JOURNAL OF

Journal of Geometry and Physics 11 (1993) 465—490 GEOMETRYAND

North-Holland PHYSICS

Dirac operators in Boson—Fermion Fock spaces

and supersymmetric quantum field theory
Asao Arai
Department of Mathematics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060, Japan

Infinite dimensional analysis is developed on an abstract Boson—Fermion Fock space.

A general class of Dirac operators acting there is introduced and properties of them are
investigated. An index theorem for the Dirac operators is established in terms of a path
integral on a loop space. It is shown that the abstract formalism presented here gives a
mathematical unification for some models of supersymmetric quantum field theory.

Keywords: infinite dimensional analysis, Dirac operator,

Boson—Fermion Fock space, path (functional) integral,
index theorem, supersymmetric quantum field theory
1991 MSC: 81 T 60, 81 S 40, 81 T 08, 81 Q 60, 46 N 50
PACS: 03.65Db, 03. 70.+k, 11.3OPb

Dedicated to Professor Hiroshi Ezawa on the occasion ofhis 60th birthday

1. Introduction

In ref. [1], the author initiated a new analysis on Boson—Fermion Fock space
(BFFS), introducing a class of infinite dimensional Dirac operators acting there.
The analysis was further developed in ref. [21 to define a more general class of
Dirac operators acting in a most general BFFS. One of the purposes of these stud-
ies was to establish index theorems in a framework of infinite dimensional anal-
ysis. The topics discussed in refs. [1,2] include: (1) trace formulae with respect
to “Gibbs states” in both the Boson and Fermion Fock spaces; (2) operator-
theoretical analysis of de Rham and Dirac operators, and Laplacians acting in
BFFS; (3) index theorems for the Dirac operators in terms of path integral repre-
sentations. The theory and the methods presented in ref. [2] have been applied
to various directions [3—7] and are still in progress [15—17].
The physical background of the work in refs. [1,2] is in supersymmetric quan-
tum field theory (SSQFT) (e.g., [40—42]). From the point of view of construc-
tive QFT, it is interesting to show the mathematical existence of SSQFT models.

0393-0440/93/$ 06.00 (ëJ 1993 — Elsevier Science Publishers By. All rights reserved
466 A. Arai / Dirac operators in Boson—Fermion Fock spaces

For the Wess—Zumino (WZ) models on a cylinder, this has been done by Jaffe
et al. [26—30]. We have shown that the abstract formalism in ref. [2] clarifies
the mathematical structures of some SSQFT models including the WZ models,
giving a mathematical unification for them (see section 9 in the present paper).
The theory in ref. [2] has a generalization to the case where the Boson Fock
space part is replaced by the L2-space on a probability space with a non-Gaussian
measure (a Boson Fock space corresponds to a Gaussian measure) and the
resulting theory can be applied to the problem of supersymmetric extension of
scalarQFT [3,15].
In this paper we summarize some of the results obtained in refs. [1,2,4,5, 1 71.
In section 2, we review some basic facts in Fock space theory and describe trace
formulae for Gibbs states. Section 3 is concerned with a sequence of de Rham
type operators and their associated Laplacians in a sequence of Hilbert spaces of
which the infinite direct sum is a general BFFS. The sequence of the de Rham
operators can be lifted to the BFFS to define a de Rham type operator acting
there, which, in turn, is used to define a “free” Dirac operator in the BFFS.
These will be done in section 4. We also introduce the Laplacian associated
with the de Rham operator. In section 5 we take an interlude to present some
basic facts in the theory of Fredholm operators and in supersymmetric quantum
theory, which should clarify a connection of our infinite dimensional analysis
with index theory and supersymmetry. In section 6 we state a result on the
Fredholm property of the free Dirac operator introduced in section 4. Section 7
is devoted to the description of a perturbation of the free Dirac operator. We give
an explicit form of the Laplacian associated with the perturbed Dirac operator.
In section 8 we present a result on the path integral representation of the index
of the perturbed Dirac operator. In the last section we discuss some examples
in SSQFT to illustrate how our abstract formalism unifies mathematically some
SSQFT models.

2. Fock spaces and trace formulae

2.1. BOSON FOCK SPACE

We use the Q-space description of Boson Fock space [36, ch. I]. Let 7-1 be
a real separable Hilbert space with inner product (‘,-)~ and {c~(f)~f E 7-1)
be the Gaussian mean zero random process indexed by 7-1, i.e., {c~(f)IfE 7-1)
is a family of random variables on a probability measure space (E,B(E),,u)
such that the mapping f ~(f) is linear, the Borel field B(E) is generated by
—*

{~(f)~f e 7-1}, and

fe’~dJL = exp(—~IfH~/2), .f E N. (2.1)

 A. Arai / Dirac operators in Boson—Fermion Fock spaces 467

We denote by 7i~the complexification of N and by (., .)~ its inner product

(complex linear in the second variable). Each element f of N~is uniquely written
as f = f1 + if~with f1,f~EN (i = ~/~T). Then we define q5(f) by ~(f) =

c~(fi)+ iç~(f~).
LetT0(N) =Cand
Ifj eN,j
F~(N) = £{:q~(fi).-.q~(f~): = 1,... ,n}, n>l, (2.2)

where ~{... } denotes the linear span of elements in {.. }, L~{... } the closure
of £{- . - }, and :1.(fi) . . . q~(f~):the “Wick product” with respect to (w.r.t.) the
measure jt of the random
2 (E, du) is decomposed as variables q~(f1 ),... , ~ (f~) [36]. The Boson Fock space
L
L2(E,dJl) = ~F~(N). (2.3)

For a self-adjoint operator A in 7-1~with domain D (A), the second quantization

dFb (A) in L2 (E, dii) is defined as the self-adjoint operator which is reduced by
each f’~(N)with the reduced part df~(A) being of the form df~°~(A)l = 0,

dP(A):~(f
1)~(f~):
~ n>1,

f1ED(A),j= l,...,n. (2.4)

