasebenziseka ukwenza lokhu.
σ
σX =
n
Umsebenzi 7.3
Umbuzo woku-1
Ake sithi isampula elikhethwe noma kanjani lika n = 25 wokuhlolwayo liye lakhethwa
ezintweni eziningi lapho lendlaleke ngokujwayelekile futhi i-mean ilingana no 106 kanti i-
standard deviation ilingana no 12. Thola ukuthi ingubani i-mean kanye ne-standard deviation
yokwendlaleka kwesampula le-mean yesampula X .
Umbuzo wesi-2
Isampula elikhethwe noma kanjani lika-n lokuhlolwayo liye lakhethwa ezintweni sezizonke
ezibalwayo ezine-standard deviation σ = 2. Bala i-standard error ye-mean mayelana nalawa
manani e-n:
a. n= 5
b. n= 49
Umbuzo wesi-3
Izinto sezizonke ezibalwayo ezingu-A zinawo wonke amanani ama-invoice enkampani ethile.
I-mean yezinto sezizonke ezibalwao zika-A ngu R350 kanti i-standard deviation ngu R100.
Izinto sezizonke ezibalwayo zika-B zinawo wonke amasampula amanani angu 16 athathwe
ezintweni sezizonke ezibalwayo zika-A. I-mean yezinto sezizonke zika-B ngu ... .
1. R100
2. R250
3. R350
4. R450
5. R25
Umbuzo woku-1
Izinyathelo
1. I-standard deviation yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo σ = 12.
2. Ubungako besampula n = 25.
σ 12 12
∴I-standard error ye-mean ilingana no σ X = = = = 2.4.
n 25 5
I-mean yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo µ = 106.

Umbuzo wesi-2
a. Lapho i n = 5:
I-standard deviation σ = 2
σ 2 2
I-standard error ye-mean σ X = = = = 0.8944
n 5 2.2361
b. Lapho i n= 49:
I-standard deviation σ = 2
σ 2 2
I-standard error ye-mean σ X = = = = 0.2857
n 49 7
Umbuzo wesi-3
I-mean yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo zika-A ilingana ne-mean yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo
zika-B.
Impendulo yesi-3
Izokwendlaleka kanjani i-mean yesampula X ?
Kwiyunithi yesifundo esidlule siye sabona ukuthi i-variable engu-X ekhethwe noma kanjani
yendlaleke ngokujwayelekile, ene-mean µ ne-standard deviation σ. Uma manje sakha
amasampula ngezinto sezizonke ezendlaleke ngokujwayelekile, eline-mean µ kanye ne-
standard deviation σ, uma kunjalo-ke, akukhathalekile ukuthi ubungako besampula n
bungakanani, ukwendlaleka kwesampula le-mean kusuke kwendlaleke ngokujwayelekile
σ
lapho i-mean ingu µ X = µ kanti i-standard error ye-mean ngu σ X = .
n
Uyibala kanjani i-probability yokwendlaleka kwesampula le-mean?

Izinyathelo
1. Thola i-mean µ yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo kanye ne-mean yesampula engu X .
2. Thola ubungako besampula elingu-n.
3. Thola ubungako be-mean yesampula ( X ) okuyiyona esifuna ukuthola i-probability

yayo.
4. Thola inani lika-Z, elibizwa nge-“test statistic”:
X −µ X −µ
Z= noma Z =
σ σX
n
σ
Sikuphi i-standard error ye-mean ( σ X )
n
Umsebenzi 7.4
Umbuzo woku-1
Kunikeziwe ukwendlaleka okujwayelekile lapho i-mean yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo µ =100

futhi i-standard deviation σ = 12. Wena ukhetha isampula lika n = 36.
1. Iyini i-probability yokuthi i-mean yalelo sampula X izokuba ngaphansi kuka 95?
2. Iyini i-probability yokuthi i-mean yalelo sampula X izokuba phakathi kuka 95 no

97.5?
3. Iyini i-probability yokuthi i-mean yalelo sampula X izokuba ngaphezu kuka 102.2?
4. Kukhona amathuba angu 65% okuthi i-mean yalelo sampula X izokuba ngaphezu
kwaliphi inani?
Umbuzo wesi-2
Uma kunezinto sezizonke ezingenamkhawulo ezine-mean ka 75 kanye ne-standard

deviation ka 12, i-probability yokuthi i-mean yesampula yokuhlolwayo okungu 36 ekhethwe
noma yingayiphi indlela kulezi zinto sezizonke izoba ngaphezu kuka 78 ingu ...
1. 0.4332
2. 0.0668
3. 0.0987
4. 0.9013
5. 0.9332
Umbuzo woku-1
1. P( X < 95) = ?
Izinyathelo
X −µ
1. Sebenzisa ifomula yokuguqula ebizwa nge-“test statistic” Z = .
σ
n
X − µ 95 − 100 − 5 − 5
2. Amanani washintshe abe yile fomula: Z = = = =
σ 12 12 2
n 36 6
= –2.5
3. Thola inombolo elingana nayo ye-mean yesampula esifuna ukuthola i-probability

yayo ngokuthi P( X < 95) = P(Z< −2.5). Manje thola ukuthi iyiphi leyo ndawo
engaphansi kuka −2.5.
4. Thola inani ngokusebenzisa ithebula E.2 lokwendlaleka okujwayelekile

okuqokelelene (bheka esijobelelweni).
Z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
−6.0
−5.5
−2.5 0.0062 0.0060 0.0059 0.0057 0.0055 0.0054 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049
.......
P(Z< −2.5) = 0.0062
2. P(95 < X < 97.2) = ?
Izinyathelo
X −µ
1. Z = µ = 100 n = 36 σ = 12
σ
n
95 − 100 − 5
2. Uma i X = 95, kanjalo-ke u Z = = = –2.5
12 12
36 6
97.2 − 100 − 2.8 − 2.8

Uma i X = 97.2, kanjalo-ke u Z = = = = −1.4
12 12 2
36 6
3. P(95 < X < 97.2) = P(−2.5 <Z< −1.4) manje sesiyathola ukuthi le ndawo iphakathi
kuka −2.5 kanye no −1.4.
Njengoba wonke amathebula ethu e-statistics eya ngakwesokunxele:
P(−2.5 <Z< −1.4) = P(Z< −1.4) − P(Z< −2.5) = 0.0808 − 0.0062 = 0.0746
3. P(ngaphezu kuka 102.2) = P( X > 102.2) = ? µ = 100 n = 36 σ = 12

Izinyathelo
X −µ
σ
n
X − µ 102.2 − 100 2.2 2.2

2. Amanani washintshe abe yile fomula: Z = = = = = 1.1
σ 12 12 2
n 36 6
3. Thola inombolo elingana neye-mean yesampula esifuna ukuthola i-probability

yalo ngokuthi P( X > 102.2) = P(Z> 1.1) ngokuthola leyo ndawo enkulu kuno 1.1.

Z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0
0.1
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830
.......
P(Z> 1.1) = 1 − P(Z< 1.1) = 1 − 0.8643 = 0.1357
4. P( X >a) = 0.65
a −µ
P(Z> ) = 0.65 Manje thola okuzongena endaweni ka µ = 100, n = 36, σ = 12.
σ
n
a − 100
P(Z> ) = 0.65 Thola inani lika-Z elihambelana no 0.65 ethebuleni
12
36
lokuqokelelana okujwayelekile ngokubheka ngaphakathi kulona ithebula.
a − 100
P(Z> ) = 0.65
12
36
Z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0
0.1
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.06480 0.6517
.......
a − 100
= 0.38
12
36
a − 100
= 0.38 a =2 × 0.38 + 100 = 100.76
2
Umbuzo 2
P( X > 78) = ?
Izinyathelo
X −µ
σ
n
µ = 75 σ = 12 n = 36 X = 78
X − µ 78 − 75 3 3
2. Amanani washintshe abe yile fomula: Z = = = = = 1.5
σ 12 12 2
n 36 6
3. Thola inombolo elinganayo neye-mean yesampula okuyiyona esifuna ukuthola i-

probability yayo.
P( X > 78) = P(Z> 1.5), ngakho-ke thola ukuthi iyiphi leyo ndawo enkulu kuno 1.5.
okuqokelelene.
P(Z> 1.5) = 1 − 0.9332 = 0.0668
Itiyori ye-Central Limit Theorem isemqoka lapho kusetshenziswa ukuhlozinga ngokwe-

statistics ukuze kutholakale izinqumo ngezinto ezithile sezizonke ezibalwayo kodwa lube
lungekho ulwazi oluqonde ngqo lomumo wokwendlaleka kwalezo zinto sezizonke. Le
theorem ithi isamba sezinto eziningi ezitholakele ezizimele sakha ukwendlaleka okufanayo,
ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile kanye nokwendlaleka okujwayelekile okulinganiselwayo.
7.3 UKWENDLALEKA KWESAMPULA LE-PROPORTION
I-proportion yesampula imelwe ngu p futhi i-proportion yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo imelwe
ngu π. Ngakho-ke i p iyi-statistic kanti i π iwuphawu lokubalwayo.
I-statistic p sisetshenziswa ukulinganisela uphawu lokubalwayo lwe-proportion yezinto

sezizonke ezibalwayo π. Le prorpotion yesampula ilinganisela ngokulinganayo maqondana
ne-proportion yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo, ngenxa yokuthi inani elilindelekile le-statistic
sesampula liyalingana nophawu lokubalwayo lwezinto sezizonke ezisuke zibalwa lapho,
okusho ukuthi, E(p)=π.
Ifomula ye-proportion yesampula:

X number of items having the characteristics of interest
p= =
n sample size
I-STANDARD ERROR YE-PROPORTION
π(1 − π)
I-standard error ye-proportion σp inikezwa ngokuthi σp= .
n
Ezimweni eziningi, ungakusebenzisa ukwendlaleka okujwayelekile ekulinganiseleni i-

proportion yokwendlaleka kwesampula. Lapho uphawu lokubalwayo lwe π lungaziwa, i-
p (1 − p )
standard error ye-proportion iye inikezwe ngo σp= .
n
Yiziphi izikhathi lapho uye uthathe ngokuthi ukwendlaleka kwesampula le-proportion cisho
lisuke lendlaleke ngokujwayelekile?
Lisuke lendlaleke ngokujwayelekile uma i n × π ne n × (1 − π) okungenani ingu 5 iyinye.
Uyibala kanjani i-probability yokwendlaleka kwesampula le-proportion?
Izinyathelo
1. Thola i-proportion yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo engu π kanye ne-proportion

yesampula p.
2. Thola ubungako besampula elingu n.
3. Thola ubungako be-proportion yesampula (p) okuyiyona esifuna ukuthola i-probability

yayo.
4. Thola inani lika Z elibizwa nge-“test statistic”:

p−p p−p
Z= noma Z =
p(1 − p) σp
n
lapho
π(1 − π)
i-standard error ye-proportion (σp) = lapho i π yaziwa
n
p (1 − p )
i-standard error ye-proportion (σp) = lapho i π yaziwa
n
Umsebenzi 7.5
Umbuzo woku-1
Esampuleni elikhethwe noma kanjani labantu abangu 64, abangu 48 kubona bafakwe
ngokwesigaba sokuthi "bangabantu abaphumelele".
a. Thola i-proportion p yesampula "yabantu abaphumelele".
b. Uma i-proportion yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo ingu 0.80, thola ukuthi iyini i-standard
error ye-proportion.
Umbuzo wesi-2
Ake sithi thina sivele sikhethe noma yingayiphi indlela isampula lamayunithi angu n = 100
ezintweni sezizonke ezibalwayo nokuthi siyayibala-ke ne-proportion p yaleli sampula lalawa
mayunithi angena esigabeni esihlose ukwazi ngaso. Uma i-proportion okuyiyona efanele
yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo π ilingana no 0.9:
a. Thola i-mean kanye ne-standard deviation yokwendlaleka kwesampula p.
b. Bala lawa ma-probability alandelayo mayelana ne-proportion yesampula p.
(i) P(p≥ 0.96)
(ii) P(0.855 ≤p≤ 0.945)
(iii) P(p≥ 0.915)

Umbuzo woku-1
X number of items having the characteristics of interest

a. I-proportion yesampula p = =
n sample size
48
= =0.75
64
b. I-proportion yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo π = 0.80
π(1 − π) 0.80(1 − 0.80)

∴ I-standard error ye-proportion σp = = = 0.05
n 64
Umbuzo wesi-2
a. Izinto sezizonke ezibalwayo zawo wonke ama-proportion esampula angenzeka zine-

mean π = 0.9.
π(1 − π) 0.9(1 − 0.9)

I-standard deviation σp = = = 0.0009 = 0.03
n 100
b. (i) P(p≥ 0.96)
Izinyathelo
1. I-mean ye-proportion yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo π = 0.9 kanti i-

proportion yesampula ngu
p = 0.96.
2. Ubungako besampula ngu-n = 100.
3. Inani lika-Z elibizwa nge-“test statistic”:
p−p p − p 0.96 − 0.9

Z= noma Z= = =2
p(1 − p) σp 0.03
n
4. P(p≥ 0.96) = P(Z≥2) = 0.0228
(ii) P(0.855 ≤p≤ 0.945) = ?
Izinyathelo
1. I-mean ye-proportion yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo π = 0.9.
2. I-proportion yesampula ingu p = 0.855 kanye no p = 0.945.
3. Ubungako besampula ngu-n = 100.
p − p 0.855 − 0.9
Uma i p = 0.855, kanjalo-ke i Z = = = -1.5
σp 0.03
p − p 0.945 − 0.9
Uma i p = 0.945, kanjalo-ke i Z = = = 1.5
σp 0.03
5. P(0.855 ≤p≤ 0.945) = P(−1.5 ≤Z≤ 1.5) = P(Z≤ 1.5) − P(Z≤–1.5)
= 0.9332 − 0.0668 = 0.8664
(iii) P(p≥ 0.915) = ?
Izinyathelo
1. I-mean ye-proportion yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo π = 0.9 kanti i-

proportion yesampula ngu
p = 0.915.

