Unit 2

Ex1
1) Greatest Invention of the Decade:
- This could vary based on personal interests, but some might argue that
advancements in renewable energy technologies, like improved solar panels or energy
storage solutions, have been groundbreaking. Others might point to breakthroughs in
medical science, such as CRISPR technology for gene editing.
2) Researcher’s Life:
- A researcher's life is often characterized by curiosity, persistence, and a love for
learning. It involves a combination of intense focus, experimentation, and the
excitement of making discoveries. The process can be both rewarding and
challenging, requiring a balance between collaboration and independent thinking.
3) World’s Most Dangerous Invention:
- Nuclear weapons are often considered the most dangerous invention due to their
destructive power and potential for catastrophic consequences. The ability to harness
nuclear energy has both beneficial and perilous implications.
4) Coolest Invention Ever:
- This is subjective, but many might argue that the Internet holds this title. Its
impact on communication, information sharing, and global connectivity has been
transformative.
5) Thoughts on Inventing:
- People might share ideas for inventions they've thought about, ranging from
practical solutions to everyday problems to more futuristic concepts. Some may
express a desire to contribute positively to society through their inventions.
6) Internet vs. Electricity:
- Both are crucial, and it's difficult to compare directly as they serve different
purposes. Electricity is fundamental for powering our daily lives, while the Internet
has revolutionized communication and information access. One could argue that
without electricity, the Internet wouldn't be possible.
7) Invention to Combat Global Warming:
- This could involve innovative solutions in renewable energy, carbon capture
technologies, or sustainable practices in various industries. Ideas might range from
advancements in clean energy production to more efficient waste management
systems.
8) Invention for Parents:
- Answers might vary, but some may suggest time-saving devices or technologies
that enhance comfort. Examples could include smart home systems, health monitoring
devices, or user-friendly gadgets that simplify daily tasks.
9) Wealth and New Inventions:
- While successful inventions can lead to wealth, it's not guaranteed. Factors such as
market demand, business strategy, and intellectual property rights play crucial roles.
Many inventors face challenges in bringing their ideas to market.
10) World’s Greatest Researcher/Inventor:
- Answers will differ, but historical figures like Thomas Edison, Nikola Tesla,
Marie Curie, or more recent innovators like Elon Musk or Steve Jobs might be
mentioned. Each has made significant contributions in their respective fields.

Ex2
Research work Наукова робота
Undergraduate research Наукова дослідницька робота студента
to carry out the research проводити дослідження
is guided by a faculty member керується викладачем
to meet the demands відповідати вимогам
scientific methods наукові методи
expanding and deepening knowledge розширювати і поглиблювати знання
to ground the results obtained закріпити отримані результати
to meet the challenge відповідати виклику
identifying a research problem визначення проблеми для дослідження
objectives цілі
hypotheses гіпотези
scientific adviser науковий керівник
makes critical comments on each draft робить критичні зауваження до кожного
чернетки
identify keywords визначити ключові слова
refine a topic вдосконалити тему
citing them accurately точно цитувати їх
footnotes виноски
reference list список літератури
defend захищати
are awarded the Bachelor нагороджують ступінь бакалавра
Master degree магістрська ступінь

Ex3
1)true
2)true
3)true
4)false
5)true
6)false
7)true
8)false

Ex4
scientific adviser Research mentor
undergraduate research Student research
to ground the results obtained Substantiate results
hypothesis theory, educated guess
to investigate the problem explore the question
project timeline research plan
to refine a topic focus the research
evaluate sources Assess sources

Ex5
1. Відповідати вимогам (To meet the demands):
The product should meet the demands of the market to be successful.
2. Поглиблювати знання (To deepen knowledge):
Attending workshops and seminars helps students deepen their knowledge
in specific areas.
3. Практичні навички (Practical skills):
Internships provide students with valuable practical skills in their chosen
field.
4. Під керівництвом (Under the guidance of):
She conducted her research project under the guidance of a renowned
professor.
5. Ступінь бакалавра (Bachelor's degree):
After four years of study, she earned a Bachelor's degree in Computer
Science.
6. Проводити наукове дослідження (To carry out scientific research):
The university encourages students to actively participate and carry out
scientific research projects.
7. Основні розділи (Main sections):
The research paper should include the main sections, such as the
introduction, methodology, results, and conclusion.
8. Визначити ключові слова (Identify keywords):
When writing a research paper, it's essential to identify keywords to improve
the searchability of your work.
9. Уникати плагіату (Avoid plagiarism):
Students are taught to properly cite sources and avoid plagiarism in their
academic papers.
10.Список посилань (Reference list):
 Include a reference list at the end of your paper to acknowledge the sources
you used in your research.
11.Захищати наукову роботу (Defend a research work):
After completing the research project, students must defend their work
before a panel of experts.
12.Присуджувати ступінь (Award a degree):
The university awards a Master's degree to students who successfully
complete their graduate program.

Ex6
1) Research work of students is one of the significant components of higher
education because it offers students a unique opportunity to apply what they
have learned in a practical setting. It allows them to develop critical thinking,
problem-solving, and research skills, which are essential for their future
careers.
2) –
3) The research process starts with identifying a research problem and conducting
a literature review to gain an understanding of the context. Researchers then
formulate research questions, objectives, and hypotheses based on the identified
problem.
4) Scientific research is typically supervised by senior staff members, often those
who hold a candidate or doctorate degree. These individuals provide guidance,
feedback, and support to students conducting research projects.
5) Students can expect assistance from their scientific advisers in various ways,
such as regular meetings to discuss progress and solve research-related
problems. Advisers also review major sections of research papers and provide
critical comments on drafts.
6) It is important to cite sources to acknowledge and give credit to the original
authors and to avoid plagiarism. Proper citation allows readers to verify the
information and sources used in the research.
Ex7
1. Science – scientist – scientific:
- Science (Noun): The systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical
and natural world through observation and experiment.
- Scientist (Noun): A person who is engaged in scientific research and investigation.
- Scientific (Adjective): Pertaining to or based on the principles and methods of
science.
Example Sentences:
- The field of science has made remarkable advancements in recent years.
- As a scientist, she specializes in scientific research related to climate change.
2. Apply – application – applicable:
- Apply (Verb): To put to use for a particular purpose; to make use of.
 - Application (Noun): The act of applying or the use of something for a specific
purpose.
- Applicable (Adjective): Capable of being applied or used in a particular situation.
Example Sentences:
- She decided to apply her knowledge of programming to develop a new software
application.
- The principles taught in the physics class are applicable to real-world engineering
challenges.
3. Research – researcher:
- Research (Noun/Verb): The systematic investigation into and study of materials and
sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
- Researcher (Noun): A person who conducts research.
Example Sentences:
- The research on sustainable energy sources is crucial for addressing environmental
concerns.
- A dedicated researcher spent months collecting data for the groundbreaking study.
4. Experiment – experimenter – experimental – experimentally:
- Experiment (Noun/Verb): A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery,
test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact.
- Experimenter (Noun): A person who conducts experiments.
- Experimental (Adjective): Relating to or based on experiments.
- Experimentally (Adverb): In the manner of an experiment.
Example Sentences:
- The chemistry students conducted an experiment to observe the reaction between
different chemicals.
- The experimental results supported the hypothesis proposed by the experimenter.
5. Theory – theoretician – theoretical – theoretically:
- Theory (Noun): A supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something.
- Theoretician (Noun): A person who develops or studies theories.
- Theoretical (Adjective): Based on or calculated through theory.
- Theoretically (Adverb): In a way that is based on theory.
Example Sentences:
- The physicist proposed a new theory to explain the observed phenomenon.
- The theoretician spent years developing the theoretical framework for the
groundbreaking research.
6. Communicate – communication – communicative:
- Communicate (Verb): To share information, thoughts, or feelings with others.
- Communication (Noun): The imparting or exchanging of information or news.
- Communicative (Adjective): Inclined to communicate or talk freely.
Example Sentences:
- Effective communication is essential in fostering collaboration within a team.
- She is known for being highly communicative, always keeping the team informed
about project updates.
7. Supervise – supervisor – supervision:
- Supervise (Verb): To oversee and direct the work of others.
- Supervisor (Noun): A person who supervises others.
- Supervision (Noun): The action or process of watching and directing what someone
does.
Example Sentences:
- The manager will supervise the team to ensure that the project progresses smoothly.
- Under the supervision of the experienced mentor, the intern gained valuable skills in
project management.