We denote by P,~ the set of all complex polynomials of n variables. 2 (E, For an
d~t)by
operator T from N~ to another space, we define a subspace PT of L
PT = £{P(ç~(f
1),... ,q5(f~))~P E ~,fj E D(T),j = 1,... ,n,n 0}. (2.5)
2 (E, d~t).For T = I
It follows that,
(identity), if T is densely defined, then PT is dense in L
we set
p
1 = p. (2.6)
2 (E, dii; M) the Hilbert space of M-
For asquare
valued space M,functions
Hilbertintegrable we denote L
onby(E,d~u).
We define an operator V from L2 (E, dji) to L2 (E, d~a;N~)with domain P by

VP(~(f
1),...,~(f~))=~(a1P)(~(f1),... ,~(f~))f~ (2.7)

for P E P,~and f~ e N~,j= 1,... , n, and extending it by linearity to P, where

3,,P denotes the partial derivative of P = P(z1,... , z~) w.r.t. z1 E C(j =
1,... ,n). The well-definedness of V (i.e., if ~Pand cJ~ in P satisfy W =
a.e. (almost everywhere), then VW = V’1 a.e.) is ensured by the following
468 A. Arai / Dirac operators in Boson—Fermion Fock spaces

integration by parts formula w.r.t. the measure ,~t:

~ =

~P,b E P,f E N~,

(2.8)

where J~denotes the natural conjugation on N~:J~(f~ + if

2) : = f1 —if2, fl, f2 e
N. Formula (2.8) can be proven in the same way as in the proof of ref. [21, th.
6.3.1]. 2(E,dj.t) with domain ‘P by
For each f E N~,we define an operator Vf in L
= (f,VW)~~. (2.9)

Note that Vf is complex anti-linear in f.

In general, we denote by V ~ W the algebraic tensor product of vector spaces
V and W, and by T* the adjoint of the densely defined linear operator T.

Lemma 2.1. For all f E N~,Vf and V are closable with

D(~)DP, D(V*)DP~Nc, (2.10)

= VJ~fW+c~(f)~’, ~eP,fEN~. (2.11)

Proof Using (2.8), one first proves (2.10) and (2.11). Relation (2.10) implies
that D(~7~) and D(V*) are dense in L2(E, d~t)and L2 (E, d~u;Ne), respectively.
Hence, by a general criterion on the closability of linear operators (e.g., [32, ch.
III, ~5, th. 5.28], [34, th. VIII.!]), \~7fand V are closable.

We denote the closure of ~7~- and of V by the same symbol, respectively.

We next describe trace formulae concerning the “heat operator” exp(—flH)
(fi > 0) for a class of self-adjoint operators H in L2(E,du). We shall denote
by I,, (M) the pth Schatten class on the Hilbert space M [i.e., T E I,,~(M) ~t=~’
(T*T)P/2 is trace class on MI and by . ~ the norm:

~THP = {Tr(T*T)P/2}h/~~,T E I~(M), (2.12)

where Tr denotes trace. For T e 7T~(M) [I~ (M ), p > 2], det (I + T) [det~ (1 +
T)] denotes the [regularized] determinant of I + T (e.g., [37, 38]).
In the rest ofthis subsection, we assume that A is a strictly positive seif-adjoint
operator in N such that A~ E T
1 (N) for some y > 0. Then one can easily show
that, for all fi >0, exp(—flA) e I1(N~)and exp(—fldT’b(A)) C
with
ZA(/i) := Tre~dTb~= det(I_e_$Ay (2.13)

Let 5 > y and N_~(A)be the completion of N in the norm - H—~ =

- ~. Then the dual space ofN_o(A) can be identified with N~J’(A):=
 A. Arai / Dirac operators in Boson—Fermion Fock spaces 469

D(Aö12) equipped with the inner product (, )~ = (Ao/2.,AoI2.)~.The embed-

ding N —~ N~(A) is nuclear. Hence, by a theorem of Sazonov, Minlos and
Gross [23], we can take the measure space E to be

E = N~(A). (2.14)
Moreover, for all f ~ No(A), the random variable ç~(f)is realized as q~(f) =
(~,f), the duality pairing between ~ C Nô (A) and f, which coincides with the
inner product (ç~,f)~ifç~EN.
Let fi > 0 and
Efi = C([0,/3];E) (2.15)
be the space of E-valued continuous functions on [0,/fl. In the same way as in
the proof of ref. [24, prop. 5.1], we can prove the following fact:

Proposition 2.2 [1,2]. There exists a Gaussian mean zero process k~on [0, fi]
with state space E and with continuous sample paths such that for all f, g C

f d~ (~)(~
t,f)~,

= (f, (1 — ~ )1 (e’~’~+ ~ )g)~

t,SE [0,fl], (2.16)

where dpfl denotes the underlying measure on Efi.

Remark 2.3. We can show that ‘1o = P13 for a.e. 1, which implies that, for a.e.
1, the mapping t I~is a loop in E. Hence the measure
—~ can be regarded
as a measure on the 1oop space of E.

2(E,dji) such that ~ is

Definition 2.4.
in 1~(L2 (E, Letfor
du)) H all
be ta >self-adjoint
0. We say operator in L
that a measurable function G on E is in
the set ‘H if, for all e > 0, exp(—eH)~G~ exp(—eH) defines a unique trace class
operator on L2(E,dji).

Let V be a real-valued measurable function on F. Suppose that there exists a

dense subspace Din L2(E,dji) such that DC D(dFb(A)) fl D(V) and
= dFb(A) + V (2.17)

is bounded from below on D. We denote the Friedrichs extension (e.g., [35,

§X.3]) of Hv D by the same symbol H~.A basic trace formula is given in the
following theorem.
470 A. Arai / Dirac operators in Boson—Fermion Fock spaces

Theorem 2.5 [1,2,17]. Let /3 >0 and0 < t

1 < t2 < < t, < /3. Let V be as
above and suppose that,for alit C (0,/fl,

t~d5) <~.
L,1exP(f0
Then,for alit>0, ehh’v C 1 2(E,du)) and,forallG
1(L 1 G~C Ijj~,
51v G t1 )Hv G
Tr (e_t1 1 e~12_ 2 . - . Gne~~~)
Z4(/3)

1 E11
~
(2.18)

This theorem is a refinement of ref. [2, prop. D.3] in the sense that the
conditions which imply (2.18) are weakened. For the details of the proof, see
ref. [17].