p−p p − p 0.915 − 0.9

Z= noma Z= = = 0.5
p(1 − p) σp 0.03
n
4. P(p≥ 0.915) =P(Z≥ 0.5) = 1 − 0.6915 = 0.3085
Umbuzo woku-1
Isikhathi esisetshenziswayo lapho kusetshenziswa i-imeyili ngesigamu sisinye esendlaleke

ngokujwayelekile, lapho i-mean yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo iyimizuzu engu 8 kanye ne-
standard deviation yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo iyimizuzu emi 2. Khetha isampula
elikhethwa noma kanjani lezigamu ezingu 16.
a. Iyini i-probability yokuthi i-mean yalelo sampula izokuba phakathi kwemizuzu engu
7.8 nengu 8.2?
b. Uma ukhetha isampula elenzeka noma ingayiphi indlela lezigamu ezingu 100, iyini i-
probability yokuthi i-mean yesampula izoba phakathi kwemizuzu engu 7.8 kanye
nengu 8.2?
Umbuzo wesi-2
Ake ucabange nge-mean ka 160 yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo kanye ne-standard deviation
ka-25. Sekuthathwa-ke isampula elikhethwe noma kanjani ubungako balo obungu 64 kulezi
zinto sezizonke ezibalwayo. I-standard error ye-mean ilingana no… .
1. 0.391
2. 6.4
3. 2.50
4. 9.766
5. 3.125
Umbuzo wesi-3
I-standard error ye-mean iyi… .
1. standard deviation yokwendlaleka kwesampula.
2. yinani eli-squared le-variance yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo.
3. yinani elifanayo nele-standard deviation yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo.
4. iyefana kukho konke ukwendlaleka kwabo bonke osayizi bamasampula.
5. iyi-mean yokwendlaleka kwesampula.
Umbuzo wesi-4
Inkampani ekhiqizayo ifaka amakinati emaphaketheni, lokho ikwenzela abe-Piedmont

Airlines. Iphakethe ngalinye linesisindo samagremu angu 1.4 kanti i-standard deviation
yakhona ngamagremu angu 0.6. Kulabo bagibeli bebhanoyi abantu 152 abawatholayo
amakinati, i-probability yokuthi isisindo sephakethe elijwayelekile sizoba ngaphansi
kwamagremu angu 1.3 ingu … .
1. 0.0202
2. 0.2040
3. 0.9798
4. 0.4798
5. 2.0500
Umbuzo wesi-5
Ukugcwaliswa kwamabhodlela esiphuzo esibandayo kwendlaleke ngokujwayelekile, kanti i-
mean ngamalitha angu 20 bese kuthi i-standard deviation kube u 0.06 ngelitha lilinye. Wena-
ke ukhetha isampula elikhethwa noma kanjani lamabhodlela angu 36.
a. Iyini i-probability yokuthi i-mean yalelo sampula izokuba phakathi kwamalitha angu
1.99 nangu 2.0?
b. Iyini i-probability yokuthi i-mean yalelo sampula izokuba ngaphansi kwamalitha angu
1.98?
c. Iyini i-probability yokuthi i-mean yalelo sampula izokuba ngaphezu kwamalitha angu
2.01?
d. I-probability ingu 99% yokuthi ubungako be-mean yesampula lesiphuzo esibandayo

okungenani izoba ngakanani?
e. I-probability ingu 99% yokuthi ubungako be-mean yesampula lesiphuzo esibandayo

izoba phakathi kwamaphi amanani?
7.5 UKUVIVINYA NGOKUZIHLOLA NGOKWAKHO KWESIGABA 7.3
Umbuzo woku-1
Kulezi zimo ezilandelayo ngasinye, thola i-mean, i-variance, kanye ne-standard deviation
yokwendlaleka kwesampula le-proportion yesampula p.
a. π = 0.5,n = 250
b. π = 0.98,n = 1 000
Umbuzo wesi-2
Umcwaningi wovo lwezepolitiki uhlaziya imiphumela yesampula ukuze akwazi ukwenza

umhlahlo wangobusuku bokhetho. Uma sithatha ngokuthi wukhetho olunababili abangenele
ukhetho, uma umuntu othile ongenele ukhetho ethola okungenani amavoti angu 55%
esampula, kanjalo-ke lowo muntu ongenele ukhetho kuzohlahlwa kuthiwe nguye
ozophumelela kulelo khetho. Uma ukhetha isampula labavoti abangu 100 abakhethwe noma
ikanjani, iyini i-probability yokuthi lowo ongenele ukhetho uzohlahlwa njengozophumelela
kulona uma amavoti akhe ngokwamaphesenti okuyiwonawona engu:
a. 50.1%?
b. 49%?
Umbuzo wesi-3
Ngokwenhlolovo yabakwa-Gallup yesimo sezimali somuntu siqu sakhe, abasebenzi abangu

46% base-US bacabanga ukuthi bazoba nemali eyanele ukuthi bangaphila ngokunethezeka
lapho sebethatha umhlalaphansi. Wena ukhethe isampula elikhethwe noma kanjani
labasebenzi bese-US abangu 200.
a. Iyini i-probability yokuthi leli sampula lizokuba nabasebenzi abaphakathi kuka 45%
kanye no 55% abathi banemali eyanele ukuthi bangaphila ngokunethezeka
njengamanje futhi balindele nokuqhubeka kanjalo nangomuso?
b. I-probability ingama 90% ukuthi isibalo sesampula ngokwamaphesenti sizogcineka

siphakathi kwamiphi imikhawulo enezinhlangothi ezilinganayo ngokwamaphesenti
ezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo?
7.6 IZIXAZULULO ZESIVIVINYO SOKUZIHLOLA NGOKWAKHO

ZESIGABA 7.2
Umbuzo woku-1
a. P(7.8 < X < 8.2) = ?
Ulwazi olunikeziwe µ =8,σ =2,n = 16.
Izinyathelo
X −µ
1. Ifomula yokuguqula iyona eyi-test statistic Z = .
σ
n
2. Amanani washintshe abe yile fomula ka-Z.
7.8 − 8 − 0.2 − 0.2

Uma i X = 7.8, kanjalo-ke i Z = = = = -0.4
2 2 0.5
16 4
8.2 − 8 0.2 0.2
Uma i X = 8.2, kanjalo-ke i Z = = = = 0.4
2 2 0.5
16 4
3. P(7.8 < X <8.2) = P(−0.4 <Z< 0.4), manje thola leyo ndawo ephakathi kuka -0.4
kanye no 0.4.
4. Inani elitholakala ngokusebenzisa ithebula lokwendlaleka okujwayelekile

okuqokelelene lingu:
P(−0.4 <Z< 0.4)=P(Z< 0.4) − P(Z< −0.4) =0.6554 − 0.3446 =0.3108
b. P(7.8 < X < 8.2) = ?
Ulwazi olunikeziwe ngu µ =8,σ =2,n = 100.
Izinyathelo
X −µ
σ
n
X −µ
2. Amanani washintshe abe yile fomula ka-Z Z = .
σ
n
7.8 − 8 − 0.2 − 0.2

Uma i X = 7.8, kanjalo-ke i Z = = = = -1
2 2 0.2
100 10
8.2 − 8 0.2 0.2

Uma i X = 8.2, kanjalo-ke i Z = = = =1
2 2 0.2
100 10
3. P(7.8 < X <8.2) = P(−1 < Z < 1), manje thola leyo ndawo ephakathi kuka -1 kanye no
1.

P(−1 <Z< 1)=P(Z< 1) − P(Z< −1)
=0.8413 − 0.1587 =0.6826
Umbuzo wesi-2
Izinyathelo
1. I-standard deviation ye-mean yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo σ = 25.
σ 25 25
∴I-standard error ye-mean ngu σ X = = = = 3.125
n 64 8
Umbuzo wesi-3
Impendulo yoku-1
Umbuzo wesi-4
P( X < 1.3) = ?
Izinyathelo
X −µ
1. I-test statistic ingu Z = .
σ
n
Ulwazi olunikeziwe µ = 1.4, σ = 0.6, n = 152, X = 1.3.
2. Amanani washintshe abe yile fomula ka-Z:

X − µ 1.3 − 1.4 − 0.1 − 0.1
Z= = = = = –2.05
σ 0.6 0.6 0.0487
n 152 12.3288
3. Thola inombolo elinganayo neye-mean yesampula okuyiyona esifuna ukuthola i-

probability yayo.
P( X < 1.3) = P(Z< −2.05), manje thola ukuthi iyiphi leyo ndawo encane kuno -2.05.

P(Z< −2.05) = 0.0202
Umbuzo wesi-5
Ulwazi olunikeziwe: i-mean yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo µ = 2.0, i-mean yesampula X =

1.99, usayizi wesampula n = 36.
a. P(1.99 < X < 2.0) = ?
Izinyathelo
X −µ
1. I-test statistic ngu Z = .
σ
n

X − µ 1.99 − 2.0 − 0.01 − 0.01
uma i X = 1.99, kanjalo-ke i Z = = = = = -1
σ 0.06 0.06 0.01
n 36 6
X − µ 2.0 − 2.0 0 0
uma i X = 2.0, kanjalo-ke i Z = = = = =0
σ 0.06 0.06 0.01
n 36 6
3. P(1.99 < X < 2.0) = P(−1 <Z< 0) = P(Z< 0) − P(Z< −1), manje thola leyo ndawo
ephakathi kuka 0 kanye no −1.
4. Inani elitholakala ngokusebenzisa ithebula E.2 lokwendlaleka okujwayelekile

P(Z< 0) = 0.5
P(Z< −1) = 0.1587
∴P(−1 <Z< 0) = P(Z< 0) − P(Z< −1) = 0.5 − 0.1587 = 0.3413
b. P( X < 1.98) = ?
Izinyathelo
X −µ
σ
n
X − µ 1.98 − 2.0 − 0.02 − 0.02

Z= = = = = –2
σ 0.06 0.06 0.01
n 36 6
3. P( X < 1.98) = P(Z< −2), manje thola leyo ndawo encane kuno-2.
4. Inani lapho kusetshenziswa ithebula elijwayelekile lokwendlaleka

okuqokelene lingu
P(Z< −2) = 0.0228.
c. P( X > 2.01) = ?
Izinyathelo
X −µ
σ
n
X − µ 2.01 − 2.0 0.01 0.01

Z= = = = =1
σ 0.06 0.06 0.01
n 36 6
3. P( X > 2.01) = P(Z> 1), manje thola leyo ndawo enkulu kuno 1.

P(Z> 1) = P(Z<–1) = 0.1587

d. P( X >a) = 0.99
X −µ
P(Z> ) = 0.99
σ
n
σ
X =µ+Z× inani lika Z elihambelana nendawo engu 0.99 lingu -2.33
n
(ngokusebenzisa ithebula elijwayelekile lokuqokelelana
okulinganisiwe)
0.06
= 2.0 - 2.33 × = 1.9767
36
e. Indawo ephakathi kuka-A no-B ilingana no 0.99. Inani lika-Z elihambelana nendawo
engu 0.99 lingu 2.33. Amanani ka-A no-B ahambelana ne-probability eyaziwayo
anikezwa ngo:
σ
A=µ−Z×
n
0.06
= 2.0 − 2.33 × = 1.9767
36
σ
B=µ+Z×
n
0.06
= 2.0 + 2.33 ×
36
= 2.0233
P(1.9767 < X < 2.0233)

ZESIGABA 7.3
Umbuzo woku-1
a. π = 0.5 n = 250
I-mean ngu π = 0.5.
I-standard deviation ye-proportion:
π(1 − π) 0.5(1 − 0.5)

σp = = = 0.001 = 0.0316
n 250
I-variance σp2 = (0.0316)2 = 0.001.
b. π = 0.98 n = 1 000
I-mean π = 0.98.
I-standard deviation ye-proportion:
π(1 − π) 0.98(1 − 0.98)

σp = = = 0.000019 = 0.0044
n 1 000
I-variance σp2 = (0.0044)2 = 0.000019.
Umbuzo wesi-2
Ulwazi olunikeziwe: i-proportion yesampula ngu p = 55% = 0.55, usayizi wesampula n = 16
a. I-proportion yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo ngu π = 50.1% = 0.501 P(p> 0.55) = ?
Izinyathelo
p−p 0.55 − 0.501 0.049 0.049

1. I-test statistic ngu Z = = = = = 0.98
p(1 − p) 0.501(1 − 0.501) 0.0025 0.05
n 100
2. P(p> 0.55) = P(Z> 0.98), manje thola leyo ndawo enkulu kuno 0.98.
P(Z> 0.98) = 1 − P(Z< 0.98) = x = 0.1635
b. I-proportion yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo π = 0.49.
Ulwazi olunikeziwe: p = 0.55 n = 100
Izinyathelo
p−p 0.55 − 0.49 0.06

1. I-test statistic ingu Z = = = = 1.20
p(1 − p) 0.49(1 − 0.49) 0.05
n 100
2. P(p> 0.55) = P(Z> 1.20), manje thola leyo ndawo enkulu kuno 1.20.

P(Z> 1.20) = 1 − P(Z< 1.20) = 1 − 0.8849 = 0.1151
Umbuzo wesi-3
a. P(0.45 <p< 0.55)
Ulwazi olunikeziwe: i-proportion yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo π = 0.46, ama-

proportion esampula p = 0.45 no p = 0.55, n = 200
Izinyathelo
p−p
1. I-test statistic ngu-Z = .
p(1 − p)
n
0.45 − 0.46 − 0.01
Uma p = 0.45, kanjalo-ke Z = = = -0.2841
0.46(1 − 0.46) 0.0352
200
0.55 − 0.46 0.09

Uma p = 0.55, kanjalo-ke Z = = = 2.5568
0.46(1 − 0.46) 0.0352
200
2. P(0.45 <p< 0.55) = P(−0.2841 <Z< 2.5568), manje thola leyo ndawo enkulu kuno
−0.2841 kanye no 2.5568.

