STS CHAPTER 1-3

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an interdisciplinary course designed to
examine the ways that science and technology shape, and are
Science and Technology and Society
shaped by, our society,
politics, and culture.
It explores the conditions under which production, distribution and
utilization of scientific knowledge and technological systems oc-
Science and Technology and Society
cur; and the effects of
these processes upon the entire society.
-History and philosophy of science are greatly interconnected to the discussion of
-technology, STS because these are the very factors that molded the develop-
-sociology and ment of science and
-anthropology technology as we know it today.
is an evolving body of knowledge that is based on theoretical
expositions
Science
and experimental and empirical activities that generates universal
truths.
is the application of science and creation of systems, processes
Technology and
objects designed to help humans in their daily activities.
the sum total of our interactions as humans, including the interac-
tions
Society
that we engage in to understand the nature of things and to create
things.
It is also defined
as a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction,
or a large social group
Society
sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject
to the same political
authority and dominant cultural expectations
important to the public because it helps address
Science, technology and society
issues and problems that are of concern to the general population.
the use or application of scientific knowledge for a specific goal or
Technology
purpose
1. science needs to become more
multidisciplinary and its practitioners should continue to promote
cooperation and
integration between the social and natural sciences.
2. A holistic approach also demands how to solve our contemporary problems,
that science draw on the contributions of the humanities (such as
history and philosophy),
local knowledge systems, aboriginal wisdom, and the wide variety
of cultural values.

1. alter the way people live, connect, communicate and transact,

with profound
effects on economic development;
2. key drivers to development, because technological and scien-
tific revolutions
underpin economic advances, improvements in health systems,
education and
infrastructure;
The Role of Science and Technology (7)
3. The technological revolutions of the 21st century are emerging
from entirely new
sectors, based on micro-processors, tele-communications,
bio-technology and
nano-technology. Products are transforming business practices
across the
economy, as well as the lives of all who have access to their
effects. The most
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remarkable breakthroughs will come from the interaction of in-
sights and
applications arising when these technologies converge.
4. have the power to better the lives of poor people in developing
countries
5. differentiators between countries that are able to tackle poverty
effectively by
growing and developing their economies, and those that are not.
6. engine of growth
7. interventions for cognitive enhancement, proton cancer therapy
and genetic
engineering
involved practical arts like healing practices
Science during ancient times
and metal tradition.
what time did the ancient Egyptians already had reasonably so-
3,000
phisticated
years before Christ,
medical practices.
in what time did a man named
2650 B.C.,
Imhotep was renowned for his knowledge of medicine.
trial and error. the heart of Egyptian medicine was --
considered advanced as compared with other
ancient nations because of one of the early inventions of Egyptian
Egyptian medicine
civilization - the
papyrus.
- is an ancient form of paper, made from the papyrus plant,
The papyrus
a reed which grows in the marshy areas around the Nile river.
Egyptians took thin slices of the stem of the papyrus plant, laid
them crosswise on top of each other, moistened them, and then As early as 3,000
pressed and dried years before Christ, egyptians did what?
them.
was used as a writing
material as early as 3,000 BC in ancient Egypt, and continued to
The papyrus
be used to some
extent until around 1100 AD.
clay tablets or Before papyrus, Egyptians, Sumerians, and other races wrote on
smooth rocks. --
became the most
Egyptian medicine
respected form of medicine in the known world.
Iran persia is now known as??
iraq Mesopotamia is known now as
were making pottery using the
the Mesopotamians
first known potter's wheel.
horse-drawn chariots Not long after the potter's wheel, - - were being used.
As early as 1,000 years before Christ, the Chinese were using --
compasses to aid
themselves in their travels.
-- were the early thinkers and as far as historians can tell,
The ancient Greeks
they were the first true scientists.
becomes tangible from the 6th
Scientific thought in Classical Antiquity
century BC in pre-Socratic philosophy (Thales, Pythagoras).
In circa 385
Plato
BC, -- founded the Academy.

