00966541911295

BIOLOGY IGCSE 0610/0970

DR.NERMEEN MUSTAFA
BIOLOGY INSTRUCTOR
00966541911295
 Modern methods of classification rely on the analysis and comparison of
base sequences in DNA. Describe the type of evidence that scientists used for
classifying organisms before they were able to sequence DNA.

State two main features of fungal cells that are used to distinguish them
from the cells of prokaryotes.

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 State two features of amphibians that distinguish them from all other
vertebrates

State two features that are used to classify animals as reptiles.

Bacteria are prokaryotes. State two features of all prokaryotes.

Describe what is meant by the term species.

Describe features of monocotyledons.

Describe two pieces of evidence visible that show these animals are
mammals.
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 If young offspring are visible add :mammry glands and breast feeding
Whiskers (if visible)
State two internal features you would expect to find in a killer whale that
you would not find in a fish.

Describe the similarities and differences between the structure of the yeast cell and the
structure of the bacterial cell

similarities

, max four from: single cell / unicellular / AW ; (cell) wall ; cytoplasm ; ribosomes ; cell
membrane ; DNA / genetic material ;

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List features that are used to classify animal as birds.

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State two cell structures found in both animal and bacterial cells.

Explain the importance of the microvilli to cells.

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Describe how the nitrate ions enter the roots of plants.

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 Explain the results for the red blood cells that were immersed in the 1.8%
salt solution.

(salt) solution has a lower water potential than the (red blood) cells/ ora ;
(diameter decreases because) water leaves the (red blood) cells by osmosis ;
water travels, from higher water potential to lower water potential / down a water
potential gradient ; across the, cell / partially permeable, membrane ;

State three ways in which the human body uses fat.

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 Cell membranes also contain protein carriers. Describe the role of protein
carriers.

Explain how the shape of protein is determined.

Antibodies are proteins. State the chemical elements present in all

proteins that are also found in carbohydrates and fats.
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen ;
State the names of the four chemical elements that are found in all
proteins.

Describe the structure of a DNA molecule.

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 Explain why the shape of an enzyme is important for digestion.

The shape of a protein is very important for its function. Explain the
importance of shape for the function of an enzyme.

Define the term enzyme.

Enzymes are proteins that are biological catalyst that speed up the reaction
without being used up

Each enzyme has specific shape of active site that is complementary to

specific one substrate
Each enzyme work best at specific optimum temperature and pH

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Describe and explain the effect of temperature on the activity of pepsin.

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 Explain why temperature has an effect on the rate of
photosynthesis.

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 State two uses of water in a plant

Describe the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis.

Describe the pathway taken by a molecule of carbon dioxide, from the air
outside a leaf to a spongy mesophyll cell.

Researchers have devised a process of artificial photosynthesis. They use

gold nanoparticles as a catalyst to utilise green light to convert carbon
dioxide to fuels, such as propane. Suggest the advantages to the environment
of using artificial photosynthesis on a large scale

Explain why carbon dioxide enrichment is used in many glasshouses to

increase crop plant yield.

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 Explain the possible effects of excessive heat on the plants in a
glasshouse.

Discuss the advantages of growing crops in glasshouses.

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 Protein digestion begins in the stomach of the human alimentary canal and is
completed in the small intestine. Describe in detail how enzymes function to digest
protein in the alimentary canal.

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 After chemical digestion the products of digestion are absorbed. Define
absorption.

Bile is made in the liver, stored in the gall bladder and passes into the
small intestine. Describe the role of bile in digestion.

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Hormones secreted by the pancreas.

Enzymes secreted by the pancreas

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Describe the structure of a villus.

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 Explain the role of hydrochloric acid in the alimentary canal.

Describe how food eaten by humans is reduced to smaller pieces and

explain how this makes chemical digestion more efficient.

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 Explain what happens to ingested fat at duodenum before chemical digestion occurs.

Explain how the products of fat digestion are transported from ileum to the rest of the
body.

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 Describe and explain how a reduced concentration of water vapour in the
air would increase the movement of water through crop plants.

The student increased the humidity in the room and repeated the
investigation. Predict and explain the effect of high humidity on the stomata.

Explain how water moves upwards in the xylem.

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 Describe how xylem is adapted for its functions in the plant.

