I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am highly indebted to xxxxx Sir and express my deepest gratitude for the
valuable guidance and help rendered by him for the successful completion of
this study. He has helped me at every step, referred me to the relevant study
material for the project, rectified my mistakes and always guided me in my
research. In fact, this study could not have seen the light of the day if his
contribution would have not been available.

I express my sincere thanks to all respected faculty members of this institution

who were there to support me.

I also grateful to the library staff of xxxx College, for providing me necessary
support in carrying out this research.

xxxxxxxxx
Date: 00.00.2024. Roll
no. xxxxxxx
Place: xxxx.
 II

DECLARATION

I do hereby declare that the project entitled “OBSTACLES IN

PROTECTION OF PRIVACY VIS-A-VIS COMMUNITY, POLITY
AND TECHNOLOGY” is the outcome of my own research work conducted
under the supervision of xxxxx. I further declare that to the best of my
knowledge, the project does not contain any part of any work which has been
submitted for the award of any degree either in this college or any other
college without proper citation.

xxxxxxxxxx
Date: xx.xx.2024. Roll
no. xxxxx
Place: xxxx.
 III

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “OBSTACLES IN PROTECTION

OF PRIVACY VIS-A-VIS COMMUNITY, POLITY AND
TECHNOLOGY” which is being submitted by Mr. Rahul for the part of the
degree of Master of Laws is independent and original research work carried
out by him.

The project is worthy of consideration for the award of LL.M. degree of xxxxx

xxxx has worked under my guidance and supervision to fulfil all requirements
for the submission of this project.

The concept of research scholar remained excellent during the period of

research.

xxxxxxxxx
Date: 00.00.2024.
xxxxx College
Place: xxxxx.
 IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………I
DECLARATION…………………………………………………………..II
CERTIFICATE………………………………………………...………….III
TABLE OF CONTENTS..………………………………………………..IV

CHAPTER 1-INTRODUCTION…..………………………………………..1
1.1. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM……………………..…………………….4
1.2. OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH…………………………..……..…………4
1.3. RESEARCH QUESTION………………………………………..……….4
1.4. LITERATURE REVIEW.... …………………………………...…………5
1.5. HYPOTHESIS………………………………………………………..…..5
1.6. RESEARCH METHOLOGY…………………………………………….5
1.7. TENTATIVE CHAPTERIZATION………………………….…………..6
CHAPTER 2- EVOLUTION OF MINORITY SAFEGUARDS IN
INDIA…………..…………………………………………………………….7
2.1. EVOLVING LANDSCAPE OF MINORITY SAFEGUARDS ….……..7
2.2. LEGISLATIVE DEVELOPMENTS……………………………………18
2.3. EFFORTS TO PRESERVE AND PROMOTE MINORITY CULTURES
AND LANGUAGES…………………………………………………………22
2.4. LEGAL MECHANISMS FOR THE RECOGNITION AND
PROTECTION OF CULTURAL RIGHTS……………………………..……
22
2.5. EMERGING ISSUES AND PRIORITIES ………………………………
23
CHAPTER 3 - CONSTITUTIONAL AND JUDICIAL SAFEGUARDS
FOR MINORITY RIGHTS …………………………………………..……26
3.1. LEGAL UNDERSTANDING AND ANALYSIS ………………………
27
3.2. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS …………………….………….……30
3.3. MINORITY COMMISSION ……………………………………………
33
 V