Ex8
1) The supervisor reviewed each section of my research paper and encouraged me to
refine the topic of the work.
2) Paraphrasing can help avoid repetition when writing a scientific article aimed to
be published in the academic journal.
3) As graduates, we have goals and write a diploma paper based on its results.
4) He received the award for his research in this field, as he managed to meet the
challenge of creating the highest quality software for the business sector.
5) Both advisors and peers took part in discussing the research project conducted by
the students of our group.
6) It is important to cite accurately in the research paper as this ensures that the
sources you use receive proper credit for the author’s work.
7) She addressed me with the request to proofread a draft of the document she was
compiling for the meeting.
8) Any research starts with identifying a research problem and setting objectives of
the study; then follows collecting, processing, and analyzing the data.

Ex9
I am currently planning to embark on a research project that focuses on enhancing the
efficiency and performance of backend development in the context of C#/.NET
technologies. The nature of the problem I aim to address revolves around optimizing
the backend processes to meet the ever-growing demands of modern web
applications. The purpose of my research is to identify and implement innovative
solutions that can significantly improve the overall functionality and responsiveness
of backend systems developed using C#/.NET.
In this research, I plan to employ a combination of qualitative and quantitative
methods. I intend to conduct an in-depth literature review to gain insights into
existing methodologies and best practices in backend development within the
C#/.NET framework. This will provide a solid foundation for understanding the
current state of the field and identifying areas for improvement.
To collect empirical data, I plan to carry out extensive performance testing on various
backend architectures and configurations. This involves designing and implementing
experiments to measure factors such as response time, resource utilization, and
scalability under different conditions. The data obtained from these experiments will
be crucial in evaluating the effectiveness of different optimization techniques.
Additionally, I will explore the application of advanced algorithms and data structures
to enhance data processing and storage capabilities within the backend systems. This
may involve implementing and testing various algorithms for tasks such as data
retrieval, indexing, and caching to ensure optimal performance.
Throughout the research process, I will collaborate with industry experts and fellow
developers to gather feedback and insights. Regular discussions with advisers and
peers will contribute to refining the research methodology and ensuring the validity
and reliability of the findings.
In summary, my research work aims to contribute to the field of backend
development in C#/.NET by addressing performance challenges through a
comprehensive investigation, experimentation, and implementation of innovative
solutions. The ultimate goal is to provide developers with valuable insights and tools
to create highly efficient and scalable backend systems for contemporary web
applications.

Ex10
Role of Scientific Communication: Scientific communication plays a vital role in
promoting scientific ideas. It serves as the bridge between the scientific community
and the broader world. Effective communication of research findings through
journals, conferences, and media helps disseminate knowledge, raise awareness of
important discoveries, and facilitate collaboration among researchers. It enables
scientists to share their work, receive feedback, and build on the work of others,
leading to the advancement of scientific knowledge.
Importance of Criticism in Research: Criticism is essential for research progress
because it helps identify flaws, inconsistencies, or biases in research methodologies
and findings. Constructive criticism challenges researchers to refine their methods,
enhance the validity of their results, and avoid errors. Criticism can also lead to
innovative solutions and alternative perspectives, driving research forward and
encouraging continuous improvement in the scientific process.

Process of Writing a Scientific Article: Writing a scientific article involves several

key steps. It begins with selecting a research topic and conducting a thorough
literature review to build a strong theoretical foundation. Researchers then define
research questions, hypotheses, and methods. Data collection and analysis follow, and
the results are interpreted in the context of the research questions. The article's
structure typically includes sections like the abstract, introduction, methodology,
results, discussion, and conclusion. Peer review and revision are crucial stages to
ensure the article's quality, accuracy, and adherence to publication standards before
submitting it to a scientific journal for publication.

Ex13
Summary
The article discusses the top 10 most popular programming languages and provides
insights into their strengths and weaknesses. The languages covered include Java, C,
C++, PHP, VB (Visual Basic), Python, C#, JavaScript, Perl, and Ruby.
Java, known for its code portability and popularity, is highlighted as a well-organized
language with widespread use in university computer science classes. C, a compiled
procedural language, is praised for its speed and continued relevance in system
programming. C++ introduces object-orientation to C, making it suitable for diverse
applications but is considered older and clumsier.
PHP, initially designed for dynamic web pages, has evolved into a widely used
language for web applications despite criticisms of inconsistency and security issues.
Visual Basic is portrayed as a Windows-specific language for scripting applications.
Python, recognized for its readability and overall philosophy, is a preferred choice for
Google and Ubuntu.
C#, a Microsoft-developed language, is powerful but limited to Windows platforms.
JavaScript, primarily used for web browser scripting, faces challenges outside the
browser context. Perl, known for text processing and system administration, has
declined in popularity compared to a decade ago. Ruby, an object-oriented language,
is praised for its object-oriented nature but criticized for its slower speed.
The summary adheres to the dos and don'ts of summary writing, presenting key
information without personal opinions or exceeding half the original length. The
structure follows the provided scheme, providing a clear overview of each
programming language discussed in the article.

Ex14
1. T 5. T
2. T 6. T
3. T 7. F
4. F 8. T

Ex15
1. Compiler:
Explanation: A compiler is a program that translates source code written in a high-
level programming language into machine code or an intermediate code. It
essentially converts the human-readable code written by a programmer into a form
that a computer's CPU can understand and execute.
2. Object-oriented language:
Explanation: An object-oriented programming (OOP) language is a type of
programming language that is designed around the concept of "objects." Objects
are instances of classes, which encapsulate data and behavior.
3. Code portability:
Explanation: Code portability refers to the ability of a program or software to run
on different computer architectures or operating systems without requiring
significant modifications. Portable code can be executed on various platforms,
enhancing its versatility and reducing the need for platform-specific adaptations.
4. WORA (Write Once, Run Anywhere):
Explanation: WORA is a principle associated with certain programming
languages, like Java. It means that code written in such a language can be executed
without modification on different platforms or devices.
5. Office suites:
Explanation: Office suites are comprehensive software packages that typically
include a variety of productivity tools for tasks commonly performed in an office
environment. These tools often include word processors, spreadsheets,
presentation software, and other applications to facilitate document creation, data
analysis, and presentation development.
6. Dynamic web pages:
Explanation: Dynamic web pages are web pages that can change and adapt content
in response to user interactions or other events. Unlike static web pages that
remain fixed until manually updated, dynamic pages can retrieve and display real-
time data, respond to user inputs, and provide a more interactive and personalized
user experience.

Ex16
- Embedded systems (вбудовані системи):
Embedded systems are widely used in industry to automate and control
various processes.
- Multi-paradigm language (багатопарадигмальна мова):
Python is a multi-paradigm programming language that supports both
object-oriented and procedural approaches.
- A run-time interpreter (інтерпретатор часу виконання):
Javascript uses a run-time interpreter to execute code without having to
compile it before execution.
- Fully featured object-oriented programming language
(повнофункціональна об'єктно-орієнтована мова програмування):
 Java is a full-featured object-oriented programming language that provides a
rich set of capabilities for creating programs.
- A direct descendant (прямий нащадок):
Python is a direct descendant of the ABC programming language developed
in the 80s.
- To use indentation for readability (використовувати відступи для
зручності читання):
Using indentation for code readability is an important principle in Python.
- Web form validation (перевірка веб-форм):
Web form validation helps ensure the correctness of user input on websites.
Ex17
1) Research industry trends, job demands, and task compatibility within your
chosen IT field.
2) Java is well-organized, has a strong library, promotes code portability with the
JVM, and is commonly taught in universities.
3) C is a procedural language, C++ adds object-orientation, and C# is an object-
oriented language developed by Microsoft.
4) PHP excels in web programming with good documentation but has weaknesses
in inconsistent syntax and security concerns.
5) JavaScript is the only reliable way for client-side web programming.
6) Perl historically excelled in text processing, but newer programmers often
prefer languages like PHP, Python, and Ruby. Among the three, Perl is still
recognized for text processing and system administration scripting.
Ex18
Swift is a powerful, fast and intuitive programming language. As stated on
apple.com, it is up to 2.6x faster than Objective-C and 8.4x faster than Python. It turns
out to be efficient as it can eliminate the constraints of C compatibility. Swift was
released by Apple in 2014 as a replacement for the presently declining Objective-C,
and it is no longer an alternative to the before-mentioned technology being, in fact,
the native language of iOS, macOS, watchOS, and tvOS applications. So, despite its
remarkable reliability and Apple’s attempts to turn Swift into a general-purpose
programming language, its use remains a bit limited. It can be assumed that Swift
will continue to face tough competition from such technologies as React Native and
Flutter.