2.2. FERMION FOCK SPACE

Let KJ be a real separable Hilbert space and A” (K~)be the p-fold anti-symmet-
ric tensor product of ACc~ [A°(K~) C]. The Fermion Fock space A(K~)over
ftC~is defined by

A(~~)
= ~A”(~~) (2.19)

(e.g., [34, ~II.4]). For u~C K~,j = 1,... , p, we define their exterior product
u1A .. A u~CA” (K~~)
‘ by

u1 A’- Au,, = ~ e(a)u~1~

® ® u~(,,)= A~(ui® u2- ~ u,,), (2.20)

where ~,, is the symmetric group of order p, e (a) the sign of the permutation
a C ~, and A,, is the antisymmetrization operator: A,, = ~aE~ e(c)a/p!.
We shall denote by b(u) (u C K~)the Fermion annihilation operator on
A(K~),i.e., b(u) is the bounded linear operator on A(K~)such that its adjoint
b (u ) ~, the Fermion creation operator, maps A~(A~)to A” + (~) for all p > 0
with the action

b(u)*ui Au2 A--- Au,, = ~p + 1 u Au1 A’’- A u~, it1 C K~. j = 1 p.

(2.21)
The following anti-commutation relations hold:
{b(u), b(v )*} = (a, )~, (2.22)
{b(u),b(v)} = 0 = {b(u)*,b(?)*}. U, 1’ C ~ (2.23)
 A. Arai / Dirac operators in Boson—Fermion Fock spaces 471

where {A, B) = AB + BA. We denote by b~(u)either b(u) or b(u)*. It follows

from (2.22) that the operator norm ~b(u)~ ofb(u)# is given by
= ~ u C A~. (2.24)
For a self-adjoint operator B in ~ the second quantization dI~(B) of B in
the Fermion Fock space A(A~)is defined as the self-adj~intoperator in A(A~)
which is reduced by each A”(K~)with the reduced part df~”~(B)being of the
form (e.g., [34, ~VIII.l0]) df~°~(B)
= 0,

d~(B) =~I®-®I®B®I®®I, p> 1. (2.25)

The number operator on A(AC~)is defined by

Nf = dF~(I). (2.26)
We next define quadratic operators in A(K~).For a densely defined linear
operator T in lC~,we define
Ac(K~T) = {~‘ {~(P)}~
0~J~(P) C A~(D(T) ~ - ~ D(T)),
= 0 for all but finitely many p}, (2.27)
which is dense in A(K~).We set Af(K~I) = A~(A1~). Let K C I2(K~).Then
there exist orthonormal systems { u,, }~=and { ~ } ~= in lC~and positive numbers
{A~}~=1 (N may be infinite) such that ~ x and

K = ~ ‘ ~ (2.28)

where, in the case N = ~, the r.h.s. converges in the norm of I2(K~)(cf. [34,
th. VI.17]). We define

= ~~nb(Vn)*h(un),

(b~K~b)
= ~ )b
(J~v~ (un),

(b*IK~b*)= ~ ).nb(vn)*b(J~un)* (2.29)

where, in the case N = cc, we can show that the r.h.s.’s strongly converge on
A~(K~) and the limits are independent of the choice of representation (2.28) of
K. For notational simplicity, we denote by (b~K~h~) any of these three opera-
tors.ItiseasytoseethatA~(K~) ~
and
(b*~KIb~)* = (b~*~K*~b#*) on A~(A~). (2.30)
472 A. Arai / Dirac operators in Boson—Fermion Fock spaces

Hence (b~KIb~) is closable. We denote its closure by the same symbol. An

estimate for KbK~b~) is given in the following lemma:

Lemma 2.6 [17]. Let K Then D(N1Y2) C D(Kb K~b#))and

C I2(~Cc).

I(b~lK~b~)WU
< ~K~( 2WH, W C D(N~2). (2.31)
(N~+ 2)”
2~
We introduce a class of Hilbert—Schmidt operators on K~:

Lemma 2.7. For every ~1I C iC~®1C~,there exists a uniqueHilberi—Schmidt operator

on JC~such that, for all u, v C K~,
(v, C~uk~= (t ~ J~u,~ (2.32)
Moreover,
= ~ (2.33)

Proof The existence of C

1,, can be proven by employing the Riesz lemma. To
prove (2.33) is an easy exercise.

2.3. BFFS

The BFFS we are concerned with is given by

2(E,d~i)øA(~C~) = L2(E,dii;A(K~)). (2.34)
A(E,A) = L
By (2.19) we have the orthogonal decomposition

(2.35)

with

= L2(E,djt)®A”(ftC~) = L2(E,dii;A”(K~)). (2.36)

Geometrically, the Hilbert space A(E,)C) [A”(E,K)] can be regarded as the
space of square integrable cross-sections w.r.t. the measure ~t of the product
vector bundle E x A (~) [E x A” (K~)1.
We can decompose A(E,K) as

A(E,K) = A~(E,K)~A(E,K) (2.37)

with

A÷(E,K) = ~A2”(EjC), A(E,K.) = ~A2”~(E,K), (2.38)

p=o p=o
 A. Arai / Dirac operators in Boson—Fermion Fock spaces 473

which are the closed subspaces generated by vectors of even and odd degrees,
respectively. Thus A (E, 1T) is 72-graded. The grading operator of this graduation
is given by
F = e~t®Nf. (2.39)
Let A and B be strictly positive self-adjoint operators in N and JC, respectively,
such that A’~’C I~(N) for some y > 0 and exp(—tB) C I~(K) for all t > 0. Let
V be a measurable function on E and W be an ‘2 (K~)-valuedfunction on F
such that W(~)is self-adjoint for a.e. ç~.Let
H = dFb(A) ®1 + V®l + I®dI~(B) + Kb*~W~b). (2.40)
By lemma 2.6, we have
flD(V) flD(I~WH2)]~Ar(K~B)
[D(dJ’b(A)) C D(H). (2.41)
Taking this fact into account, we assume that there exists a dense subspace D C
D(df’b(A)) n D(V) n D(~lWII2)such that H is bounded from below on D ~
Ar(K~B) and denote the Friedrichs extension of H D ~ Af(KC;B) by the
same symbol. We give a sufficient condition for et~~ (t > 0) to be trace class
on A(E, ,k) and a path integral representation for Tr([’~le_tH) (n 2( 0, /3];
= [0, 1). K~)
byLet /3 > 0. For each P C E13, we define an operator K~(~)on L
K~(~)= W(~!i,)(W~)++ B)’, (2.42)
where (0,) + [(3, ) —] denotes the differential operator 3/3 t in L2 ([0, /3]) with
the periodic [antiperiodic] boundary conditions.