P(−0.2841 <Z< 2.5568)=P(Z< 2.5568) − P(Z< −0.2841)
= 0.9948 − 0.3897 = 0.6051
b. Indawo ephakathi kuka-A no-B imele u 0.90. Inani lika-Z elihambelana nendawo engu
0.90 lingu 1.645. Amanani ka-A no-B ahambelana ne-probability eyaziwayo anikezwe
ngo:
π(1 − π) 0.46(1 − 0.46)

A =π − Z × = 0.46 − 1.645 × = 0.4021
n 200
π(1 − π) 0.46(1 − 0.46)

B= π + Z × = 0.46 + 1.645 × = 0.5179
n 200
∴P(0.4021 <p< 0.5179)
7.8 OKUFINGQIWE
● ukuwuqonda umqondo wendima yolwazi obizwa ngokwendlaleka kwesampula
● ukubala ama-probability ahambelana nesampula le-mean kanye ne-proportion

yesampula
● ukukuqonda ukubaluleka kwe-Central Limit Theorem

UKUKALWA KWEZIGAMU ZEMIKHAWULO YOKUQINISEKISA

Isho ukuthini imiqondo yezindima zolwazi ezithi “point estimate”, “standard deviation
known”, “standard deviation unknown”, “level of confidence”, “level of significance”,
“critical value”, “degrees of freedom” and “student’s t distribution”?
Chaza ukuthi sisho ukuthini isigamu semikhawulo yokuqinisekisa.
Thola umehluko phakathi kwesikali sesigamu semikhawulo yokuqinisekisa se-mean
kanye nesikali sesigamu semikhawulo yokuqinisekisa se-proportion.
Thola umehluko phakathi kwesikali sesigamu semikhawulo yokuqinisekisa se-mean
lapho i σ isuke yaziwa khona kanye nesikali sesigamu semikhawulo yokuqinisekisa
se-mean lapho i σ isuke ingaziwa khona.
Iyini inhloso yokwakha isikali sesigamu semikhawulo yokuqinisekisa?
8.1 ISINGENISO
Kule yunithi yesifundo sisebenzisa i-statistics sokuhlozinga (inferential statistics),

okuyindlela yokusebenzisa imiphumela yesampula ekukaleni imikhawulo yezinto
sezizonke ezikalwayo ezingaziwa efana ne-mean yezinto sezizonke ezikalwayo
noma i-proportion yezinto sezizonke ezikalwayo. Siye sikale ngokulinganisela
uphawu lwezinto ezikalwayo sezizonke ngokusebenzisa isikali sokulinganisela
seqophelo noma sesigamu.
Isikali sesilinganiselo seqophelo siyinani le-statistic esisodwa sesampula. Isibonelo,

i-mean yesampula X iyisikali sesilinganiselo esiyiqophelo le-mean lezinto sezizonke
ezikalwayo elingu µ kanti i-proportion yesampula engu p iyisikali esiyisilinganiselo
seqophelo le-proportion yezinto sezizonke ezikalwayo π. Isikali sesilinganiselo
sesigamu sokuqinisekisa siwuhla lwezinombolo ezibizwa ngesigamu, ezisuke
zakheke zaba seduze nesikali sesilinganiselo seqophelo. Sibizwa ngesigamu
sesiqinisekiso ngoba sisuke sinezinga elithile lokuqiniseka ukuthi inani langempela
le-mean yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo lisuke lingaphakathi kwalesi sigamu. Nokho-
ke isigamu kungenzeka noma kungenzeki ukuthi sibe nenani okuyilona lona le-mean
noma i-proportion yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo. Nanomuntu onguso-statistician
ngeke naye akwazi ukuba nesiqiniseko esingu 100% mayekaba noma yingakuluphi
uhlangothi. Ngakho-ke esiye sikwenze ukukhombisa izinga lokuqiniseka ukuthi i-
mean okuyiyona yona yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo noma i-proportion yezinto
zonke ezibalwayo izoba ngaphakathi kwaleso sigamu sokuqiniseka.
Umsebenzi 8.1 Isihloko Ikhono lokufunda
Dweba ibalazwe lomqondo lezigaba/izihloko ezihlukene ozozifunda kule yunithi

yesifundo. Emuva kwalokho-ke phenya amakhasi ale yunithi ngenhloso yokubhala
lelo balazwe uliqede.

manuscript*>
Isikali sesigamu semikhawulo
yokuqinisekisa
Isikali sesigamu semikhawulo Isikali sesigamu semikhawulo

yokuqinisekisa se-mean yokuqinisekisa se-proportion
Isikali sesigamu Isikali sesigamu

semikhawulo semikhawulo
yokuqinisekisa yokuqinisekisa
lapho i σ yaziwa lapho i σ ingaziwa
Zimbili izinto okungakhethwa kuzo ongazicabanga mayelana nesikali sesigamu

semikhawulo yokuqinisekisa se-mean, kuye ngokuthi ngabe i-standard deviation σ
yezinto sezizonke ezikalwayo iyaziwa yini noma i-standard deviation σ yezinto
sezizonke ezikalwayo ayaziwa.
okucabanga ngemiqondo yezindima zolwazi Ikhono
lezokuxhumana

lwasekhaya
Confidence level
Confidence interval
Point estimate
Population standard deviation σ known
Population standard deviation σ
unknown
Critical value
Degrees of freedom
8.2 ISIKALI SESILINGANISO SESIGAMU SOKUQINISEKISA SE-

MEAN LAPHO I-STANDARD DEVIATION YEZINTO SEZIZONKE
EZIKALWAYO YAZIWA
Uma i-standard deviation σ yezinto sezizonke ezikalwayo yaziwa, ukwendlaleka

okujwayelekile kuye kusetshenziswe khona ekwakheni isigamu.
Izinyathelo
1. Thola ubungako besampula elingu X .
2. Thola i-standard deviation σ yezinto sezizonke ezikalwayo.
4. Thola inani lika-Z elibizwa ngenani elilawulayo (critical value) elihambelana
nezinga lokuqiniseka lika (1 − α)%.
5. Isikali sesilinganiso sesigamu sokuqinisekisa se-mean yezinto sezizonke
ezikalwayo singu:
σ
X ± Zα ×
2 n
σ σ
( X – Zα × , X + Zα × )
2 n 2 n
Umkhawulo omaphansi wesigamu Umkhawulo omaphezulu wesigamu
6. Amanani washintshe abe yile fomula engenhla.
Umsebenzi 8.3
Umbuzo 1
Umnikazi wesizinda esikhulu sezitolo uxakwe yizikhalazo ezimayelana nokusweleka
kwendawo yokupaka. Ucabanga ukuthi izikhala zokupaka ezingu 1 000 zanele.
Emizamweni yakhe yokuxazulula le nkinga, uthola isampula le-avareji yobuningi
bezimoto ezisuke zisendaweni yokupaka ngezikhathi okusuke kumatasa kakhulu
ngazo. Isampula lika 40 line-mean ka 952. Thatha ngokuthi i-standard deviation
yezinto sezizonke ezikalwayo singu 396. Isikali sesilinganiso sesigamu
sokuqinisekisa sokupaka ihora elilodwa ngezikhathi ezimatasa singu … .
1. 790.46 kuya ku 1 112.54
2. 849.31 kuya ku 1 054.69
3. 829.28 kuya ku 1 074.72
4. 932.60 kuya ku 971.40
5. 952.00 kuya ku 1 052.00
Umbuzo 2
Uma i X = 120, σ = 24 futhi ne n = 36, wena yakha isikali sesilinganiso sesigamu
sokuqinisekisa esingu 99% se-mean µ yezinto sezizonke ezikalwayo.

Umbuzo 1
Izinyathelo
1. I-mean yesampula X = 952.
4. Khetha i Z α = 1.96 ezingeni lika 95% wesikali sesigamu sokuqiniseka.
2
σ
5. Ifomula yesikali sesilinganiso sesigamu sokuqinisekisa ngu X ± Z α × .
2 n
396
6. Ukushintsha amanani abe yile fomula ka-Z: 952 ±1.96×
40
952 ± 122.7217
(952 − 122.7217, 952 + 122.7217)
(829.2783, 1 074.7217)
Umbuzo 2
Izinyathelo
4. Sebenzisa inani elilawulayo Z α = 2.58 maqondana nesikali sesilinganiso
2
sesigamu sokuqinisekisa sika 99%.

24
5. Amanani washintshe abe yile fomula ka Z: 120 ± 2.58 × = 120 ± 10.32
36
(120 − 10.32, 120 + 10.32)
(109.68, 130.32)
8.3 ISIKALI SESILINGANISO SESIGAMU SOKUQINISEKISA SE-

MEAN LAPHO I-STANDARD DEVIATION YEZINTO SEZIZONKE
EZIKALWAYO INGAZIWA
Uma i-standard deviation yezinto sezizonke ezikalwayo ingaziwa, kudingeka sakhe

isikali sesilinganiso sesigamu semikhawulo yokuqinisekisa sika µ ngokusebenzisa i-
standard deviation yesampula S njengesilinganiselo se-standard deviation yezinto
sezizonke ezikalwayo σ. Uma sibuyela emuva kusikali sesilinganiso sesigamu
sokuqinisekisa se-mean (i σ iyaziwa), kuye kwasetshenziswa ukwendlaleka
okujwayelekile ekwakheni isigamu. Uma i σ ingaziwa, ukwendlaleka kwe-student’s t
distribution yikhona okusetshenziswayo ngokusebenzisa n– 1 wamazinga
omkhawulo wokukala.
● Amazinga omkhawulo wokukala df = n− 1.
● Inani elilawulayo t mayelana nemikhawulo yokukala efanelekile ethebuleni
mayelana nokwendlaleka kuka t. Isikali sesilinganiso sesigamu se-mean
(lapho i σ ingaziwa):
S
X ±t α ×
( n −1, ) n
2
S S
( X –t α × , X +t α × )
( n −1, ) n ( n −1, ) n
2 2
Izinyathelo
1. Thola ubungako be-mean yesampula X .
2. Thola i-standard deviation yesampula S.
4. Thola amazinga omkhawulo wokukala df = n – 1.
5. Thola inani elilawulayo ngokusebenzisa i-student’s t table ne t α .
( n −1, )
2
6. Shintsha amanani abe yisikali sesilinganiso sesigamu semikhawulo

yokuqinisekisa se-mean (i σ asaziwa).
Umsebenzi 8.4
Umbuzo 1
Maqondana nenyanga ethile ekhethiwe, i-avareji yogesi ongama-kilowatt ngehora
osetshenziswe ngamakhasimende angabahlali abantu 49 ibe ngama-kilowatt
ngehora angu 1 160 futhi i-standard deviation S ngu 1 085 wamakilowatt ngehora.
Asithathe ngokuthi inani lika t mayelana nesikali sika 95% sesigamu sokuqinisekisa
singu 1.6772. Thola isikali sesilinganiso sesigamu semikhawulo yokuqinisekisa
mayelana ne-mean yangempela.
Umbuzo 2
Isitolo esidayisa izinto zokubhala sifuna ukulinganisela inani le-mean yamakhadi
ezilokotho ezinhle esinawo esitokweni. Isampula elikhethwe noma ikanjani
lamakhadi angu 100 likhombisa ukuthi kunenani le-mean ka R0,44. Ake sithathe
ngokuthi ukwendlaleka kungokujwayelekile, yakha isikali sesigamu somkhawulo
wokuqinisekisa sika 95% senani le-mean sawo wonke amakhadi ezilokotho leso
sitolo esinawo esitokweni.

Umbuzo 1
Izinyathelo
1. I-mean yesampula X = 1,160.
2. I-standard deviation yesampula S = 1 085.
4. Amazinga omkhawulo wokukala df = n − 1= 49 − 1= 48.
5. Inani elilawulayo lilingana no 1.6772.
yokuqinisekisa sefomula ye-mean (i σ ayaziwa):
1 085
1 160 ± 1.6772 ×
49
1 160 ± 259.966
(1 160 − 259.966,1 160 + 259.966)
(900.034, 1 419.966)
Umbuzo 2
Izinyathelo
1. I-mean yesampula X = 2.65.
2. I-standard deviation yesampula S = 0.44.
4. Amazinga omkhawulo wokukala df = n − 1 = 100 − 1= 99.
5. Inani elilawulayo elingu t(99,0.025) lilingana no 1.9842.
yokuqinisekisa sefomula ye-mean (i σ ayaziwa):
0.44
2.65 ± 1.9842 ×
100
2.65 ± 0.0873
(2.65 − 0.0873, 2.65+0.0873)
(2.5627, 2.7373)
UYIBALA KANJANI I-PROBABILITY YE-MEAN YOKWENDLALEKA KWESAMPULA

UMA I σ INGAZIWA?
Asikhumbule ukuthi kwiyunithi yesifundo 7.3 i-probability ye-mean yokwendlaleka

X −µ
kwesampula ibalwe ngokusebenzisa inani elithi Z = . Uma i-standard deviation
σ
n
yezinto sezizonke ezikalwayo ingaziwa, kuye kusetshenziswe le statistic
X −µ
esilandelayo: t =
S
n
Le ndlela iba yisimo esifanayo neye-statistic sika Z kuphela nje ukuthi u S
usetshenziswa ukulinganisela i σ esingaziwa.
8.4 I-PROPORTION YOKUKALA ISIGAMU SOMKHAWULO

WOKUQINISEKA
Lesi sigaba simayelana nokukala i-proportion yezinto, kulezo zinto sezizonke

ezikalwayo ezisuke zinezimpawu ezithile okuzogxilwa kuzona. I-proportion yezinto
X
sezizonke ezikalwayo ngu π kanti i-proportion yesampula ingu p = lapho u X
n
ewubuningi bezinto ezisesampuleni ezisuke zinalolo phawu okugxilwe kulona kanti u
n ungusayizi wesampula. I-proportion yesikali sesigamu somkhawulo wesilinganiso
sokuqinisekisa inikezwa ngo:
p (1 − p )
p ± Zα ×
2
n
lapho
u p eyi-proportion yesampula
Z α uyinani elilawulayo elitholakala ekwendlalekeni okulinganisiwe
2
Umsebenzi 8.5
Umbuzo 1
Izinkampani zisebenzisa isikhathi esiningi ekuhlungeni labo abasuke befake izicelo
kunangendlela obekwenzeka ngayo esikhathini esidlule. Ucwaningo ngalabo
abaqasha abantu olwenziwa ngabakwa-Execunet lwathola ukuthi abantu abangu 77
benza ucwaningo ngokusebenzisa i-inthanethi mayelana nalabo ababefisa
ukungena. Manje wena yakha isikali sesigamu sika 95% somkhawulo wokuqiniseka
we-proportion yesilinganiselo sezinto sezizonke ezikalwayo esimayelana nalabo
abaqasha abantu okuyibona abaye benze ucwaningo kwi-inthanehti mayelana
nalabo abasuke befisa ukuthola lowo msebenzi.
Umbuzo 2
Uhlelo lokubuka nokulalela izithombe zebhayisikobho lwenza labo abangezwa kahle
bakwazi ukulandela inkulumo kanye nokulingisa kwabalingisi. Inhlangano yalapha
ngaphakathi ebhekela amalungu omphakathi angezwa kahle ithatha isampula
lamabhayisikobho angu 100 akhonjiswa yinkampani kamabonakude ukuze yenze
isilinganiselo sokuthi iyini i-proportion yamabhayisikobho anohlelo lokubuka
nokulalela ukulingisa. Ayishumi nane amabhayisikobho ayenohlelo lokubuka
nokulalela ukulingisa. Inkampani kamabonakude yona ithi okungenani angu 5%
amabhayisikobho akhonjiswayo asuke enohlelo lwezihloko nokulalela ukulingisa.
Sebenzisa i Z α = 1.65 ukuze uthole i-proportion yangempela yesikali sesilinganiso
2
sika 90% sesigamu semikhawulo yokuqinisekisa futhi yisho umbono wakho

mayelana nalokho okushiwo yile nkampani kamabonakude.

