Cannes Film Festival

The Cannes Film Festival (/kæn/; French: Festival de

Cannes Film Festival
Cannes), until 2003 called the International Film Festival
(Festival international du film), is an annual film festival held in
Cannes, France, which previews new films of all genres,
including documentaries, from all around the world. Founded
in 1946, the invitation-only festival is held annually (usually in
May) at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès.[1] The festival
was formally accredited by the FIAPF in 1951.[2]

On 1 July 2014, co-founder and former head of French pay-TV

operator Canal+, Pierre Lescure, took over as President of the
Festival, while Thierry Frémaux became the General Delegate.
The board of directors also appointed Gilles Jacob as Honorary
President of the Festival.[3][4]
Location Cannes, France
It is one of the "Big Three" major European film festivals, Founded 20 September 1946 (as
alongside the Venice Film Festival in Italy and the Berlin International Film Festival)
International Film Festival in Germany, as well as one of the
Most 2023 Cannes Film Festival
"Big Five" major international film festivals, which consists of
recent
the three major European film festivals, the Toronto
International Film Festival in Toronto, Canada, and the Awards Palme d'Or, Grand Prix
Sundance Film Festival in Park City, Utah, United Website www.festival-cannes.com
States.[5][6][7][8] (https://www.festival-canne
s.com)
History

The early years

The Cannes Film Festival has its origins in 1938 when Jean
Zay, the French Minister of National Education, on the
proposal of high-ranking official and historian Philippe
Erlanger and film journalist Robert Favre Le Bret decided to
set up an international cinematographic festival. They found
the support of the Americans and the British.
Cannes seen from Le Suquet
Its creation can be largely attributed to the French desire to
compete with the Venice Film Festival, which at the time was
the only international film festival and had shown a lack of impartiality with its fascist bias during those
years.[9] The political interference seemed evident in the 1937 edition when Benito Mussolini meddled to
ensure that French pacifist film La Grande Illusion would not win.[10]
The last straw was in the 1938 event when Mussolini and
Adolf Hitler respectively overruled the jury's decision in
order to award the Coppa Mussolini (Mussolini Cup) for the
Best film to Italian war film Luciano Serra, Pilot, produced
under the supervision of Mussolini's son, and the Coppa
Mussolini for the Best foreign film to Olympia, a German
documentary film about the Berlin 1936 Summer Olympics
produced in association with the Nazi Ministry of Public
Enlightenment and Propaganda despite the fact that the
regulations at that time prohibited awarding a documentary.

Outraged by the decision and as a measure of protest, the

French, British, and American jury members decided to
withdraw from the festival with the intention of not
returning.[11] This snub encouraged the French to found a
free festival. Thus, on 31 May 1939, the city of Cannes was
finally selected as the location for the festival over Biarritz
Note from 1939 with the French
and the town hall along with the French government signed Government's decision not to participate at
the International Film Festival's official birth certificate with the Venice Film Festival anymore, but
the name of Le Festival International du Film.[12] instead to host its own festival in Biarritz,
Cannes or Nice
The reason for deciding Cannes was because of its touristic
appeal as a French Riviera resort town and also because the
city hall offered to increase the municipality's financial participation, including the commitment of building
a dedicated venue for the event.

Hollywood stars of the moment like Gary Cooper, Cary Grant, Tyrone Power, Douglas Fairbanks Jr., Mae
West, Norma Shearer, Paul Muni, James Cagney, Spencer Tracy, and George Raft arrived thanks to an
Ocean liner chartered by MGM (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer). On 31 August, the opening night gala took place
with the private screening of the American film The Hunchback of Notre Dame starring Charles Laughton
and Maureen O'Hara and directed by William Dieterle. The next day, on 1 September, German troops
invaded Poland. As a result, the festival was postponed for 10 days and it would be resumed if the
circumstances allowed it.[12] However, the situation only worsened and on 3 September, France and the
United Kingdom declared war against Germany, sparking the Second World War. The French government
ordered a general mobilization and this prevented the festival from continuing so it was finally cancelled.[13]

In 1946, the festival was relaunched and from 20 September to 5 October 1946, twenty-one countries
presented their films at the First Cannes International Film Festival, which took place at the former Casino
of Cannes.[14] In 1947, amid serious problems of efficiency, the festival was held as the "Festival du film de
Cannes", where films from sixteen countries were presented. The festival was not held in 1948 and 1950
due to budgetary problems.

