CELL MODIFICATION

ERICH B. CANTELA
JANELLE THERESE A. DATOS
JOANNA MARIEL M. BARRIOS
 Learning Objectives

• Define Cell Modification

• Enumerate and describe the
three types of cell modification
• Give examples of apical, basal,
and lateral cell modification
BRAIN
ENERGIZER!
 TRUE or FALSE
1 2
Eukaryotic cell has more
Cell wall is present in animal complex TRUE
structure than
FALSE
cell but absent in plant cell. Prokaryotic cell

3 4
Epithelial tissues are The level of biological
commonly seen outside the organization is arranged as:
body as coverings
TRUE or as Cell 》 Tissue
TRUE 》 Organ 》
linings of organs and Organ System 》 Organism
cavities.
5
Every cell consists of a
cytoplasm enclosed within a
TRUE
membrane which contains many
biomolecules such as proteins
and nucleic acids
WHAT IS CELL MODIFICATION?

Cell modifications are specialized or

modifications re-acquired by the cell after
cell division that helps the cell in different
beneficial ways.
 WHY CELL MODIFICATION
OCCUR?
• Plant and Animal cells are specialized to
be able to carry out their task efficiently.
• They have particular adaptation to their
structure to suit its function.
TYPES OF CELL MODIFICATION

APICAL MODIFICATION

BASAL MODIFICATION

LATERAL MODIFICATION
 APICAL MODIFICATION
DEFINITION: Cell modification found on the apical surface of
the cell or the apex.

MAIN FUNCTIONS: For absorption, locomotion and secretion.

Apical Modification have four types:

1. Cilia and Flagella
2. Villi and Microvilli
3. Pseudopods
4. Extra Cellular Matrix
APICAL SURFACE
TYPES OF APICAL
MODIFICATION
 Types of Apical Modification

Cilia

FUNCTION: to move water

relative to the cell in a regular
movement of the cilia
• Cilia are usually short, hair-like
structures that move in waves.
• Can be classified into 2 types,
Motile and Non-motile.
Flagella
FUNCTION: to move water
relative to the cell in a regular
movement of the cilia

• long whiplike structures

• acts like a propeller
• primarily for locomotion.
• Formed from microtubules.
 Villi and Microvilli
FUNCTION: To increase the rate of absorption in
intestine, secretion and cellular adhesion.

• Villi are finger-like projections that arise from

the epithelial layer in some organs.
• Microvilli on the other hand, are smaller
projections that arise from the cell’s surface
that also increase surface area allowing
faster and more efficient absorption. These
are attached to the projections called villi.
 Pseudopods
FUNCTION: For movement and
engulf of prey which enables
the organism to make temporary
and irregular lobes.
• these are known as the “false
feet”.
• Pseudopods are irregular
lobes formed by amoebas and
some other eukaryotic cells.
 Extra Cellular Matrix
FUNCTION: The extracellular matrix
helps cells attach to, and communicate
with, nearby cells, and plays an
important role in cell growth, cell
movement, and other cell functions. It
helps with repairing damaged tissue.

• Also called ECM.

• A large network of proteins and other

molecules that surround, support, and
give structure to cells and tissues in
the body.
 BASAL MODIFICATION

DEFINITION: Cell
modification found on the
basal surface of cell.
FUNCTION: To Facilitate
stable adhesion of basal
cells to basement membrane.
TYPE OF BASAL
MODIFICATION
 Hemidesmosomes

FUNCTION: Structure that form

adhesions between cells and
basement membrane.

• Integrin and Plectin are present.

• Very small stud-like structures
found in keratinocytes of the
epidermis of skin that attach to
the extracellular matrix.
 LATERAL MODIFICATION
DEFINITION: Cell modification found on the basal surface
of the cell.
FUNCTION: Specialized structure that serves as
intercellular connection between two adjacent cell.

Lateral Modification has four types:

1. Tight Junction
2. Adhering Junction
3. Gap Junction
4. Desmosomes
TYPES OF LATERAL
MODICATION
 Types of Lateral Modification

Tight Junction

FUNCTION: Held two adjacent

cell tightly, prevents leakage
of materials between cells and
act as a water seal.
Act as barriers that regulate
the movement of water and
solutes between epithelial
layers.
 Adhering Junction
Function: To fasten cells
together and provides a
strong mechanical attachment
to adjacent cell.
• Anchoring junction on the
lateral surface of the cell.
• Very similar to the
anchoring junction of the
cell.
 Gap Junction

FUNCTION: Allows direct

flow of molecules between
cells and connect two cells
directly from the cytoplasm.
• Also known as
communicating junctions.
 Desmosomes

FUNCTION: Structures that form

cell to cell adhesion and
maintain rigidity.

• Desmoglein and Desmocollin

are the two proteins that bind
cells at Desmosomes.
 SUMMARY
TYPES OF CELL MODIFICATION

APICAL BASAL LATERAL

• Cilia & Flagella

• Tight Junction
• Villi &
• Adhering
Microvilli
Hemidesmosomes Junction
• Pseudopods
• Gap Junction
• Extracellular
• Desmosomes
Matrix
BIOLOGY- The Only
Science Where
Multiplication and
Division Mean the
Same Thing.
 REFERENCES:
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VwsnTpuWYDo
• https://www.slideshare.net/magaoaykevin/lesson-4-cell-modifications
• https://biologyease.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/3.png
• https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-
images/1a8d65743aca2bc3b5cd73167b85caddb45d43d1.png
• https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/2491/2491418.png
• https://cdn3.iconfinder.com/data/icons/biochemistry-41/126/cell-division-mitosis-
nucleus-biology-512.png
• https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/cell/assets/cell_junctions.gif
• https://youtu.be/VwsnTpuWYDo
• https://youtu.be/HZkJyqu42wE