Umbuzo 1
Izinyathelo
X 77
1. I-proportion yesampula ngu p = = = 0.7549.
n 102
3. Inani elilawulayo ngu Z α = 1.96 ku 95% wesikali sesigamu sokuqiniseka.
2
4. Shintsha amanani abe yifomula ye-proportion yesikali sesilinganiso sesigamu
0.7549(1 − 0.7549)
semikhawulo yokuqinisekisa: 0.7549±1.96 ×
102
0.7549±0.0835
(0.7549 − 0.0835,0.7549 + 0.0835)
(0.6714,0.8384)
Umbuzo 2
Izinyathelo
X 14
n 100
3. Inani elilawulayo lingu Z α = 1.65 ku 90% wesikali sesigamu sokuqiniseka.
2
4. Shintsha amanani abe yifomula ye-proportion yesikali sesilinganiso sesigamu

0.14(1 − 0.14)
semikhawulo yokuqinisekisa: 0.14±1.65 ×
100
0.14±0.0573
(0.14 − 0.0573, 0.14 + 0.0573)
(0.0827,0.1973)
Isigamu se-proportion yezinto sezizonke ezikalwayo ngu 0.0827 kuya ku 0.1973,

noma icishe ibe ngu 0.08 kuya ku 0.20. Ngakho-ke le nhlangano yabantu
abangezwa kahle ingaqiniseka ngo 90% ukuthi i-proportion yamabhayisikobho
anohlelo lokubuka nokulalela izithombe zebhayisikobho indawana thile phakathi
kuka 0.08 (8%) kanye no 0.20 (20%). Inkampani kamabonakude isho into efanele
uma ithi okungenani angu 5% amabhayisikobho ewakhombisayo asuke enohlelo
lokubuka nokulalela izithombe nabalingiswa.
8.5 UKUZIVIVINYA NGOKUZIHLOLA NGOKWAKHO
Umbuzo 1
Umfundisi wakho se-statistics ufuna wena uthole isikali sesigamu somkhawulo
wesilinganiso sokuqinisekisa se-mean ye-test score. Ulwazi lwangaphambilini
lukhombisa ukuthi ama-test score asuke endlaleke ngokujwayelekile futhi ene-mean
yesampula ka 160 bese kuthi i-standard deviation yezinto sezizonke ezikalwayo ibe
ngu 45. Uma iqoqo lakho linabafundi abangu 36, isikali sesigamu somkhawulo
wesilinganiso sokuqinisekisa singu … .
1. 145.3 kuya ku 174.7
2. 157.55 kuya ku 162.45
3. 152.5 kuya ku 167.5
4. 158.75 kuya ku 161.25
5. 160 kuya ku 174.7
Umbuzo 2
Uma i X = 70, S = 24 futhi ne n = 36, futhi kube kuthathwa ngokuthi izinto sezizonke
ezibalwayo zendlaleke ngokujwayelekile, yakha isikali sesigamu sika 95%
somkhawulo wokuqiniseka se-mean µyezinto sezizonke ezikalwayo.
Umbuzo 3
Le datha imele amamayela atholakala ngegalane lilinye ezimotweni zango 2008
ezingama-SUV ezingaphansi kwenane lika $30 000.
23 20 21 22 18 18 17 17 19 19 19
17 21 18 18 18 17 17 16 20 16 22
Manje wena yakha isikali sesigamu sika 95% somkhawulo wokuqiniseka we-
proportion yesilinganiselo sezinto sezizonke ezikalwayo we-mean yamamayela
ngegalane lilinye alezo zimoto zango 2008 ezingama-SUV ezinenani lentengo
elingaphansi kuka $30 000 kube kuthathwa ngokuthi kunokwendlaleka
okujwayelekile.
Umbuzo 4
Umnikazi werestorenti edayisa ukudla kwamazwe ufuna ukucwaninga ngezimpawu
zamakhasimende akhe. Usethatha isinqumo sokugxila kuma-variable amabili:
okuyimali esetshenziswa ngamakhasimende kanye nokuthi ngabe amakhasimende
ayawafaka yini ama-oda edizethi. Imiphumela evela esampulini lamakhasimende
angu 60 imi kanje:
Inani elisetshenzisiwe = R38,54 kanti S = R7,26; angu 18 amakhasimende afake
ama-oda edizethi.
a. Manje wena yakha isikali sesigamu sika 95% somkhawulo wokuqiniseka se-
mean yezinto sezizonke ezikalwayo senani elisetshenziswe ngekhasimende
lilinye erestorenti.
b. Manje wena yakha isikali sesigamu sika 90% somkhawulo wokuqiniseka we-
proportion yesilinganiselo sakho konke okukalwayo okungamakhasimende
afaka ama-oda edizethi.
Umbuzo 1
Izinyathelo
4. Sebenzisa inani elilawulayo Z α = 1.96 maqondana nesikali sesilinganiso
2
sesigamu sokuqinisekisa sika 95%.

45
5. Amanani washintshe abe yile fomula ka-Z: 160 ± 1.96 ×
36
160 ± 14.7
(160 − 14.7, 160 + 14.7)
(145.3, 174.7)
Impendulo yoku-1
Umbuzo 2
Izinyathelo
2. I-standard deviation yesampula S = 24.
4. Amazinga omkhawulo wokukala df = n− 1 = 36 − 1 = 35.
5. Inani elilawulayo elingu t(35, 0.025) lilingana no 2.0301.
24
yokuqinisekisa sefomula ye-mean (i σ ayaziwa): 70±2.0301 ×
36
70±8.1204
(70 − 8.1204; 70 + 8.1204)
(61.8796; 78.1204)
Umkhawulo omaphansi wesigamu Umkhawulo
omaphezulu wesigamu
Umbuzo 3
Izinyathelo
23 + 20 + 21 + 22 + ... + 20 + 16 + 22 413
1. I-mean yesampula X = = = 18.7727
22 22
∑( X i − X ) 2
2. I-standard deviation yesampula ngu S=
n −1
2 (23 − 18.7727) 2 + (20 − 18.7727) 2 + ... + (22 − 18.7727) 2 85.8636

S = = = 4.0887
22 − 1 21
∴S = 4.0887 = 2.0221
4. Amazinga omkhawulo wokukala ngu df = n − 1= 22 − 1= 21.
2.0221
yokuqinisekisa sefomula ye-mean (i σ asaziwa): 18.7727± 2.0796 ×
22
18.7727± 0.8965
(18.7727 – 0.8965; 18.7727 + 0.8965)
(17.8762; 19.6692)
Umkhawulo omaphansi wesigamu Umkhawulo
omaphezulu wesigamu
Umbuzo 4
a. Izinyathelo
4. Amazinga omkhawulo wokukala d f = n − 1= 60 − 1= 59.
7.26
yokuqinisekisa sefomula ye-mean (i σ ayaziwa): 38.54±2.001 ×
60
38.54±1.8755
(38.54 − 1.8755; 38.54 + 1.8755)
(36.6645; 40.4155)
b. Izinyathelo
18
1. I-proportion yesampula ngu p = = 0.3.
60
3. Inani elilawulayo ngu Z α = 1.645 ku 90% wesikali sesigamu sokuqiniseka.
2
4. Shintsha amanani abe yifomula ye-proportion yesikali sesilinganiso

0.3(1− 0.3)
sesigamu semikhawulo yokuqinisekisa: 0.3 ± 1.645 ×
60
0.3 ±0.0973
(0.3 − 0.0973; 0.3+ 0.0973)
(0.2027; 0.3973)
8.7 OKUFINGQIWE
Uma usuyifunde wayazi le yunithi yesifundo, kumele ukwazi ukwakha nokuhumusha

isikali sesilinganiso sesigamu semikhawulo yokuqinisekisa se-mean kanye nese-
proportion.
UKUVIVINYA I-HYPOTHESIS

Isho ukuthini imiqondo yendima yolwazi ethi “acceptance region”, “rejection region”,
“type I error”, type II error”, “critical value”, “power of the test”, “two-tailed test”,
“one-tailed test”?
Chaza ukuvivinywa kwe-hypothesis.
Thola umehluko phakathi kokuvivinywa kwe-hypothesis ye-mean kanye
nokuvivinywa kwe-hypothesis ye-proportion.
Iyini indawo yeqophelo lesinqumo sokuvivinya?
Usenza kanjani isinqumo lapho uvivinya i-hypothesis?

9.1 ISINGENISO
Ukuvivinya i-hypothesis ngukuhlola ngokwe-statistic isitatimende noma umqondo

othile omayelana nezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi siye sibeke into
ethile noma uvo oluthile ngophawu olukalwayo oluthile lwezinto sezizonke
ezibalwayo. Isibonelo, isitatimende kungaba esimi ngale ndlela elandelayo: “I-mean
yesisindo samabhokisi amasiriyeli ingamagremu angu 368.” Njengoba kukhona
imiphumela yesisindo samabhokisi amasiriyeli, izindlela zokuvivinya i-hypothesis
zingasetshenziswa ukuvivinya ukuzwakala ngokuqonde ngqo kwalesi sitatimende
ngokwendawo ethile yeqophelo lesinqumo sokuvivinya esuke inikeziwe, emayelana
nesampula lesisindo samabhokisi amasiriyeli. Wena uzohlola imiphumela yesampula
ukuze ubone ukuthi ngabe iyakwesekela yini lokho okushiwoyo. Lolu hlobo
lwenkinga lukungenisa ohlotsheni lwe-statistics olubizwa nge-statistics sokuhlozinga
(inferential statistics).
Kule yunithi yesifundo edlule uye wabona ukuthi isikali sesigamu somkhawulo
wokuqinisekisa singasebenziseka lapho kumele sicabange ngokubheka phambili
inani lophawu lokukala izinto sezizonke ezikalwayo. Ukufakwa kwemikhawulo
akuzange kwaba yinto okuqinisekile ngayo kodwa sikwazile ukubala ukuthi
kungenzeka uphawu olukalwayo lube phakathi kwaleso sigamu ngokusho izinga
lokuqinisekiseka elithile (95%, 99% noma ...). Indlela efanaho yokubalwa
kokungaqiniseki iyasetshenziswa nasekuvivinyweni kwe-hypothesis.
Umsebenzi 9.1: Imiqondo yendima yolwazi Amakhono

okucabanga ngemiqondo yendima yolwazi Ikhono
lezokuxhumana
Itemu leSingisi Incazelo Itemu ngolimi lwakho lwasekhaya

Acceptance region
Rejection region
Inani elilawulayo
Two-tailed test
One-tailed test
Significance level of the test
The null hypothesis
The alternative hypothesis
9.2 IMIQONDO YENDIMA YOLWAZI EYIZINSIKA

KWEZOKUVIVINYWA KWE-HYPOTHESIS
Kulesi sigaba sizokwethula imiqondo yezindima zolwazi oluyisisekelo sokuvivinywa

kwe-hypothesis ngale ndlela elandelayo:
1. I-null hypothesis, emelwe ngu H0, isuke imele indlela okukholelwa ngayo
njengamanje ukuthi isimo simi kanjalo.
2. I-hypothesis ephikisayo (alternative hypothesis) emelwe ngu H1, iphikisana
ne-null hypothesis futhi imele umbono wocwaningo noma ukuhlozinga
okuthile osuke ufuna ukukufakazisa.
3. Indawo yeqophelo lesinqumo sokuvivinya engu (α) iyi-probability yokuthi
izophikiswa, lapho i-null hypothesis yona iyiqiniso. Imele izinga lobungozi
ozimisele ngokuba nabo bokuyiphikisa i-null hypothesis kodwa ibe iyiqiniso.
Uye ukhethe kumazinga ka 0.01 (1%), 0.05 (5%) noma u 0.10 (10%).
4. I-confidence coefficient yi-probability yokuthi ngeke ungayivumi i-null
hypothesis H0 lapho iyiqiniso futhi uma kungenzeka ingavunywa, i-confidence
coefficient izoba ngu (1− α) × 100%.
5. Ibanga okwamukelwa kulona (okusho ukuyamukela) lisuke liyinoma iyiphi
enye ingxenye yokwendlaleka edala kube nesinqumo sokwehluleka
ukungayivumi i-null hypothesis uma leso statistic okugxilwe kusona
singaphakathi kuleli banga.
6. Ibanga okwamukelwa kulona, lisuke liyinoma iyiphi enye ingxenye
yokwendlaleka edala kube nesinqumo sokungayivumi i-null hypothesis uma
leso statistic okugxilwe kusona singaphakathi kuleli banga.
7. Inani elilawulayo yilelo nani elihlukanisa ibanga okwamukelwa kulona kanye
nebanga okungevunywe kulona.
8. Amandla alesi sivivinyo akwi-probability yokuthi uzongayivumi i H0 lapho
ingelona iqiniso futhi kube kufanele ingavunywa.
9. I-two-tailed test yisivivinyo se-statistics lapho umcwaningi esuke efuna ukwazi
ngazo zombili izinhlangothi zokwendlaleka.
10. I-one-tailed test yisivivinyo se-statistics lapho umcwaningi esuke efuna ukwazi
ngohlangothi olulodwa lokwendlaleka.
INDLELA YOKUYICHAZA NGOKUCACILE I-NULL KANYE NE-

