Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Draft Lighting Control Systems
Draft Lighting Control Systems
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TABLE OF CONTENT
page
1 Designing a lighting control system 3
1.1 System design 4
1.2 Step 1 - Application needs 5
1.3 Step 2 Appropriate control strategies - 5
1.4 Step 3 – Selecting control products 7
1.5 Step 4 - Layout, specification & documentation 10
2 Lighting 11
2.1 Color temperature 12
2.2 Comparission Fluorescent vs Incandescent 13
2.3 Energy efficency lumen/watt 14
2.4 Lumen 14
2.5 Lux 14
2.6 Illuminance 15
3 Lamps and Loads 16
3.1 Light sources 17
3.2 Control gear 20
3.3 Dimming Principles 21
3.4 Special requirement at switching and dimming 22
4 Applications 24
4.1 Introduction 25
4.2 Occupancy Control 27
4.3 Scheduling 30
4.4 Constant LightControl 33
4.5 Dimming Control 36
4.6 Shutter Control 39
5 Application practice 41
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1 Designing a lighting control
system
Lighting design and engineering professionals are facing the challenge and
demand for energy conservation in buildings. Mandatory energy codes
requires lighting control in new buildings
Effective lighting control saves energy, reduces operating costs, and helps
maintain a safe and productive environment for occupants. Well designed and
installed, lighting control also provides convenience for occupants and
enhances productivity.
Designing an optimal lighting control system may often incorporate several
types of controls as well as different control strategies to achieve an integrated,
total-facility approach
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1.1 System design
The design process for a lighting control project includes:
1. Applications needed
2. Control strategies to be used
3. Which are the appropriate product(s) for the application
4. Layout, specification and documentation of the lighting controls
5. Guidelines of how install and commission the lighting controls
What application
Installation
Control strategy
Documentation
Product selection
4
The starting point for any project is the need to understand the motivation,
1.2 Step 1 - reasons, and characteristics of the application involved.
Application needs
Energy conservation
Many building owners and facility managers want to reduce operating costs by
minimizing energy expenses as much as possible while ensuring the comfort and
safety of facility occupants.
Occupant convenience and preference
Ensuring that occupants have a convenient and accessible personal control over
local lighting which enhances occupant satisfaction and productivity.
Safety and security
Ensuring that facility lighting always is safe and secure for occupants and visitors.
Maintenance and administration
Providing the facilities management staff with the necessary controls and tools to
effectively manage the facility.
At this point, designers should select the appropriate control strategy that best
1.3 Step 2 fits with the application’s needs. Since most buildings contain numerous spaces
Appropriate control housing different activities, multiple strategies may be desirable to meet the
strategies - specific needs of all the different space types.
Some applications may need only a single product implementing a simple
strategy, such as a time switch providing timed ON/OFF control. In other
applications, designers may combine several control methods. For instance, office
spaces may benefit from time-based ON/OFF control during regular work hours,
supplemented by occupancy-based control after hours.
5
Step 2 Appropriate In the case of commercial or public buildings a part of the applications utilizes
control strategies - common components in a building automation system for controlling different
(con’t) functionalities
These basic control strategies can be implemented singly or combined as
appropriate for the application:
Automated shutoff
A basic requirement for lighting energy efficiency and energy code compliance,
turning lighting off when it is not needed (non occupancy) is a primary control
strategy. The same devices used to shut lighting off may also provide users with
the ability to turn lighting on. This information could also be used to control other
devices controlled by the HVAC system.
Individual space control
This is usually a base requirement for energy code compliance. Usually control
devices must be located so that lighting controlled is visible from the devices
installed location. If lighting is not visible from that location, the device usually
must have some type of annunciation (i.e., pilot light) that indicates lighting
status (ON/OFF).
Reduced level lighting control (also referred to as bi-level switching)
When it is desirable or required by energy codes, spaces may contain controls to
manually reduce lighting levels uniformly. This can be accomplished by turning off
individual lamps within luminaries, turning off alternating luminaries, or dimming
all luminaries to reduced levels.
Exterior lighting control
Ensuring lighting is on whenever it is dark outside and off when there is sufficient
daylight or the area is no longer occupied. Exterior lighting control is generally
broken down into two primary categories of lighting:
1. Exterior security night lights = all lighting that turns on at dusk and remains
on all night until dawn when sufficient daylight returns.