Suppose that, for a. e. b,

Lemma 2.8 [1,2,17].

J
1~

0
~W(c1),)~dt < cc. (2.43)

Then K~(~I~)
C I 2([0,/3];lC~)) and, for each t,s C [0,/3], there exist
2(L K±(~ t, s) on 1C~such that
bounded linear operators

(K~(~P)f)(t) = J I-fl

0
K~(~t,s)f(s)ds, f C L2([0,fl];~~), (2.44)

ands K±(~ t, s) (s ~ t) is strongly continuous on K~.Moreover, K±(1;

—* t) :=
K±(~t,t + 0) CIi(,’C~)and
11’
TrK±(~)= / Tr K~(~t)dt (2.45)
Jo
is finite and real.

Let
H
0 = dFb(A)®1 + I~dI}(B). (2.46)
474 A. Arai / Dirac operators in Boson—Fermion Fock spaces

Then we have

Z(fl;n) := Tr (F~e~0) = det(1+(_l)etB) (2.47)

Theorem 2.9. Let A, B, V and W be as above. Assume (2.43) and

J
I’ / I-fl
dtt13(P)exP(~—J V(~t)dt+K±(~)lI~+ITrK±(’I)~)<cc.
Efi 0

Then exp(—/3H) C11(A(E,/C)) and

1”)
TrZ(fl;n(a))
(F’”°~e =fd~p(~)det
2(1+Ke(~))

xexp(_/ V(~,)dt+TrKa(~)~,
\ .0 “ (2.48)

wheren(+) = 1 andn(—) = 0.

The proof ofthis theorem can be done by using theorem 2.5 and trace formulae
in the Fermion Fock space A (K~) [1,2] together with some limiting arguments.
The details are given in ref. [17].

3. Operators of the de Rham type, cohomology spaces and Laplacians

Let S be a densely defined closed linear operator from N~to 1Cc. For each
p > 0, we introduce a dense subspace ~S,p in A” (E, K) by

~s,p = £{P(q~(f1),...,çb(f~))u1A’Au~IP CP~,fj C C~~(S*S),

Uk C Coc(SS*),j = 1,... ,n,k = 1, ,p,n},
(3.1)
where C°~(T)= fl~.1D(Tm).We define a linear operator d5,~: A”(E,K)
A~~’ (E,~) with domain ~S,p by

d5,~P(~(f1),...,~(f~))u1A’Au,,

= ~ 1~(31P)(~(f1),... ,~(f~))SfjAu1A.”Au,,
j=I (3.2)
and extending it by linearity to t)s,p. The well-definedness of d5,~can be proven
by using (2.8). Fundamental properties of the operator d5,~are summarized in
the following proposition.
 A. Arai / Dirac operators in Boson—Fermion Fock spaces 475

Lemma3.1 [1,2].
(1) For all p > 0, d5,~is closable and its closure, also denoted by the same
symbol, satisfies
= 0 on D(d5~). (3.3)
(2) For all p > 0, D (di,,) ~ ~ and, for all W C ts,p+ 1 of the form

p+ 1
~ = ~ ~ —~J~s.ukP)

x u1A --‘ A Uk A ... A u~1,

(3.4)

where P = P(q~(f1),... , q~(f~))

and iTtk indicates the omission ofuk.

Equation (3.3) shows that the sequence {ds,~,D(ds~)}~0

forms a complex
of the de Rham type. We define the p-cohomology space of {ds,~}~0
by

= Ker ds,~/R(ds,~_1),p > 0, (3.5)

where R (T) and Ker T denote the range and the kernel of the operator T, respec-
tively, and we set R(d5,_1) = {0} C A°(E,K). To identify these cohomology
spaces, we introduce the Laplacians As,.,, defined by
= ~ + d5,~1d,,~_1, (3.6)
which is a priori a nonnegative symmetric operator with D(As,~) D ~S,p. We
can prove the following theorem.
Theorem 3.2 [1,2].
4s,~is self-adjoint and
(1) For al/p > 0,
= dFb(S*S)®I+I®dI~’~(SS*). (3.7)
(2) For al/p > 0, Hs,~is isomorphic to Ker 45,p.

We can identify Ker As,~:Let F

0(Ker S) = F0(N) = C and
f(Ker S) = £{:q~(f1) .q~(fT): fj C Ker S,j = 1,--. ,r}, r> 1. (3.8)
Then we have

Lemma 3.3 [2]. For al/p > 0,

45,p = ~~(Ker S) ® A~(KerS~®~ ® Ker S*). (3.9)
Ker
476 A. Arai / Dirac operators in Boson—Fermion Fock spaces

We denote by n (T) the dimension of Ker T:

n(T) = dim Ker T. (3.10)

Using lemma 3.3, we obtain:

Theorem 3.4.
(1)Ifn(S) = 0, then n(i50) = 1 and,for alip> 1,
n(is~)= f(~~)~
1 <p<n(S*),
p>n(S*).
(2) Ifn (S) 1, then n (A~,~)
= + cc and, for alip> 1,
t),
n(z1s~) = 1+cc, l<p<n(S
p>n(S*).