HYPOTHESIS EPHIKISAYO
I-null hypothesis isho ngokucacile uphawu olukalwayo olulingana nenani elithile futhi
yi-hypothesis ephikisayo okumele iphendule umbuzo. Ukuze ukwazi ukukubeka
ngokucacile okuphikisayo, kudingeka uthole ukuthi yini ebuzwa ngumbuzo.
Izibonelo:
1. Uma umbuzo ubuza ukuthi ngabe isikhathi sokulinda ngaphambi kokufaka i-
oda sishintshile yini kule nyanga edlulile ukusuka kwi-mean ebikhona yezinto
sezizonke ezikalwayo ka 4.5 wemizuzu futhi i-mean µ, kanjalo-ke
H1: µ≠ 4.5
Futhi ne-
H0: µ = 4.5, okusho ukuthi i-mean yezinto sezizonke ezikalwayo ilingana no
4.5.
Ngenye indlela, umbuzo ungathi: “Kunobufakazi obanele ukufika kusinqumo

sokuthi isikhathi sokulinda ngaphambi kokufaka i-oda asilingani (noma
sihlukile) kune-mean yangaphambilini yezinto sezizonke ezikalwayo µ = 4.5.”
Ngakho-ke kudingeka wenze ukuhlola kwezinhlangothi ezimbili.
2. Uma umbuzo ubuza ukuthi ngabe kunobufakazi obenele yini ukufika

kusinqumo sokuthi i-mean yezinto sezizonke ezikalwayo inkulu kuno 4.5,
kanjalo-ke
H1: µ> 4.5
kanye ne-
H0: µ = 4.5
Ngakho-ke kudingeka wenze ukuhlola kohlangothi olulodwa.
3. Uma umbuzo ubuza ukuthi ngabe kunobufakazi obenele yini ukufika

kusinqumo sokuthi i-mean yezinto sezizonke ezikalwayo ingaphansi kuno 4.5,
kanjalo-ke
H1: µ< 4.5
futhi ne-
H0: µ = 4.5
Ngakho-ke kudingeka wenze ukuhlola kohlangothi olulodwa.
Ukuvivinya i-hypothesis kuye kufakwe ngokokuvivinya i-hypothesis emayelana ne-

mean noma kube ukuvivinya i-hypothesis emayelana ne-proportion, kuye
ngamasampula angatholakala akhethiwe noma i-proportion yezinto sezizonke
ezikalwayo ezisuke zinophawu oluthile okugxilwe kulona.
INDLELA YEZINYATHELO ZOKUVIVINYA I-

HYPOTHESIS
Isinyathelo soku-1
Bhala ukuthi ithini i-null hypothesis H0: uphawu lwezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo
olungu (µ) = inani elicatshangelwa ngokwe-hypothesis
Isinyathelo sesi-2
Bhala ukuthi ithini i-hypothesis ephikisayo, H1: ibeka ngokufingqiwe ukuthi kungaba
njani uma i-null hypothesis ingelona iqiniso futhi ingaba yisimo esisodwa kulezi
ezintathu ezingenzeka:
a. H1: uphawu olukalwayo lwezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo (µ) ≠ inani
elicatshangelwa ngokwe-hypothesis
b. H1: uphawu lokukalwayo lwezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo (µ) < inani
c. H1: uphawu lokukalwayo lwezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo (µ) > inani
Isinyathelo sesi-3
Khetha indawo yeqophelo lesinqumo sokuvivinya (α) ukuze wenze kube khona
isisekelo esiyi-probability yokuthatha isinqumo sokuthi ngabe umehluko okugxilwe
kuwona phakathi kwestatistic sesampula kanye nenani elicatshangelwayo le-
hypothesis ungumehluko ovele waziqondanela nje noma ungumehluko onohlonze
ngokwe-statistics.
Isinyathelo sesi-4
Thola i-statistic esifanele sokuvivinya bese ubala inani.
Isinyathelo esi-5
Thola lawo manani alawulayo okuyiwona ahlukanisa izindawo zebanga okungeke
kwamukelwe kulona nebanga okwamukelwa kulona.
Isinyathelo sesi-6
Bhala umthetho wokuthatha isinqumo sokwamukela.
Umthetho wokuthatha isinqumo sokwamukela uyisitatimende esikhombisa lokho

okumele kwenziwe, okusho ukuthi ukwehluleka ukungayamukeli i H0 noma
ukungayamukeli i H0.
● Ungayamukeli i H0 uma inani le-statistic sokuvivinya lilikhulu ngaphezu

kwenani elilawulayo ngokweqophelo elithile lendawo yesinqumo, noma-ke
ungakuvumi ukungayamukeli i H0.
● Ungayamukeli i H0 uma inani le p lingaphansi kwenani lendawo yeqophelo
lesinqumo sokuvivinya.
Inani le p liyindawo yeqophelo lesinqumo sokuvivinya okuyilona eliphansi kunawo

wonke lapho i-null hypothesis ingeke yamukelwa khona. Iye itholwe ngokwenani le-
statistic sokuvivinya.
Isinyathelo sesi-7
Bhala umphumela otholakele. Lo mphumela kumele ube ngovele ngokubuka isimo
senkinga futhi nendawo yeqophelo lesinqumo sokuvivinya kumele ifakwe lapho
nayo.
9.3 UKUVIVINYA I-HYPOTHESISI YE-MEAN
Manje sizophinda futhi sithole umehluko phakathi kwezimo ezimbili ezingafani: i-

standard deviation yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo iyaziwa noma ayaziwa. Uzobona
ukuthi umehluko wokuqala okumele wenziwe ngukubona ukuthi ngabe i-standard
deviation yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo noma yesampula iyaziwa yini, emuva
kwalokho bese uthatha isinqumo sokuthi ngabe izinto sezizonke ezibalwayo
zendlaleke ngokujwayelekile yini noma cha. Uma ungayazi le mpendulo yokugcina,
bheka usayizi wesampula. Kule mojuli sizosebenza kuphela ngesampula eliwusayizi
ongaphezu kuka 30, ngenxa yokuthi izindlela ze-statistic esingamile ngokulandela
ukwendlaleka okujwayelekile (nonparametric methods) zokuvivinya okungabhekeli
ukwendlaleka zona-ke azifakiwe kule mojuli.
9.3.1 I-standard deviation σ yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo iyaziwa
Uma i-standard deviation σ yezinto sezizonke ezikalwayo yaziwa, ukwendlaleka

okujwayelekile yikhona okuye kusetshenziswe ekuvivinyeni i-hypothesis.
Izinyathelo
1. Bhala (noma thola ukuthi iyiphi) i-null hypothesis H0 kanye naleyo ephikisayo
engu H1.
2. Khetha indawo yeqophelo lesinqumo sokuvivinya (α).
3. Thola ubungako besampula X .
4. Thola ubungako be-mean µ yesampula lezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo.
5. Thola i-standard deviation σ yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo.
X −µ
7. Bala i-statistic sokuvivinya: Z =
σ
n
8. Yenza isinqumo sokutholakele ngokwe-statistics.
Umsebenzi 9.2
Umbuzo woku-1
Imenenja ebhekela ikhwalithi embonini eyakha amaglobhu okukhanyisa idinga
ukuthola ukuthi ngabe i-mean yempilo yenqwaba yamaglobhu afikile iyalingana yini
naleyo eshiwo yamahora angu 575. Bhala ukuthi ithini i-null hyphothesis kanye ne-
hypothesis ephikisayo.
Umbuzo wesi-2
Inani le p yokuhlola ngokwe-hypothesis kuthiwe lingu 0.03. Uma umphumela
walokho kuhlola uhunyushwa ngokusebenzisa i α = 0.05 ngokwendawo yeqophelo
lesinqumo sokuvivinya, ngabe i H0 ngeke yamukelwe yini? Chaza.
Umbuzo wesi-3
Esampulini elinezinto ezingu 12 ezivela ezintweni sezizonke ezibalwayo ezendlaleke
ngokujwayelekile, eline-standard deviation σ = 17.0, i-mean yesampula ngu 230.8.
Ezingeni lendawo yeqophelo lesinqumo sokuvivinya sika 5%, vivinya i H0: µ = 220
uma uyiqhathanisa ne H1:µ > 220.
a. Bala i-statistic sokuvivinya.
b. Thola ukuthi lingubani inani lika p mayelana nalokhu kuvivinya.

Umbuzo woku-1
H0: µ = 575
H1: µ≠ 575
Umbuzo wesi-2
Ulwazi olunikeziwe: α = 0.05 inani le p = 0.03
Umthetho wokuthatha isinqumo:
Ungayamukeli i-H0 lapho inani le-p lingaphansi kwenani lendawo yeqophelo
lesinqumo sokuvivinya α.
Njengoba u 0.03 < 0.05, asiyamukeli i H0 ngokwendawo yeqophelo lesinqumo
sokuvivinya ka 5%.
Umbuzo wesi-3
a. Izinyathelo
1. I-null hypothesis ngu H0: µ = 220 kanti ephikisayo H1: µ> 220.
2. Indawo yeqophelo lesinqumo sokuvivinya α = 0.05.
4. I-mean yezinto sezizonke ezikalwayo µ = 220.
5. I-standard deviation sezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo σ = 17.0.
7. I-statistic sokuvivinya:
X − µ 230 − 220 10
Z= = = = 2.0377, okuthi akube ngu 2.04.
σ 17.0 4.9075
n 12
p-value: P(Z> 2.04) = 1 − 0.9793 = 0.0207 (ngokusebenzisa ithebula E.2
le-statistics elisezijobelelweni)
9.3.2 I-standard deviation σ yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo ayaziwa
Lapho i-standard deviation σ yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo ingaziwa, indlela

yokuvivinya i-hypothesis isuke ifana neyalapho isuke yaziwa khona. Qinisekisa
ukukhumbula ukuthi yiliphi ithebula okumele ulisebenzise. Usebenzisa ithebula
lokwendlaleka le t-distribution uma unikezwe inani lika S futhi kuyinto engafanele
ukusebenzisa ukwendlaleka okujwayelekile esimweni esinjalo.
Okunye okumele ukukhumbule:

● I-statistic sokuvivinya silandela ukwendlaleka kwe t okuno n − 1 wamazinga
omkhawulo wokukala futhi amazinga omkhawulo wokukala awawona usayizi
wesampula.
● Amanani ethebula anikeziwe njengamanani a-positive. Uma usebenza
endaweni ewumsila engakwesokunxele ngaphansi kwensonge, kumele ubeke
uphawu lokususa ngaphambi kwenani okungelethebula.
● Uma usebenza ngezinhlangothi ezimbili, kudingeka indawo yeqophelo
lesinqumo sokuvivinya uyihlukanise ngo 2 futhi usebenzise impendulo
yethebula. Emuva kwalokho usebenzisa lelo nani lethebula kabili – kanye
emsileni wesokudla ngokusebenzisa uphawu luka-positive futhi kube kanye
emsileni wesokunxele okuyikhona okwenza ibe negative.
Izinyathelo
1. Bhala (noma thola ukuthi iyiphi) i-null hypothesis H0 kanye naleyo ephikisayo
engu H1.
3. Thola ubungako besampula X .
4. Thola ubungako be-mean µ yesampula lezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo.
5. Thola i-standard deviation yesampula S.
6. Thola ubungako besampula n,
X −µ
7. Bala i-statistic sokuvivinya: t =
S
n
Umsebenzi 9.3
Umbuzo woku-1
Mina nendokazi yami besiphikisana nge-avareji yobude bezintshumayelo
zikamshumayeli wethu azenza ngamaSonto ekuseni. Yize ngiyibeka inkulumo yami
enesisekelo, yona icabanga ukuthi izintshumayelo zithatha isikhathi esingaphezu
kwemizuzu engu 20 futhi lokhu ikubona kuyinto engemukelekile kuyona. Onyakeni
owodwa ivele yakhetha noma yikanjani amaSonto angu 12 futhi yathola isikhathi
esiyi-avareji esiyimizuzu engu 26.42 ne-standard deviation esiyimizuzu engu 6.69.
Ngokuthatha ngokuthi izinto sezizonke ezibalwayo zendlaleke ngokujwayelekile futhi
ngokusebenzisa indawo yeqophelo lesinqumo sokuvivinya ka 0.05, sabe sesithatha
isinqumo sokwenza ucubungulo lwesayensi ngokusebenzisa ukuvivinya kwe-
hypothesis. Bala isivivinyo se-statistic bese wenza isinqumo ngokutholakele ngokwe-
statistics.
Umbuzo wesi-2
Kwabe sekudonswa isampula elikhethwa noma kanjani ngezinto ezihlolwayo ezingu
10, ezintweni sezizonke ezibalwayo ezazendlaleke ngokujwayelekile. Amanani
edatha kwakuyilawa 6, 4, 4, 7, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6 kanye no 4. Yabe isivivinya le hypothesis
engu H0: µ ≤ 6 ngokuyiqhathanisa ne-H1 ephikisayo ethi: µ> 6 emuva kwalokho
yabhala phansi izibalo zayo. Ngenkathi sekufika umngani wayo, owafike wafuna
ukukopisha umsebenzi wayo ngokushesha, akawufundanga kahle wabe esebhala
phansi ukuthi
1. i-mean yesampula ilingana no 4
2. i-variance yesampula ilingana no 1
3. ibanga okwamukelwa kulona ngu t<t(0.05,10)= −1.833
4. isivivinyo se-statistics ngu t = 3.0
5. Isinqumo ngukungayemukeli i H0, ngoba isivivinyo se-statistic singu t = −3.0 <
−1.833
Yisiphi kulezi zitatimende ezingenhla okuyisona esifanele?
Umbuzo wesi-3
Imenenja yezezikweletu esitolo esikhulu ithi ibhalansi eyi-mean ye-akhawunti
yokushaja yamakhasimende ngu R410. Umcwaningi-mabhuku ozimele yena
usekhetha isampula lama-akhawunti angu 18 akhethwe noma ikanjani bese ethola i-
mean eyibhalansi engu X = R511,33 kanye ne-standard deviation S = R183,75.
Uma le datha ingakufakazeli lokho okushiwo yimenenja, umcwaningi-mabhuku
uhlose ukuhlola wonke amabhalansi ama-akhawunti amashaji. Uma izinto sezizonke
ezibalwayo ezingamabhalansi ama-akhawunti kuthathwa ngokuthi zendlaleke
ngokujwayelekile, zinyathelo zini okumele umcwaningi-mabhuku azithathe?

