POTENTIALS OF BANANA LEAF ASH AS ADMIXTURE IN

THE PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE

Ogenyi Ikenna Ndubuisi
Keywords: admixture, compressive strength, curing of concrete,
water cement ratio (w/c)
ABSTRACT
This study covers the investigation into the use of banana leaf ash as admixture in concrete production.
Banana leaf ash was air-dried and then burn to ash, the ash were then collected and sieved through
150mm BS test sieve. The ash that passed through the 150 mm sieve was used as an admixture to conduct
the test. The banana leaf ash is used as a partial replacement of cement in range of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%
and 25%. Compressive strength test were carried out to address the feasibility of using banana leaf ash
as admixture in concrete production. Concrete cubes with dimension of 150mm X 150mm X 150mm were
cast from a mix ratio of 1:1.9:3 by weight as the reference. All mixtures were maintained at water-cement
ratio of 0.5 based on slump value of 10 to 30mm. Therefore the finding of this study indicates that 15%
banana leaf ash replacement is recommended as it meets both strength, moderate density and has a
desired workability but reduces the compressive strength as well as increases the setting time of cement
as its replacement level increases.

1. Introduction
In the past so many researchers has done so many researches and presented journals, articles, research
papers and also thesis on this topic but the purpose of this study is to discuss intensively and precisely the
potentials of banana leaf ash as an admixture in the production of concrete. This work will review more
detail regarding banana leaf ash as admixture in concrete production, its advantages and analyze more
valuable information vividly.
Today low cost material is of great importance because of the growing demand for a comfort and
affordable housing especially in underdeveloped and developing countries where there are great rate of
poverty and starvation, people cannot be able to afford buying imported and more expensive materials so
the use of our indigenous and agricultural waste become very important because it is readily available and
more economical.
Most of our modern structures are constructed with concrete such as bridges, houses, tunnels etc. apart
from wood concrete is the widest and oldest material ever used in construction. It is made up of four types
of ingredients namely fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water and Portland cement, but do to the needs to
have more durable, fast settling time and more stable concrete there arise the need to add another material
called admixtures.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Background
Agricultural waste such as banana leafs deposited in large quantity, if not used for industrial raw material
could course a great damage or hazard to the environment and habitant inhabiting the territory. It is then
very important to find a way of utilizing and recycling this great agricultural material to be useful in the
industries in the production of more important goods and services, that is why this research is very
important because banana leaf ash is readily available and cost little or no amount of money to get.
Similarly natural leaves such as banana leaf have very good properties to improve the performance of
materials such as concrete.
Nigeria alone produce over 5 million hectares of banana plantation, with an average of 600 plants per
hectare, in comparison with what other countries are producing annually, this left tons of banana waste,
which have been left to decompose and emits a very high amount of methane gas and carbon dioxide,
which are harmful to the body when inhaled and also cause global warming.

2.2 SITE RELEVANT OF BANANA LEAF ASH

Several studies have been conducted on the use of banana leaf ash (BLA) as pozzolanic material in
construction.
According to EmekaNnochiri etl.al (2016), the use of banana fiber ash can reduce the consumption of
cement nearly 8 to 10 percent. This research has been done by previous researcher by using mineral
admixture. Banana fiber ash has proved to be technically feasible to improve concrete performance, save
cost and decrease the environment impact.
He Investigated the geotechnical properties of lateritic soil stabilized with Banana leaf ash (BLA), and has
revealed that banana leaves ash satisfactorily act as cheap stabilizing agents for subgrade purposes. He
concluded that by adding 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% banana leaves ashes by weight of soil to the natural soil
sample. Strength of lateritic soil stabilized with ashes of banana leaves increased. Cement still ranks
higher above the banana leaves ash used in the study for improving the CBR of the lateritic soil.
The strength performance of banana fiber ash as cementitious material with different temperature. Banana
trunk is cut layer by layer and burn in furnace with three different temperatures that is 400°C, 500°C, and
600°C. A total of 27 cubes with 1OOmm x 1OOmm x 100mm were used to determine the strength of
concrete using banana fiber ash. All this specimens is cure for 7 days, 14 days and 28 days using water
curing method, and they concluded that replacing 2% of banana fiber ash with cement by weight increases
the strength concrete.