4. Free Dirac operators and Laplacians in the BFFS

The sequence {ds,,, }co of the de Rham operators defines an operator d
5 acting
in A(E,K):
D(d5) = {W = CA(E,K)VP~~~C D(d5~),
{W~”~}~0

(4.1)
1,p > 1. (4.2)
(d5W)~°~
= 0, (d~P)”~
= d5,~~1”~

Lemma 4.1 [2].

(1) The operator d
5 is densely defined, closed and satisfies

d~= 0. (4.3)
(2,) The adjoint d,~is given by
11,
p 0, (4.4)
= d~~W~’~’
with domain
D(d,~)= {~P= {W”~}~CA(E,K)IW~”~’~
C D(d~~),p
>0,
(4.5)

Equation (4.3) shows that c/~is a nilpotent operator. Moreover, it follows from
the closedness of d
5 that R (ds) C Ker d~.Hence we define the d5-cohomology
space by ______

Hs = Ker ds/R(ds). (4.6)

 A. Arai / Dirac operators in Boson—Fermion Fock spaces 477

Let

= {W = {W(P)}~
0C A(E,K~W~’~
C TSp, ~ = 0
for all but finitely many p}.
(4.7)
We define the Laplacian associated with d5 by
4s = d~ds+ d
5d,~, (4.8)
Then we
1~s~
have: is a priori a nonnegative symmetric operator with D(45)
which D

Theorem 4.2 [2].

(1) The operator As is self-adjoint and

4~=~A
5,~=drb(S*S)®1+IodFf(SS*). (4.9)

(2) The cohomology space Hs is isotnorphic to Ker A5.

By (4.9) we have
45,p, (4.10)
Ker As = ~Ker
which implies that

dim Ker A
5 = ~dim Ker A5~.

Hence, by lemma 3.3 and theorem 3.4, we obtain

Ker As = ~ 1~(KerS)®A~(Ker S*®...®Ker S*) (4.11)

p,r=0

~ if n(S) = 0
dim Ker 4~= ‘ . ‘ (4.12)
ifn(S) > I
We define
Qsds+d,~. (4.13)
Then we have:

Theorem4.3 [1,2].
(1) The operator Qs is self-adjoint, essentially self-adjoint on every core ofA5,
and thefollowing operator equalities hold:
A5 = Q~ Q~. (4.14)
478 A. Arai / Dirac operators in Boson—Fermion Fock spaces

(2,) The grading operator F leaves D (Qs) invariant and

{Q5,F} = 0 on D(Q5). (4.15)

Theorem 4.3(2) shows that Q,~is an abstract Dirac operator (see section 5).
Note that
Q,~ = i(d~—d,~), (4.16)
i.e., Q1~is an operator of the Kähler—Dirac type. Taking these facts and (4.14)
into account, we may call Q~a “free” (Kahler—)Dirac operator in the BFFS
A(E,K).
We can easily check that

{Qs,Q1.~,-}= 0 onD(d~d5)flD(d5d~), (4.17)

i.e., Q,~and Q,~anticommute in a “naive” sense. In fact, we can prove a stronger
result on the anticommutativity of them in the sense made precise below.
Let us recall a proper notion of anticommutativity of two self-adjoint operators
[33,39]: Two self-adjoint operators A and B in a Hubert space are said to strong/v
anticomtnute if, for all
1f. We remark A and
t Cif I~
that, and fB CareD(B), e”-~f
strongly C D(B) andself-adjoint
anticommuting e~ABf =
Be”
operators, then there exists a dense invariant subspace V for A and B such
that AB + BA = 0 on V. But the converse is not true in general. Strongly
anticommuting self-adjoint operators have interesting properties [13].
We can prove the following fact.

Theorem 4.4 [5]. The Dirac operators Q,~and Qjs strongly anticommnute.

5. Elements of index theory and supersymmetry

Our infinite dimensional analysis has a connection with index theory and
supersymmetry. To make this aspect clear, here we take an interlude to review
some basic facts in index theory and in supersymmetric quantum theory.

5.1. FREDHOLM OPERATORS AND INDEX

Let N
1 and N2 be Hilbert spaces and C(N1,N2) be the set of densely defined
closed linear operators from N1 to N2. Let A C C(N1,N2). Then the index of A
is defined by
md A = n(A)_n(A*), (5.1)
t) is finite. An operator A C C(N~,N
provided that at least one ofn (A) and n(A 2)
t)
is said
are (is)tofinite
be Fredholm (semi-Fredholm)
and the range if both (at
R(A) of A is closed. least
It can beone) n (A)Aand
of that
shown n (A
is (semi-)
 A. Arai / Dirac operators in Boson—Fermion Fock spaces 479

Fredholm if and only if so is At. An important feature of a (semi-) Fredholm op-

erator is the “topological invariance” of the index : Let A C C (N
1, N2) be (semi-)
Fredholm and B be an A-compact operator. Then A + B is (semi-) Fredholm and
md (A + B) = md A (e.g, [32, ch. IV, §5], [22, §XVII.4]).
A useful criterion for an operator A C C(N1,N2) to be (semi-) Fredholm is
given in terms
tA and AAt: of spectral properties of the nonnegative self-adjoint operators
A
Proposition 5.1. Let A C C(N~,N
2).Then thefollowing hold:
t) <cc, and
(1) The operator A is Fredholm if and only ifn(A*A) <cc, n(AA
infa(AtA) \ {0} > 0, (5.2)
where a (.) denotes spectrum.
(2) The operator A is semi-Fredholm if and only if at least one ofn (At A) and
n (A At) is finite and (5.2) holds.

Proof (outline). We need only to employ the following general facts:

(i
Ker AtA = Ker A. (5.3)
(ii) a(A*A) \ {0} = a(AAt) \ {0} (see ref. [20]).
(iii) R(A) is closed if and only if there exists a constant C > 0 such that
~AfH> CHfII for all f C D(A) fl (Ker A)~-.