In 1949, the Palais des Festivals was expressly constructed for the occasion on the seafront promenade of
La Croisette, although its inaugural roof, while still unfinished, blew off during a storm. In 1951, the festival
was moved to spring to avoid direct competition with the Venice Festival which was held in autumn.[13]

1950s and 1960s

During the early 1950s, the festival attracted much tourism and press attention, with showbiz scandals and
high-profile personalities' love affairs. At the same time, the artistic aspect of the festival started developing.
Because of controversies over the selection of films, the Critics' Prize was created for the recognition of
original films and daring filmmakers. In 1954, the Special Jury Prize was awarded for the first time. In
1955, the Palme d'Or was created, replacing the Grand Prix du Festival which had been given until that
year. In 1957, Dolores del Río was the first female member of the jury for the official selection.[15]

In 1959, the Marché du Film (Film Market) was founded, giving the festival a commercial character and
facilitating exchanges between sellers and buyers in the film industry. Today it has become the first
international platform for film commerce. Still, in the 1950s, some outstanding films, like Night and Fog in
1956 and Hiroshima, My Love in 1959 were excluded from the competition for diplomatic concerns. Jean
Cocteau, three times president of the jury in those years, is quoted to have said: "The Cannes Festival
should be a no man's land in which politics has no place. It should be a simple meeting between
friends."[16][17]

In 1962, the International Critics' Week was born, created by the French Union of Film Critics as the first
parallel section of the Cannes Film Festival. Its goal was to showcase first and second works by directors
from all over the world, not succumbing to commercial tendencies. In 1965 Olivia de Havilland was named
the first female president of the jury, while the next year Sophia Loren became president.[18]

The 1968 festival was halted on 19 May. Some directors, such as Carlos Saura and Miloš Forman, had
withdrawn their films from the competition. On 18 May filmmaker Louis Malle along with a group of
directors took over the large room of the Palais and interrupted the projections in solidarity with students
and labour on strike throughout France,[19] and in protest to the eviction of the then President of the
Cinémathèque Française. The filmmakers achieved the reinstatement of the President, and they founded the
Film Directors' Society (SRF) that same year.[20] In 1969 the SRF, led by Pierre-Henri Deleau created the
Directors' Fortnight (Quinzaine des Réalisateurs), a new non-competitive section that programs a selection
of films from around the world, distinguished by the independent judgment displayed in the choice of
films.[21]

1970s and 1980s

During the 1970s, important changes occurred in the Festival. In 1972, Robert Favre Le Bret was named
the new president, and Maurice Bessy the General Delegate. He introduced important changes in the
selection of the participating films, welcoming new techniques, and relieving the selection from diplomatic
pressures, with films like MASH, and later Chronicle of the Years of Fire marking this turn. In some cases,
these changes helped directors like Andrei Tarkovsky overcome problems of censorship in their own
country.[22] Also, until that time, the different countries chose the films that would represent them in the
festival. Yet, in 1972, Bessy created a committee to select French films, and another for foreign films.[23]

In 1978, Gilles Jacob assumed the position of General Delegate, introducing the Caméra d'Or award, for
the best first film of any of the main events, and the Un Certain Regard section, for the non-competitive
categories. Other changes were the decrease of length of the festival down to thirteen days, thus reducing
the number of selected films; also, until that point the Jury was composed by Film Academics, and Jacob
started to introduce celebrities and professionals from the film industry.[24]
In 1983, a new, much bigger Palais des Festivals et des Congrès was built to host the festival, while the
Directors' Fortnight remained in the old building. The new building was nicknamed "The Bunker",
provoking much criticism, especially since it was hardly finished at the event and several technical problems
occurred.[25] In 1984 Pierre Viot replaced Robert Favre Le Bret as President of the Festival.[26] In his term,
the Festival started including films from more countries, like Philippines, China, Cuba, Australia, India,
New Zealand and Argentina. In 1987, for the first time of the Festival, a red carpet was placed at the
entrance of the Palais. In 1989, during the first Cinéma & liberté forum, hundred directors from many
countries signed a declaration "against all forms of censorship still existing in the world".[27]

1990s to present
In 1998, Gilles Jacob created the last section of the Official
Selection: la Cinéfondation, aiming to support the creation of works
of cinema in the world and to contribute to the entry of the new
scenario writers in the circle of the celebrities.[28] The
Cinéfondation was completed in 2000 with La Résidence, where
young directors could refine their writing and screenplays, and in Stars posing for photographers are a
2005, L'Atelier, which helps twenty directors per year with the part of Cannes folklore.
funding of their films. Gilles Jacob was appointed Honorary
President in 2000, and in 2002, the Festival officially adopted the
name Festival de Cannes.[29][30]