Ex19
JavaScript (JS) is an interesting language to learn. On one hand, it's relatively easy for
beginners to get started with, thanks to its syntax similarities with other programming
languages. The ability to run in web browsers makes it accessible for immediate
testing and experimentation. The vast amount of online resources and a strong
developer community contribute to the ease of learning.
However, mastering JavaScript can be a bit challenging due to its flexibility and
quirks. Its asynchronous nature and event-driven paradigm, especially when dealing
with features like callbacks and promises, can be initially confusing for learners.
Additionally, the language's permissiveness can lead to potential pitfalls if not
understood thoroughly.
The constant evolution of JavaScript with new frameworks and libraries adds both
excitement and complexity. Keeping up with the rapidly changing ecosystem can be
demanding, especially for those who are new to programming.
In conclusion, while JavaScript is beginner-friendly and allows for quick wins,
mastering it involves delving into its intricacies, asynchronous nature, and staying
abreast of the evolving landscape. The journey may have its challenges, but the
versatility and ubiquity of JS make it a valuable skill to acquire in the ever-expanding
world of web development.

Ex20
draw and keep the attention of Намалюйте та приверніть увагу до
profound evidence-based глибокі докази, підкріплені даними
bar chart стовпчаста діаграма
line graph лінійний графік
pie chart кругова діаграма
diagram схема
labelled підписані
Graphs графіки
plotting побудова
adjacent поруч
сross or intersect перетинаються або перетинають
run parallel паралельно
іncrease збільшення
decrease зменшення
rise зростання
grow зростати
fall падіння
drop спад
decline зниження
halve падіння наполовину
soar стрибати вгору
plummet впасти
appreciate оцінювати
depreciate депреціювати
exceed перевищувати
 Fall below впасти нижче
independent of each other. незалежно один від одного.
legend легенда
overlap перекривати
flowchart блок-схема
To catch your audience’s attention Привернути увагу вашої аудиторії
on a grid на сітці
speed of a change: швидкість зміни

Ex21
1.True
2.False
3.True
4.True
5.True
6.False
7.True
8.True

Ex22
1. A profound evidence-based work: This refers to a comprehensive and deeply rooted
body of work supported by substantial evidence. Synonyms: in-depth evidence-
supported research
2. To plot points on a graph: This action involves marking or placing individual data
points on a graph to visually represent their values. Synonyms: mark on a graph
3. Adjacent points: Points that are positioned next to or immediately neighboring each
other on a graph or within a dataset. Synonyms: neighboring points
4. To plummet: Describes a rapid and steep decrease or fall in something, such as a
value or quantity. Synonyms: plunge
5. Key factors: These are crucial elements or variables that significantly impact a
situation, outcome, or result. Synonyms: critical components
6. To come in handy: Refers to something being useful or convenient in a particular
situation. Synonyms: be useful
7. X-axis: In a graph, the horizontal line representing the independent variable or the
category being measured or compared. It typically runs horizontally from left to right.
Synonyms: horizontal axis
8. To stay constant: Indicates that something remains unchanged or maintains a
consistent value over a period of time. Synonyms: remain steady

Ex23
1. Представити дані візуально - Visualize data
The best way to communicate these statistics is to visualize data through graphs and
charts.
2. запам'ятати основні моменти - Memorize main points
It's essential to memorize the main points of the presentation to ensure a
comprehensive understanding
3. відобразити зв’язки між двома чи більше елементами - Show relationships
between two or more elements
The scatter plot graph is perfect for showing relationships between two or more
variables.
4. кругова діаграма - Pie chart
The pie chart illustrates the percentage distribution of our expenses.
5. поперечний переріз - Cross-section
The geologist studied the rock's cross-section to understand its composition
6. стовпці та рядки - Columns and rows
In the spreadsheet, the columns represent months, while the rows contain sales figures
7. блок-схема – Flowchart
The flowchart outlines the steps in the manufacturing process
8. збільшитися вдвічі - Double
Over the past year, our sales have doubled, reaching an all-time high
9. продемонструвати тенденції - Demonstrate trends
The line graph effectively demonstrates the rising trend in website traffic
10. взаємозалежний - Interdependent
In this ecosystem, the various species are interdependent for survival
11. досягати верхньої точки - Reach a peak point
The demand for the product reached a peak point during the holiday season
12. різко знижуватися - Sharp decrease
After the policy change, there was a sharp decrease in customer complaints
13. вертикальна вісь - Vertical axis
The vertical axis shows the population growth over the years
14. взаємозамінний - Interchangeable
In this context, "cost-effective" and "economical" are interchangeable terms

Ex24
1. They are used because visual representations simplify complex information, aid in
understanding patterns, and engage audiences effectively.
2. The main types are bar graphs, line graphs, pie charts, and diagrams.
3. Graphs are drawn by plotting points and connecting them with lines. They show
relationships or trends between variables.
4. A histogram displays continuous data distribution, while a bar chart represents
categorical data in separate columns or bars.
5. Line graphs can show dependencies between two objects over time, illustrating
trends or correlations.
6. Line graphs are best for illustrating dependencies between two objects over time
due to their ability to represent trends.
7. A key or legend is a part of a chart or graph that explains the symbols, colors, or
categories represented in the visual.
8. A diagram illustrates processes or connections between elements, while a pie chart
shows how parts contribute to a whole.
9. A cross-section can describe the internal structure or layers of something, such as
geological formations or models.
10. Verbs like rise, increase, decline, fall, soar, plummet, and adjectives like sharp,
gradual, significant, and slight.
11. Comparison words like more than, less than, majority, versus, and greater than can
illustrate how parts contribute to the whole in a pie chart.
12. Yes, they should. Clarity in visuals ensures easier understanding, reducing the
need for extensive explanation and aiding in effective communication of data.

Ex25
1. Label the axes, otherwise your audience won’t know what they are looking at.
2. Different segments of the pie chart show the number of survey participants in each
age group.
3. A table is a grid with columns and rows of numbers.
4. People’s salaries usually reach their peak when they are in their late 40s.
5. He drew the flowchart showing the stages of his research project over three years.
6. To exceed means to increase to greater than a particular number or amount.
7. The two lines on the graph intersect at point B.
8. If you look at two adjacent columns in a table, they are situated next to each other.

Ex29

1. Dynamic: (Adjective) Characterized by constant change, activity, or progress. In

the context of a presentation, it refers to keeping the audience engaged and interested.
2. ImRaD Principle: (Acronym) Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. A
structure commonly used in scientific writing and presentations.
3. Quintessential: (Adjective) Representing the most perfect or typical example of a
quality or class. In the context of the article, it suggests including only the most
essential and representative information.
4. Compelling: (Adjective) Evoking interest, attention, or admiration in a powerfully
irresistible way. A compelling presentation is one that captivates and engages the
audience.
5. Impostor Syndrome: (Noun) A psychological pattern in which an individual doubts
their skills, talents, or accomplishments and has a persistent internalized fear of being
exposed as a "fraud," despite evidence of their competence.
6. Enunciate: (Verb) To pronounce words clearly and distinctly. Enunciating is
important for effective communication during a presentation.
7. Adaptable: (Adjective) Capable of adjusting to different conditions; flexible. In the
context of a presentation, being adaptable refers to the ability to handle unexpected
situations or disruptions.
8. Take-home message: (Noun) The main point or key message that the audience
should remember after the presentation. It is usually summarized at the end of the
talk.
9. Memorized closing statement: (Phrase) A pre-prepared, memorized statement that
summarizes the key message of the research and serves as a conclusion to the
presentation.
10. Professional profile: (Noun) A summary or representation of an individual's
professional qualifications, achievements, and experience. Giving compelling
presentations contributes to building a strong professional profile.
11. Investment in your scientific and professional development: (Phrase) Allocating
time and effort into activities that contribute to improving one's skills, knowledge, and
overall professional growth. Preparing and practicing presentations is considered an
investment in this context.

Ex30
1) F 6) T
2) T 7) F
3) T 8) T
4) F 9) T
5) T 10) F

Ex31

1. Prerequisite: Something that is required or necessary as a condition before

something else can happen. It's a necessary preliminary step or condition.
2. In logical sequence: Arranged or ordered in a way that follows a clear and sensible
structure or order of reasoning.
3. To note shortcomings: To observe or make a record of the weaknesses or faults in
something. It involves acknowledging areas that need improvement or where there are
deficiencies.
4. Target audience: The specific group of people at whom a product, service, or
message is aimed. It's the intended recipients or consumers of a particular content or
communication.
5. Quint-essential: Representing the most perfect or typical example of a quality or
class. It refers to the purest and most essential form of something.
6. Credibility: The quality of being trusted and believed in. It's the degree to which
something or someone is considered reliable and trustworthy.
7. To project confidence: To display or convey a strong sense of assurance and self-
assuredness. It involves presenting oneself in a way that inspires trust and belief.
8. Take-home message: The key or essential point that one is supposed to remember
or understand after experiencing or learning something. It's the main lesson or
conclusion.