5.2. SUPERSYMMETRIC QUANTUM THEORY AND ABSTRACT DIRAC OPERATORS

As we have already seen, the BFFS A(E,K) is 7L

2-graded and the free Dirac
operator Qs is odd w.r.t. the grading in the sense that Qs anticommutes with the
grading operator F. This is the reflection of a supersymmetric structure of the
BFFS. In order to make this aspect clear, we briefly discuss in this subsection
supersymmetric quantum theory (SSQT) in an abstract way [8,9,14,19,40].
We begin with an abstract definition of SSQT. For simplicity, we consider
only the case of N = 1 supersymmetry

Definition 5.2. An (N = 1) SSQT is a quadruple {X, H, Q, NF} consisting of a

Hubert space X, self-adjoint operators H (the” supersymmetric Hamiltonian”),
Q (the “supercharge”) and NF (the “Fermion number operator”) in X with the
following properties:
(S.l)NF is bounded with N~= IandNF ~ ±1.
2. D(Q) invariant and {Q, NF} = 0 on D(Q).
(S.2) NF leaves
(S.3) H = Q
480 A. Arai / Dirac operators in Boson—Fermion Fock spaces

The results in section 4 show that {A(E,K),Js, Q5,F} is a SSQT. In section

9 we discuss concrete realizations of this SSQT as SSQFT models.
Let {X,H,Q,NF} beaSSQT. Then, by (S.1), wehavea(NF) = {+l}. Hence
we can decompose X as
X=X+~X~ (5.4)
with X~.being the eigenspace of A/F with eigenvalue ±1. Physically, X~ and
X_ correspond to the space of bosonic and fermionic states, respectively. The
decomposition (5.4) allows one to represent vectors f in X as

~ -
(f+

with .f±C X~.Then, relative to this representation, every linear operator in X

can be represented as a 2 x 2 matrix with entries being linear operators. It follows
from the self-adjointness of Q that there exists a unique
Q+ CC(X~,X~)such that

= (~+~). (5.5)
Hence H is represented as
H = (H+ ~-) (5.6)

with
LI T1* T) LI cI /~*
11+ = ~+V+, ~‘— =

which are called the bosonic and fermionic part of H, respectively.

The supersymmetry is said to be broken if there exist no zero-energy states,
in other words, Ker H = {0} [40,41]. A necessary condition for the supersym-
metry to be broken is given in terms of the J’Vitten index defined by

= n(1J~)—n(H~), (5.8)
which physically means the number of the bosonic zero-energy states minus the
number of the fermionic
1w zero-energy
= 0. states. It is obvious that, if the supersym-
metry is broken, then
By (5.3) and (5.7), we see that

= md Q+. (5.9)
Thus the index of Q~ is related to the physics of supersymmetry. In view of the
topological invariance of the index of (semi-) Fredholm operator, it is important
to know when Q+ is (semi-) Fredholm.

Lemma 5.3. The operator Q~

is Fredholm if and only if Q is Fredholmn.

Proof Apply the fact (iii) given in the proof of proposition 5.1.
 A. Arai / Dirac operators in Boson—Fermion Fock spaces 481

Lemma 5.4. The operator Q~is Fredholm if and only if

n(Q2) <cc, inf a(Q2) \ {0} >0. (5.10)

Proof Thisfollowsfromlemma 5.3 and proposition 5.1(1) applied toA = Q.L1

The following lemma is also useful.

Lemma 5.5. Suppose that for some /3 > 0, exp(—/3Q2) C 1

1(X). Then Q+ is
Fredholm and 2) (5.11)
md Q+ = Tr(NFe~’~
independently of/i.

Proof See ref. [1, appendix B]. LI

We conclude this section with a mathematical remark. A closed symmetric

operator B (not necessarily self-adjoint) in the Z
2-graded Hilbert space X is said
to be an abstract Dirac operator w. r. t. the grading operator NF if NF leaves D (B)
invariant and {D, NF} = 0 on D(lID) [31]. In terms of this notion, the super-
charge Q is an abstract Dirac operator. Hence the abstract SSQT can be regarded
as a theory of an abstract Dirac operator, which has rather rich structures (e.g.,
[8,9,13,14,19,29] and references therein).

6. Fredholm property of the free Dirac operators

We now turn to the free Dirac operators introduced in section 4 and examine
their Fredholm property. We already have seen that {A (F, K), As, Qs, F} is a
SSQT. Hence there exists a unique Qs,+ C C(A±(E, K;), A_ (E, K;)) such that

Q~ (~,+~ (6.1)

Theorem 6.1 [2].

(1) IfS is Fredho/m with n (S) = 0, then Qs,+ is Fredho/m with
md Qs,+ = öO,..ind ,~ (6.2)
t) = 0, then Qs,+ is semi-
(2) IfSwith
Fredholm is semi-Fredholm with n (S) 1 and n(S
md Qs,+ = n(Qs,~)= +cc. (6.3)

Proof(outline). Apply lemma 5.4 with Q = Qs together with (4.14), (4.9), and
theorem 3.4. LI
482 A. Arai / Dirac operators in Boson—Fermion Fock spaces

Remark 6.2. In the cases different from those considered in theorem 6.1, Qs,+
is not (semi-) Fredholm.

7. Perturbation of the free Dirac operators

In this section we consider a perturbation of Q~.This is done by perturbing

the de Rham operator d5.
2(E,dji;K;~),we define an operator —b(F) in A(E,K;) by
For F C L
(b(F)~)(~)= b(F(~))W(~), a.e. ~C E, (7.1)
with
D(b(F)) = {W C A(E,K;)~fE Ib(F(~))W(~)I~) d~) <cc}. (7.2)

We introduce a perturbed de Rham operator by

d t. (7.3)
5(F) = ds + b(F)
Lemma 7.1 [2]. Let F C L~(E,d~~K;~)with some q > 2. Then, d
5(F) is
closable with D (d5 (F )#) ~ ~
where t’s is defined by (4. 7).
2 (E, d~i;K;~)if F C L~(E, d~u;1Cc)
Remark 7.2.q >By2.Holder’s inequality, F C L
with some

For F C L” (E, dit; K;~)with some q > 2, we define a perturbed Dirac operator
Qs(F) by
Qs(F) = the closure of (d
5(F) + ds(F)*) ts, (7.4)
which is a closed symmetric operator. Then we can prove:

Lemma 7.3 [1,2]. The operator Q~(F) is an abstract Dirac operator w. r. t. F.

