CERTIFICATE:-

This is to certify that the project “Estimation of protein

content in chicken egg white (albumin)” was executed by
Barsarani Das, Roll Number- BS(B)-21-032, ia an original
work and has not been submitted anywhere else for the
award of diploma or degree. This project work
(Paper-D.S.E.-4) is submitted to the department of zoology
BRM College, Bhuban to fulfill the requirements of the +3 6th
semester B.Sc zoology (Honors) final examination 2024.

(Signature)

H.O.D. Department of Zoology

B.R.M. College, Bhuban

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:-

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Harekrushna

Panda and Mrs. Diparani Samal and Mrs. Madhusmita Mahapatra
for their continuous guidance and encouragement which resulted

in the completion of my project work entitled “ Estimation of

protein content in duck egg white (Albumin)”.

I would like to thank my parents for their unconditional

support and friends for their quick help when required. This
project would not have been completed without the help of my
teachers, parents and friends within the limited time frame.

With sincere regards

Barsarani Das
Date-

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

1. Abstract

2. Identification of problem

3. Literature Survey

4. Methodology

5. Data analysis

6. Finding

7. Conclusion

8. Appendix

9. Reference

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1. ABSTRACT:-

Protein malnutrition is a phenomenon mostly observed in

developing and underdeveloped countries. Protein malnutrition is
associated with well known diseases like kwashiorkor and
marasmus and least known diseases like susceptibility to
infections, mumps and anemia etc. Each year around 3.1 million
people die due to protein malnutrition worldwide. In indian
protein malnutrition is very common and according to the
available data (2015-2019) 85,000 people have died, out of which
64,000 were underaged children (below 5 years). The most
common sources of protein in India are milk, pulses, fish,
pork, beef and eggs etc. among these protein source eggs are the
cheapest protein sources in india. Poor people in India rear
chicken, ducks etc. for the purpose of eggs and meat. Therefore,
they have easy access to eggs, in this project we have tried to
estimate the protein content found in duck egg white
(Albumin). Our experimental data suggest that one chicken egg
contains 1761 mg of protein.

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 2. IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEM:-

Protein malnutrition is a worldwide phenomenon mostly observed in

Developing and under developed countries. Protein malnutrition is
associated with well known diseases like kwashiorkor and marasmus and
least known diseases like susceptibility to mumps, anemia and infectious
diseases etc. about 690 million people globally are undernourished. (ref-5)
According to FAO estimates in the state of food security and nutrition in
the world, 2020 report, 182.2 million people are undernourished in india.
By this measure 14% of the population is undernourished in india. (ref-6)
in the state of odisha 8% children are severely affected in protein
malnourished and 30% children fall under Grade I-IV malnutrition.
(Ref-7) At least in cities, people are aware of protein malnutrition and take
enough proteins. But in rural areas, they don’t have access to proteinaceous
food like milk, pulses, fishes, pork, beef and eggs which are very costly.
However, in rural areas poor people also culture or rear chicken, duck etc.
so, they have easy access to eggs as the source of proteins. Ao, in this project
our aim was to estimate the protein content in chicken egg white
(Albumin) to know whether it is a suitable source of protein for treatment
of protein malnutrition.

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3. LITERATURE SURVEY:-

Protein malnutrition in insufficient intake of nitrogen-containing

food to maintain a nitrogen balance or nitrogen equilibrium. Children are
particularly prone to develop protein malnutrition. Protein-energy
malnutrition or PEM (Ref.-1,2) is the condition of lack of energy due to
the deficiency of all the macronutrients and many macronutrients. It can
occur suddenly or gradually. It can be graded as mild, moderate or severe.
In developing countries, it affects children who are not provided with
calories and protein. In developed countries, it affects the older
generation.
Protein malnutrition is a complex issue for india. In 2019 47.0
million children under 5 were affected by protein energy malnutrition
(Ref.-3). A 2017 survey shows that 73% of Indians are deficient in protein.
(Ref.-4) many among the population live in poverty and are not able to
obtain as much food they need. This contrasted by the expanding number
of people in the country suffering from obesity. Proteins are an essential
building block of the human body.

About 690 million people globally are nourished. (Ref.-5)

According to FAO estimates in ‘The state of food security and nutrition
in the world, 2020 report, 189.2 million people are undernourished in
india.
(Ref.-6) In the state of odisha 8% children are severely affected in protein

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 malnourishment and 30% children fall under Grade I-IV malnutrition
infant mortality 30.3% maternal mortality 150.

(Ref.-7) at least in the city, people are aware of protein malnutrition

and take enough protein. But in rural areas, they don’t have access to
proteinaceous food like meat and fish, which are very costly. They don’t
have access to protein sources. However, in rural areas poor people also
culture or rear chicken, duck etc. for eggs and meat, which is a very good
source of protein.