Ex32

1. To capture and hold the attention of the audience:

- Equivalent: To engage and maintain the audience's focus.
- Example: The speaker used humor and real-life examples to capture and hold the
attention of the audience throughout the presentation.
2. To draft the abstract and manuscript:
- Equivalent: To compose the summary and written document.
- Example: Before submitting the research paper, it's crucial to carefully draft the
abstract and manuscript to ensure clarity and accuracy.
3.Visual aids:
-Equivalent: Presentation visuals or supporting materials.
- Example: The professor utilized various visual aids, including charts and graphs,
to enhance the understanding of complex concepts.
4. To elucidate methods:
- Equivalent: To clarify or explain research methods.
- Example: During the presentation, the researcher took the time to elucidate the
methods employed in the experiment, ensuring the audience grasped the procedural
details.
5. To deliver the presentation:
- Equivalent: To present or give the talk.
-Example: As part of the conference agenda, each participant had the opportunity to
deliver their presentation on the latest advancements in their respective fields.
6. Flow of information:
-Equivalent:The movement or organization of information.
- Example: A well-structured essay maintains a smooth flow of information, guiding
the reader through the logical progression of ideas.
7. Time allotment:
- Equivalent: Designated time or allocated duration.
- Example: The speaker adhered to the time allotment, ensuring that the presentation
stayed within the scheduled timeframe.
8. Brief statements:
- Equivalent: Concise or succinct expressions.
- Example: Instead of lengthy explanations, the presenter opted for brief statements
to convey the main points effectively.
9. To support your key messages with data:
- Equivalent:To substantiate core messages with factual information.
 - Example: In scientific presentations, it's essential to support key messages with
relevant data to enhance credibility.
10. To master the skill:
- Equivalent: To become proficient or excel in a particular skill.
- Example: Through consistent practice and learning, she aimed to master the skill
of delivering impactful presentations.
11. To stand one in good stead for the rest of the career:
- Equivalent: To provide long-term benefits or advantages for one's career.
- Example: Acquiring strong communication skills can stand professionals in good
stead for the rest of their careers, opening doors to various opportunities.
12. New employment opportunities:
- Equivalent: Fresh career prospects.
- Example: Learning additional languages can create new employment
opportunities, especially in multinational companies.
13. To rehearse your talk:
- Equivalent:To practice or run through the presentation.
- Example: Before the conference, it's advisable to rehearse your talk multiple times
to ensure a polished and confident delivery.
14. To deal with presentation nerves:
- Equivalent: To manage or cope with nervousness related to presenting.
- Example: Deep breathing exercises can be helpful in dealing with presentation
nerves, allowing the speaker to maintain composure.
15. To fight off impostor syndrome:
- Equivalent: To combat feelings of impostor syndrome.
- Example: Acknowledging achievements and seeking mentorship can be effective
strategies to fight off impostor syndrome in a competitive work environment.
16. To settle one’s nerves:
-Equivalent: To calm or soothe one's nervousness.
- Example: A few minutes of meditation before going on stage can help settle one's
nerves and promote a focused mindset.
17. To project voice as much as you can:
- Equivalent: To speak loudly and clearly.
- Example: In a large auditorium, it's essential to project your voice as much as you
can to ensure everyone can hear your presentation.
18. To enunciate words:
- Equivalent: To articulate or pronounce words clearly.
- Example: Public speakers are often trained to enunciate words precisely to
enhance communication.
19. Don’t mumble or trail off awkwardly:
- Equivalent: Avoid speaking unclearly or tapering off abruptly.
- Example: Effective communication involves clear articulation; speakers should
consciously avoid mumbling or trailing off awkwardly.
20. To emphasize key points:
- Equivalent: To highlight or underscore crucial aspects.
- Example: The use of visual aids can help speakers emphasize key points, ensuring
they leave a lasting impression on the audience.
21. Disruptions to talks can occur:
- Equivalent: Interruptions during presentations are possible.
- Example: It's important to be prepared for technical disruptions, as unforeseen
events or technical issues can occur during talks.
22. Closing statement:
- Equivalent: Final remarks or concluding comments.
- Example:The speaker concluded the presentation with a powerful closing
statement that summarized the main findings and key takeaways.
23. To call for questions:
- Equivalent: To invite or request questions from the audience.
- Example: The moderator concluded the session by calling for questions from the
audience, encouraging an interactive discussion.
24. On one’s behalf:
- Equivalent: In one's place or as a representative.
- Example: The assistant asked questions on behalf of the absent participant during
the Q&A session.
25. To anticipate questions in advance:
- Equivalent: To predict or expect questions before they are asked.
- Example: Skilled presenters often anticipate questions in advance, preparing
thoughtful responses to ensure a smooth Q&A session.
26. Compelling scientific presentation:
- Equivalent: A captivating or persuasive scientific presentation.
- Example: The researcher delivered a compelling scientific presentation,
effectively communicating complex ideas to a diverse audience.

Ex33
33.
1) A successful presentation is dynamic, informative, and engaging. It captures and
holds the audience's attention while effectively conveying the key messages or
findings. It should be well-structured, clear, and memorable.
2) An effective presenter is someone who has a deep understanding of the subject
matter, can communicate ideas clearly, engages the audience, and delivers
information in a compelling manner. Confidence, proper preparation, and the ability
to adapt to the audience contribute to effective presentation skills.
3) Lecture formats, content, and the logical flow of information depend on factors
such as the chosen topic, the level of the audience, time allotment, and the specific
objectives of the presentation. Tailoring the presentation to suit these factors ensures
effectiveness.
4) Providing only essential information is advisable because audience attention spans
are short. A minimalistic approach helps in maintaining focus and prevents
overwhelming the audience with unnecessary details, enhancing the clarity and
impact of the presentation.
5) No, it is not a good idea. Reading slides or posters aloud can lead to disengagement
from the audience. Effective presenters use visuals as aids to support their spoken
words, not as a substitute. The audience should be engaged through verbal
communication, not directed to read passively.
6)The key part of any scientific presentation is the Results section. This is where the
presenter provides data that supports the key messages or findings. It is vital for
packing the presentation with relevant and impactful information.
7) The objective of a scientific presentation is to communicate the science in a way
that the audience learns something new, gains a clear understanding of the key
message of the research, and remembers the presenter for the right reasons. It is a
means to share knowledge and potentially lead to new collaborations or opportunities.
8) Tips for the days before a scientific presentation include rehearsing the talk
multiple times, ensuring familiarity with the venue, being physically and mentally
prepared, having backup copies of the presentation, and choosing professional attire.
Adequate sleep, hydration, and nourishment are also emphasized.
9) To deal with presentation nerves, individuals can use affirmations and breathing
exercises. To fight off impostor syndrome, they should acknowledge their
achievements, seek mentorship, and remember that they possess unique knowledge
about their research.
10) Varying vocal delivery and intonation can help maintain the audience's attention.
It adds emphasis to key points, making the presentation more engaging. Pausing at
crucial moments and using a range of vocal expression aids in conveying enthusiasm
and importance.
11) In the event of disruptions, it's advisable not to apologize excessively. If a
mistake occurs, it's okay to skip ahead or continue without drawing attention to it. For
technical issues, having a backup plan, such as having the presentation on a USB key,
can help minimize disruptions.
12) Concluding the talk with a memorized closing statement that summarizes the key
take-home message of the research is effective. Ending with a simple "Thank you"
and welcoming questions helps leave a positive impression. A well-prepared and
confident closing ensures the audience remembers the presentation for the right
reasons.
Ex34
Why is giving scientific presentations necessary?
As a scientist, one of your responsibilities is disseminating your scientific
knowledge by giving presentations. Giving scientific presentations confers many
benefits, such as: having the opportunity to share your ideas and to have
insightful conversations with other scientists, for example, a thoughtful question
may create a new direction for your research; gaining recognition for your work and
generating excitement for your research program can help you to forge new
collaborations and to obtain more citations of your papers; improving your future
employment prospects by having presentations listed on your academic CV.

