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SMA 3033
SEMESTER 2 2017/2018
BY:
DR ROHAIDAH HJ MASRI
Logic examines general forms which arguments may take, which forms
are valid, and which are fallacies.
give general
conclusions from
Two parts of logic : - Inductive reasoning specific examples
- Deductive reasoning
Give logical
conclusions from
definitions and
axioms
• Some terms:
Conjecture - An unproved proposition that is believed to be
true.
Theorem - The statement that is proved.
Lemma - The statement which is used as a stepping stone in
the proof of another theorem.
Methods of proof
Prove that sum of an even number and an odd number is always odd.
Let x =2 , y = 3
Then,
x + y = 2 + 3 = 5.
Then,
x + y is odd. X
Note : This is not true for all cases!!! (except for counterexample)
Well defined
Eg. If S is a set & b
is some object, then
either b definitely
Element in S or definitely
Empty Set Subset
Eg. aG not in S.
-Proper
- a is an element of
-improper
set G
Example 2
Let S = { a, b, c}.
This set S has a total of eight subsets: 2n
, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a,b}, {a,c}, {b,c}, {a,b,c}
Example 3
Decide whether the object described is indeed a set (is well defined).
Not well
i. {nZ+ | n is a large number } defined
ii. { n Z | n2 < 0 } Well
defined
SMA3033 SEM 2 2017/2018 11
1.4 RELATIONS
Example 4
Definition 2 (Relation)
Definition 3 ( Partition)
Example 6
.a
Let S = { a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h }
.c .h
.b
.f
.g .d .e
Cells,
Example 7
Solution :
1. To show R is reflexive.
Since a . a = a2 0
Then, a R a.
2. To show R is symmetric.
Let a R b for a, b Z.
Then , ab 0.
Since a . b = b . a in Z, then ba 0.
Hence, b R a.
3. To show R is transitive.
Let a R b and b R c for a, b, c in Z.
Then, ab 0 and bc 0.
Hence, ac 0.
Then, we have a R c.
SMA3033 SEM 2 2017/2018 16
1.5 FUNCTIONS
Definition 1 ( Function )
The correspondence
: Q Z given by (a/b) = a + b
.3
. 1/2 = 2/4
.6
A function : X Y is onto if
for all y Y, exist xX such that f(x) = y.
Onto-
1-1 - injection surjection
Bijection
SMA3033 SEM 2 2017/2018 19
Exercise:
i. Function f: R R is defined by
f(x) = 2x + 3.
ii. Function f : Z Z is defined by
f(x) = 2x.
iii. Function f : Z 2Z is defined by
f(x) = 2x. for x in Z.
iv. Function f : R+ R is defined by
f(x) = log10(x). for x in R+
v. Function f : R R+ is defined by
f(x) = 0.3x for x in R.
Two sets X and Y have the same cardinality if there exists a 1-1
function mapping X onto Y, that is, if exists a 1-1 correspondence
between X and Y.
Example 8