begins the
"scientific revolution" of the Hellenistic period culminating in the

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3rd to 2nd
centuries with scholars such as Eratosthenes, Euclid, Aristarchus
With Plato's student Aristotle
of
Samos, Hipparchus and Archimedes.
anatomy, zoology, botany, mineralogy, geography, mathematics The advent of science period produced substantial advances in
and scientific knowledge,
astronomy; especially in ----
The scholars frequently employed the principles developed in
earlier Greek
thought: the application of mathematics and deliberate empirical
research, in their
true scientific investigations. This was passed on from ancient Greek
philosophers to
medieval Muslim philosophers and scientists, to the European
Renaissance and
Enlightenment, to the secular sciences of the modern day. (t/f)
a period of cultural, economic and scientific
flourishing in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the
eighth century to the
Islamic Golden Age
fourteenth century, with several contemporary scholars dating the
end of the era
to the fifteenth or sixteenth century.
Islamic Golden Age period is traditionally understood to have
Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid (786 to 809) begun during the reign of the -- with the
inauguration of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad,
Islamic scientific achievements encompassed a wide range of
astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. subject
areas, especially in ---
alchemy and chemistry, botany and agronomy,
(islamic golden age) Scientific inquiry was
geography and cartography, ophthalmology, pharmacology,
practiced in other subjects like
physics and zoology.
having practical purposes as well as
Islamic science was characterized by
the goal of understanding.
Qibla, Astronomy was useful in determining the --
Astronomy was useful in determining the -- which
Qibla,
is the direction in which to pray,
is applied in agriculture and geography
botany
enabled scientists to make accurate maps.
mineralogy also flourished during the
Islamic Golden Age with the works of Al-Khwarizmi, Avicenna and
Jamshid al
Mathematics (f)
Kashi that led to advanced in algebra, trigonometry, geometry and
Arabic
numerals. (t/f)
- - produced books that contain descriptions of the preparation of
Al-Birunl, and
hundred
Avicenna
of drugs made from medicinal plants and chemical compounds.
describe diseases like smallpox and measles, and challenged
Islamic doctors classical Greek
medical knowledge.
Islamic physicists such as -- studied optics and mechanics as well
Ibn Al-Haytham, Al-Biruni and as astronomy, and criticized Aristotle's view
of motion.