Ex35
Title: "Why Giving Scientific Presentations is Crucial for Your Career"
Good [morning/afternoon/evening], everyone. Today, I would like to share some
insights into the importance of giving scientific presentations for your career. As we
navigate through the world of research and academia, effective communication
becomes a key element in shaping our professional journey.
Firstly, why are scientific presentations essential? They serve as a platform to
disseminate your research findings, allowing you to contribute to the collective
knowledge of your field. This not only fosters collaboration but also opens doors to
new ideas and directions for your research. A well-delivered presentation can spark
meaningful discussions and establish your presence in the scientific community.
Now, let's delve into the preparation process. As the saying goes, "Failing to prepare
is preparing to fail." Rehearsing your talk multiple times is crucial. Memorizing the
order of your slides and practicing your speech as if you're discussing with attentive
listeners will ensure a smooth flow during the actual presentation. Remember,
preparation extends beyond just knowing your material; it involves physical and
mental readiness. A good night's sleep, hydration, and nourishing food contribute to
your overall well-being, allowing you to present with confidence.
Engaging your audience is another key aspect. Maintain eye contact, project your
voice, and vary your vocal delivery to emphasize key points. Use visuals sparingly,
ensuring they are of the highest quality and easily readable from a distance. Be
adaptable, as disruptions may occur, and always stick to time limits. Remember, the
goal is not only to deliver information but to communicate it effectively.
In conclusion, mastering the skill of giving a good scientific presentation is an
investment in your professional development. It enhances your visibility, opens
avenues for collaboration, and, ultimately, contributes to the advancement of your
career. So, embrace the opportunity to present your work, share your passion, and
make a lasting impression in the scientific community.
Thank you for your attention. I'm now open to any questions or discussions you may
have.
Programming Language description (pros and cons) – no orally
C# (C-Sharp)
C# (pronounced "C sharp") is a modern, object-oriented programming language
developed by Microsoft. It was introduced in the early 2000s as part of the .NET
framework and has since become a widely used language for developing various types
of applications, including desktop, web, mobile, and cloud-based applications.
Pros:
1. Object-Oriented Language:
- C# is a powerful object-oriented programming (OOP) language, making it easier
to structure and organize code.
2. Cross-platform Development:
- With the advent of .NET Core, C# applications can be developed and run on
multiple platforms, including Windows, macOS, and Linux.
3. Strong Typing:
- C# is a statically typed language, which helps catch errors during compile-time
rather than runtime, enhancing code reliability.
4. Extensive Standard Library:
- C# benefits from a rich standard library, offering a wide range of pre-built
functions and frameworks, simplifying common programming tasks.
5. Integrated Development Environment (IDE):
- Visual Studio, Microsoft's integrated development environment for C#, is
considered one of the best in the industry, providing powerful tools for coding,
debugging, and testing.
6. Language Interoperability:
- C# can interoperate with other languages like C, C++, and COM, facilitating
integration with existing systems.
7. Automatic Memory Management:
- C# includes a garbage collector that automatically manages memory, reducing the
risk of memory leaks and making memory management more convenient for
developers.
Cons:
1. Platform Dependency (Historically):
- In its early days, C# was primarily associated with Windows development.
Although .NET Core and the introduction of .NET 5 have improved cross-platform
capabilities, some legacy applications may still have dependencies on Windows.
2. Learning Curve:
- For beginners, C# might have a steeper learning curve compared to simpler
languages like Python. The strict syntax and features of an OOP language might be
challenging for newcomers.
3. Performance:
 - While C# is performant for many types of applications, low-level system
programming or scenarios with extremely high-performance requirements might be
better suited to languages like C or C++.
4. Community Size:
- While C# has a substantial community, it might not be as extensive as some other
languages like Java or Python, potentially leading to fewer third-party libraries or
resources.
5. Mobile Development Limitations:
- While C# is used in mobile app development through Xamarin, it may not be the
first choice for some mobile developers who prefer platform-specific languages (Swift
for iOS, Kotlin for Android).

Write your own graph description

Graph Description:
The graph illustrates data concerning the pocket money received by teenagers based
on a survey of 1,000 individuals. The x-axis, representing age, and the y-axis,
indicating the amount of money received per week, are key components of the graph.
Starting at the age of 13, the graph depicts a gradual increase in pocket money.
Notably, 15-year-olds receive double the amount received by their 13-year-old
counterparts, marking a significant point on the graph. The upward trend continues
until the age of 18, where the amount of pocket money reaches its peak.
Interestingly, at the age of 18, there is a noticeable decline in the pocket money
received. This decline might be attributed to the fact that many teenagers start earning
their income at this age, leading to a reduction in the reliance on pocket money.
The visual representation of this data provides a clear insight into the financial
dynamics of teenagers, showcasing the age at which pocket money peaks and
subsequently declines.
Questions:
1. The best type of diagram to present the different layers of rock in the Grand
Canyon is a cross-section.
2. In a table, the difference between columns and rows is that columns are vertical,
and rows are horizontal.
3. Examples of a pie chart and a bar chart are visual representations that showcase the
distribution of data using different methods.
4. The best type of diagram to present the different stages in a research project is a
flowchart.
5. If you look at two adjacent columns in a table, they are next to each other.
6. Another name for a legend in a diagram is a key.
7. If you survey the first 50 people you come across, you are conducting a
convenience sampling.
8. Two lines on a graph intersect at a point, while they run parallel to each other if
they never intersect.
Word Replacement:
1. The different segments of the pie chart show the numbers of people in each age
group
2. She kept a record by marking the midday temperature on a graph for a month.
3. People’s salaries usually reach their peak when they are in their late 40s.
4. This diagram shows the different parts of our project over the next five years.
5. The two lines on the graph cross each other at point A.
6. Draw a line connecting the points that are adjacent to each other.
7. The government’s popularity in the opinion polls is beginning to decline
8. If you look along the third row of the table, you can see the figures for the 1950s.
Word Replacement from B opposite
1. Populations of some bird species in South Asia have plummeted by 97% in recent
years.
2. In 2007 the child mortality rate dropped to lower than 60 deaths per 1,000.
3. The average family car in the UK depreciates by 20% per year.
4. A typical piece of land on the edge of the city will appreciate by 15% per year.
5. Business courses have decreased greatly in number while science programs have
increased.
6. The temperature rose to higher than 45°C in some parts of the country. See figure
3.
7. Between 1983 and 2006, the number of this species of eagle increased from 22
pairs to 58.
8. The numbers of old soldiers attending regimental reunions are diminishingeach
year.

"Communication Etiquette" exercises - file in Moodle

Ex.1
1. As an AI language model, I don't have personal preferences, but individuals vary
in their preferences. Some may prefer online communication for its convenience,
speed, and the ability to connect with people globally. Others might value face-to-face
communication for its personal touch and deeper connection.
2. Online communication methods include email, instant messaging, video calls,
social media platforms, forums, and collaborative tools like video conferencing.
3.Communication has evolved significantly over the years, moving from traditional
methods like letters and landline phones to digital platforms. The internet has enabled
instant communication, and social media has transformed how people share
information and connect globally.
4Some recent trends include the rise of audio-based social media, increased use of
video content, the integration of AI in communication tools, and the growing
popularity of messaging apps with end-to-end encryption for privacy.
5. I don't have personal registrations. However, popular social networks include
Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, and TikTok.
6. I don't have personal information to share, and it's generally recommended to share
authentic and accurate information online to maintain trust and credibility.
7.Instant messaging (IM) is a form of online communication that allows real-time text
transmission. Examples of IM services include WhatsApp, Telegram, Signal, and
Facebook Messenger. I don't use them as I'm a machine learning model, but
individuals use them frequently for quick and direct communication.