2.3 CONCRETE MATERIALS

Concrete is one of the oldest and widely used materials in construction apart from wood. It is used in the
construction of road, bridges, tunnels, building so some many of them due to its durability. Concrete is
done by mixing, batching, transporting, placing, compaction and also curing process. Concrete is the
composite material that is compose by mixing several raw materials such as water, cement, course
aggregate, fine aggregate and sometimes admixture. This raw material can be found naturally on earth and
have several advantages.
2.4 CURING OF CONCRETE
For a concrete to attain desired and more efficient strength, concrete must be cured. Curing is the process
of providing necessary moisture, temperature and time to allow the concrete to achieve the desired
properties for its intended use. The relative humidity of greater than 80 percent, and a temperature of
greater than 50 degree Fahrenheit, must be maintain for a time interval ranging from 3 to 14 days
depending on the deceived strength and specific application. This specifications most be duly applied at
the field then the final property of the concrete mixture will be achieved.

2.5 WATER/CEMENT RATIO

The strength and the porosity has been discovered to be inversely proportional to each other, this property
is peculiar to a brittle ceramic materials, which include cementitious systems. The water-cement ratio is
used to indicate the strength of concrete.
The lower the ratio is, the higher the final concrete strength and vice versa. At least 0.3 by weight is
required as the minimum water to cement ratio (w/c) to ensure that the water comes into contact with all
cement ingredients there for complete hydration.

2.6 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

The resistance to failure of concrete under the action of tension and compression termed as the
compressive strength of the concrete. Thus concrete is said to be strong in opposition of compressive
force but weak in the opposition of tension. Usually, concrete mix design is used to design the ratio or
proportion of the concrete ingredient in a way as to get the desired engineering and durability property for
the concrete. Hardened concrete has the ability to be elastic modulus, density, tensile strength and so on.
The strength of concrete is usually determined in the laboratory and not an in-situ experiment. In the
laboratory, the concrete is mixed with the mix design and cast in a molded cube and cured for some days
and then tested under a compressive load or impact load. To be precise the ratio of the water to cement if
one of the basic factor for the compressive strength of concrete, the lower the ratio the stronger the
compressive strength. Hence concrete strength is determined after the test by comparing the ratio of the
failure load per unit the area of the load applied.

2.7 CONCRETE ADMIXTURES

The use of concrete admixtures was done from the ancient Greeks who incorporated volcanic ash with
hydraulic lime to create a cementitious mortar. The major benefits of scum is its ability to replace certain
amount of Portland cement and still able to display cementitious property, thus reducing the cost of using
Portland cement. The scum can be divided into two categories based on their type of reaction: hydraulic
or pozzolanic. The reaction of hydraulic materials with water directly forms a cementitious comounds,
where as a pozzolanic materials which originally don’t have any cementitious property but react with
Portland cement when used together to form cementitious combination. In Nigeria today, the most
commonly used supplementary cementitious materials are rice husk ash (rha), saw dust ash (sda),
pozzocrete (p), Quartz sand (qs) and egg shell (es).
3. Materials
The materials used for this study are; ordinary Portland cement from Dangote cement factory in Gboko.
Benue State of Nigeria, aggregate (fine of 4.74 mm size and coarse aggregate of size 25mm) maximum
aggregate, and banana leaf Ash generated from the burning of banana leaf in an open air at a very high
temperature and pressure in National Root Crop Research Institute Umudike, Ikwuano Local Government
Area of Abia state, Nigeria. It was sun dried, burnt in an open air sieved with sieve aperture 0.075mm
without pre-treatment and then placed in waterproof bags. The granite (coarse aggregate) used for the
study was 20mm diameter in size. It was purchased from the same site at Ibeku Umuahia South L.G.A
Abia State Nigeria. The sand (fine aggregate) was purchased from the same site at Umuahia South L.G.A
Abia State and processed in the Civil Engineering concrete laboratory Michael Okpara University of
Agriculture, Umudike. It was thoroughly flushed with water to reduce the level of impurities and organic
matter and later sum dried. The cement used was ordinary Portland cement conformed to the requirement
of (BS 12, 1996).

The water used for the study was obtained from the tap inside the laboratory of the department. We use
clean water which are free from any visible impurities. It confirmed to Bs 3148 (1980) requirement.