The significance of medieval Islamic science has been debated by

ignited - lacked (f) historians. The traditionalist view holds that ignited innovation, and
was mainly
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t
natural sciences, engineering, medicine, military
technology, mathematics, geology and astronomy.
compass, gunpowder, papermaking and printing.
compass, gunpowder, papermaking and printing.
Karl Marx,
Karl Marx,
The Renaissance (1300 AD - 1600AD)
geography, astronomy, chemistry, physics, mathematics, anato-
my,
manufacturing, and engineering.
Fall of Constantinople in 1453,
Marie Boas Hall
Peter Dear
governed - not governed (f)
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important for handing on ancient knowledge to medieval Europe.
(t/f)
The revisionist
view holds that it constituted a scientific revolution. (t/f)
Ancient Chinese scientists and engineers made significant scien-
tific
innovations, findings and technological advances across various
scientific
disciplines including the
Ancient China gave the world the Four Great Inventions that
include the
Inventions that include the
----. These were considered as
among the most important technological advances and were only
known to Europe
8
1000 years later or during the end of the Middle ages. These four
inventions had
a profound impact on the development of civilization throughout
the world.
who stated the ff: "Gunpowder, the compass, and the printing
press
were the three great inventions which ushered in bourgeois soci-
ety. Gunpowder
blew up the knightly class, the compass discovered the world
market and found
the colonies, and the printing press was the instrument of Protes-
tantism and the
regeneration of science in general; the most powerful lever for
creating the
intellectual prerequisites."
Father of Scientific Socialism
golden age of science is
During the Renaissance period, great advances occurred
in
The rediscovery of ancient scientific texts was
accelerated after the -- and the invention
of printing democratized learning and allowed a faster propagation
of new ideas.
coined the term Scientific Renaissance to designate the
early phase of the Scientific Revolution, 1450-1630.
has argued for a two-phase model of early modern science: a
Scientific
Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries, focused on the
restoration of the
natural knowledge of the ancients; and a Scientific Revolution of
the 17th century,
when scientists shifted from recovery to innovation.
Renaissance humanism stressed that nature came to be viewed
as an
animate spiritual creation that was governed by laws or mathe-
matics. Science
would only be revived later, with such figures as Copernicus,
Gerolamo
Cardano, Francis Bacon, and Descartes. (t/f)
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The most important technological advance of all in this period was
the
development of printing, with movable metal type
--, about the mid-15th century in
Germany.
The development of printing, with movable metal type was invent-
Johannes Gutenberg
ed by
The rise of modern science and the Industrial Revolution were
t closely
connected. (t/f)
was characterized by
radical reorientation in science, which emphasized reason over
The Enlightenment Period or the Age of Reason
superstition and
science over blind faith.
This period produced numerous books, essays,
Enlightenment Period or the Age of Reason
inventions, scientific discoveries, laws, wars and revolutions.
The
18th - 19th (f) Enlightenment ultimately gave way to 18th-century Romanticism.
(t/f)
The American and
French Revolutions were directly inspired by Enlightenment ideals
t and
respectively marked the peak of its influence and the beginning of
its decline. (t/f)
Italian; father of science, modern physics, modern science, mod-
Galileo Galilei
erns observational astronomy
Italian; father of science, modern physics, modern science, mod-
Galileo Galilei
erns observational astronomy
Johannes Kepler german, discovered that the earth/planest travel in elliptical orbit
developed the present day notation for differential and integral
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.
calculus; invented the ealry calculating machine
published his
Isaac Newton
"Principia Mathematica" (1686)
consists in
the comprehension of a diversity of physical phenomena - in
Principia Mathematica
particular the motions
of heavenly bodies, together with the motions of sublunary bodies
-- his "Essay Concerning Human
John Locke
Understanding" (1689)
Isaac Newton published his
"Principia Mathematica" (1686) and John Locke his "Essay Con- —two works that provided the scientific, mathematical and
cerning Human philosophical toolkit for the Enlightenment's major advances.
Understanding" (1689)
Close observation and careful generalization
industrialists - both industrialists and
leading to practical utilization were characteristic of industrialists
experimentalists (f)
alike in the 18th century. (t/f)
-- permitted the tailoring of alloy steels to
The science of metallurgy
industrial specifications,
-- permitted the creation of new
substances, like the aniline dyes, of fundamental industrial impor-
the science of chemistry tance, and that
electricity and magnetism were harnessed in the electric dynamo
and motor.
technological,
The main features involved in the Industrial Revolution were ---
socioeconomic, and cultural.

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(1)
the use of new basic materials, chiefly iron and steel,
(2) the use of
new energy sources, including both fuels and motive power, such
as coal,
the steam engine, electricity, petroleum, and the internal-combus-
tion engine,
(3)
the invention of new machines, such as the spinning jenny and the
power loom that
permitted increased production with a smaller expenditure of hu-
The technological changes included the following:
man energy,
(4) a
new organization of work known as the factory system, which
entailed
increased division of labor and specialization of function,
(5) important
developments in transportation and communication, including the
steam locomotive, steamship, automobile, airplane, telegraph,
and radio, and
(6)
the increasing application of science to industry.
-- was an important century in the history of the sciences. It
generated entirely novel insights in all areas of research - often
The 20th century
thanks to the
introduction of novel research methods
20th Century Science: Physics and Information Age
What established an intimate connection
Introduction of novel research methods
between science and technology during the 20thcentury?
1. physics
2. biology
3. astronomy What are the areas of sciences which contributed to the
4. chemistry revolutionary changes?
5. neurosciences
6. earth and environmental sciences
the study of how the nervous system develops, its structure,
Neuroscience
and what it does; Neural Science
focus on the brain and its impact on behavior and cognitive
Neuroscientists
functions
study the formation and evolution of the Earth, and how the
heat deep inside the Earth continually reshapes our
Earth and Environmental Sciences landscape. It studies how the Earth's climate and
environment have changed in the past and will continue to
change.
What greatly improved our knowledge the
Cosmology place that man and his planet occupy in
the universe?
Astronomers
13.7 billion years old
determined that our universe is --
The simplest version of the inflationary theory, an
extension of the Big Bang theory, predicts that the
What is the shape of the universe according to NASA? density of the universe is very close to the critical
density, and that the geometry of the universe is flat,
like a sheet of paper.
Georges Lemaître, (1894-1966), Belgian cosmologist,
Who made the Big Bang theory?
Catholic priest, and father of the Big Bang theory.