Umbuzo woku-1
Izinyathelo
1. I-null hypothesis H0: µ ≤ 20 iqhathaniswa nephikisayo H1: µ> 20.
2. Indawo yeqophelo lesinqumo sokuvivinya ingu α = 0.05.
4. I-mean yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo µ = 20.
X −µ 26.42 − 20 6.42
7. I-statistic sokuvivinya: t = = = = 3.3244
S 6.69 1.9312
n 12
8. Isiphetho
Ungayamukeli i H0 uma isivivinyo se-statistics sisikhulu kunenani elilawulayo.
Inani elilawulayo ngu t n−1;α = t11;0.05 = 1.7959
Njengoba isivivinyo se-statistic esingu 3.3244 sisikhulu kuno 1.7959, i H0

ingangemukelwa. Sifika esiphethweni sokuthi kunobufakazi obanele bokuthi i
H1 ephikisayo iyiqiniso nokuthi indodakazi wami ishaye khona ngokucabanga
ukuthi i-avareji yobude bezintshumayelo iyimizuzu engu 20.
Umbuzo wesi-2
∑ Xi 6 + 4 + 4 + 7 + 5 + 5 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 4 50
1. I-mean yesampula X = = = =5
n 10 10
∑( X i − X ) 2 (6 − 5) 2 + (4 − 5) 2 + (4 − 5) 2 + ... + (4 − 5) 2
2. I-variance S2= = = 1.1111
n −1 10 − 1
X −µ
3. I-statistic sokuvivinya: t =
S
n
i-standard deviation S = 1.1111 = 1.0541
X −µ 5−6 −1
t= = = = –3
S 1.0541 0.3333
n 10
4. Ibanga okwamukelwa kulona t<t(0.05, n−1) = t(0.05,9) = −1.833
5. Ifanele.
Umbuzo wesi-3
Izinyathelo
1. I-null hypothesis H0: µ = 410 iqhathaniswa nephikisayo H1: µ≠410.
2. Kulokhu kuvivinya, thatha ngokuthi indawo yeqophelo lesinqumo sokuvivinya
ngu α = 0.05.
3. I-mean yesampula ngu X = 511.33.
4. I-mean yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo µ = 410.
6. Ubungako besampula n=18.
X −µ 511.33 − 410 101.33
7. I-statistic sokuvivinya: t = = = = 2.3396
S 183.75 43.3103
n 18
8. Isiphetho
Ungayamukeli i H0 uma isivivinyo se-statistics sisikhulu kunenani elilawulayo.
Inani elilawulayo ngu 2.1098 (elithathwe ethebuleni).
Njengoba isivivinyo se-statistic esingu 2.3396 sisikhulu kuno 2.1098, i H0
ingangemukelwa. Siphetha ngesinqumo esithi kunobufakazi obanele bokuthi i
H1 ephikisayo iyiqiniso kanye nokuthi umcwaningi-mabhuku kumele aqhubeke
nokuhlola wonke amabhalansi ama-akhawunti.
9.4 UKUVIVINYA I-HYPOTHESIS YE-PROPORTION

Izimiselo (principles) eziningi ezisetshenziswe kulesi sigaba azizintsha, njengoba
"zilandela indlela" efanayo naleyo yokuvivinya i-hypothesis ye-mean yezinto
sezizonke ezibalwayo.
Izinyathelo
1. Bhala i-null hypothesis H0 kanye ne-hypothesis ephikisayo H1.
X
3. Thola i-proportion yesampula p= .
n
4. Thola i-proportion yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo π.
p−p
6. Bala i-statistic sokuvivinya se-proportion: Z = .
p(1 − p)
n
Umsebenzi 9.4
Umbuzo woku-1
Isampula elikhethwe noma kanjani lokutholakele okungu 200 likhombisa ukuthi
kunempumelelo engu 36. Sifuna ukuvivinya eqophelweni lika 1% lesinqumo sokuvivinya
ukuthi ngabe i-proportion yangempela yokuphumelela ezintweni sezizonke ezibalwayo
ingaphansi kuka 24% bese senza izibalo ezithile .
Yisiphi kulezi zitatimende ezilandelayo okuyisona esingafanele
36
1. Inani le p lingu .
200
2. Ama-hypothesis afanele ngu H0: π = 0.24 uma iqhathaniswa nephikisayo H1:
π< 0.24.
3. Inani elilawulayo lika-Z (kususelwa ethebuleni) lingu Z<−Z0.01 = −2.33.
4. I-standard error ehambelana nalokhu kuvivinya ingu 0.0302.
5. Isivivinyo se-statistic ngu 1.99.
Umbuzo wesi-2
Uma esampuleni lezinto ezingu 400 elikhethwe noma ikanjani, ezingu 164 kuzona
zonakele, ingakanani i-proportion yesampula yezinto ezonakele?
Umbuzo wesi-3
Bheka umbuzo wesi 2. Ake sithathe ngokuthi wena uvivinya i-null hypothesis engu
H0: π =0.40 eqhathaniswa nephikisayo H1: π≠ 0.40 bese wena ukhetha indawo
yeqophelo lesinqumo engu α = 0.05. Yikuphi okuyisinqumo sakho ngokwe-statistics?

Umbuzo woku-1
1. Ifanele.
2. Ifanele.
3. Ifanele.
π(1 − π) 0.24(1 − 0.24)
4. Ifanele. I-standard error ngu = = 0.0302
n 200
p−p 0.18 − 0.24 − 0.06
5. Ayifanele. Ukuvivinya kwe-statistic ngu Z = = = =–
p(1 − p) 0.0302 0.0302
n
1.9868
Umbuzo wesi-2
X 164
n 400
Umbuzo wesi-3
Lokhu ngukuhlola kwezinhlangothi zombili.
Umthetho wokuthatha isinqumo:
● Ungayamukeli i H0 uma inani le-statistic sokuvivinya lilikhulu ngaphezu
kwenani elilawulayo ngokweqophelo elithile lendawo yesinqumo, noma-ke
ungakuvumi ukungayamukeli i H0.
● Ungayamukeli i H0 uma inani le p lingaphansi kwenani lendawo yeqophelo
p−p 0.41 − 0.40 0.01
Ukuvivinya kwe-statistic ngu Z = = = = 0.4082
p(1 − p) 0.40(1 − 0.40) 0.0245
n 400
Inani elilawulayo lilingana no 1.96 (kususelwa ethebuleni elijwayelekile).
Njengoba u 0.4082 engaphansi kuka 1.96, asikwenzi ukungayamukeli i H0
ngokwendawo yeqophelo lesinqumo sokuvivinya ka 5%.
Umbuzo woku-1
Umshini kudingeka uhlelelwe ukuthi ukhiqize izingxenye ezinomumo ongama 2.0
cm. Esampuleni lezingxenye ezingu 50, kwatholakala ukuthi i-mean ingama 2.001
cm futhi i-standard deviation saba ngama 0.003 cm. Bukhona yini ubufakazi
obukhomba ukuthi lo mshini uhlelelwe ukuba phezulu kakhulu? Sebenzisa i α = 0.05.
Umbuzo wesi-2
Amaglobhu okukhanyisa asendaweni yokugcina izimpahla efemini kutholakale ukuthi
i-mean yesikhathi asihlalayo esingamahora angu 1 030.0 kanti i-standard deviation
yona ingamahora angu 90.0. Imenenja yale ndawo egcina izimpahla sekufike kuyo
umuntu omele inkampani yakwa-Extendabulb okuyiyona eyakha idivayisi ehlose
ukwenza iglobhu ihlale isikhathi eside. Le menenja inokuphatheka kabi maqondana
nokuthi i-avareji yesikhathi esihlalwa ngamaglobhu akwa-Extendabulb anokokwelula
isikhathi kungenzeka angaphili isikhathi esingaphezu kwamahora angu 1 030
njengoba kade kwenzeka ngaphambilini. Emuva kwalokho le menenja ihlola
amaglobhu angu 40 afakelwe lokhu kokwelula isikhathi bese ithola ukuthi i-mean
yokuphila kwawo ngamahora angu 1061.6. Ngabe iyasebenza ngempela yini le
Extendabulb? Sebenzisa i α = 0.05.
Umbuzo wesi-3
Mayelana nesampula elikhethwe noma ikanjani lezinto ezingu 15 ezivela ezintweni
sezizonke ezibalwayo ezendlaleke ngokujwayelekile, X = 82.0 ne S = 20.5.
Endaweni yeqophelo lesinqumo, vivinya i
H0: µ = 90 uma iqhathaniswa nephikisayo H1: µ≠ 90.
Umbuzo wesi-4
Umqondisi omusha we-YMCA endaweni usetshelwe yilabo abafika kuqala
ngaphambi kwakhe ukuthi ilungu elijwayelekile selihlale kule nhlangano iminyaka
engu 8.7. Lapho ehlola isampula elikhethwe noma ikanjani lamalungu angu 15
akumafayela, uthola ukuthi i-mean yobude bobulungu yiminyaka engu 7.2, kanye ne-
standard deviation seminyaka engu 2.5. Uma sithatha ngokuthi izinto sezizonke
ezibalwayo cisho ukuthi zendlaleke ngokujwayelekile futhi ngokusebenzisa izinga
lika 0.05, ngabe lo mphumela usho ukuthi ubude bangempela bobulungu bungaba
ngelinye inani ngaphandle kweminyaka engu 8.7?
Umbuzo wesi-5
Umqondisi wezokufunda umsebenzi waseHobart University, uye wathi abafundi
osekukudala bekhona abangu 70% baye baqale ukusebenza ngokusebenza lowo
msebenzi ohambelana nohlobo lwezifundo abakade bezifunda. Esampulini
elinabafundi abangu 200 abathole iziqu eklasini langonyaka ophelile, abangama
66% baye bangena emisebenzini ehambelana nalokho abakade bekufunda. Wena-
ke yenza isinqumo esihambelana nalokho. Sebenzisa i α = 0.05.
Umbuzo woku-1
Izinyathelo
1. I-null hypothesis H0: µ = 2.0 kanti ephikisayo H1: µ> 2.0 (lokhu kungukuvivinya
kohlangothi olulodwa).
2. Indawo yeqophelo lesinqumo sokuvivinya ngu α = 0.05.
3. I-mean yesampula ngu X = 2.001.
4. I-mean yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo µ = 2.0.
5. I-standard deviation sezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo σ = 0.003.
X − µ 2.001 − 2.0 0.001
7. I-statistic sokuvivinya: Z = = = = 2.357
σ 0.003 0.00042
n 50
Inani elilawulayo lilingana no 1.645.
8. Isinqumo
Njengoba u 2.357 > 1.645, asiyamukeli i H0 ngokwendawo ka 5% yeqophelo
lesinqumo sokuvivinya. Le miphumela yesampula isho ukuthi lo mshini
uhlelwe waphezulu kakhulu.
Umbuzo wesi-2
Izinyathelo
1. I-null hypothesis H0: µ ≤ 1 030.0 kanti ephikisayo H1: µ> 1,030.0 (lokhu
kungukuvivinya kohlangothi olulodwa).
3. I-mean yesampula X = 1,061.6.
4. I-mean yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo µ = 1,030.0.
X − µ 1061.6 − 1030.0 31.6
7. I-statistic sokuvivinya: Z = = = = 2.2206
σ 90 14.23025
n 40
8. Inani elilawulayo lilingana no 1.645.
9. Isinqumo
Njengoba u 2.206 > 1.645, asiyamukeli i H0 ngokwendawo ka 5% yeqophelo
Imiphumela isho ukuthi i-Extendabulb iyayandisa i-mean yempilo yeglobhu
yokukhanyisa. Le mboni kungenzeka ifise ukufaka amaglobhu e-Extendabulb
ohlelweni lokukhanyisa endaweni yokukhweza izimpahla zayo.
Umbuzo wesi-3
X − µ 82.0 − 90 −8
Ukuvivinya kwe-statistic: t = = = =–1.5114
S 20.5 5.2931
n 15
Inani elilawulayo lilingana no 2.58.
Ukuthatha isinqumo
Njengoba u -1.5114 > -2.58, asikwazi ukungayamukeli i H0 ngokwendawo ka 5%
yeqophelo lesinqumo sokuvivinya.
Umbuzo wesi-4
Izinyathelo
1. I-null hypothesis H0: µ = 8.7 uma iqhathaniswa nephikisayo H1 : µ≠ 8.7.
4. I-mean yezinto sezizonke ezibalwayo µ = 8.7.
6. Usayizi wesampula n = 15 kanti amazinga omkhawulo wokukala df = n − 1= 15
− 1= 14.
X − µ 7.2 − 8.7 − 1.5
7. I-statistic sokuvivinya: t = = = =–2.3238
S 2.5 0.6455
n 15
8. Amanani alawulayo t = −2.145 kanye no t = 2.145.
9. Isiphetho
Njengoba i-statistic sokuvivinya esibaliwe singaphakathi kule ndawo
okungemukelwe kuyona, asiyamukeli i H0.
Eqophelweni lika 0.05, imiphumela ikhomba ukuthi i-mean yobude
bangempela bobulungu bungaba elinye inani okungeyona iminyaka engu 8.7.
Umbuzo wesi-5
Izinyathelo
1. Inani le p lingu 0.66.
2. Ama-hypothesis afanele ngu H0: π = 0.70 uma iqhathaniswa nephikisayo H1:
π≠ 0.70.
3. Amanani alawulayo ka-Z ngabo −1.96 no 1.96.
p−p 0.66 − 0.70 − 0.04
4. I-statistic sokuvivinya: Z = = = = –1.2346
p(1 − p) 0.70(1 − 0.70) 0.0324
n 200
Inani lokuvivinya kwe-statistic lingena phakathi kwamanani amabili alawulayo.
I-null hypothesis ngeke ingemukelwa. Sifika esinqumweni sokuthi i-proportion
yabantu abaneziqu abaqala ukusebenza imisebenzi ehambelana nalokho
abakade bekufunda kungenzeka ilingane nenani elishiwo lika 0.70. Lokhu
kuhlaziya kungasho ukuthi lokho okushiwo ngumqondisi akufanele
kuphikiswe.
9.7 OKUFINGQIWE

okulandelayo
● ukuqonda imiqondo yezindima zolwazi oluyinsika yokuvivinywa kwe-
hypothesis
● ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokuvivinywa kwe-hypothesis ye-mean kanye
nokuvivinya i-hypothesis ye-proportion
● ukwenza isinqumo ekuvivinyweni kwe-hypothesis
ISAHLUKO SOKUFUNDA SE-10
UKWENDLALEKA KWE CHI-SQUARE