3.1. TESTING METHOD:

The test was carried out in three phase, mainly:

➢ Aggregate test
➢ Fresh concrete test
➢ Harden concrete test

3.2. Mix Design for concrete replaced with various percent of banana leaf ash
Mix design was done by mass using mix ratio as stipulated and a targeted strength 25N/mm2 and water
cement ratio of 0.5% for concrete production yielding 1:1.9:3 mix ratio. However, the BLA introduced
into concrete was varied at 0% 5% 10% 20% and 25% fraction (replacement) of cement weight. A total
number of 12 (150mm X 150mm X150mm cubes) were moulded for each input of BLA. Given a total
volume requirement of 0.003375mm2× 12 = 0.0405m3.

Table 1: Design for the Partial Replacement of cement with BLA (12 cubes) per 0.042525m3

Percentage of Water (kg) Sand (kg) Sand (g) BLA (G) Coarse Aggregate (kg)
BLA
0 % BLA 8. 24 16.41 31.07 0 48.34
5% BLA 8.24 15.59 8.24 156 48.34
10 % BLA 8.24 14.77 8.24 312 48.34
15% BLA 8.24 13.95 8.24 468 48.34
20 % BLA 8.24 13. 13 8.24 624 48.34
25 % BLA 8.24 12.31 8.24 780 48.34
 4. ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION OF RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 SIEVE ANALYSIS ON FINE AND CAURSE AGGREGATES:
On dry mass processes, were the following results obtained from the sieve analysis carried out on both fine
aggregate and coarse aggregates, as appropriately recorded:

Table 2: Results of the Sieve Analysis of fine aggregate

LABORATORY CIVIL LAB TEST1:1 CLIENT

MOUAU
Test Date: 3-JULY-2017 FINE AGGREGATE Ogenyi Ikenna Ndubuisi
SPECIFICATION BS1377:PART 2:1990
Pan mass (g) 100
Initial dry sample mass 2000
+(g)
Initial dry sample 2100 Fine mass (g) 0
mass(g)
Used dry sample mass 500 Fine percentage (%)
+(g)
Washed dry sample Acceptance criteria Ok
mass(g) (%)
Sieve size(mm) Retained mass Percentage Cumulative Passed percentage Mass passed
(g) retained (%) percentage (%)
retained (%)
4.75 7.50 1.50 1.50 98.6 492.5
2.36 13.80 2.76 4.26 95.74 478.7
1.18 45.2 9.04 13.30 86.70 433.5
0.6 91.3 18.26 31.56 68.44 342.2
0.425 105.6 21.12 52.68 47.32 236.6
0.15 215.8 43.16 95.84 4.16 20.8
0.075 19.40 3.88 99.72 0.28 1.40
PAN 1.40 0.28 100 0 0
 percentage passing
86.88
68.44100
48.44

10
% Passing

4.16

1
0.01 0.36 0.1 1 10

0.1

percentage passing

Figure 1. Particle size graph on sand

Table 3: Results of the sieve analysis of coarse aggregate

LABORATORY CIVIL LAB MOUAU TEST1:1 CLIENT

Test Date: 3-JULY-2017 COARSE Ogenyi ikennna ndubuisi
AGGREGATE
SPECIFICATION BS1377:PART 2:1990
Pan mass (g) 100
Initial dry sample mass +(g) 2100
Initial dry sample mass(g) 2000 Fine mass (g) 0
Used dry sample mass +(g) 1000 Fine percentage (%) 0.0
Washed dry sample mass(g) 1000g Acceptance criteria (%) ok
Sieve size(mm) Retained mass (g) Percentage Cumulative percentage Passed percentage (%) Mass passed
retained (%) retained (%)

25 569.30 56.93 56.93 43.07 430.7

19 342.14 34.214 91.144 8.856 88.56
9.5 75.77 7.577 98.721 1.279 12.79
4.75 12.79 1.279 100 0 0
2.36 0
1.18 0
0.6 0
0.425 0
PAN 0
 100