Diseases caused by protein malnutrition:-

Protein energy malnutrition can be classified into two types:

1-Primary protein malnutrition:-

This type of protein-energy malnutrition is found in children. It is rarely
found in the elders, the main cause being protein deficiency. In children,
PEM is primarily or two types:

(a)-Kwashiorkor

(b)-Marasmus

(a)Kwashiorkor:- (Ref.-8,9) This occurs due to the abandonment of

breastfeeding before the actual age due to the birth of a younger sibling.
Kwashiorkor may also be the outcome of acute illness such as gastroenteritis.
It is confined only to a few parts of the world such as rural regions of africa,

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pacific island, caribbean. In these places, the food is low in protein and high in
carbohydrates.

It causes leakage of the cell membrane, releasing the intravascular fluid

and protein. This results in edema.

It weakens the immunity of a person, making him susceptible to diseases.

(b)Marasmus:- (Ref.-9) marasmus is a type of protein-energy

malnutrition that can affect anyone but is mainly seen in children. People get
marasmus due to severe deficiency of nutrients like calories, protein,
carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. Their symptoms are weight loss, fat and
muscle depletion. It is most common in developing countries and more
common than kwashiorkor. Prevalence in children younger than those affected
by kwashiorkor and cell-mediated immunity is impaired, making the children
more susceptible to infections.

2-Secondary protein energy malnutrition:-

It is caused due to disorders in the gastrointestinal tract. It can be caused
due to infections, hyperthyroidism, trauma, burns, and other critical illnesses.
It decreases appetite and impairs nutrient metabolism.

Symptoms of protein-energy malnutrition:-

The symptoms of protein-energy malnutrition or protein energy malnutrition
are as follows:

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 ● Apathy and irritability

● The patient becomes weak and inefficient

● Impaired cognition and consciousness

● Temporary lactose deficiency

● Diarrhea

● Gonadal tissue atrophy

● Causes amenorrhea in women

● Causes libido in both men and women

● Weight loss

● Shrinking of muscles

● Protrusion of bones

● The skin gets thin, pale, dry, inelastic and cold

● Hair fall

Impaired wound healing

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Risk of hip fractures and ulcers increases in elderly patients

● Heart size and cardiac output decreases in severe cases

● liver , kidney or heart failure

● Acute PEM might also prove fatal. A decrease in respiratory rate and vital

capacity

Treatment of protein energy malnutrition:-

Protein energy malnutrition can be treated in the following ways:

Oral feeding

Avoiding lactose

Supportive care

Reduction in poverty

Improving nutrition education and public health measure

Starvation can be treated by providing a balanced diet

Multivitamin supplements

Treat infections and fluid and electrolyte abnormalities, in severe cases.

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Protein energy malnutrition can be treated by providing a balanced diet. The
be taken twice, the daily recommended allowance until recovery.

At least in cities, people are aware of protein malnutrition and take enough
protein. But in rural areas, they don’t have access to proteinaceous food like
meat and fish, which are very costly. They don’t have access to protein sources.
However, in rural areas poor people also culture or rare chicken, duck etc. for
eggs and meat, which is a very good source of protein. The aim of the project
was to find out the amount of protein present in the indigenous breed of
chicken egg white( Albumin).

4. METHODOLOGY:-
(a) The determination of the total protein in by biuret methods:-
- Eggs are an important inexpensive source of high and quality protein are
other nutrients, egg white is natural source protein of recognized
nutritional, biological and technological potential interest.
- The aim of this estimation is adaptation and simplification of the biuret
method and evolution of its accuracy for egg white protein quantification.
- The biuret method can be used to assess the concentration of peptide
bonds because peptide bonds occur with the same frequency for amino
acids in the peptide.
- Though the sensitivity of the biuret method is very low, it is very
economical to use in college laboratory set up.

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(b)Principle of Biuret test:-(Ref.-10)
- Biuret method is a reduction of protein peptide bonds by copper and
formation of copper protein complex.
- Co joint peptide bonds react with cu++ in alkaline condition and form a
violet color complex.
- The color produced is proportional to the concentration of protein, so the
conutrition of color is measured by taking absorbance using a calorimeter
at 545 nm wavelength.
- From the concentration of color, the amount of protein or concentration
of protein is calculated using this method.

(C)Biuret reagent:-
No biuret is used in biuret reagent. Test is named biuret because biuret is a
chemical which is produced by heating urea at 1800 . it give =ve test.

- For 1 liter biuret reagent

● 9gm-sodium potassium tartrate
● 3 mg-copper sulfate 5H: O
● 5mg-potassium iodict

-Cell dissolved in order in 400 ml of 0.2 molar naoh and then the final volume
is made up to 1 liter.

● Hydrate copper sulfate:- provide the Cu(ll) lons which form the peptide
complex. Sodium hydroxide does not participate in the reaction but
provides the alkaline medium.

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● Potassium sodium tartrate-stabilizes the chelate complex preventing
precipitation of copper.

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