Threats to marine biodiversity –

global climate change, local threats

Learning objectives:

• Global threats
• Local threats
• Priorities in Indonesia
• CO2, 35% sejak 1880an
• > 380 ppm – 650.000 thn
Dampak di laut:

• Frekuensi & intensitas badai

• Sirkulasi air laut
• Kimia air laut / asidifikasi
•  Suhu permukaan air laut
•  Permukaan air laut
 1850
Acidifikasi di laut:
Optimal
karang

coral reef calcification

2009
Determined by Aragonite
saturation , which is a Adequate
function of atmospheric
CO2 and temperature

Reduction in carbonate ion

concentrations, results in
2050
decrease in aragonite
saturation
Marginal

Bottom line: By 2050, reefs

may erode faster than they
can calcify
 Acidifikasi di laut: karang

Weaker skeletons for CaCO3 organisms (e.g., corals,

coralline algae, mollusks)
- increased reef erosion
- reduced habitat, shoreline protection, reef
cementation, strength of reef infrastructure
CO2 + H2O + CO3−2→ 2HCO3-
Acidosis:  immunitas,
metabolisme, reproduksi
 Permukaan air laut

“20-60 cm pada tahun

2100 (IPCC 2007)
Coastal inundation
Flooding, erosion
Two Bleaching types:
(I) bleaching Polyps died stress
• Lower salinity
• Chemical (herbicide, pesticide,
Excessive algal
cyanide, etc.)
growth
(II) bleaching Zooxanthellae expelled stress
• Temp. increase
died
Recover Excessive algal growth
Sumber: Hoegh-Guldberg 2000
= strong ‘El Nino’ event
Hoegh-Guldberg 2000
http://www.meteociel.com/accueil/sst.php?mode=1&jour=23&mois=09&annee=2013
Burke, Selig & Spalding 2002 / Reefs at Risk in Southeast Asia
= bleaching event Hoegh-Guldberg 2000
Hoegh-Guldberg 2000
 Bleaching
scenarios

Resposn bleaching yang berbeda dari 9 spesies karang di Raiatea, French Polynesia,
Hughes et al, 2003
pada bulan Mei 2002. (a, Acropora anthocercis; b, A. retusa; c, Montipora tuberculosa;
d, Pocillopora verrucosa; e, M. caliculata; f, Leptastrea transversa; g, P. eydouxi; h, P.
meandrina; i, L. bewickensis; j, Porites lobata; k, L. purpurea. )
1987-1997

Reefbase
1998-2008

Reefbase
 Acidification

Weaker skeletons for CaCO3 organisms (e.g., corals,

coralline algae, mollusks)
- increased reef erosion
- reduced habitat, shoreline protection, reef
cementation, strength of reef infrastructure
Acidosis:  immunity,
metabolism, reproduction
Seaweed culture
  Suhu permukaan air laut (SST)
Seagrass burning (AU)
Changes in growth, reproduction,
metabolism
Increased growth of competitive
algae

declined leaf formation

change sex ratio (> females)

incubation temp. of eggs determines sex

Increases in bleaching
increased disease
Coral
diseases
Local threats
Coastal development - settlements
4-9x in 25 yr Coastal development – shrimp ponds
Coral mining (1970s) + Coastal Development = tourism(2000s)
Coastal development - reclamation
Land use - sedimentations
Herman Cesar,
1996
Destructive fishing – blast, cyanide, tuba
Healthy reefs vs blasted
Cesar, 1996
Over-fishing: medium scale
Over-fishing: small-scale
 Over-fishing: expansion fishing ground

Source: While Stocks Last; Sadovy et al 2003

Cesar, 1996

Mertha dkk, 2003

Coastal development …. Burke, Selig & Spalding 2002
Marine pollution - ballast Burke, Selig & Spalding 2002
 Burke, Selig & Spalding 2002
Land use - % land clearing
Land clearing - sedimentation Burke, Selig & Spalding 2002
Over-fishing Burke, Selig & Spalding 2002
Destructive fishing Burke, Selig & Spalding 2002
Burke, Selig & Spalding 2002
Conservation managers asked to formulate policies on
sustainable use of coral reefs. What would be his/her
main concern to handle?
• Marine pollution
• Destructive & over-fishing
• Land clearing
• Coastal development
• Global warming/climate change
Terimakasih. !!!