Sucrose is used in the cells of the sinks in a plant. Describe the uses of
sucrose by sinks.

The scapes of dandelions keep the plant upright without the need for
structures such as bones. Explain how cells in plant scapes and stems keep
plants upright.

The scapes of dandelions keep the plant upright without the

need for structures such as bones. Explain how cells in plant scapes
and stems keep plants upright.

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 State two roles of blood clotting

Describe two ways in which the circulatory system of a fish is different

from the circulatory system of a mammal.

Explain the advantages of a double circulatory system.

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Explain the importance of the part labelled X

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Explain what is meant by double circulation
blood flows through the heart twice in one circuit (of the body) ; there are
two separate blood circuits / pulmonary circuit and systemic
circuit / described ;

Explain the structural adaptations of arteries and veins.

Explain reasons for the changes in pressure seen in the arteries

Explain how the structure of a capillary is related to its function.

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 Describe how blood is transported from the vena cava to the lungs. You may use the
letters on Fig. 1.1 in your description.

State the role of platelets in the blood and describe the process they are
involved in.

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Define the term transmissible disease .

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 Explain how vaccination provides active immunity.

Suggest why the antibodies must be injected rather than taking them by mouth.

Lymphocytes produce antibodies. Outline the role of antibodies in the defence of the
body against pathogens.

Explain the advantage of giving the person an injection of antitoxin antibodies

Explain how the two injections of the vaccine result in better protection
against pathogen than the injection of antitoxin antibodies.

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Explain how antibodies protect the body against pathogens.

Explain the effect of cholera bacteria on the digestive system.

Explain the importance of the shape of an antibody.

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State the location and function of cartilage in the breathing system

Explain the effect of exercise on the rate and depth of breathing

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 State the name of the tissue that prevents the collapse of Y and Z during
breathing.
CARTILAGE

Breathing involves the movement of the ribs and the diaphragm. Describe
the process of inspiration.
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Explain the differences in composition between inspired and expired air

State two features of gas exchange surfaces.

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Describe the role of the liver in the recovery from oxygen debt after strenuous exercise

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 The oxygen debt needs to be removed after exercise. State how the breathing and
circulatory systems act to remove the oxygen debt.

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Explain the role of the kidney in excretion.

Describe the role of the liver in excretion.

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Describe how the structures labelled in Fig. 4.1 produce urine

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State what is meant by a nerve impulse.

Describe how impulses are transmitted across the synapse.

Suggest how the structure of a synapse ensures that impulses travel in one direction.

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Describe two ways nervous control differs from hormonal control.

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 Describe and explain the distribution of rod cells and cone cells shown in
Fig. 3.3.

Describe how an impulse travels across the synapse

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 Explain why the eye can be described as a sense organ.

Describe and explain the changes that occur in the eye when adjusting
focus from a distant object to a near object.
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 Describe the functions of rods and cones in the eye.

Explain how the motor neurone is adapted for transmitting impulses.

Describe how nervous communication differs from hormonal

communication.

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 Insulin is secreted from cells in the pancreas when the concentration of
glucose in the blood increases. Outline the role of insulin

Describe what is meant by the term hormone.

Outline the treatment of Type 1 diabetes

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Describe the symptoms and treatment of Type 1 diabetes

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 Describe how humans maintain a constant body temperature when the
external temperature decreases.

Explain how negative feedback controls the blood glucose concentration

of a person who has not eaten for a day.

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Describe the functions of arterioles in the skin.

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 Seeds germinate in the soil. The seedlings that grow from seeds with negative
gravitropism . Explain the advantages of this response to the survival of seedlings and
mature plants

Explain how the plant hormone causes the response of plant as negative gravitropism.

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 Explain how bacteria become resistant to antibiotics.

Describe how to minimise the risk of antibiotic resistance that developed

by bacteria

only use antibiotic that is specific to pathogen

Explain why antibiotics are not used to treat viral infections.

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 Fertilization results in the formation of a zygote. Describe how an embryo
is formed from a zygote.

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 Describe the stages in the reproduction of a flowering plant, from
self-pollination to fertilization.

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 Outline the advantages and disadvantages of self-pollination
compared with cross-pollination.

Sugarcane is a crop plant that is usually grown from stem cuttings rather
than from seeds.
Describe the advantages of using cuttings rather than seeds to reproduce
crop plants.