Albert Einstein

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Who formulated the theory of relativity in 1905
including the unifying concept of energy related to
mass and the speed of light: E = mc2 ?
physics
chemistry What are the several branches of science which
biology continued to make great progress several of in
geology the 2nd half of the 20th century?
astronomy
1. semi-conductor (transistor) What are the two fields that led to the
2. nanotechnology great advances in information technology ?
What was the discovery in the nuclear
sub-atomic particles
Physics?
What was the year which was an important landmark
for biology with the description by Crick and Watson
1953
of the structure of DNA, the carrier of genetic
information?
What is the natural science that studies matter, its
fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through
Physics
space and time, and the related entities of energy and
force?
What are the two discoveries in Biology that allows us to penetrate
the fundamental
DNA processes of life and to intervene in the
Genetics gene pool of certain organisms
by imitating some of these natural mechanism
s?
-hereditary material in humans and almost all other
organisms.
the information molecule.
- It stores instructions for
making other large molecules, called proteins
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid
-These instructions are stored inside each of your
cells, distributed among 46 long structures called
chromosomes.
-These chromosomes are made up of thousands of
shorter segments of DNA, called genes.
1.seen medicine - find a cure for many life-
threatening diseases and the beginning of organ tra
nsplants What are other developments during the 20th
2.from progress in computational logic to century?
the chemistry of materials
3.from the neurosciences to robotics
a way of describing the blurring of
The Fourth Industrial Revolution boundaries between the physical, digital, and biological worlds;
fusion
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Robotics
Internet of Things (IoT) Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR)—characterized
3D Printing by the fusion of the digital, biological, and
Quantum Computing physical worlds, as well as the growing
Virtual Reality (VR) utilization of new technologies: (8)
Biotechnology
Genetic Engineering
is paving the way for transformative changes in the way we live
and
the Fourth Industrial
radically disrupting almost every business sector. It's all happening
Revolution
at an
unprecedented, whirlwind pace.

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describes computers that can
"think" like humans — recognizing complex patterns, processing
Artificial intelligence (AI)
information, drawing
conclusions, and making recommendations.
Quantum computing technologies now in
development will eventually make computers millions of times
more powerful. These
t computers will have the potential to supercharge AI, create highly
complex data
models in seconds, and speed up the discovery of new materials.
(t/f)
-- offers immersive digital experiences (using a --headset)
that simulate the real world, while augmented reality merges the
Virtual reality (VR)
digital and physical
worlds.
-- harnesses cellular and biomolecular processes to develop new
technologies and products for a range of uses, including develop-
ing new
Biotechnology
pharmaceuticals and materials, more efficient industrial manufac-
turing processes, and
cleaner, more efficient energy sources.
-- refers to the design, manufacture, and use of robots for personal
Robotics and
commercial use.
allows manufacturing businesses to print their own parts, with less
tooling, at a lower cost, and faster than via traditional processes.
3D printing
Plus, designs can be
customized to ensure a perfect fit.
describes the idea of everyday items — from medical wearables
that
The IoT monitor users' physical condition to cars and tracking devices
inserted into parcels —
being connected to the internet and identifiable by other devices.
Energy capture, storage, and transmission does not necessarily
represent a growing market sector,
does not necessarily represent - represent (f) spurred by the falling cost of renewable energy technologies and
improvements in
battery storage capacity. (t/f)
period where paradigm shifts occurred and where
scientific beliefs that have been widely embraced and accepted by
intellectual revolution
the people were
challenged and opposed.
They were the first to explain the world in terms of natural laws
the ancient Greeks. rather
than myths about gods and heroes.
philosopher, Aristotle, most influential figure in Western science until the 1600's,
first, Aristotle's theories relied very little on experiment,
which left them vulnerable to anyone who chose to perform such
experiments. But
attacking one part of Aristotle's system involved attacking the
whole thing, which made it several factors that worked both to overthrow Aristotle's
a daunting task for even the greatest thinkers of the day. theories and to preserve it.
Secondly, the Church had
grafted Aristotle's theories onto its theology, thus making any
attack on Aristotle an attack
on the tradition and the Church itself.