Ex. 2
Веб - лише одна з багатьох послуг в Інтернеті. Інші Інтернет-послуги
включають наступне: електронна пошта, списки розсилки електронної пошти,
Інтернет-повідомлення, чати, онлайн-обговорення, VoIP та FTP.
Електронна пошта (скорочено від електронної пошти) - це передача
повідомлень та файлів через комп'ютерну мережу. Електронна пошта була
однією з оригінальних послуг в Інтернеті, яка дозволяла вченим та дослідникам,
що працюють над проектами, спонсорованими урядом, спілкуватися з колегами
на інших місцях. Ви використовуєте програму електронної пошти для
створення, відправлення, отримання, пересилання, зберігання, друку та
видалення електронних листів. Програми електронної пошти доступні як
додатки для настільних комп'ютерів, веб-додатки та мобільні додатки.
Електронне повідомлення може бути простим текстом або містити вкладення,
такі як документ, графіка, аудіо або відео.
Так само, як ви позначаєте лист, використовуючи поштову систему, ви
позначаєте електронне повідомлення адресою електронної пошти призначеного
отримувача. Адреса електронної пошти - це комбінація імені користувача та
доменного імені, яке ідентифікує користувача, щоб він чи вона могли
отримувати Інтернет-пошту. Ім'я користувача - це унікальна комбінація
символів, таких як літери алфавіту та / або цифри, яка ідентифікує конкретного
користувача. Ваше ім'я користувача повинно відрізнятися від інших імен
користувачів в тому ж домені.
У Інтернет-адресі електронної пошти символ @ (вимовляється на) розділяє ім'я
користувача від доменного імені. Ваш постачальник послуг надає доменне ім'я.
Більшість програм електронної пошти дозволяють створювати папку контактів,
яка містить список імен, адрес, номерів телефонів, адрес електронної пошти та
інших деталей про людей, з якими ви спілкуєтеся. Коли ви відправляєте
електронне повідомлення, сервер вихідної пошти визначає, як маршрутизувати
повідомлення через Інтернет, а потім відправляє повідомлення. При отриманні
електронних листів сервер вхідної пошти зберігає листи в вашому ящику, поки
ви не використовуєте програму електронної пошти для їх отримання. Більшість
програм електронної пошти мають сповіщення про пошту, яке повідомляє вас
повідомленням і / або звуком, коли ви отримуєте нове електронне
повідомлення.
Список електронної пошти, або електронний список розсилки, - це група адрес
електронної пошти, яка використовується для масового розподілу
повідомлення. Коли повідомлення відправляється на список електронної пошти,
кожна особа в списку отримує копію повідомлення в свою скриньку. Ви
підписуєтеся на список електронної пошти, додавши свою адресу електронної
пошти до списку розсилки, який зберігається на сервері списку. Щоб вилучити
своє ім'я, ви відписуєтеся від списку розсилки.
Інтернет-послуги обміну повідомленнями, які часто відбуваються в реальному
часі, - це послуги зв'язку, які повідомляють вас, коли один чи кілька ваших
встановлених контактів знаходяться в мережі, і потім дозволяють вам
обмінюватися повідомленнями або файлами або приєднуватися до приватного
чату з ними. Реальний час означає, що ви і люди, з якими ви спілкуєтеся,
знаходитесь в мережі одночасно. Деякі служби обміну повідомленнями в
Інтернеті підтримують голосові та відеорозмови, дозволяють вам надсилати
фотографії чи інші документи одержувачу, слухати потокову музику та грати в
ігри з іншим онлайн-контактом.
Щоб робота в реальному часі в Інтернеті виконувалася, обидві сторони повинні
бути в мережі одночасно. Крім того, одержувач повідомлення повинен бути
готовий приймати повідомлення. Для використання служби обміну
повідомленнями в Інтернеті вам може знадобитися встановити програмне
забезпечення чи додаток на комп'ютер або мобільний пристрій, який ви
плануєте використовувати. Багато онлайн-соціальних мереж включають
функцію обміну повідомленнями. Для забезпечення успішного зв'язку всі
індивіди в списку друзів повинні використовувати однаковий чи сумісний
месенджер.
Чат - це бесіда в реальному часі, яка відбувається на комп'ютері або мобільному
пристрої з багатьма іншими користувачами в Інтернеті. Кімната чату - це веб-
сайт або додаток, яке дозволяє користувачам спілкуватися з іншими, хто також
знаходиться в Інтернеті в той самий час. Сервер повторює повідомлення
користувача всім у кімнаті чату. Будь-хто в кімнаті чату може брати участь в
розмові, яка зазвичай стосується певної теми. Іноді бізнес використовує чат-
кімнати для спілкування з клієнтами. Коли ви набираєте текст на своєму
клавіатурі, інші, підключені до того ж сервера кімнати чату, також бачать, що
ви набрали. Деякі чат-кімнати підтримують голосові і відео-чати, в яких люди
чують або бачать одне одного, розмовляючи. Більшість сучасних браузерів
мають можливість підключатися до сервера чату.
Онлайн-дискусія, або форум, - це онлайн-простір, в якому користувачі
обговорюють конкретну тему. Щоб прийняти участь в обговоренні, користувач
публікує повідомлення, яке називається статтею, і інші користувачі читають та
відповідають на це повідомлення. Тема, або розгалужене обговорення,
складається з початкової статті та всіх наступних пов'язаних відповідей. Деякі
форуми вимагають введення ім'я користувача та пароля для участі в
обговоренні.
VoIP, скорочення від Voice over IP (Протокол Інтернету), дозволяє
користувачам розмовляти з іншими користувачами через їхнє Інтернет-
підключення. Іншими словами, VoIP використовує Інтернет (замість
громадської телефонної мережі) для з'єднання дзвінка з одним або кількома
абонентами на місцевих або дальніх відстанях. Щоб здійснити телефонний
виклик через Інтернет, вам потрібен широкосмуговий Інтернет-зв'язок,
мікрофон і динамік, які зазвичай входять до стандартного комп'ютера або
мобільного пристрою, а також програмне забезпечення VoIP, таке як Skype.
Деякі послуги VoIP вимагають придбання окремого телефону та
маршрутизатора VoIP, а також підписки на їхні послуги. Інші пропонують певні
послуги безкоштовно і вимагають підписки для отримання додаткових послуг.
Онлайн-соціальна мережа, також називається соціальним мережевим сайтом, -
це веб-сайт, який підтримує членів своєї онлайн-спільноти в ділиться своїми
інтересами, ідеями, історіями, фотографіями, музикою та відео з іншими
зареєстрованими користувачами. Деякі онлайн-соціальні мережі не мають
спеціалізованої аудиторії; інші спрямовані більше. Сайт для обміну
фотографіями, наприклад, - це конкретний тип онлайн-соціальної мережі, який
дозволяє користувачам створювати онлайн-альбом для фотографій та зберігати і
ділитися своїми цифровими зображеннями. Так само сайт для обміну відео - це
тип онлайн-соціальної мережі, який дозволяє користувачам зберігати і ділитися
своїми особистими відео.
FTP (протокол передачі файлів) - це Інтернет-стандарт, який дозволяє
завантажувати та завантажувати файли на та з інших комп'ютерів в Інтернеті.
Розробники веб-сторінок, наприклад, часто використовують FTP для
завантаження своїх веб-сторінок на веб-сервер. Багато операційних систем
включають можливості FTP. FTP-сайт - це колекція файлів, які знаходяться на
FTP-сервері. Багато FTP-сайтів мають анонімний FTP, коли будь-хто може
передавати деякі, якщо не всі, доступні файли. Деякі FTP-сайти обмежують
передачу файлів тим, хто має авторизовані облікові записи (імена користувачів
та паролі) на FTP-сервері.
Ex.3
- To forward: To send an email or message that you've received to someone else.
- Attachment:A file that is sent along with an email. It could be a document, image,
or any other type of file.
- Recipient: The person who receives the email or message.
- To route: To direct or send along a particular course.
- Mass distribution: Sending a message to a large number of people.
- To unsubscribe: To remove oneself from a mailing list or service.
- To notify: To inform or give notice.
- Messenger software: Software or applications that enable real-time text
communication over the internet.
- To reply: To respond to a message or email.
- Anonymous: Without revealing one's identity.
- Authorized account: An account that has been given official permission or approval.
Ex.4
1. False - The web is one of the services on the Internet, but there are others.
2. True - For successful communication, users on the friend list typically need to use
compatible messengers.
3. True - Usernames in the same domain must be unique.
4. True - Many operating systems include FTP capabilities.
5. False - Email programs are available as both desktop and online (web-based)
applications.
6. False - You can usually unsubscribe from a mailing list.
7. True - Real-time Internet messaging requires both parties to be online
simultaneously.
8. True - Most email programs have notification alerts for new messages.
9. False - Some chat rooms do support voice chats and video chats.
10. True - The @ symbol separates the user name from the domain name in an
Internet email address.
Ex.5
1. You use an email program to send, receive, and manage email messages.
2. An email message can be a text-based communication sent electronically.
3. An email address is a unique identifier for an email account, consisting of a user
name and domain name
4. Your user name must be different from other user names in the same domain
5. Most email programs allow you to organize your emails into folders, filter
messages, and set up rules for automatic sorting.
6. When you send an email message, it is transmitted over the Internet and delivered
to the recipient's email server.
7. For real-time Internet messaging to work, both parties must be online at the same
time.
8. A chat room is a website or application that permits users to chat with others who
are online at the same time.
9. Some chat rooms support voice chats and video chats, in which people hear or see
each other as they chat.
10. Some VoIP services require purchasing a separate phone and VoIP router, and
subscribing to their service.
Ex.6
1. Government-sponsored projects - Проекти, спонсоровані урядом
2. Notification alert - Сповіщення-попередження
3. Attachment - Додаток
4. Chat - Чат
5. To participate in the conversation - Брати участь в розмові
6. Email address - Адреса електронної пошти
7. Outgoing mail server - Вихідний поштовий сервер
8. To listen to streaming music - Слухати потокову музику
9. To reply - Відповісти
10. To separate the user name from the domain name - Відокремити ім'я
користувача від доменного імені
11. To route the message - Маршрутизувати повідомлення
12. Email list - Список електронної пошти
13. Password - Пароль
14. Social network - Соціальна мережа
15. Anonymous - Анонімний
16. Internet messaging services - Інтернет-служби обміну повідомленнями
17. Discussion forum - Форум для обговорення
18. VoIP - Голосовий зв'язок через Інтернет
19. Authorized account - Авторизований обліковий запис
20. FTP - Протокол передачі файлів