During the 2000s, the Festival started focusing more on the technological advances taking place in the film
world, especially the digital techniques. In 2004, the restored historical films of the Festival were presented
as Cannes Classics, which included documentaries. In 2007, Thierry Frémaux became General Delegate.
In 2009, he extended the Festival in Buenos Aires, as La Semana de Cine del Festival de Cannes, and in
2010, he created the Cannes Court Métrage for the Short Film competition.

On 20 March 2020, organizers announced the postponement of the Cannes Film Festival 2020 due to the
COVID-19 pandemic; the festival was later cancelled outright.[31] Spike Lee, director of Do The Right
Thing and BlacKkKlansman, had been chosen to lead the jury panel. In 2019, the jury panel had been led
by Alejandro González Iñárritu, director of Birdman.[32] Lee was later invited to head the jury of the 2021
Cannes Film Festival, held in July of that year.

In 2022, the festival denied press accreditation to Russian journalists associated with outlets who are not
opposed to the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian war.[33] On the opening night of the festival, the president of
Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelensky, made a video appearance where he talked about the war and the role of
cinema in it.[34]

Controversies
In recent years, a number of gender and sexual controversies have surrounded the Cannes Film Festival.
These include "Heelgate" in which numerous female attendees of a red carpet premiere were stopped from
entering in 2015 for wearing flat soled shoes instead of high heels.[35] The incident caused numerous
female celebrities to wear flat soled shoes or no shoes at all to other red carpet premiers in a show of
solidarity and protest.[36]
As a result of the past sexual controversies and the #MeToo movement that arose out of the Harvey
Weinstein scandal, in 2018, Cannes Film Festival officials announced the creation of a telephone hotline
during the festival in which victims could report incidents of sexual harassment and other crimes.[37] The
hotline is in collaboration with the French government.[38]

General Delegate Thierry Frémaux reportedly 'banned' selfies on the red carpet of the festival in 2015.[39]

In 2017, along with the 70th anniversary events of the Festival, the issue of changing the rules on theatrical
screening caused controversy.[40] In 2018, the enforcement of theatrical screening in France resulted in
Netflix withdrawing their films from the festival.[41]

Festival team

Year President General Delegate General Secretary

1949 –
–
1952 Robert Favre Le Bret

1972 Robert Maurice Bessy Jean Touzet

1978 Favre Le Bret

1984
Gilles Jacob
1985 Pierre Viot Michel P. Bonnet
1991

General Director
2001 Artistic Delegate
Véronique Cayla
Gilles Jacob Thierry Frémaux François
2005 Catherine Démier
Erlenbach
2007

2014 Thierry Frémaux

Pierre Lescure
2017

The President of the Festival, who represents the Festival in front of financial partners, the public authorities
and the media, is elected by the board of directors of the Festival, officially named the "French Association
of the Film Festival".

The Board is composed of authorities of the world of cinema, as well as of public authorities which
subsidize the event. The President has a renewable 3-year mandate and appoints the members of his team,
including the General Delegate, with the approval of the board of directors.[42] Sometimes a President, after
his last term, becomes the Honorary President of the Festival.

The General Delegate is responsible for the coordination of the events. When Gilles Jacob passed from
General Delegate to the position of the President, in 2001, two new positions were created to take over his
former post, the General Director to oversee the smooth running of the event, and the artistic director,
responsible for the selection of films. However, in 2007, the Artistic Director Thierry Frémaux, became
again the General Delegate of the Festival.
The general secretary is responsible for the reception of works and other practical matters.

Programmes
The Cannes Film Festival is organised in various sections:[43]

The Official Selection – The main event of the festival.