What are essential parts of modern science.

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skepticism, freethinking,
and experimentation,
The first person who started this slow process of dismantling
Copernicus.
Aristotle's cosmology was --
Through the centuries close observations had shown that the
t heavens do not always
appear to move in perfect, uninterrupted circles. (t/f)
Each time a new irregularity was observed, a new
epicycle was added. By the 1500's, the model of the universe had
80, 10
some -- epicycles
attached to --crystalline spheres
It took some 130 years after Copernicus' death in 1543 to achieve
a new model
of the universe that worked. The first step was compiling more data
f - 150 yrs
that tarnished the
perfection of the Ptolemaic universe and forced men to re-evaluate
their beliefs. (t/f)
-- using only the naked eye, tracked the entire orbits
of various stars and planets. Previously, astronomers would only
Tycho Brahe,
track part of an orbit
at a time and assume that orbit was in a perfect circle.
Johannes Kepler his calculations showed that those orbits were elliptical.
sun's perfection marred by sunspots and Using his telescope, Galileo saw the -- and -- He also saw -- moons
the moon's perfection marred by craters; four orbiting Jupiter.
Galileo's work was the first comprehensive attack on the Aris-
t totelian/Ptolemaic
cosmic model. t/f
People had seen apples
fall out of trees for thousands of years, but Newton realized, in a
way no one else had
realized, that the same force pulling the apples to earth was
f - calculus
keeping the moon in its
orbit. In order to prove this mathematically, Newton had to invent
a whole new branch
of math- geometry, for figuring out rates of motion and change. t/f
he accumulated evidence demonstrating that
organisms evolve and discovered the process, natural selection,
Charles Darwin
by which they
evolve.
Darwin completed the Copernican revolution by drawing out for --
biology the
notion of nature as a lawful system of matter in motion.
The origin of organisms and their marvelous adaptations were,
however, either
t
left unexplained or attributed to the design of an omniscient Cre-
ator. t/f
Freud's most obvious impact was to change the way society
f - mental thought about
and dealt with physical illness. t/f
mental
illness was almost universally considered 'organic'; that is, it was
t
thought to come
from some kind of deterioration or disease of the brain. t/f
One of Freud's biggest influences
Jean-Martin Charcot,
during his early days as a neurologist was --

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As psychoanalysis became increasingly popular, psychology and
psychiatry turned away from the search for organic causes and
f- psychic; childhoof traumas
toward the search
for inner physiological conflicts and traumas. t/f
Psychoanalysis in its
t many varieties appears to have little or no efficacy in treating
mental illness. t./f
Freudian Revolution unconscious, preconscious, subconscious
-- were isolated from the
The Mesoamerican civilization
accumulated scientific knowledge of Africa, Asia and Europe.
Maya civilization most advanced Mesoamerican civilization
contains predictions of solar
Dresden Codex
eclipses for centuries and a table of predicted positions of Venus.
Unlike the
European scientists who used astronomical instruments like tele-
aligning stars with two objects that were separated by a large
scopes, the Maya
distance
made predictions by --, a technique that achieved great accuracy
of angular measurement.
t the Maya developed the most accurate calendar ever designed. t/f

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