In general, it is shown that an abstract Dirac operator always has a self-adjoint

extension which is also an abstract Dirac operator ([31], cf. also [12,15]).
Hence, by lemma 7.3, Q,~ (F) has a self-adjoint extension as an abstract Dirac
operator. It is interesting and important to discuss the essential self-adjointness
of Q5(F). In the present paper, however, we do not consider this aspect and
simply assume the following:

Assumption I. The operator Q,~(F) is essentially self-adjoint on t5.

The problem of the essential self-adjointness of Qs (F) will be discussed in a

separate paper [16].
 A. Arai / Dirac operators in Boson—Fermion Fock spaces 483

By lemma 7.3 and the self-adjointness ofQs (F), there exists a unique Qs (F) +
C C(A~(E,K;),AjE,K;)) such that

Q (F) = (k,,Q5(F)~
0 Qs(F)~ (7.5)
0 )
We next consider the Fredholm property of Qs (F ) + and compute its index
by the method of lemma 5.5. To do that, however, we need to know an explicit
form of the Laplacian 2. (7.6)
As(F) = Q5(F)
As in lemma 2.1, we can show that the operator SV : L2 (F, d~t) L2 (E, d,u; —~

K;~)with domain P~is closable. We denote the élosure by the same symbol. In
the subspace P~~ D(St) in L2(E, dp; K;~)= L2(E, dpi) 0 1Cc, we define a norm
Hr,s [r,s C [l,cc)] by
~PHr,s= ~‘HL’(E,dp;c~)) + HSV 0 ‘~11HL’(E,d,,;Pc~)®~c,
+ ~SJ~V 0 .J~WI~Ls(E,dp.mc,)®mcc (7.7)
and denote by W~the completion of P~~ D (St) in the norm I -I

Definition 7.4. We say that a K;~-valuedfunction F on E is in the set F~’if

F C D(V*S*) fl W~and J~StF = S*F.

Let G be a /C~0 K;~-valuedmeasurable function on F. Then, for each ~ C F,

G(~) is an element of )C~0 K;~.Hence, by lemma 2.7, we can define three
quadratic operators (b*ICG(~)Ib*)in A(K;~).These operators naturally define
operators acting in A(E,K;) by
((b*jCGjb*)W)(~5) = (b#ICG~b#)!P(~) (7.8)

with the domain being maximal.

Theorem 7.5 [21. Let F C EF~with r> 4 ands > 2. Let

LF(~) C(sJHv®J,F)(~)+ C~J~v®J,p)(~). (7.9)

Then ~s C D(z1
5(F)) and
tStF +
A5(F) =A5 + V
+ (b*~Csv®IF~b*)
+ (bIC~vØjFtb)+ (bt~LF~b)
(7.10)
on ~s.
484 A. Arai / Dirac operators in Boson—Fermion Fock spaces

8. Path integral representation of the index of the perturbed Dirac operator

In this section we state a result on a path integral representation of the index

of Qs(F)~. We assume the following:

Assumption II. StS and SSt are strictly positive and (5*5)_Y C 1
1(N) for some
y >0.

Under assumption II, as was discussed in section 2, we can take

tS) (8.1)
E = N~(S
with c5 y. We denote by {2),~tC [0, /3]} the Gaussian random process given in
>
proposition 2.2 with A = 5*5 and by (E
13, jii~)the underlying measure space.
Let F C F~with
2([0,/3];K;~) by r > 4,s > 2. For a.e. cP C E13, we define an operator on
L
= LF(~,)((D,)±
+ 55*)_1 (8.2)
The following lemma follows from an application of lemma 2.8.

Lemma 8.1. Suppose that

J PP
HLr(2)t)I~dt<cc. (8.3)
0

Then K~(2)) C 1 2( [0,/i]; ~~)) and there exist bounded linear operators
K~(2); t, s) : K;~ 2(L
K;~such that s
—~ K~((2); t, s) (s ~ 1) is strongly continuous
—~

and

(K~(~)f)(t) = /K~(~t~s)f(s)ds~ f C L2([0,fl];K;~).

Moreover, K~(c2);t):= K~(~t,t+ 0) CIi(K;~)and

PP
TrK~(cb)=J TrK~1i;t)dt
0

is finite and real.

A formula for the index of Qs (F) + is given in the following theorem.

Theorem 8.2 [21. Consider the case

= .J~Csv®JFJ~. (8.4)
 A. Arai / Dirac operators in Boson—Fermion Fock spaces 485

Assume (8.3) and

~ (— f ~ + ~ dt

+ ~I~K~)I~ + TrK~)I) <cc.

Then Q5(F)~is Fredholm and

md Qs(F)~ = f djip(~)det2(I +

x exp (— f13 (v*S*F(~,) + ~F(~

1)I~) dt + Tr K~(~)).

independently of/i > 0.

This theorem can be proven by applying theorem 2.9 and lemma 5.5.

Remark 8.3. It is shown that (8.4) is equivalent to the condition

2(K;~)’ a.e.ç~.
SVoIF(ç~) CA
In this case we have (bt~Csv®JFIbt) 0, which simplifies the computation of
the index of Q
5(F)~.The case where (8.4) is not satisfied is more complicated,
see ref. [2].

9. Models of SSQFT

The theory of infinite dimensional Dirac operators described in the preceding

sections is constructed from the “sextet” (E,u,N,K;,S,F). In this section we
briefly discuss concrete examples of it. In particular, we want to point out that
the abstract formalism presented in this paper gives a mathematical unification
for some models in SSQFT.

