Professional Documents
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Determination Model of
Resistance Training
Status
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Evaldo Rui T. Santos Junior, MSc,1,2 Belmiro F. de Salles, PhD,2 Ingrid Dias, PhD,1,2 Alex S. Ribeiro, PhD,3
Roberto Simão, PhD,1,2 and Jeffrey M. Willardson, PhD4
1
Physical Education Post-Graduation Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 2Strength
Training Lab Brazil (STLAB), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 3Center for Research in Health Sciences. University of Northern
Paraná, Londrina, Brazil; and 4Health and Human Performance Department, Montana State University Billings, Billings,
Montana
ABSTRACT under the same conditions in future anabolic intracellular signaling, muscular
studies. protein synthesis, and transcriptional
An individual’s training status is a key
responses (13,15,25,69). A recent study
factor used to determine the volume,
by Bagley et al. (6) found that the same
the intensity, and the selection of
INTRODUCTION acute resistance exercise can generate dif-
exercises for resistance training pre- ferent epigenetic responses in resistance-
n important principle of resis-
A
scription. Interestingly, there are no trained and sedentary individuals, support-
objective parameters to assess train- tance training is the progressive
overload, which is defined as a ing the need for differential training stimuli
ing status, so there is ambiguity in based on subject training status.
progressive increase in training stimulus
determining the appropriate volume
to promote positive responses in accor- Therefore, considering that the starting
and other resistance training variables
dance with the desired training goals level seems to have a considerable influ-
in this regard. Thus, the objective of
(40). As an individual becomes an ence on the rate of gains over time, the
this study was to propose a strategy
advanced practitioner, a greater training knowledge of the training status level
for classification and determination of stimulus, or dose, is necessary. The dose may improve the ability to prescribe
resistance training status. The follow- of resistance training is frequently deter- resistance training and to compare mus-
ing five parameters were identified and mined by variables that make up the pre- cular adaptations in individuals with dif-
used: (a) current uninterrupted training scription, such as the number of sets, ferent training status. The American
time, (b) time of detraining, (c) previous intensity, and frequency, among others College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) rec-
training experience, (d) exercise tech- (1,58). In addition, in the process of exer- ommendation (1) suggests that variables
nique, and (e) strength level. Moreover, cise prescription, recommendations sug- such as volume and intensity need to be
4 classification levels are proposed: gest considering individual training status applied differently according to practi-
beginner, intermediate, advanced, and (1,34). The literature presents many inves- tioners’ levels of training. Moreover, the
highly advanced, which are determined tigations showing that the status of train- training progression may be conducted
by the mean score of the parameters ing affects the adaptative responses to as the practitioner gains experience
used. The proposed model represents resistance training, whereby untrained (57). Furthermore, De Souza et al. (18)
an important advancement in training individuals are more responsive to regi- observed different patterns in muscular
status classification and can be used mented exercise (2,37,51). Moreover, La- adaptations in untrained individuals,
as a valid tool for training prescription tella et al. (37) reported that, even in well- where the load variation was more
and for researchers to better charac- trained powerlifters, the strongest athletes
terize a sample and reproduce results showed a lower rate of strength improve- KEY WORDS:
ment compared with those with lower resistance training; training status;
Address correspondence to Alex S. Ribeiro, strength levels. These different adaptations strength; hypertrophy
alex-silvaribeiro@hotmail.com. may be related to the alterations in
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Determination of Resistance Training Status
effective for promoting hypertrophy after CONSIDERED PARAMETERS bring about hypertrophic adaptations,
the first stage of a training program. In CURRENT UNINTERRUPTED but a succeeding 8-week period resulted
addition, retraining is quite a common TRAINING TIME in a 5% regression of gains (39). Despite
situation in practice; thus, the subject’s The time of training experience, this, studies have shown a rapid retrain-
classification may improve the accuracy counted in months and years, is ing process in individuals with previous
of knowing the detraining status of a probably the most used variable to training histories who undergo short
practitioner. However, interestingly, there classify individual training status periods of detraining (64,67), a phenom-
are no objective parameters to determine (6,17,27,50,60,63), often being used enon commonly known as muscle mem-
an individual’s training status, and the as the only criterion. Over time, the ory (28). Muscle memory has been
estimation of points at which the individ- ability of an individual to tolerate attributed to neural connections estab-
ual may change their classification levels higher training volumes is enhanced lished through the training process and
(beginner, intermediate, advanced, and and promotes continued adaptation muscle tissue mechanisms because the
highly advanced) is not well defined (11). (21,49). Conversely, lower loads, fre- number of myonuclei acquired through
Some authors consider the time that the quency, and sets are recommended training seems to be maintained during a
individual has consistently practiced the for individuals with no resistance subsequent period of disuse. This may
activity, with beginners varying from no training experience. The ACSM rec- contribute to faster reattainment of pre-
experience up to 2 months of training, ommends loads corresponding to 60– viously achieved adaptations when train-
intermediate from 2 to 6 months, and 70% versus 80–100% of one repetition ing experience is resumed because the
advanced with at least 1 year of training maximum (1RM) to maximize muscu- myonuclei acquired by a training stimu-
(34). Another method is to consider the lar strength for novice versus advanced lus are preserved on detraining (10).
