v7 ip f 8. pETERMINATIONS OF SURFACE TENSION (i) bY Jaeger’s Method er’s method of determination ; ror ae ihe principle of formation of Bebe de eee ne au s based be C is partially dipped in water where the nozzle of the me at cae m the free surface of the liquid (water). M is a manometer used to eae pressure difference. The capillary tube is connected to the manometer, W isa pottle with two air tight corks, It is commonly known as Wolf’s bottle. Water is poured slowly into the funnel so that air inside the bottle is compressed and excess pressure is built up. The manometer records the excess ressure. Now due to the excess pressure, bubble is formed at the nozzle inside water. At an optimum value of the pressure difference, the bubble tweaks off from the tip of the capillary tube. Next another bubble starts forming for which the excess pressure is again recorded in the manometer. Fig. 9. Jaeger’s method to determine surface tension.ag 1621114 MECHANICS (Sem. +) tgp, 8 ressure inside the bubble is P, = Pat hg eric pressure and p is density of the liquid j ‘ust outside the bubble is Pz = Pa + xag. Here the density of water and x is the depth of the tip from the free surface of water, : Pressure difference = P=Pi~P2 : = g(hp - xo) 06 water. So it will have only one surface The maximum pr where Pa is the atmosph manometer. The pressure j The bubble is formed inside . 2T F Hence, the excess pressure Is —~ where T is the surface tension of water, Hence from equation (26) ar g(hp-x0) =~, 1 T = 37 ar p-2) ~@) In fact the radius of the bubble is not exactly equal to the radius of th orifice. Assuming that r is a function of the radius of the orifice, the method js basically used to compare surface tension of liquid at different temperatures (ii) by Quincke’s Method Quincke’s method is used to measure the surface tension of a liquid which in general does not stick to the solid surface. Best example is mercury drop on a glass plate. The method can be used to measure the angle of Contact also, When a mercury drop is placed on a glass plate, the dop becomes slightly oval shaped. The force of cohesion among the mercury molecules is very very strong compared to the force ‘of adhesion among the mercury and glass molecules. When gravitational force becomes larger that ion, the mercury drop placed on a glass plate, face and the rface of the 47 Kled, is focuss* the force of surface tensi flat. The difference between top sur! a microscope. The upper sul powder is sprin contact surface becomes bottom surface is measured by on which very small amount of lycopodium by the microscope.ae: guRFACE TENSION AND FLUID MOTION 463/115 The convex side of the mercury drop has maximum elevation at a small region about the pole O. Hence the horizontal section OABC has the maximum grea. Since the curved surface is bulging out. There is an excess force outward. This force is balanced by the surface tension force. The reason is that the drop is in equilibrium. The excess force is the product of average pressure and area. On the surface of maximum area, the force due to the weight is 1 Fw = 5 hog x hd 1 2, i ie wo 28 5 pad 8) This force will act towards left which is balanced due to the surface tension. Force due to surface tension is Fs = Td 29) In equilibirum td = + Mpgd = 5 Wes 1 T= 5 og «- 30) The angle of contact is an obtuse angle for glass-mercury interface. O+a = 180° @ = 180°-a 1) {n equilibrium lip Td+Tdcosa = 5 Hpgd ery T(l+cosa) = 2 H’pg 2 L+eosa = PE 2T H?pg x2 © Ipg x2 weHw cosa = 7-1 he 6 = 180°-a (32) I aad Se 3 i 2 8 & uo ——— &| x \ ca — Thus by measuring H and / by a microscope, the angle of contact can be determined.