9.1. DIRAC OPERATORS ON THE SPACE OF REAL TEMPERED DISTRIBUTIONS AND

THE N = 1 WESS-ZUMINO MODEL

Let Sr(~) be the Schwartz space of rapidly decreasing real C~-functionson

I~l and Sr(!~)*be its dual, i.e., the space of real tempered distributions on EJI. Let
m > 0 be a constant and
w(p)=~/p2+m2, pCI~.
Let H_112(Ef~) be the real Hilbert space of real tempered distributions f on l~
such that the Fourier transform f is a measurable function and
i p ci ~2
2 I )~PJ
HfIH112 =
‘
2J~ w(p) <cc.
486 A. Arai / Dirac operators in Boson—Fermion Fock spaces

We want to apply the abstract theory in the previous sections to the case where
E = SrUJU*, N = H_112(l~), K: = L~(R),
t such that
f
and the measure ii is equal to the measure jim on Sr(R)
exp(i(~,f))dj~m(~) = exp(-HfH2I/
2/2), f C Sr(~),
S, (li)
t and
where
f C S~(lfl. denotes the canonical duality pairing between ~ C Sr(lfl
(~,f)
There is some arbitrariness in choosing the operatorS: H_l/2(E~flc —~

to define the Dirac operator Qs. One choice is given by the operator S such that
S = S~+ iS
2 with

(S1f)(p) = 2~f(p), (52f)(p)

ii(p) =~‘~~+ w(p).

Let Wb and Wf be the self-adjoint operators acting in H_~12(U~)
and Lr(L1fl, re-
spectively, such that
Wbf(p) =w(p)f(p), fCD(wb),

&5~ü(p)=w(p)i~(p), u C D(wf).
Then we can easily show that
tS = Wb, SS~ = Wf.
S
Thus, in the present case, the free Laplacian takes the form
As = dFb(wb) 01 + I®dFf(wf). (9.1)
It may be instructive to write down an explicit form of the Dirac operator in
the case under consideration. We denote by b(x) and b(x)t the distribution
kernels of the annihilation and creation operators on the Fermion Fock space
A(L2(1~)),respectively. Let
= ~{P((~,f
1),... ,K~,f~))u1
A’-AuP~fj,uk CS(R),j = 1,... ,n,
k = l,...,p,PCP~,n>0,p>0},
t,L2(Elfl). One can easily see that D(d
which is dense in A(Sr(U~) 5) C ~ and d5
can be expressed as

= Jdxb(x)*So/o~(x) on~, (9.2)

where ~5/5~(x) denotes the functional differential operator of first order. Let
t.
Then one has = i[b(x) _b(x)*1, y2(x) = b(x) + b(x)

{y 2~jk~~(Xy), — (9.3)
1(x), y~(y)} =
 A. Arai / Dirac operators in Boson—Fermion Fock spaces 487

i.e., {y1(x)} is a set of (distributional) generators of an infinite dimensional

Clifford algebra. We can easily check that the free Dirac operator Qs takes the
form

Qs=i~fdxyj(x)Sj~~X)+fdx~(x)S*b(x) on~, (9.4)

which shows that Qs is a functional differential operator of first order with coef-
ficients being elements of an infinite dimensional Clifford algebra. In this sense,
Qs is certainly an infinite dimensional generalization of usual finite dimensional
Dirac operators. 4s = Q~can be expressed as
Using (9.1) or (9.4), we see that the Laplacian
As = fdx (~x)(~bô~x) + ~(x)wb~))

+fdxbx*wfbx on~. (95)

We next give an example of L2(l~)-valuedfunctions F on S,-UIflt used to

define a perturbation of Q.,~.Let K > 0 and ~j be a nonnegative even function
in C~°(l~) such that ~(x) = 0 for IxI > 1 and f~(x) = 1. Then the field
~t~K(x) with the ultraviolet cutoff K is defined by (x) = (q~,KQ (K(x —.)). For
/K

g C C~0(l~2)and a polynomial P of one variable, we can define an L2(11)-valued

function F on Sr(l~)*by

F(~)(x)= j:P(~K(y)):g(x,y)dy.

It is not difficult to check that F C l~ with r > 4,s > 2. Thus, by theorem
7.5, we can explicitly write down 4
5(F). But, here, we do not go into the de-
tails (cf. ref. [2]). The above choice of F gives a SSQFT model of the N =
Wess—Zumino type in the two-dimensional space—time, which describes a super-
symmetric system of two component Majorana Fermi fields interacting with a
neutral scalar field. The case where ~ is replaced by the one-torus S’ is discussed
in refs. [26,29,30].

9.2. THE N = 2 WESS-ZUMINO MODEL

A complex version of the model in the last subsection is described in terms of

(E,jt,N,K;) given by
t xS~~~R)t, 1~= /LmOUm,
F = Sr(~fl
N=IL
112O1~)~H_~12(FR), K;=L~R)~L~(D~).

Let 312w(p)~[v(—p)3 + mii(p)].

a(p) = —i2
488 A. Arai / Dirac operators in Boson—Fermion Fock spaces

2(lt) ~ L2(l~)by
We define an operatorS: ~ —~-L

(5f)A(p) = Iw(p)h/2 (a(_p)* a(p) ~ (f±(p)

~ a(p) _a(~~p)*)~f(~)

= (~) C H_l/
2(~)c~11_l/2(~)c.

Then we can snow that this choice gives the N = 2 Wess—Zumino model on
which describes a supersymmetric quantum system of Fermi fields coupled to
a complex Bose field. In our formalism, the complex Bose field is given’ by the
random variable

~(f) = ~(K~/~i,f) + i((/)2,f)), f C Sr(~),

t XSr(Iflt. The model on a cylinder was discussed in
where (c~i,
detail in C F = Sr(~)
~2) [26—29].
refs. Mathematical discussions of the supersymmetric quan-
tum mechanical version of this model have been given in refs. [10—12,25].

9.3. A MODEL OF SUPERSYMMETRIC GAUGE FIELD THEORY

In ref. [42], Witten presented a SSQFT model derived from the Chern—Simons
functional on a three-manifold Y and suggested that its ground states are the
Floer groups of Y (a conjecture given by Atiyah [18]). This model (with cut-
offs) can also be described as a special example of our abstract formalism. It
is interesting to remove the cutoffs and mathematically justify Atiyah—Witten’s
suggestion just mentioned.

The author would like to thank the organizers of the XXVIII Karpacz Winter
School of Theoretical Physics for inviting him to deliver a series of lectures at
the School.

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