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 Describe the benefits of breastfeeding a baby for the first six
months of life.

List structural adaptations of insect-pollinated flowers.

Large colourfull petals

nectar guides (on petals) / robust stigma / robust style / landing site

nectary / nectar ; sticky / spiky / AW, pollen ; sticky stigma ; stigmas / style / carpel, within flower / AW ;
anthers / stamens, within flower / AW ; colorful petals ;

State two ways, other than breastfeeding, that a baby can acquire
immunity

Explain why oxygen and water are required for germination

Describe the role of progesterone in pregnancy.

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 suggest how the placenta is adapted for efficient diffusion.

Describe and explain the adaptations of the sperm cells and ova that
enable fertilisation and early development of the embryo to occur.

Outline the consequences of the changes in the number of lymphocytes

for the health of the person infected with HIV

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Describe the function of the jelly coat.

Describe the changes that occur in the lining of the uterus during one menstrual cycle.

Describe the roles of FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle

Explain why the egg cell contains stores of protein and fat.

Describe the role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle.

Describe the effects on the body of an untreated HIV infection

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Describe what is meant by the term sex-linked characteristic

Describe what is meant by the term stem cell.

Explain how proteins are made by a cell.

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Describe the events that occur during stage 2 in Fig. 6.1.

State what determines the order in which the parts labelled B are
assembled.

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Mutations are always inherited in single-celled organisms that reproduce
asexually but are not always inherited in organisms that reproduce
sexually. Explain why

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Describe what is meant by an adaptive feature.

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Explain how part C in Fig. 2.2 adapts the hydrophyte for its environment.

Describe what is meant by a gene mutation.

State two examples of how mutation rates can be increased.

ionising radiation ; (named) chemicals SUCH AS TAR ; AVP SUCH AS X RAY ;

Explain how bacteria become resistant to antibiotics.

Answer:
Antibiotic destroy cell wall of bacteria but incomplete course of antibiotic
allow bacteria to multiply.
Bacteria divide quickly by binary fission ,some bacteria mutate to become
resistant to antibiotic
Natural selection occurs as antibiotic act as selection pressure
Bacteria that are not resistant to antibiotic will die but resistant bacteria
survive reproduce &multiply passing resistance allele to next offspring.
After many generations all bacteria become resistant

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 State the names of natural processes involving bacteria that are important
to ecosystems.

Researchers investigated the effect of adding cattle manure (cattle faeces)

to fields where snap bean plants, Phaseolus vulgaris, were grown. Cattle
manure contains some protein.

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Explain how protein in the cattle manure is converted to the type of ions that
plants can absorb.

Phytoplankton are photosynthetic organisms. Describe the importance of

phytoplankton in the food web of lake ecosystems.

Suggest the advantage to farmers of having snap bean plants that have a
large number of root nodules.

A pyramid of numbers for the wetland ecosystem showed that there were
very large numbers of organisms at the base of the pyramid and very few at
the top. Explain why.

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 Explain the risks to a species if its population size decreases.

Outline how the energy in the primary consumers in this aquatic food web
is used to produce biomass in the secondary consumers.

Describe what is meant by the term decomposer

Animals such as salmon can be farmed for meat. Explain why it is more
energy efficient for humans to eat crop plants than to eat livestock that have
been fed on crop plants.

Define the term community.

Explain what biologists mean when they refer to populations of animals

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 Nitrogen is an important element for organisms. In a livestock farm, waste from
animals contains protein. This waste is often spread on farmland as a fertiliser. Describe
how the nitrogen in protein is recycled in the soil into a form that plants can absorb and
use

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Resistance gene can pass to offspring during binary fission to produce
genetically identical cells or bacteria can pass plasmid that carry resistant
gene from cell to cell through cell walls
Chemical fertilisers have helped farmers to increase food production.
Discuss the negative impact on the natural environment of using
chemicals, other than fertilisers, in modern farming methods.

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 Discuss how governments can regulate fishing to maintain fish stocks. Use
the word sustainable in your answer

Crops are often grown as monocultures. State what is meant by a

monoculture.
a single crop in production / AW ;

Aphids can transmit viral pathogens when they feed on a plant. Suggest
how a severe infestation of aphids on crop plants can be avoided.