2. General exterior lighting = lighting that is on when it is dark and turns off
subsequently during the night time when the area is no longer occupied or in use.
Daylighting control
Reducing or eliminating electric lighting when there is an adequate contribution of
daylight within a space.
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These guidelines can help designers match up the best product for
1.4 Step 3 – achieving a specific control strategy.
Selecting control
products
Control Strategy: Automated shutoff
Products for implementing this strategy are occupancy sensors, movement
detectors time switches and schedulers.
Occupancy sensors
detects space vacancy and light level for automated shutoff.
Movement detectors
detecting movement for automated shutoff.
Recommended applications:
• Locations with intermittent occupancy and activity
• Private offices, conference rooms, restrooms, break rooms, some open
offices
Scheduler
controls relays to turn lighting off according to a programmed schedule.
Recommended applications:
• Applications where it is desirable to keep lighting on during hours of
normal business or space usage.
• Lobbies, corridors, public spaces, retail sales floor, some open offices.
Time switch
Wall switches turn on manually and then turn off automatically after a preset
interval.
Recommended applications:
• Spaces with infrequent activities or where occupancy sensors may not
be able to perform consistently
• Store rooms, mechanical and electrical rooms, supply closets, janitorial
spaces.
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Step 3 – Selecting Control Strategy: Individual Space control
control products
Suitable products for implementing this strategy are manual switches and
con’t
occupancy sensors.
Manual switches
These are available in a variety of types and technologies:
• Line voltage switches control power directly to fixtures.
• Low voltage or bus switches, signal occupancy sensors
• Wall switch occupancy sensors (P.I.R.) combine occupancy based shutoff with
manual ON/OFF and preset control
• Time switch combines timed shutoff with manual ON/OFF
Manual switches work in conjunction with shutoff, day lighting and other control
strategies.
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Step 3 – Selecting Exterior lighting control
control products Products for implementing this strategy are relay panels with
con’t astronomic clock and/or photocells, and occupancy sensors.
Relay panels controlled by photocells
There are a number of different ways these devices may be used:
• Photocell ON/OFF control:
Use an exterior photocell with a lighting control panel for automated ON/OFF of
exterior lighting at dusk and dawn. Photocell automatically adjusts for seasonal
sunrise/sunset changes as well as transient changes in light conditions
• Astronomic clock ON/OFF control:
Panel-based astronomic clocks turn exterior lighting ON/OFF based on calculated
seasonal sunrise/sunset changes.
• Photocell ON/OFF + time scheduled control:
Combining panel-based time scheduling with the light/dark sensing capability of a
photocell allows efficient exterior lighting control.
• Astronomic ON/OFF + time scheduled control:
Combining panel-based time scheduling with the sunrise/sunset prediction of
astronomic control enables automatic ON at calculated sunset with OFF later
when premises are vacated.
Occupancy sensor + photocell control:
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Once the product selection is complete, the designer will lay out the control
1.5 Step 4 - Layout, devices on the general lighting plan drawings.
specification & Different lighting control products require specific design details. For instance,
documentation
with occupancy sensors, plans should include placement location of individual
sensors as well as the coverage area of each. For switches, plans should indicate
location and control assignment. For day lighting controls, plans should include
photocell placement as well as the desired lux settings for each covered area.
When lighting control panels are used, designers should prepare riser diagrams
and control schedules. This documentation will assist the designer in preparing a
specification that unifies the entire plan.
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2 Lighting
We see things every day, from the moment we get up in the morning
until we go to sleep at night. We look at everything around us using
light. We appreciate fine oil paintings, swirling computer graphics,
gorgeous sunsets. But did you ever stop to think that what we see is
light-- light that somehow left objects far or near and reached our eyes.
Light is all our eyes can really see.
The other way that we encounter light is in devices that produce light --
incandescent bulbs, fluorescent tubes, lasers, lightning bugs, the
sun. Each one uses a different technique to generate light.