Ex.7
1. Передача повідомлень і файлів - Message and file transmission
2. Електронна пошта - Email
3. Папка з контактами - Contacts folder
4. Пересилати - To forward
5. Одержувач - Recipient
6. Сумісний - Compatible
7. Широкосмугове з’єднання з Інтернетом - Broadband Internet connection
8. Тема (на форумі) - Thread (on a forum)
9. Ділитися інтересами - Share interests
10. Визначити конкретного користувача - Identify a specific user
11. Сповістити - To notify
12. Встановити програму месенджер - Install messenger software
13. Сервер вхідної пошти - Incoming mail server
14. Масове розповсюдження - Mass distribution
15. Обмінюватися повідомленнями - Exchange messages
16. Опублікувати повідомлення - Publish a message
17. Відписатися - To unsubscribe
18. Обмежити передачу файлу - Restrict file transfer
19. Передати повідомлення користувача - To route the user's message
20. Телефонна мережа загального користування - Public switched telephone
network
Ex.8
Here are the correct matches:

1. Email - f. a unique combination of characters, such as letters of the alphabet and/or

numbers that identifies a specific user
2. FTP- g. an Internet standard that permits file uploading and downloading to and
from other computers on the Internet
3. Email list - l. group of email addresses used for mass distribution of a message
4. Outgoing mail server - e. a server that determines how to route the message through
the Internet and then sends the message
5. Thread - i. a discussion that consists of the original article and all subsequent
related replies
6. Social network - k. a website that encourages members in its online community to
share their interests, ideas, stories, photos, music, and videos with other registered
users
7. Chat - b. a real-time typed conversation that takes place on a computer or mobile
device with many other online users
8. VoIP - m. enables users to speak to other users via their Internet connection
9. Contacts folder - a. a list of names, addresses, phone numbers, email addresses, and
other details about people with whom you communicate
10. Discussion forum - i. a discussion that consists of the original article and all
subsequent related replies
11. Email address - f. a unique combination of characters, such as letters of the
alphabet and/or numbers that identifies a specific user
12. Incoming mail server - n. a server that holds the messages in your mailbox until
you use your email program to retrieve them
13. Internet messaging services - h. communications services that notify you when
one or more of your established contacts are online and then allow you to exchange
messages or files or join a private chat room with them
14. User name - f. a unique combination of characters, such as letters of the alphabet
and/or numbers that identifies a specific user
15. Chat room - o. a website or application that permits users to chat with others who
are online at the same time
Ex.9
1. It is appropriate to send an email message if the information you want to share is
not*time-sensitive.
2. A backup copy of your e-mail is always stored on a server where it can be easily
retrieved by interested parties, even when you have deleted the message and think it is
gone forever.
3. Subject line should convey the main point of your e-mail or the idea that you want
the reader to take away from your e-mail.
4. Always sign off with your name at the end of your e-mail.
5. When you send a message to more than one address using the carbon copy field,
each person who receives the message will be able to see the addresses of everyone
else who received it.
6. You can get your email by using an email client installed on your computer.
7. You can make the message more expressive by using emoticons.
8. You may also like to add a signature file, a pre-written text file appended to the end
of the message.
9. If you don’t want any of the recipients to see the e-mail addresses in the list, you
can use blind carbon copy.
10. Gmail is a good example of a web-based email, accessible from any web browser.
Ex.10
1. I usually use email and messaging apps for online communication. Email is more
formal, and I use it for work-related communication. Messaging apps are convenient
for quick and informal conversations with friends and family.
2. Good practices when using email include being clear and concise, using a
descriptive subject line, and proofreading before sending. It's also important to be
mindful of the tone and formality, depending on the recipient.
3. Examples of apps that provide free text messaging services include WhatsApp,
Telegram, and Facebook Messenger.
4. Benefits of using online social networks include staying connected with friends,
sharing updates, and joining communities. Risks involve privacy concerns, potential
for misinformation, and online security.
5. I generally send email messages for work-related communication, sharing
documents, and formal conversations. Text messages are often used for quick updates
or casual communication with friends and family.
6. Each form of communication is most efficient under specific circumstances. Email
is suitable for detailed and formal communication, while text messages are efficient
for quick, informal messages.
7. Emojis are small images used to express emotions or ideas in digital
communication, while emoticons are typographic representations of facial expressions
using keyboard characters, such as :-) or :-(.
Ex.11
1. I'm an artificial intelligence and don't receive messages. I'm here to assist you.
2. As a machine learning model, I don't have personal experiences, emotions, or the
ability to make comments.
3. The question of whether schools should be responsible for punishing students who
cyberbully outside of school is a matter of debate. Some argue that schools should
have a role in addressing cyberbullying, as it can impact the school environment and
the well-being of students. Others may argue that it falls outside the jurisdiction of the
school, especially if it occurs on personal devices outside of school hours. The
effectiveness of school intervention in such cases also depends on legal considerations
and the specific policies in place.
4. Parents can play a crucial role in reducing cyberbullying by monitoring their
children's online activities, educating them about responsible online behavior, and
fostering open communication. Parents should be aware of the signs of cyberbullying
and be proactive in addressing any issues that arise. Additionally, parents can
collaborate with schools to create a comprehensive approach to preventing and
addressing cyberbullying.
5. The positive aspect of the freedom to be anonymous on the Internet is that it allows
individuals to express themselves without fear of immediate repercussions. This can
be particularly important in certain situations, such as expressing dissent in oppressive
regimes. However, the negative aspect is that anonymity can be misused for
cyberbullying, hate speech, and other harmful activities without accountability.
Striking a balance between freedom and responsibility on the Internet is a complex
challenge.