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 Discuss the negative impact on the environment of growing large-scale
monocultures of crop plants such as maize.

A farmer applied fertiliser to a field next to a lake. Suggest two

precautions the farmer should take when applying fertiliser to reduce the risk
of eutrophication occurring in the lake.

Describe ways endangered plant and animal species can be conserved.

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 Describe and explain how fish stocks can be managed sustainably and
how overfishing can be prevented through conservation.

13&14 SUCH AS RESTORE DEGRADED HAPITATS ,REDUCE POLLUTION

Suggest why many plants can easily be conserved using seed banks.

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 Describe why conservation projects such as seed banks are important.

People can use artificial insemination (AI) or in vitro fertilisation (IVF) to

increase their chance of becoming pregnant. (i) Outline the process of
artificial insemination

Fertility drugs such as gonadotropin stimulating hormones to stimulate

pituitary glands to secrete FSH& LH to stimulate more ova release from ovary
( super ovulation)
Outline how the process of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) differs from artificial
insemination (AI).

Suggest the conservation methods that were used to increase the number
of (named animal )Arabian oryx

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 One threat to aquatic ecosystems, such as coral reefs, is global climate
change. Discuss the threats to aquatic ecosystems, other than climate
change.

Explain the risks to the northern white rhinoceros species as a result of its
population size.

Explain the undesirable effects of deforestation on habitats that are on

mountains, such as Mount Mulanje.

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 Scientists in Malawi are working to prevent the extinction of the Mulanje
cedar tree in its natural habitat. Explain the benefits to other organisms on
Mount Mulanje of conserving the Mulanje cedar tree in its natural habitat.

The seeds of many endangered tree species are kept in seed banks.
Suggest why it is important to collect seeds from many individual trees of
each species rather than just one tree.

Describe how eutrophication of streams and rivers can lead to the death
of fish.

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 Describe how acid rain destroys forests.

Explain the negative consequences to the environment of destroying

forests.

Describe how countries have reduced acid rain.

State the names of three natural processes involving bacteria that are
important to ecosystems.

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Using the information in Fig. 4.1, suggest the environmental advantages of using ethanol as a
fuel

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 Outline how sewage should be treated so that the water it contains is safe to put into
the lake.

Suggest ways to reduce the quantity of plastic waste.

Outline the dangers of non-biodegradable plastic waste to marine

animals, such as green turtles.

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 Discuss the problems that using such closely related animals might have
for the conservation of rhinoceros

Outline the reasons why large mammals, such as some species of

rhinoceros, are endangered.

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 Waste from livestock farms often pollutes water courses, such as streams and rivers,
leading to a reduction in biodiversity. Explain how the pollution of water courses by
animal waste leads to a reduction in biodiversity

Captive breeding programmes often use artificial insemination. Outline the process of
artificial insemination .

There are xerophytic forests which are threatened by human

overexploitation. Suggest reasons why it is important to conserve
xerophytic ecosystems.

Describe the negative consequences of letting untreated sewage flow into

lake ecosystems.

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Explain why it is important to conserve ecosystems, such as wetlands.

Suggest three reasons why the giant quiver tree is an endangered species.

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Explain the risks to a plant species of having very small numbers

Describe ways endangered plant and animal species can be conserved

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 Overfishing is one reason why populations of fish decline. Explain the risks to a species
if its population size decreases.

Describe and explain how fish stocks can be managed sustainably and how overfishing
can be prevented through conservation.

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State why bacteria are useful in biotechnology.

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Discuss the disadvantages of genetically modifying rice plants to produce
beta-carotene.

Discuss the possible disadvantages of people changing the genes in a plant

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List nutrients that need to be added to a fermenter to produce penicillin.

Explain why the nutrients are sterilised (step 2) before they are added to the
fermenter (step 3).

METHODS OF STEILISATION OF FERMENTER

UV LIGHT ,OZONE,HOT STEAM
Explain why the fermenter has a gas outflow pipe.

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 Using the information in Fig. 1.1, outline the events occurring from step 4
to step 8 during the production of penicillin.

Describe how the gene from A. thaliana and the DNA from cassava form recombinant
DNA.

Scientists who develop genetically engineered varieties of crop plants

often breed them for several generations before releasing them for farmers
to use. Suggest why the scientists do this.

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