Isho ukuthini imiqondo yezindima zolwazi ezithi “Chi-square”, “test of independence”,
“observed and expected frequencies”, “critical area”, “contingency table”, “degrees of
freedom”?
Yiziphi izinyathelo zokuvivinya ukuthi ngabe ama-variable ezigaba amabili
anobudlelwano na?
Kungaphansi kwezimo ezinjani lapho kudingeka khona ukuthi usebenzise isivivinyo
sokuzimela se χ2 ?
10.1 ISINGENISO
Le yunithi yesifundo igxile ekuvivinyweni kwe-hypothesis kuma-variable ezigaba

amabili anezingxenye ezimbili noma ngaphezulu. Uhlaziyo lwe-Chi-square luye
lusetshenziselwe ukuvivinya ukuthi ngabe bukhona yini ubudlelwano phakathi
kwalawa ma-variable.
Kule yunithi yesifundo sizogxila kuphela esigabeni 11.3 sencwadi emiselwe

ukufunda. Ungasifunda sonke lesi sahluko uma uthanda kodwa ngeke uhlolwe
ngalolo lwazi.
10.2 IMIQONDO YEZINDIMA ZOLWAZI NGQANGI LOKUVIVINYA I

CHI-SQUARE
Kudingeka uyiqonde imiqondo yezindima zolwazi ngqangi lokuvivinya i Chi-square

futhi ukwazi nokuvivinya ukuzimela kwama-variable amabili. Uma kubhekwa
izimpawu ezijwayelekile zokwendlaleka kwe Chi-square, kumele ukuqonde ukuthi
ukwendlaleka kwe χ2
● kuyinto eqhubekayo
● kungukwendlaleka kwesampula ((n− 1)s2 / σ2)
● kuhlale ku-positive sonke isikhathi ngoba (n − 1), s2 ne σ2 konke lokho kuhlale
ku-positive
● kungumndeni wokwendlaleka, lapho lonke ilungu lomndeni litholakala
ngokwezinombolo zalo zamazinga omkhawulo (df)
● kutshekile, kodwa lapho amazinga omkhawulo df anda, umumo
wokwendlaleka kwe χ2 uphenduka uye ngokuya usufana nesimo sensimbi
yokwendlaleka okujwayelekile
● ingabhaleka ibe yithebula futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni
ezisohlangothini langakwesokudla
● kukhombisa ukuthi lihluke kangakanani ithebula eliveza ukwenzeka kwezinto
ezitholakele uma kuqhathaniswa nalelo elakhiwe ngokwamukela kokuthi leyo
null hypothesis ethile iliqiniso
10.3 UKUVIVINYA UKUZIMELA KWAMA-VARIABLE AMABILI
Leli yisu elithile eliyisipesheli elisetshenziselwa ukuvivinya ukuthi ngabe ama-

variable amabili kungenzeka yini ukuthi leyo naleyo ibe ngezimele uma iqhathaniswa
nenye noma cha.
Inqubo yalokhu kuvivinya ibandakanya lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo:

● Qala ngethebula lokuqhathanisa ukwenzeka kwezinto ezitholakele
elikhombisa ukuthintana kwezingxenye ezihlukene zama-variable amabili.
● Bhala i-null hyphothesis kanye ne-hypothesis ephikisayo.
● Bhala amathebula okwenzeka kwezinto ezihlolwayo kanye nawezinto
ezilindelekile.
● Bala inani le-statistic sokuvivinya se χ2.
● Thola inani elilawulayo le-statistic se χ2 kuleyo ndawo yeqophelo lesinqumo
sokuvivinya elibaluliwe mayelana nalowo mbuzo.
● Fika esinqumweni mayelana nezitatimende ezikuma-hypothesis emuva
kokuqhathanisa inani elilawulayo kanye nenani le-statistic sokuvivinya.
Isifingqo sesivivinyo se Chi-square mayelana nokuzimela:
Yenza isivivinyo sokuzimela kwama-variable

amabili
H0: Ama-variable okuyileyo naleyo ezimele
uma iqhathaniswa nenye
H1:Kuma-variable ayikho ezimele uma
kuqhathaniswa enye nenye
df = (r − 1)(c − 1)
Amahlandla okwenzeka alindelekile kwiseli
iyinye, okusho fe
row total × column total
fe =
n
Ukuvivinya kwe-statistic:
( f0 − fe )2
χ2 = ∑ f
e
QAPHELA: Sebenzisa ithebula elingu-E.4

lokuvivinya i χ2

lezokuxhumana

lwasekhaya
Chi-square
Test for independence
Critical value
Degrees of freedom
Contingency table
Observed frequency
Expected frequency
Umsebenzi 10.2
Umbuzo woku-1
Yenza umbuzo 11.20 no 11.21 encwadini emiselwe ukufunda. Sicela uyizame
ngokwakho ngaphambi kokubheka izixazululi!
Umbuzo wesi-2
Imenenja ebhekele ikhwalithi efemini eyakha amathayi ePort Elizabeth ifuna
ukuhlola ukuthi ngabe ubunjalo bokonakala okutholakale emathayini akhiqiziwe
kuncike kwishifti yini okwenziwe ngayo lawo mathayi onakele. Bhala i-hypothesis
yalokhu kuvivinya.
Umbuzo wesi-3
Isitolo esikhulu esidayisa okhaphethi sifuna ukuthola ukuthi ngabe uhlobo
lokhaphethi abathengwayo luyahambelana yini nemali eyingeniso yomndeni walowo
othengayo. Njengohlaka lokwenza isampula, bathumela inhlolovo kulabo bantu
abanekhadi lesikweletu lasesitolo. Amakhasimende angamakhulu amahlanu
ayibuyisa leyo nhlolovo futhi lapha kuzolandela imiphumela:
Imali eyingeniso yomndeni Uhlobo lukakhaphethi
Uhlobo A Uhlobo B Uhlobo C
Ingeniso ephezulu 65 32 32
Ingeniso ephakathi nendawo 80 68 104
Ingeniso ephansi 25 35 59
Lezi zitatimende ezingezansi zikhuluma ngesivivinyo esenziwa ngale datha

engenhla ukuze kutholakale ukuthi ngabe uhlobo lukakhaphethi oluthengiwe
luyahambelana yini nemali eyingeniso yomndeni walowo othengayo, ngokwendawo
ka 5% yeqophelo lesinqumo sokuvivinya. Khetha leso sitatimende okuyisona
esingafanele.
1. H0: Imali eyingeniso yomndeni kanye nohlobo lukakhaphethi yizinto ezizimele.
H1: Imali eyingeniso yomndeni kanye nohlobo lukakhaphethi kuncike okunye
kokunye.
2. Indawo okungeke kwemukelwe kuyona: ungayemukeli i H0 uma isibalo
ositholile se χ2> χ0.05, 4 = 9.488.

2
3. Amahlandla okwenzeka okulinganiselwa kuwo anjengokulandelayo:

Ingeniso ephezulu 43.86 34.83 40.31
Ingeniso ephakathi nendawo 85.68 68.04 98.28
Ingeniso ephansi 24.46 32.13 46.41
4. Inani le χ2 elibaliwe lingu 27.372.

5. Singaphetha ngesinqumo sokuthi uhlobo lukakhaphethi othengiwe
luyahambelana nemali eyingeniso yomndeni walowo othengayo.

Umbuzo woku-1
11.20 12
11.21 a. 15.507
b. 20.090
c. 23.209
d. 34.805
e. 34.805
Umbuzo wesi-2
H0: Ubunjalo bokonakala okutholakale emathayini akhiqiziwe kanye neshifti
akhiqizwe ngayo kuyizinto ezingenamthelela okunye kokunye.
H1: Ubunjalo bokonakala okutholakale emathayini akhiqiziwe kanye neshifti
akhiqizwe ngayo kuyizinto ezihambelanayo (kuncike okunye kokunye).
Umbuzo wesi-3
Impendulo yesi-3
1. Ifanele.
2. Ifanele.
3. Ayifanele.
Umehluko usethebuleni lamahlandla okwenzeka okulindelekile.
row total × column total
Ukubalwa kweseli ngayinye kukanje: fe =
n
Isibonelo:
Ingeniso ephezulu 65 32 32
Ingeniso ephakathi nendawo 80 68 104
Ingeniso ephansi 25 35 59
129 × 170
Amahlandla okwenzeka emugqeni 1, kwikholamu 1:fe = =43.86
500
Kunamanani amabili angabalwanga ngokufanele, futhi akhonjisiwe
ngesigqamisi lapha ngezansi.
Ithebula kumele libe njengokulandelayo:
Ingeniso ephezulu 43.86 34.83 50.31
Ingeniso ephakathi nendawo 85.68 68.04 98.28
Ingeniso ephansi 40.46 32.13 46.41
4. Ifanele. Ngenxa yokuthi ukubalwa kwenani le χ2 kunemicikilisho ekhathazayo

kakhulu, kungenzeka ungazi ukuthi ngabe ulenze kuphi iphutha ekubaleni,
ngizokukhombisa ukubalwa kwaleli nani:
f0 fe ( f0 − fe )2
fe
65 43.85 10.1892
32 34.83 0.2299
32 50.31 6.6638
80 85.68 0.3765
68 68.04 0
104 98.28 0.3327
25 40.46 5.9074
35 32.13 0.2564
59 46.41 3.4154
( f0 − fe )2
χ2 = ∑ fe
= 27.372
Ifanele. Ngenxa yokuthi u 27.372 > χ0.01, 4 = 13.277, singangayemukeli i H0 futhi
2
5.
kunobudlelwano obunqala phakathi kohlobo lukakhaphethi kanye nemali

eyingeniso yomndeni.
10.4 OKUFINGQIWE

okulandelayo
● ukubuqonda ubunjalo nezindlela zokwenza izinto ezisebenza ekuvivinyeni i
Chi-square ngokubanzi
● ukubala amahlandla okwenzeka alindelekile okuvivinya kwe Chi-square
okumayelana nokuzimela okunye nokunye okukhulunywe ngakho kule yunithi
yesifundo
● ukuthola inani le-statistic sokuvivinya se χ2.
● ukusebenzisa ukwendlaleka kwe Chi-square ekuhloleni ukuthi ngabe ama-
variable amabili ezigaba awanamthelela yini enye kwenye noma cha
ISAHLUKO SOKUFUNDA SE-11
UKUHLAZIYA UBUDLELWANO PHAKATHI KWAMA-VARIABLE KANYE

NOKUHAMBELANA

Isho ukuthini imiqondo yezindima zolwazi ezithi “regression and correlation analysis”,
“scatterplot”, “least-squares method”, “regression coefficients”, “dependent and
independent variables”, “slope”, “y-intercept”, “interpolation”, “extrapolation”,
“coefficients of correlation and determination”?
Ungakubala futhi ukuhumushe kanjani ubudlelwano bokwehla nokwenyuka?
Ungayikala kanjani i Y-variable ngokulinganisela ube usebenzisa i X-variable?
Ukubala kanjani futhi ukuhumusha kanjani ukuhlobana kwama-variable kanye
nokwehluka kwawo?
11.1 ISINGENISO
Ibika lokuzokwenzeka kuma-variable lenza sikwazi ukwakha uhlaka lokubika

okuzokwenzeka kuma-variable ayizinombolo ngokubuka amanani amanye ama-
variable. Leyo variable okuyiyona esisuke sihlose ukubika okuzokwenzeka ngayo
ibizwa ngencikile (y) bese kuthi leyo esetshenziselwa ukubika ibizwe ngezimele (x).
Uma kubekwa ngokucacile, ibika lokuzokwenzeka kuma-variable lichaza futhi
lihlaziye ubudlelwano obukhona phakathi kwama-variable amabili.
Kule yunithi yesifundo sizogxila kuphela kusigaba 12.2 no 12.3 encwadini emiselwe
ukufunda. Ungasifunda sonke lesi sahluko uma uthanda kodwa ngeke uhlolwe
ngalolo lwazi.

lezokuxhumana

lwasekhaya
Regression analysis
Correlation
Scatterplot
Least-squares method
Regression coefficients
Dependent variable
Independent variable
Slope
Y-intercept
Interpolation
Extrapolation
Coefficient of correlation
Coefficient of determination
11.2 UMUGQA WEBIKA LOKUZOKWENZEKA KUMA-VARIABLE
Uma ukwazile ukukuqonda ukubhalwa kwesibalo somugqa oqondile ngenkathi

usafunda esikoleni, kumele ungabi nankinga ekuqondeni umqondo wendima yolwazi
lwebika ngokusuke kuzokwenzeka kuma-variable.
Ake sithathe ngokuthi wena unesethi yedatha yezinto ezihlolwayo ezihamba

ngazimbili, okusho ukuthi mayelana nento ngayinye ehlolwayo, kuqoshwe izinto
ezimbili ezitholakele kuyona ngayinye. Uma lezo zinto ezihlolwayo bekungabantu,
ake sithathe ngokuthi isethi eyodwa yezinto ezihlolwayo ikhombisa ubude babo kanti
enye ikhombisa isisindo sabo. Okungukuthi okuhlolwayo okuhamba ngakubili
komuntu oyedwa kuzoba yipheya lezinto ezifakwe ndawonye (okungubude;
nesisindo). Uma ungathatha ipheshana lokubhala igrafu bese ubhala ama-axe
amabili aqonde ngqo obude nesisindo, ngokuhambelana, bese ubhala phansi
ngakubili ndawonye komuntu ngamunye kule ndawo eveza izinto ezimbili, uzobe
usunalokhu oso-statistics abakubiza ngokuthi yi-scatterplot samanani, okuyigrafu
ekhombisa izinto ezimbili.
Uma ubuka i-scatterplot, umbuzo uthi zinto zini ongazithola ngokwenza kanjalo.
Khumbula ukuthi ungusosayensi futhi ufuna ubufakazi obufanelekile balokho
okushoyo! Yisona sikhathi-ke lesi lapho usebenzisa khona imodeli yebika
lokuzokwenzeka kuma-variable, okuyiyona eyamukelekayo ngokwesayensi.
Ngokusebenzisa lo mugqa webika, ungakwazi ngisho nokwenza umhlahlo
omaqondana ne-variable eyodwa ube lokho ukususela kumanani ale enye. Lokhu
kusho ukuthi uma uthatha ubude bomuntu ngokuthi buyi-variable ezimele,
ungakusebenzisa ukubala umugqa webika ukuhlahla isisindo somuntu oyedwa
kuphela nje uma sewazi ukuthi ubude bakhe bungakanani. Ungavumi ukuthi kube
khona okukuphazamisayo – kuleso simo esinjalo ngeke wakwazi ukusho ukuthi
impendulo ingefanele ngqo. Njengomuntu onguso-statistics, usuke ulinganisela
kuphela amanani angalindeleka eqophelweni elithile lokuqinisekiseka (akusoze
kwaba ngu 100%).
Umcabango wemodeli yebika lokuzokwenzeka kuma-variable, indlela yokuthi

kubalwa kanjani, kanye nendlela yokubala okubekelwe imikhawulo ethile okubizwa
ngama least-squares konke kuchazwe kabanzi encwadini emiselwe ukufunda.
Qinisekisa ukuthi uyakuqonda lokhu okulandelayo:
● Sisebenza ngokubuka kuphela ubudlelwano obuphakathi kwe-variable nento
engaguquki, okusho ukuthi siye sifake kuphela imigqa eqondile edabula
phakathi kwedatha.
● Kukhona umehluko phakathi kwenani elihlolwayo le-variable engu yi kanye
nenani okulinganiselwa kulona, kube kungelalelo nani elifanayo ŷi . Umehluko
okhona phakathi kwalawo womabili ubizwa nge-error.