strength level, such as performing the individuals, respectively (1,23). Other Therefore, even if the individual is not
bench press exercise with 120% of body studies also suggest that advanced indi- training, consideration of previous train-
mass and squat with 150% of body mass viduals are closer to their strength ing experience can help formulate an
(72). Some authors have sought a com- potential and may require higher train- appropriate training prescription, assum-
plete classification and considered, in ing frequencies versus beginners (16,68). ing that reattainment of previous adap-
addition to the time of practice, the level However, using only the time of train- tations will occur faster than those who
of technical experience and frequency of ing experience might be insufficient have never trained. Previously trained
training sessions (34). In addition, speci- and generate inaccurate classifications individuals would also still have muscle
ficity also seems to be an essential factor of training status because the quality memory to reduce the time needed to
because the individual can be physically of training may differ from individual learn exercises (8).
active but not have resistance training to individual.
experience (11). EXERCISE TECHNIQUE
TIME OF DETRAINING
The lack of consensus in determining The quality and efficiency of technique
Interruption of a training period may be
resistance training status may lead to in exercise execution is a factor that can
related to several causes such as illness,
misclassification of individuals and inef- influence the successfulness of a 1RM
injury, vacations, lack of time, motivation,
fective exercise prescriptions. In this attempt. Biomechanical anomalies such
and other factors (29,42). The magnitude
sense, an adequate classification and as greater peak forward barbell displace-
of muscle loss will depend on the period
determination of training status are ment, lower backward barbell velocities,
of detraining; short periods of interrup-
important for greater precision in exer- and lower resultant acceleration angles
tion, such as 3 weeks, do not inhibit the
cise prescription, leading to safe and can lead to an unsuccessful power clean
improvements in cross-sectional area and
optimal results. In addition, the use of 1RM attempt (33). Furthermore, proper
1RM (47). Intermediate detraining
standardization in determining the exercise technique optimizes the safety
periods, such as 4 to 8 months, seem to
training status of samples in scientific and effectiveness of the training stimulus
promote regression in muscle adapta-
research can help in the execution of to the associated musculature (35).
tions, but not returning to baseline levels
other studies to reproduce results under A previous study (52) showed that novice
(53,64). Longer detraining periods, such
the same conditions. Thus, the objective individuals performed with less reliability
as 1 year, tend to cause complete loss of
of this article was to propose a strategy across four 1RM tests in bench press and
muscle adaptations and functional perfor-
for decision making in the classification back squat (separated by 48–72 hours)
mance to baseline levels (14).
and determination of individual resis- versus advanced individuals. In novice
tance training status. Key determinants PREVIOUS TRAINING individuals, rapid neural adaptations can
of training status will be presented and EXPERIENCE improve posture and exercise execution,
discussed with the intent of improving Skeletal muscle size seems to be regu- resulting in progressively greater 1RM val-
the assignment of this variable in train- lated by the balance between anabolic ues over successive test days. The practice
ing prescription and scientific and catabolic signaling pathways (59). and repetition of a given movement
interventions. For example, 8 weeks of training can improves central control mechanisms in
79
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Determination of Resistance Training Status
kept neutral, and hip, knee, and shoul- use the mean score of the 4 exercises women, we propose the following per-
ders aligned. For the pulling exercises, (one for each pattern) to obtain a more centages: 40–59.9% for the bench press,
the following criteria must be met accurate value for the “exercise tech- 60–99.9% for the squat, and 80–119.9%
(36,70): (a) movement occurs in a fluid nique” parameter. If the result is between for the deadlift. For beginner women, we
and controlled manner and a complete 1 and 1.9, the rating for that item will be a propose the following percentages of
range of motion; (b) shoulders are held beginner; between 2 and 2.9 corresponds body mass: below 40% for bench press,
down away from the ears; and (c) head to intermediate; between 3 and 3.9 will below 60% for squat, and below 80% for
held centered and stable, spine curva- be advanced; and 4 points will be the deadlift.