In Competition – The films competing for the Palme d'Or. They are projected in the
Théâtre Lumière.
Un Certain Regard – Films selected from cultures near and far; original and different
works. They are projected at the Salle Debussy.
Out of Competition – These films are also projected in the Théâtre Lumière but do not
compete for the main prize.
Special Screenings – The selection committee chooses for these films an environment
specially adapted to their particular identity.
Cinéfondation – About fifteen shorts and medium-length motion pictures from film
schools over the world are presented at the Salle Buñuel.
Short Films – The shorts competing for the Short Film Palme d'Or are presented at
Buñuel and Debussy theatres. There are approximately 10 films in this competition.
Cannes Classics – It celebrates the heritage of film, aiming to highlight works of the past,
presented with brand new or restored prints.
Cinéma de la Plage – Screening of Cannes Classics and Out of Competition films for the
mass public on Macé beach, preceded by a programme dedicated to film music.
Parallel Sections – These are alternative programmes dedicated to discovering other
aspects of cinema.
International Critics' Week – Since 1962, it has focused on discovering new talents and
showcasing first and second feature films by directors from all over the world.
Directors' Fortnight – Since 1969, it has cast its lot with the avant-garde, even as it
created a breeding ground where the Cannes Festival would regularly find its prestigious
auteurs.
ACID (Association for Independent Cinema and its Distribution)
Tous les Cinémas du Monde – It showcases the vitality and diversity of cinema across
the world. Each day, one country is invited to present a range of features and shorts in
celebration of its unique culture, identity and recent film works.
Events
Marché du Film – The busiest film market in the world.
Masterclasses – Given in public by world-renowned filmmakers.
Tributes – Honors internationally renowned artists with the presentation of the Festival
Trophee following the screening of one of their films.
Producers Network – An opportunity to make international co-productions.
Exhibitions – Each year, an artist, a body of work or a cinematographic theme becomes
the focus of an exhibition that diversifies or illustrates the event's programme.
60th Anniversary – Events organised in 2007 dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the
Festival.

Juries
Prior to the beginning of each event, the Festival's board of directors appoints the juries who hold sole
responsibility for choosing which films will receive a Cannes award. Jurors are chosen from a wide range
of international artists, based on their body of work and respect from their peers.[44] The appointment of the
President of the Jury is made following several annual management proposals made in the fall and
submitted to the Festival's board of directors for validation.[45]

Feature Films – An international jury composed of a President and various film or art
personalities, who determine the prizes for the feature films in Competition.
Cinéfondation and Short Films – Composed of a President and four film personalities. It
awards the Short Film Palme d'Or as well as the three best films of the Cinéfondation.
Un Certain Regard – Composed of a President, journalists, students in cinema, and industry
professionals. It awards the Un Certain Regard Prize for best film and can, moreover, honour
two other films.
Caméra d'Or – Composed of a President, as well as film directors, technicians, and French
and international critics. They award the best film in any category.
The jury meets annually at the historic Villa Domergue to select the winners.[46]

Awards
The most prestigious award given at Cannes is the Palme d'Or
("Golden Palm") for the best film.

Competition
Palme d'Or – Golden Palm
Palme d'Or du court métrage – Best Short Film
Grand Prix – Grand Prize of the Festival
Prix du Jury – Jury Prize
Prix de la mise en scène – Best Director Palme d'Or awarded to Apocalypse
Prix d'interprétation masculine – Best Actor Now at the 1979 Cannes Film
Prix d'interprétation féminine – Best Actress Festival

Prix du scénario – Best Screenplay

Other Sections
Prix Un Certain Regard – Young talent, innovative and audacious works
Cinéfondation prizes – Student films
Caméra d'Or – It rewards the best first film of the Festival, choosing among the debutants'
works among the Official Selection, the Directors' Fortnight and the International Critics'
Week selections.
Given by Independent Entities
FIPRESCI Prize – The International Federation of Film Critics awards prizes to films from
the main competition section, Un Certain Regard and parallel sections
Directors' Fortnight Prizes
Prix Vulcain – Awarded to a technical artist by the CST
International Critics' Week Prizes
Prize of the Ecumenical Jury
François Chalais Prize
L'Œil d'or – Best documentary film
 Trophée Chopard
Palm Dog – Best canine performance[47]
Queer Palm – Best LGBT-related films[48]
Cannes Soundtrack Award
Pierre Angénieux Excellens in Cinematography
Women in Motion: Since 2015, award delivered by Kering
and honoring major achievers in raising awareness around
women issues in the film industry.[49]

Impact
The festival has become an important showcase for European films. Jill
Forbes and Sarah Street argue in European Cinema: An Introduction In 2013, Léa Seydoux and
Adèle Exarchopoulos
(ISBN 0333752104), that Cannes "became...extremely important for critical
became the first and only
and commercial interests and for European attempts to sell films on the
cast members to receive the
basis of their artistic quality" (page 20).[50] Forbes and Street also point out Palme d'Or for Blue Is the
that, along with other festivals such as the Venice Film Festival and Berlin Warmest Colour in an
International Film Festival, Cannes offers an opportunity to determine a "unprecedented move",
particular country's image of its cinema and generally foster the notion that alongside the director
European cinema is "art" cinema.[50] Abdellatif Kechiche.