Lighting includes both artificial light sources such as lamps and
natural illumination of interiors from daylight. Lighting represents a
major component of energy consumption, accounting for a significant
part of all energy consumed worldwide. Proper lighting can enhance
task performance or aesthetics, while there can be energy wastage and
adverse health effects of lighting. Indoor lighting is a form of fixture or
furnishing, and a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an
intrinsic component of landscaping.
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2.1 Color
temperature Color temperature is a characteristic of visible light that has important
applications in photography, videography, publishing and other fields. The
color temperature of a light source is determined by comparing its hue with
a theoretical, heated black-body radiator. The Kelvin temperature at which
the heated black-body radiator matches the hue of the light source is that
source’s color temperature, and it is directly related to Planck’s law.
• 4100 K: Moonlight
• 5000 K: Daylight
• 6500 K: Daylight°
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2.2 Comparission
Fluorescent vs
Incandescent
Effiiciency
100 % 20 %
Life span
15x1000 h 15000 h
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2.3 Energy efficency
lumen/watt
2.4 Lumen The lumen (symbol: lm) is the SI unit of luminous flux, a measure of the
perceived power of light
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Illumenance is measured in lux, one lux is one lumen per square meter.
2.6 Illuminance
Light Level or Illuminance, is the amount of light measured in a plane. The work
plane is where the most important tasks in the room or
space are performed.
Earlier it was common with light levels in the range 100 - 300 lux for normal
activities. Today the light level is more common in the range
500 - 1000 lux - depending on activity. For precision and detailed works, the
light level may even approach 1500 - 2000 lux.
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3 Lamps and Loads
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3.1 Light sources
Halogen lamps are high pressure, incandescent lamps that contain halogen
Halogen lamp
gases such as iodine and bromine that allow filaments to work at higher
temperatures and higher efficiencies. Halogen lamps consist of a tungsten
filament inside a quartz envelope that is filled with halogen gas. In halogen
lamps, the quartz envelope is closer to the filament than the glass used in
conventional light bulbs. Heating the filament to a high temperature causes
the tungsten atoms to evaporate and combine with the halogen gas. These
heavier molecules are then deposited back on the filament surface. This
recycling process increases the life of the tungsten filament and enables the
halogen lamp to produce more light per units of energy.
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Compact
fluorescent lamp Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) is a type of lamp (light bulb) designed
to fit into roughly the same space as an incandescent lamp, but with the
advantages of a fluorescent lamp. Many CFLs can directly replace an existing
incandescent lamp.
Compared to incandescent lamps of the same luminous flux, CFLs have a
longer rated life and use less energy.
Although CFLs do radiate a different spectrum of light than incandescent
lamps, recent technological advances have reduced that difference
dramatically. The light emitted by the best soft white CFLs available today is
similar in quality to standard bulbs.
Modern CFLs typically have a life span of between 8,000 and 15,000 hours,
whereas incandescent lamps are usually manufactured to have a life span of
750 hours or 1000 hours.For a given light output, CFLs use between one-fifth
and one-quarter of the power of an equivalent incandescent lamp, thereby
saving significant amounts of energy and reducing the need for electrical
generation. For industrialized countries, lighting makes up about one fifth of
electricity consumption, so there are potentially significant benefits.
Incandescent lamps are less efficient than CFLs because incandescent lamps
convert approximately 90% of the energy they consume into heat (compared
to 30% for a CFL).
Fluorescent tube
A fluorescent tube is a gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to excite
mercury vapor in argon or neon gas, resulting in a plasma that produces
short-wave ultraviolet light. This light then causes a phosphor to fluoresce,
producing visible light.
Unlike incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps always require a ballast to
regulate the flow of power through the lamp. In common tube fixtures
(typically 4 ft (120 cm) or 8 ft (240 cm) in length), the ballast is enclosed in
the fixture. Compact fluorescent light bulbs may have a conventional ballast
located in the fixture or they may have ballasts integrated in the bulbs,
allowing them to be used in lampholders normally used for incandescent
lamps.
Compact fluorescents may fail to operate at low temperatures. Light output
drops at low temperatures, and they may not light at all below zero
degrees C0 They also suffer shortened life when switched on and off
frequently. Incandescent bulbs operate well with no loss of brightness at
extremely low or high temperatures and can better withstand frequent
turning on and off, as in security light applications. Manufacturers of compact
fluorescents warn against using ordinary CFLs to replace incandescent bulbs
in enclosed fixtures or those which are controlled by dimmers. Dimming
fluorescent lamps requires lamp ballasts designed for dimming.