tures kept neutral, and movements in highly advanced level. The strength references used for men
the trunk are avoided. For the squat in the pull-up exercise were as follows:
pattern, the following criteria must be STRENGTH LEVEL
weighted pull-up with at least 30% of
met (46): (a) hips are projected back To assess strength levels, we suggest 4 of body mass for highly advanced,
and down in a controlled manner at the main resistance exercises: bench weighted pull-up with at least 15% of
a constant speed until the tops of the press, pull-up, back squat, and deadlift. body mass for advanced, perform at
thighs are at least parallel to the The initial references used for strength least one unweighted pull-up for inter-
ground; (b) the return to the start posi- in advanced men were based on Wil- mediate, and individuals who are not
tion occurs with shoulders and hips loughby (72), who considered perfor- able to perform one unweighted pull-
rising at the same constant speed; mances in the bench press of at least up receive the score corresponding to
and (c) the movement is performed 120% of body mass and the squat of at beginner. Considering the greater diffi-
with the entire foot in contact with least 150% of body mass. Furthermore, culty of performing the pull-up exer-
the ground, knees toward the feet, and considering that higher maximal loads cise compared with men (31), the
trunk parallel to the tibia. For the hip are typically exhibited for the deadlift references used for women were as fol-
hinge pattern, the following points versus the back squat (20), a deadlift of lows: weighted pull-up with at least
should be observed (3,7): (a) implement at least 180% of body mass was stipu- 10% of body mass for highly advanced
is lifted while maintaining a straight back, lated for advanced individuals. There- and at least one unweighted pull-up for
with the knees and hips extending simul- fore, we propose that when strength is advanced. We used the criterion to per-
taneously; (b) in the initial position, the used as a variable to classify training sta- form half pull-up, when the position of
shoulders must be slightly in front of the tus, highly advanced men should be able 90 degrees of flexion at the elbow is
bar, and the implement must remain to lift more than 120% in the bench reached (54), to score corresponding
close to the individual throughout the press, more than 150% in the back squat, to intermediate, and women who can-
movement; and (c) the movement must and more than 180% in the deadlift. not perform at least half pull-up to
end with the hips and knees completely Advanced men should be at the follow- receive the score corresponding to
extended. ing percentages of body mass: 100–120% beginner.
for the bench press, 120–150% for the
To score the exercise technique, the back squat, and 150–180% for the dead- At least one exercise for upper limbs
number of fulfilled criteria for each exer- lift. For intermediate men, we propose and one exercise for lower limbs must
cise must be considered: if the 3 criteria the following percentages of body mass: be used, but it is also possible to use
are met, the score will be 4 (correspond- 60–99.9% for the bench press, 80–119.9% the mean score of the 4 exercises to
ing to highly advanced); if 2 criteria are for the back squat, and 100–149.9% for obtain a more accurate value for the
met, the score will be 3 (corresponding the deadlift. For beginner men, we pro- “strength level” parameter. Based on
to advanced); if one criterion is met, the pose the following percentages of body the proposed criteria, if the scenario
score will be 2 (corresponding to inter- mass: below 60% for the bench press, arises in which an individual scores in
mediate); and if no criteria are met, the below 80% for the back squat, and below different categories for different exer-
score will be 1 (corresponding to begin- 100% for the deadlift. Considering the cises, then we suggest taking the mean
ner). If for 2 of the exercises (e.g., deadlift differences in the strength level between to assess the strength level. If the mean
and squat), the individual gets a score sexes, and that the differences for the result across 2, 3, or 4 exercises is
corresponding to a beginner (1 point), lower body are smaller than those for between 1 and 1.9, the rating for that
and in another 2 exercises (e.g., bench the upper body (30,45), we propose for individual must be beginner; between 2
press and pull-up), the individual gets a highly advanced women more than 80% and 2.9, intermediate; between 3 and
score corresponding to advanced (3 in the bench press, more than 130% in 3.9, advanced; and 4 points, highly
points), the mean between the values is the back squat, and more than 160% in advanced.