3.4. THE SACHAR COMMITTEE ……………………………….…………

33
3.5. RANGNATH MISHRA COMMISSION ON MINORITIES
…………..35
3.6. THE PRIME MINISTER’S 15 POINT PROGRAMME
………………..36
3.7. LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT OF MINORITY WOMEN
SCHEME39
3.8. NATIONAL MINORITIES DEVELOPMENT AND FINANCE
CORPORATION …………………………………………….………………
39
CHAPTER IV- MINORITY EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS: A
CONSTITUTIONAL RESPONSE
………………………………………...43
4.1.UNDERSTANDING CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEES FOR
MINORITY EDUCATION ……………………………………………….…46
4.2. HISTORICAL CONTEXT: EVOLUTION OF MINORITY
EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS IN
INDIA……………………………………….48
4.3. CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK: KEY PROVISIONS AND
INTERPRETATIONS …………………...…………………..………………50
4.4. CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES AND DEBATES …………….…51
4.5. MINORITY EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS AND SOCIAL
JUSTICE…….53
4.6. POLICY IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ……………
54
4.7.FUTURE PERSPECTIVES: STRENGTHENING MINORITY
EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS IN CONSTITUTIONAL DISCOURSE……….57
CHAPTER 5- CASE STUDIES HIGHLIGHTING THE IMPORTANCE
OF CONSTITUTIONAL AND JUDICIAL SAFEGUARDS ..……..……61
5.1. SHAH BANO CASE (1985): UPHOLDING RIGHTS OF MUSLIM
WOMEN……………………………………………………………...….62
5.2. KESAVANANDA BHARATI CASE (1973): BASIC STRUCTURE
DOCTRINE………………………………………………………………64
 VI

5.3. NAVTEJ SINGH JOHAR CASE (2018): DECRIMINALIZATION

OF
HOMOSEXUALITY…………………………………………………….66
5.4. NAGARAJ CASE (2006): RESERVATION IN PROMOTION FOR
SCHEDULED CASTES AND SCHEDULED TRIBES………………...67
5.5. T.M.A. PAI FOUNDATION CASE (2002): PROTECTION OF
MINORITY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS………..………………69
5.6. DANIAL LATIFI CASE (2001): RIGHTS OF MUSLIM WOMEN IN
DIVORCE………..………………………………………………………72
5.7. ARUNA SHANBAUG CASE (2011): RIGHT TO DIE WITH
DIGNITY.
……………………………………………………………………………73
5.8. M SIDDIQ (D) THR LRS V. MAHANT SURESH DAS &
ORS(2019): SECULARISM ……….
………………………………………………….76
5.9. SABARIMALA TEMPLE CASE (2018): WOMEN'S RIGHT TO
ENTER RELIGIOUS PLACES……………………..
…………………………….78
5.10. M.C. MEHTA V. UNION OF INDIA (1986): PROTECTION OF TAJ
MAHAL………………………………………………………………….80
CHAPTER 6- ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN ADVOCATING FOR
MINORITY RIGHTS ………………………………………………………
83
CHAPTER 7- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR STRENGTHENING
MINORITY RIGHTS PROTECTIONS IN INDIA ………………………
90
7.1. EMERGING ISSUES: TECHNOLOGY AND MINORITY
RIGHTS….94
7.2. CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABILITY………
97
CHAPTER 8- CONCLUSION……………………………………………100
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………..…VI
STATUTES REFERRED
BOOKS AND REPORTS REFERRED
 VII

WEBILIOGRAPHY
 VIII

REFERENCES

STATUTES REFERRED

I. Constitution of India.

BOOKS AND REPORTS REFFERED

I. Constitutional Law of India- Dr. J. N. Pandey

II. Constitution of India by DD Basu
III. Promoting and Protecting Minority Rights. OHCHR Report.
IV. Minority Rights Report - Centre for Social Justice,
V. Recommendations on the Effective Participation of protection of the
human rights of minorities File- OSCE Organization.
VI. India: Government should promptly adopt and act on the
recommendations made at UN Rights Review.

WEBIBLIOGRAPHY

I. Article 30, Right of Minorities to establish and administer educational

institutions.
II. Recommendations on the Effective Participation of protection of the
human rights of minorities.
III. Affirmative action, minorities, and public services in India.
IV. Protection op minority interests under the Indian Constitution.
V. Jus Corpus, T.M.A. Pai Foundation v. State of Karnataka.
VI. India: Accept UN Rights Body Recommendations.
VII. Minority Rights in India, Blog, Ipleaders.
VIII. Minority Rights - Centre for Social Justice.
IX. India: Government Policies, Actions Target Minorities.
X. Measures to Promote and Protect the Rights of Minorities.
XI. Indian Kanoon, Kerala Education Bill.
XII. Promoting and Protecting Minority Rights.
 IX

XIII. India: Government should promptly adopt and act on the

recommendations made at UN Rights Review.
XIV. Protecting the Rights of Minorities under International Law.