43.07
PERCENTAGE PASSING

10 8.856

1.279

1 sieve size
1 10 100

Figure 2. Particle size graph on coarse aggregate

4.2. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULT
4.2.1 Slump of fresh concrete Mix
The values obtained from the slump test correspond to the designed slump range of 10mm-30mm. the
slump which decreases from the control sample with value of 24mm to 25% BLA replacement with a
value of 7mm. this has high plasticity than that of the control showing that it serves as plasticizer and
makes concrete for substructure work and rebar possible as shown in the figure below:

Plot of % BLA Repalce Against Slump

25

20
slump(mm)

15
24
23
10
20
17
5
14

0 8
0% BLA
5% BLA
10% BLA
15% BLA
20% BLA
25% BLA

% BLA replacement
Figure 3. Results for slump test

4.2.2 Density of concrete:

Table 4. Density of concrete at different level of BLA replacement

% BLA Density of concrete (Kg/m3) Average

0% BLA 2444.4 2497.77 2500.74 2432.59 2468.88

5% BLA 2450.37 2468.15 2438.52 2518.52 2468.89
10% BLA 2482.96 2471.11 2488.88 2474.07 2479.25

15% BLA 2500.74 2524.44 2462.22 2485.93 2493.33

20% BLA 2352.59 2328.88 2441.48 2444.44 2391.85
25% BLA 2364.44 2423.70 2364.44 2441.48 2398.52
 Mass (kg) 8.25
Sample calculated with 0% BLA (P) = = = 2444.44
Volume (𝑀 )
3
0.153

2550

2500

2450

2400 sample 1
sample 2
2350 sample 3
sample 4
2300

2250

2200
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

Figure 4. Density of concrete in kg/m3

From the table and figure the density decreases from 0% to 25% BLA replacement sligthly with a linear
correlation of 0.6856, 0.6845, 0.6810, 0.6752,and 0.6724 respectively then fall to 0.6724 and0.6621for
20% and 25% respectively. This reduction in density at a moderate rate and minimium average
2398.52kg/m3 which is within the normal concrete density of 2400kg/m3 minimum and maximium ligth
weigth concrete of 1800kg/m3. ASTM C330 table 2. Thus suggesting usage for any type of construction
work nevertheless the 20% and 25% replaced concrete will be perfect for supper structure as its density is
ligther.

4.2.3 Water absorption of concrete after the curing period

The composite is made with material having different water absorption rate of which the difference in
bulk weigth of the concrete from control sample to 25% BLA replacement, were then recorded on table
4.10b from this table the percentage absorption for the different sample replacement was then obtained
and recorded in the table below using the expression
100(water absorption)
Wabs =
Mass of Sample before cure
thus the result tabulated below . sample calculation for 3days absortion of control concret.
100(0.03)
Wabs = = 0.36% from table 4.13
8.12
and fig4.5. the control sample has quite lower water absorption followed by 5% BLA having average
values of 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.13 which showed a constant approximated 53% increase from
0% BLA to 25% BLA. Thus, there is indicated high rate of BLA water absorption.

Table 5. Water absorption of concrete after curing (%)

Period /age % Water absorption after 24 hours moulding (kg)

BLA 3 days 7 days 14 days 28 days
0% BLA 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.07 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.08
0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08
5% BLA 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.12 0.10 0.09
0.04 0.05 0.06 0.11
10% BLA 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.13 0.11
0.05 0.05 0.07 0.12
15% BLA 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.12 0.11 0.13
0.06 0.06 0.08 0.12
20% BLA 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.13 0.08 0.07 0.10 0.14 0.13 0.15
0.08 0.09 0.08 0.14
25% BLA 0.17 0.13 0.09 0.12 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.17
0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16
 Water Absorption of Concrete

0.16
WATER ABSORPTION IN PERCENTAGE

0.14

0.12

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
CONTROL 5% BLA 10% BLA 15% BLA 20% BLA 25% BLA
3 DAYS 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.13
7 DAYS 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.14
14 DAYS 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.12 0.15
28 DAYS 0.08 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.14 0.16
Axis Title
3 DAYS 7 DAYS 14 DAYS 28 DAYS

Figure 5. Water absorption for concrete at 3 to 28 days curing

The fig showed max of 0.16 which is less than the permissible range of 1.4 for Fcu 25N/mm concrete.