used as the overall score (e.g., in this case the deadlift. For advanced women, we
it will be 2, corresponding to an inter- propose the following percentages of USAGE PROCEDURES
mediate). At least one exercise for upper body mass: 60–80% for the bench press, All parameters used are illustrated in the
limbs and one exercise for lower limbs 100–130% for the back squat, and 120– Figure, with their corresponding criteria
must be used, but it is also possible to 160% for the deadlift. For intermediate synthesized in Table 1. The determination
81
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Determination of Resistance Training Status
Table 1
Parameters and criteria used
schemes and is justified by the wide previous training experience or the Although the ACSM and NSCA did
variety of possibilities for individuals time without regular training, only not consider strength levels to deter-
who are in the advanced category. considering whether the individual mine training status, some studies
Although the aforementioned guide- was currently training or not. The have used current uninterrupted
lines present prescription recommen- proposed model considers these 2 training time in addition to the
dations for beginners, intermediate, aspects, as both can determine the strength level as an inclusion crite-
and advanced individuals (excluding appropriate exercise dose. Regarding rion for advanced individuals. Stone
the highly advanced or athletes, prob- exercise technique, the NSCA’s et al. (65) conducted a study in which
ably because there are not enough approach considered technical expe- the sample had to be able to lift at
data in the literature to establish rec- rience and skill in a very general way, least 110 kg and 130% of the body
ommendations for these individuals), classifying only as “none or minimal” mass in the back squat exercise. Ma-
it is possible that this category needs a for beginners, “basic” for intermedi- tuszak et al. (44) used a stricter cri-
greater training dose to maximize neu- ate, and “high” for advanced individ- terion of relative strength,
romuscular adaptations (21,48,49). uals, and the ACSM does not establishing 150% of body mass in
Both classification schemes did not consider this aspect in determining the back squat and experience of at
take into account the individual’s training status. least 2 years with this exercise.
Table 2
Example 1
Beginner (1 point) Intermediate (2 points) Advanced (3 points) Highly advanced (4 points)
Similarly, Willoughby (72) and been training? How long have you been better explore individual adaptative
recently Aube et al. (5) also used a without training? How long have you responses (55,56). Scarpelli et al. (56)
cutoff point of 150% of body mass in been training before you quit?) and at showed that individualization in the
the back squat, in addition to at least least 4 tests (2 technique tests and 2 training volume prescription (per-
3 years of experience with free strength tests). The current proposal forming 1.2 times the number of sets
weights. For upper limbs, one study has some limitations, such as the possi- each participant was performing
required at least 3 years of experience bility that an advanced individual may before the commencement of the
and being able to lift 100% of body not have consistent experience with experimental protocol) promoted
weight in the bench press (24). Weir free-weight lifts. Furthermore, heavier greater gains in muscle cross-
et al. (71) established 125% of body individuals may have a disadvantage sectional area compared with the
mass in the bench press and 2 years because their body mass is not added group that performed a standardized
of experience, and Willoughby (72) in the sum of the total load lifted in cer- volume. Although this information is
established 120% of body mass in tain exercises (squat and deadlift), and not part of the proposed model, this
the bench press and 3 years of expe- also considering that different body pro- and other information must be
rience with this exercise. It is impor- portions can interfere with strength per- acquired in the anamnesis, so the
tant to note that the references used formance (41), there is not a linear training prescription is more accurate
in this study and in the aforemen- relationship between the maximum load and results in the long-term program
tioned studies are for most resistance lifted and body mass among athletes of adherence and achieving of the indi-
training practitioners, and not for different weight categories (12). More- vidual’s goals.
athletes. In a variety of sports that over, heavier individuals also have a dis-
require the performance of fast advantage in the pull-up exercise (54). PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
movements (e.g., jumping, running, Another limitation would be applying Considering that resistance training
and changing direction), strong ath- the model to older individuals, who prescription is based on the individ-
letes can squat 2.0 to 2.53 their body may have the prerequisites to be consid- ual’s conditioning level, the proposed
mass (66). Professional powerlifters ered advanced practitioners but are at a model represents an important and
can reach even greater intensities, disadvantage in terms of strength level. necessary advance in the classifica-
e.g., 270%, 174%, and almost 320% Therefore, practitioners still must use tion and determination of training
of body mass for back squat, bench some subjectivity in determining training status. Therefore, it can be a useful
press, and deadlift, respectively (38). status aside from objective criteria. support tool for practitioners’ deci-
Considering that the metrics for resis- In addition, the training status is a sion making in training prescription
tance training are more likely to be fundamental parameter for the train- practice. Moreover, researchers can
applied successfully if they are simple to ing prescription, but it must be com- better detail a sample and reproduce
implement and easy to calculate (61), the bined with other aspects such as results under the same conditions in
present proposal sought to use basic resis- individual preferences and the train- future studies.
tance training parameters and a simple ing volume previously performed by Conflicts of Interest and Source of Funding:
calculation procedure, using 3 quick ques- the practitioner to increase the preci- The authors report no conflicts of interest
tions to be acquired (How long have you sion of resistance training effects and and no source of funding.
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Determination of Resistance Training Status
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Determination of Resistance Training Status
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