● Umugqa webika uhlale njalo unqamula phakathi kwendawo ethile ( X ,Y ).
Uma lokhu kubekwa ngenye indlela ehlukile, ama-mean alawa ma-variable
amabili abekwe ngamabili ahlale njalo eyizinombolo ezingambili zokuthola
indawo ethile emugqeni webika.
● Kuleso simo esijwayelekile umugqa webika uba ngu Yˆ = b0 + b1X, u b0 no b1
konke okuyizimpawu futhi endaweni yakho kuzobhalwa izinombolo zaleso
sibalo esibalwayo esimayelana nesethi yedatha ethile ebekiwe. Esikoleni,
cisho ukuthi wawusebenzisa indlela ethi Y = mX + c mayelana nesibalo
somugqa oqondile futhi wafunda-ke nokuthi u m ukhombisa ukukhuphuka
noma ukwehlika (slope) kanti u c yilapho kuhlangana khona u Y. Qhathanisa
lokho owakufunda esikoleni nale ndlela "entsha" futhi uzovele ubone ukuthi
lapho kuphambana khona u Y kubekwe ngenombolo engenawo u x, okungu
b0, kanti inani elino x, okungu b1 (obuye ubizwe nge-coefficient of X), limele
ukwenyuka nokwehla (slope) komugqa oqondile.
● Ukubala umugqa webika lendlela yokubala ebekelwe imikhawulo ethile
ngokubhala phansi kuthatha isikhathi eside futhi kunemicikilisho ekhathazayo.
Noma kunjalo-ke, kuyinto edingekayo kuwe kuleli zinga ukuze ujwayele.
Uyobuye uthole isikhathi esanele empilweni sokusebenzisa izinhlelo zesoftiwe
bese nje uvele uhumusha lokho okusuke kubhalwe yikhompyutha kuphela.
Qinisekisa ukuthi uyakuqonda ukuthi kuqonde ukuthini lokho okusuke kudingeka

usebenzele phezu kwakho maqonda nemodeli yebika lokuzokwenzeka kuma-
variable.
Umsebenzi 11.2
Umbuzo woku-1
Yenza umbuzo 12.1 kuya ku 12.3 encwadini emiselwe ukufunda.
Umbuzo wesi-2
Ake ucabange ngalawa manani edatha alandelayo amayelana nama-variable u x no
y:
X 5 4 3 6 9 8 10
Y 7 8 10 5 2 3 1
Ubudlelwano bokwehla nokwenyuka kwakubalwe kanje, ngokuthi b0 = 13.223 no b1 =

1.257.
Khetha okuyisona sitatimende esifanele.

1. Ubudlelwano phakathi kuka x no y bubukeka sengathi ngobuphakathi kwe-
variable nento engaguquki futhi ngobenyukayo.
2. Umugqa webika lendlela yokubala ebekelwe imikhawulo ethile ngu y = 13.223
− 1.257x.
3. Umugqa webika lendlela yokubala ebekelwe imikhawulo ethile ngu y = 1.257
− 13.223x.
4. Uma u x = 2, inani okulinganiselwa kulona lika y uma kuthathelwa emugqeni
webika ofanelekile lingu −25.189.
5. Inani lika x elingu 11 libe nomphumela wenani elilinganiselwayo lika −1.861.
11.3 ISINGENISO EKUHLAZIYWENI KOBUDLELWANO

BOKUHAMBELANA
Ukuhlaziya ubudlelwano bokuhambelana kubuqhubela kwelinye izinga elithe xaxa

ukuhlaziywa kwedatha. Ekuhlaziyeni ubudlelwano phakathi kwama-variable,
ubudlelwano phakathi kwama-variable amabili noma awokushiyana kwezigaba
kanye nawe-ratio aye abhalwe ngokomugqa webika lendlela yokubala ebekelwe
imikhawulo ethile, kanti ukuhlaziya kokuhambelana kungakala ukuqina kanye
nobunjalo bobudlelwano obuphakathi kwama-variable. Manje sizoxoxa ngakho
kokubili ukuhlobana kwama-variable kanye nokwehluka kwawo.
Ukuhlobana kwama-variable
Lo mqondo wendima yolwazi akuyona into okufanele ngabe yintsha kuwena.
Kwiyunithi yesifundo sesi-3, esigabeni 3.3 lapho kade kuxoxwa ngezindlela zokukala
ubudlelwano, uye wafunda ngokuhlobana kwama-variable. Kufanele wazi ukuthi
ukuhlobana kwama-variable okungu r kumi ngale ndlela
● −1 ≤ r ≤ 1
● uma u r> 0 (ukwenyuka), lawo ma-variable womabili azokwenyuka noma ehle
● uma u r< 0 (ukwehlika), i-variable eyodwa izokwenyuka lapho le enye i-
variable yehlika
● ukuqina kobudlelwano kuncike enanini langempela lika r (uma u r eseduze
kuka +1 noma eseduze kuka −1, lobo budlelwano busuke bungobuqinile)
● ukuqina kobudlelwano kuyathamba lapho inani lika r lisondele kuziro
(okungaba eli-positive noma eli-negative)
Njengalokho okusuke kwenzeka emugqeni webika, kudingeka wenze ukubala

okuningi uma ufuna ukuthola inani lika r ngokubala ngokubhala phansi.
Ukwehluka kwama-variable
Lokhu kusuke kuyinani le-square lokuhlobana kwama-variable elingu r, okusho u r2.
Inani lika r2 likhombisa i-proportion yokwehluka ku y, njengalokho kuchazwe
ngumugqa webika ongu Y = b0 + b1X. Yilokho kuphela okumele ukwazi mayelana
nalokhu kwehluka. (Bheka ipharagrafu yokuqala ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi
“Ukwehluka kwama-variable”.)
Umsebenzi 11.3
Umbuzo woku-1
Yenza umbuzo 12.11 kuya ku 12.15 encwadini emiselwe ukufunda.
Umbuzo wesi-2
Lezi zitatimende ezikulo mbuzo sisuselwa kule datha elandelayo:
X Y
2.6 5.6
2.6 5.1
3.2 5.4
3.0 5.0
2.4 4.0
3.7 5.0
3.7 5.2
∑X = 21.2 ∑Y = 35.3
Ukuhlobana kwama-variable r kubalwe kwatholakala u 0.327. Thola ukuthi yisiphi
isitatimende okuyisona esingafanele.
1. Kunobudlelwano obenyukayo phakathi kuka x no y.
2. y = 5.043
3. Ukwehluka kwama-variable kungu 0.5719.
4. Ubudlelwano bokwehla nokwenyuka obungu b1 nakho kukhombisa
ukwenyuka.
5. Ngu 10.7% kuphela wokwehluka okukhona ku y okuchazwa ngukwehluka
okuku x.

Umsebenzi 11.2
Umbuzo woku-1
12.1 a. Uma u X =0, kanjalo u Yˆ =4.
b. Uma u X enyuka ngeyunithi eyo 1 kanjalo inani le-mean ka Y
kulinganiselwa ukuthi lizokwenyuka ngo 8.
c. Yˆ = 20
12.2 a. Yebo
b. Cha
c. Cha
d. Yebo
12.3 a. Uma u X =0, kanjalo u Yˆ =24.
b. Uma u X enyuka ngeyunithi eyo 1 kanjalo inani le-mean ka Y
kulinganiselwa ukuthi lizokwehla ngo 0.8.
c. Yˆ = 20
Umbuzo wesi-2
Impendulo yesi-2
1. Ayifanele. Ubudlelwano phakathi kuka x no y bubonakala sengathi
ngobuphakathi kwe-variable nento engaguquki, futhi ngobehlikayo (lapho
amanani ka x enyuka, amanani ka y wona ayehla).
2. Ifanele. Umugqa webika lendlela yokubala ebekelwe imikhawulo ethile ngu y
= 13.223 − 1.257x.
3. Ayifanele.
4. Ayifanele. Inani okulinganiselwa kulona u y lingu −25.189 kuphela uma u x = 5
sekufakwe okunye endaweni yaleso sibalo esinikezwe empendulweni 3.
Impendulo efanele ingu 10.709.
5. Ayifanele. Inani lika x elingu 12 libe nomphumela wenani elilinganiselwayo lika
−1.861.
Umsebenzi 11.3
Umbuzo woku-1
12.11 r2 = 0.85, okusho ukuthi u 85% womehluko oku Y uchazeka ngo X.
12.12 SST = 40
r2 = 0.95, okusho ukuthi u 95% womehluko oku Y uchazeka ngo X.
SSR
12.13 r2 = =0.7, 70% womehluko oku Y uchazeka ngo X.
SST
12.14 r2 = 0.8, 80% womehluko oku Y uchazeka ngo X.
12.15 Ukwehluka kwama-variable kuphakathi kuka 0 kuya ku 1. Uma i SST = 140
kanti i SSR = 150, r2 uzokuba ngaphandle kwaleli zinga.
Umbuzo wesi-2
1. Ifanele. r>0
2. Ifanele. y=5.043
3. Ayifanele.r2=(0.327)2=0.107
4. Ifanele.
5. Ifanele. Inani lika r2 lingu (0.327)2= 0.107. Uma kunjalo-ke ngu 10.7% kuphela
wokwehluka okukhona ku y okuchazwa ngukwehluka okukhona ku x.
11.4 OKUFINGQIWE
Uma usuyifunde wayazi le yunithi yesifundo, kumele ukwazi ukwenza okulandelayo
● ukunikeza izincazelo ezinemininingwane zamatemu ngalinye akhona kumugqa
webika ojwayelekile
● ukuhumusha inani lokuhlobana kwama-variable
● ukuhumusha ukwehluka kwama-variable

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Umnyango We-statistics

I-Statistics Sezinga Eliyisisekelo

IYUNITHI YESIFUNDO SOKU-1

IYUNITHI YESIFUNDO SESI-2

IYUNITHI YESIFUNDO SESI-3

IYUNITHI YESIFUNDO SESI-4

IYUNITHI YESIFUNDO SESI-5

IYUNITHI YESIFUNDO SESI-6

IYUNITHI YESIFUNDO SESI-7

IYUNITHI YESIFUNDO SESI-8

IYUNITHI YESIFUNDO SESI-9

IYUNITHI YESIFUNDO SE-10

IYUNITHI YESIFUNDO SE-11

Igama elithi statistics lenza abantu balenanele ngezindlela ezihlukene, kusukela

Kumele ube "nomqondo ovulekile" maqondana nalokhu osuzokufunda; kuvumele-ke

Ngiqinisekile ukuthi kunemibuzo eminingi onayo emqondweni wakho futhi-ke njengoba

Kuzongisiza ngani ukuthola lolu lwazi?

Nhloboni ye-statistics esikule mojuli?

Ababhali bencwadi emiselwe ukufunda bayachaza esendlalelweni ukuthi inhloso yabo

Kumele ngiyifunde kanjani le mojuli?

Khumbula ukuthi abafundi abehlukene banezindlela ezihlukile zokufunda, ngakho-ke ayikho

Ngingaqhubeka yini ne-statistics uma sengiyiphothulile le mojuli?

Kuzokwenzekani uma ngingakwazi ukusebenzisa i-CD-ROM?

Iyini incwadi eqoqela ndawonye (noma isiqondisi sencwadi yokufunda)?

Lokhu okufunda njengamanje yisiqondisi sencwadi yokufunda. Lena yindlela yokukhuluma

● Funda isigaba esihambelana nayo esikulesi siqondisi sencwadi yokufunda.

● Zama ukuphendula imibuzo ekulowo msebenzi ohambelana naleso sigaba.

Uhlaka kwale mojuli

Zonke izihloko ngqangi ze-statistics okumele uzifunde zifakiwe encwadini emiselwe

Kumele uzazi lezi zahluko ezilandelayo maqondana nokuhlolwa:

Chapter 2: Organizing and visualizing data

Chapter 3: Numerical Descriptive Measures

Chapter 4: Basic Probability

Chapter 5: Discrete Probability Distributions

Chapter 6: The Normal Distribution

Chapter 7: Sampling and Sampling Distributions

Chapter 8: Confidence Interval Estimation

Chapter 11: Chi-Square Tests

Chapter 12: Simple Linear Regression

Ngeke ukwazi ukwenza le mojuli ngaphandle kwencwadi emiselwe ukufunda. Kumele

Okuqukethwe kule mojuli kuhlukaniswe kwaba amayunithi ezifundo eziyi-11.

Izinto zakho zokufunda kukhona kuzo

● incwadi emiselwe ukufunda: imininingwane iku-Tut 101

● nale study guide

● Incwadi yokufunda kumele uzithengele ngokwakho ngokushesha okukhulu!

● I-Tutorial Letter 101, equkethe ulwazi ngokwendlalekile kanye nemibuzo yama-

ISAHLUKO SOKUFUNDA SOKU-1

Imibuzo esemqoka kule yunithi

Uyiqoqa kanjani futhi uyifingqe kanjani idatha?

Zinhlobo zini zama-variable ezikhona?

1.1 UKUQHATHANISA ISAMPULA NEZINTO ZONKE EZIBALWAYO

Isahluko sokuqala sikhuluma ngokwenabile futhi sikunika ulwazi oluhle kakhulu

Qinisekisa ukuthi uyakuqonda okushiwo yizinto zonke ezibalwayo (population) kanye

● isampula zibizwa nge-statistic

● izinto sezizonke ezibalwayo zibizwa ngezimpawu ezikalekayo ngezinombolo

Table 1.1 Ukuqhathanisa isampula nobuningi bezinto ezibalwayo

Isampula Izinto sezizonke

Okokukala I-statistic Uphawu olukaleka

I-mean yezinto sezizonke

I-mode yezinto sezizonke

Ingxenye elokhu ivela

I-range yezinto sezizonke

Manje sesifika kuma-variable kanye nomehluko phakathi kwama-variable a-qualitative