4.2.4 Compressive Strength of Concrete after 3, 7, 14 And 28 Days of Curing

After the curing and the concrete crushing with the compressive machine, the load tabulated in table
4.11a thus the compressive strength calculated using the expression
Crushing load (N)
Fcu =
Surface area (𝑀2 )

Table 6 compressive strength of concrete cubes (150x150) in (N/mm2)

Days 0% BLA 5% BLA 10% BLA 15% BLA 20% BLA 25% BLA
3 21.48 20.44 18.96 16.29 14.22 12.59
7 25.78 24.74 20.74 17.48 15.41 14.67
14 26.96 25.92 21.81 18.16 17.33 16.59
28 28.07 28.52 27.58 25.78 24.15 21.63
 Crushing load (N)
Sample using 0% at 3days Fcu =
Surface area (𝑀2 )

From the table 4.13 and figure 4.5 the various compressive strength has a constant and progressive
strength growth from 3days to 7days. At 3days the control was seen to have the highest value followed by
5% concrete and down from 10% strength to 25% but at 7 days the strength of control was higher than
that at 3days and as well decreased uniformly as the % replacement increased from 5% to 25% BLA. At
28 days curing the control exceeded the target mix design of 25N/mm2 thus notifying that the mix at 0.5%
water cement ratio was adequate. Also at this 28days control, 5%, 10% and 15% exceeds stipulated
designed strength but the remaining concrete from 20% and 25% respectively meet up with the stipulated
strength for light weight concrete which is 17N/mm2 as given in ASTM C330-89.Y J Kim, (2010).

Compressive Strength of Different Replacement of BLA

30

25
compressive strength (N/mm2)

20

15

10

0
3 days curing 7 days curing 14 days curing 28 days curing
control 21.48 25.78 26.96 28.07
5% BLA 20.44 24.74 25.92 28.52
10% BLA 18.96 20.74 21.81 27.58
15% BLA 16.29 17.48 18.16 25.78
20% BLA 14.22 15.41 17.33 24.15
25% BLA 12.59 14.67 16.59 21.63

control 5% BLA 10% BLA 15% BLA 20% BLA 25% BLA

Figure 6. Compressive strength of concrete 3 to 28 days curing (N/mm2)

4.2.5 The engineering properties of the various concrete samples at 28 days of curing
Table 7: summary of the engineering properties of BLA concrete
% replacement Compressive Density (kg/m3) Slump (mm) Water absorption
strength (N/mm2)

0% (Control ) 28.07 2468.88 24 0.08

5% BLA 28.52 2468.89 23 0.11

10% BLA 27.58 2479.25 20 0.12

15% BLA 25.78 2493.33 17 0.12

20% BLA 24.15 2391.85 14 0.14

25% BLA 21.63 2398.52 8 0.16

From the table it can be observed that the samples meet the requirements for normal and light weight
concrete. The results have little or no different at 15% level of significance of banana leaf ash
replacement. Therefore from the table the 15% BLA replacement is been recommended as it meet both
strength, moderate density and has a desirable workability in terms of slump.

SUMMARY/CONCLUTION
The purpose of this study was achieved by means of the methods outline in chapter three.

The results were recorded, analyzed and discussed in chapter four. The comprehensive strength and
density of the samples decreased as the level of cement replaced with banana leaf ash increases while the
slump decrease uniformly up to 20% but the concrete still retain its workability due to its plastic nature,
there is need to increase the workability by adequate use of suitable admixture so as to improve
workability and in turns maintains its high strength. Concrete with 15%banana leaf ash material up to
cement replacement of 15-20% by weight could be used for works requiring moderate strength concrete
as it exhibited adequate compressive strength.

The banana leaf ash has a low specific gravity value than normal cement implying that it would make the
resultant concrete lighter with more proportions of cement replaced.

The replacement of cement with banana leaf ash would be beneficial to low income areas due to its high
availability and ease to source and processes which may not afford to keep up with the rising costs and
difficulties in getting cement with total reduction on the average load on structures making other
parameters like foundation work to reduce.

The utilization of this ash material will in turn reduce its effect as environmental pollutant and emission of
gasses which causes global warming when they are being burnt or disposed.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank Michael Okpara University of agriculture umudike for providing the enabling
environment to carry out the practical in their laboratory especially the civil engineering department.
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