Additionally, given massive media exposure, the non-public festival is

attended by many stars and is a popular venue for film producers to launch their new films and to attempt to
sell their works to the distributors who come from all over the globe.

Cannes Film Festival in fiction

Though most of the media attention the festival receives is journalistic in nature, the festival has been
explored from the standpoint of fiction by novelists over the years.

J. G. Ballard's Super-Cannes is about the European elite who live in a closed society by the festival.
Michael Grothaus' Epiphany Jones is a social satire about the festival and film industry and explores sex
trafficking that occurs during the festival. The book was named one of the best Hollywood novels of all
time by Entertainment Weekly.[51] Iain Johnstone's Cannes: The Novel is a dystopian tale about terrorists
holding the festival hostage.

The culture and history of the festival has been covered in a number of non-fiction books.[52]

The festival has been used as the backdrop and setting of several films, including The Last Horror Film
(1982), Festival in Cannes (2001), Femme Fatale (2002) and Mr. Bean's Holiday (2007); some of these
were shot on location at the festival.

See also
Directors' Fortnight
International Critics' Week
List of Cannes Film Festival jury presidents
 List of Cannes Film Festival juries (Feature films)
List of Cannes Film Festival records
Marché du Film

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Further reading
Coyle, Jake (10 May 2017). "Outcry over Netflix films prompts Cannes to change rules" (htt
p://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/cannes-outcry-netflix-1.4108106). CBC/Radio-Canada.
Ford, Rebecca; Roxborough, Scott (17 May 2017). "Why Awards Hopefuls Are Losing
Confidence in Cannes Debuts" (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/why-awards-hopefu
ls-are-losing-confidence-cannes-debuts-1004782). The Hollywood Reporter.
Mumford, Gwilym (17 May 2017). "Concrete flowerpots and drone killers: Cannes opens with
beefed-up security" (https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/may/17/cannes-film-festival-201
7-opens-security-concrete-flowerpots-drone-killers). The Guardian.

Books

Craig, Benjamin (2018). Cannes: A Festival Virgin's Guide (7 ed.). Cinemagine Media
Publishing. ISBN 978-1999996109.
The Editors of Variety (1997). Cannes: Fifty Years of Sun, Sex & Celluloid: Behind the
Scenes at the World's Most Famous Film Festival (https://archive.org/details/cannesfiftyyears
00nyva). Miramax Books. ISBN 978-0786882953.
Beauchamp, Cari; Behar, Henri (1992). Hollywood on the Riviera: The Inside Story of the
Cannes Film Festival (https://archive.org/details/hollywoodonrivie00beau). William Morrow
and Company. ISBN 978-0688110079.
Jungen, Christian (2015). Hollywood in Canne$: The History of a Love-Hate Relationship
(Film Culture in Transition). Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-9089645661.

Media
Footage from the 1946 Cannes Film Festival (http://www.britishpathe.com/video/cannes-film-
festival-5)
Retrospective footage of the Festival presented by INA in 2007 (http://www.cannes.com/fr/cul
ture/cannes-et-le-cinema/les-videos-de-l-ina/cannes-dans-les-archives-de-l-ina/retrospective
-du-festival-de-cannes-2007.html)

External links
Cannes Film Festival official website (http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/) (in English)
Cannes Film Festival (https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000147/overview/) at the Internet
Movie Database
Festival de Cannes at the official website of tourism in France (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0170609053316/http://france.fr/fr/actu/ecoutez-cannes) 2017 (in French)
Cannes – A Festival Virgin's Guide (https://www.cannesguide.com) – Detailed festival history
and information for attendees
Radio France Internationale coverage of the Cannes Film Festival (http://en.rfi.fr/france/2017
0528-aids-hitmen-and-cannes-2017-palme-dor) 2017 (in English)
Cannes Film Festival: A Potted History (http://azam.net/ukhotmovies/film-festivals/cannes-fil
m-festival/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201018203025/http://azam.net/ukhotmo
 vies/film-festivals/cannes-film-festival/) 18 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine
Cannes Film Festival (https://curlie.org/Arts/Movies/Film_Festivals/Europe/France/Cannes)
at Curlie

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