Video about Netiquette Rules - put down the rule and whether you agree or
dissagree with it and why
Netiquette Rule: Use proper language, grammar, and spelling. Be explanatory. Credit
ideas of others; cite and link to scholarly resources.
Agreement:
I strongly agree with this netiquette rule. Using proper language, grammar, and
spelling is essential for effective communication, especially in academic or
professional settings. It reflects one's commitment to clear and precise expression.
Being explanatory adds depth to discussions, ensuring that ideas are communicated
thoroughly. Crediting ideas of others by citing and linking to scholarly resources
promotes academic integrity and allows others to explore the sources for further
understanding.
Netiquette Rule: Represent yourself well at all times. Be truthful, accurate, and run a
final spell check. Write in a legible, black font, and limit the use of emoticons.
Agreement:
This rule emphasizes the importance of professionalism in online interactions.
Representing oneself well is crucial for building a positive online reputation. Being
truthful and accurate fosters trust among peers. Running a spell check ensures the
quality of written content. Using a legible, black font enhances readability, and
limiting emoticons maintains a formal tone suitable for scholarly or professional
communication.
Netiquette Rule: Address others by name or appropriate title, and be mindful of your
tone. Be polite as you would in a face-to-face situation.
Agreement:
Being polite and addressing others respectfully is fundamental to creating a positive
online environment. Using appropriate titles or names shows courtesy. Mindful tone
is crucial, considering the limitations of online communication, which lacks the
nuances of face-to-face interactions. Maintaining politeness ensures a constructive
and collaborative online community.
Netiquette Rule: Respect privacy. Respect diversity and opinions that differ from your
own. Communicate tactfully, and base disagreements on scholarly ideas or research
evidence.
Agreement:
Respecting privacy is a key ethical consideration in online interactions. Embracing
diversity and differing opinions enriches discussions and promotes a well-rounded
understanding of topics. Communicating tactfully fosters a positive and inclusive
online atmosphere. Basing disagreements on scholarly ideas or research evidence
elevates the quality of discussions and encourages evidence-based discourse.
Avoid:
Misinforming others when you may not know the answer. If you are guessing about
something, clearly state that you do not have all of the information.
Agreement:
Avoiding misinformation is crucial for maintaining the credibility of online
discussions. If uncertain, it's essential to admit limited knowledge and refrain from
guessing. Clearly stating a lack of information promotes transparency and prevents
the spread of inaccuracies.
Avoid:
Using profanity or participating in hostile interactions (flaming).
Agreement:
Avoiding profanity and hostile interactions is essential for maintaining a professional
and respectful online environment. Engaging in flaming not only hampers
constructive discussions but also tarnishes one's online reputation. Professionalism
and courtesy should be upheld even in the face of disagreements.
Avoid:
Using sarcasm, being rude, or writing in all capital letters (shouting). Written words
can be easily misinterpreted, as they lack facial expression, body language, and tone
of voice.
Agreement:
Avoiding sarcasm and rudeness is crucial for preventing misunderstandings and
maintaining a positive online tone. Writing in all capital letters can be perceived as
shouting, which is inappropriate in scholarly or professional discussions. Clear and
respectful communication is key to effective online interactions.
Avoid: Sharing another person's professional or personal information.
Agreement:
Respecting privacy and refraining from sharing others' information is a fundamental
ethical principle. Protecting the confidentiality of personal and professional details
ensures a trustworthy and secure online environment. Any information shared should
be done with explicit consent and within ethical boundaries.
Business Meeting Etiquette. Managing meetings. (exercises)
1. …… minutes - d. a written record of what is said at a meeting
2. …… to acknowledge - c. to accept or recognise the importance of someone or
something
3. …… to dominate - a. to be the loudest or most noticeable part of something
4. …… underlying - g. under the surface or not immediately obvious
5. …… efficient - b. being productive with the least use of time or effort
6. …… vocal - e. often expressing opinions by talking
7. …… clarification - h. a clear and easy-to-understand explanation of something
confusing
8. …… to put someone on the spot - f. to force someone to answer a difficult question

Task 1:
1. Which of these are examples of badly managed meetings?
b. Meetings where only the loudest people get to give their opinions
d. Meetings where discussions go off-topic
2. Which of these are true?
a. The average European office worker spends nearly 200 of their annual working
hours in meetings.
d. Unproductive meetings are a waste of time and money.
3. Which of these should you do when creating an agenda for a meeting?
a. Consider which of the items are more important.
b. Create subheadings or a list of smaller points for each topic.
c. Show which items need to be resolved during the meeting.
4. Who should be invited to the meeting?
a. People who will be affected by the decisions made in the meeting
c. People who have the knowledge to deal with the issues on the agenda
d. People who have the power to make the required decisions
5. What should you do when someone goes off-topic?
b. Suggest they 'park' their thoughts in the 'parking lot'
c. Record their thoughts or ideas in the minutes
6. What should you do during a meeting?
b. Remember that some people might be unhappy about certain discussions
c. Clarify and summarize each point
d. End the meeting on time

Task 2
1. Prepare the agenda and consider who needs to be invited to the meeting.
2. Send out the agenda to the participants.
3. Start the meeting.
4. Go through the points of the agenda.
5. Redirect participants when they go off-topic and summarize each point.
6. Follow up on ‘parked’ topics and issues.
7. End the meeting.
8. Send out the minutes of the meeting.

Task 3
Certainly, participating in badly managed meetings is a common experience for many
people. The reasons for this can vary, but one common factor is a lack of effective
communication and planning. In my experience, poorly managed meetings often stem
from a failure to establish a clear agenda or involve relevant participants.
One significant issue is when meetings are held without a well-defined purpose or
agenda. It becomes frustrating when participants are unsure about the topics to be
discussed or the outcomes expected from the meeting. This lack of clarity can lead to
discussions going off-topic, and valuable time is wasted.
Another challenge is the dominance of a few voices in the meeting, making it difficult
for quieter individuals to contribute. This can create an unbalanced discussion and
limit the diversity of ideas brought to the table. In some cases, decision-makers might
not be present, leading to the inability to make crucial decisions during the meeting.
Additionally, poorly managed meetings can be a result of not respecting participants'
time. Meetings that drag on beyond the scheduled time can be exhausting and
counterproductive. This is especially true when the discussions lack focus, and
participants leave without a clear understanding of the next steps.
To address these issues, it's crucial to emphasize the importance of setting a clear
agenda, inviting relevant participants, and keeping the discussion focused.
Encouraging open communication and respecting diverse opinions can contribute to
more effective meetings. Additionally, ending meetings on time and following up
with well-documented minutes can enhance the overall efficiency of the meeting
process.

Task 4
Informal Meetings:
1. Chair's Seniority or Urgency:
- Informal: The person calling the meeting should be the most senior or have the most
direct or urgent interest in the topic.
2. Decision on Time, Place, and Agenda:
- Informal: The chair decides the time, place, and agenda, confirming details with
everyone to avoid inconvenience.
3. Clarity on Meeting Details:
- Informal: The chair must make the purpose, duration, and expectations clear to
attendees, preventing potential embarrassment.
4. Punctuality:
 - Informal: Punctuality is crucial, as keeping people waiting is considered poor
etiquette and a misuse of their time.
5. Agenda Framework:
- Informal: The chair should strive to keep the meeting within a set framework or
agenda, minimizing circular disagreements.
6. Appointment of a Recorder:
- Informal: The chair should appoint someone to record proceedings, ensuring major
decisions are documented for later reference.
7. Informing Absent Stakeholders:
- Informal: If the meeting's outcomes affect those not present, it's considered good
etiquette to inform them.
Formal Meetings:
1. Preparation:
- Formal: Prepare well in advance, as your contribution may be integral to the
proceedings. Distribute relevant information ahead of time.
2. Professional Dress and Timeliness:
- Formal: Dress professionally and arrive on time, as your professionalism is linked
to both.
3. Mobile Phone Etiquette:
- Formal: Always switch off your mobile phone during formal meetings to avoid
disruptions.
4. Seating Arrangements:
- Formal: Accept established seating patterns, and if unsure, ask about the
arrangement.
5. Acknowledgment and Recognition:
- Formal: Acknowledge introductions and opening remarks with a brief recognition
of the chair and other participants.
6. Senior Figures' Contribution Priority:
- Formal: Allow more senior figures to contribute first during discussions, adhering
to a hierarchy.
7. Avoid Interruptions:
- Formal: Never interrupt anyone, even if you disagree strongly. Note disagreements
and address them later with the chair's permission.
8. Concise and Relevant Speaking:
- Formal: When speaking, be brief and ensure that your contributions are relevant to
the discussion.
9. Addressing the Chair:
- Formal: Always address the chair unless it's clear that others are not doing so.
10. Confidentiality of Information:
- Formal: Maintain confidentiality, as divulging meeting information to others is
considered a serious breach of business etiquette.
 Video "Business Meeting Vocabulary" (put down the vocabulary (and
vocabulary definitions) to be used in business meetings)

1. Agenda: A list or outline of items to be discussed or accomplished during a

meeting, usually in a specific order.
2. Designate: To appoint or assign someone to a particular role or task during a
meeting.
3. Minutes: A written record or summary of the discussions, decisions, and actions
taken during a meeting.
4. Motion: A formal proposal made by a participant during a meeting, usually
requiring a second and majority vote for approval.
5. Deliberation(s): Thoughtful consideration and discussion of the issues at hand
during a meeting.
6. Conference Call: A meeting conducted by phone between participants in
different locations.
7. Brainstorm: A creative and collaborative discussion to generate ideas, solutions,
or strategies.
8. Collaborate: To work together with others in a cooperative and coordinated
manner.
9. Ballot: A process of voting, often done by writing down choices on a piece of
paper.
10. Show of Hands: A visual method of voting where participants raise their hands
to express agreement, disagreement, or preference.
11. Consensus: A general agreement or unity of opinion among a group, often
achieved through discussion and compromise.
12. Unanimous: Complete agreement among all participants in a decision or vote.
13. Proxy: The authority given to someone to represent another person in a
meeting, often through voting.
14. Wrap Up: The conclusion or summary of a meeting, including a review of key
points and actions.
15. Adjourn: To officially end or close a meeting.