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Metal halide lamp
Metal halide lamps, a member of the high-intensity discharge (HID) family
of lamps, produce high light output for their size, making them a compact,
powerful, and efficient light source. Originally created in the late 1960’s for
industrial use, metal halide lamps are now available in numerous sizes and
configurations for commercial and residential applications. Like most HID
lamps, metal halide lamps operate under high pressure and temperature, and
require special fixtures to operate safely. Metal halide lamps require electrical
ballasts to regulate the arc current flow and deliver the proper voltage to the
arc. Probe start metal halide bulbs contain a special ‘starting’ electrode within
the lamp to initiate the arc when the lamp is first lit (which generates a slight
flicker when the lamp is first turned on). Pulse start metal halide lamps do not
require a starting electrode, and instead use a special starting circuit referred
to as an ignitor to generate a high-voltage pulse to the operating electrodes. A
few electronic ballasts are now available for metal halide lamps..
They are also considered a “point” light source, so reflective luminaires are
often required to concentrate the light for purposes of the lighting application.
Metal-halide lamps are used both for general industrial purposes, and for
very specific applications which require specific UV or blue-frequency light.
They are used for indoor growing applications, because they can provide the
spectrum and temperature of light which encourage general plant growth.
They are most often used in athletic facilities.
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White SON
A variation of the high pressure sodium, the White SON, introduced in
1986, has a higher pressure than the typical HPS lamp, producing a color
temperature of around 2700K, with a CRI of 85; greatly resembling the color
of incandescent light. These are often indoors in cafes and restuarants to
create a certain atmosphere. However, these lamps come at the cost of higher
purchase cost, shorter life, and lower light efficiency.
All gas discharge lamps, including fluorescent lamps, require a control gear
to operate. The control gear provides a high initial voltage to initiate the
discharge, then rapidly limits the lamp current to safely sustain the discharge.
Necessity for current limiting
Control gears are most commonly needed when an electrical circuit or device
presents a negative resistance to the supply. Examples of such negative-
resistance devices are gas discharge tubes and lamps. If such a device
were connected to a constant-voltage power supply, it would draw an ever-
increasing amount of current until it was destroyed or caused the power
supply to fail. To prevent this, a ballast provides a positive resistance or
reactance that limits the ultimate flow of current to an appropriate level.
Electronic ballast uses solid state electronic circuity to provide the proper
starting and operating electrical condition to power one or more fluorescent
lamps and HID lamps. Electronic ballasts usually change the frequency
of the power from the standard mains frequency to 20,000 Hz or higher,
substantially eliminating the stroboscopic effect of flicker (100 or 120 Hz,
twice the line frequency) associated with fluorescent lighting. Because of the
high frequency of operation, electronic ballasts are generally smaller, lighter,
and more efficient (and thus run cooler) than magnetic ballasts.
Electronic ballasts are often based on inverter/converter style switched-
mode power supplies, first rectifying the input power and then chopping it at
a high frequency. Advanced electronic ballasts may allow dimming via pulse-
with modulation and remote control and monitoring via networks such as
LonWorks, Dali, DMX, DMX-512, DSI or simple analog control using a 0-10V
DC brightness control signal.
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Transformers Magnetic transformers are made with an iron or ferrite core and multi-
wound coil system; commonly called a coil-core transformer. These devices
transform the voltage in a predictable way using magnetic coupling.
Electronic transformers are generally made of an inverter and a smaller
transformer. Due to the design and manufacturing of electronic transformers,
the characteristics and performance can not always be predicted
Shaded area
lights OFF
Shaded area
lights OFF
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Universal dimmers
Adaptive Dimmers solves all the load compatibility problems inherent in loads
controlled by both triac and transistor dimmers.In universal dimmer, both
the voltage and the current are monitored, and this is linked into the CPU
which controls the dimmers operating parameters. When the adaptive source
controller “sees” an inductive load, it adopts a leading edge dimmingmode. In
case of overload the device is automatically switched off.
3.4 Special
requirement at
switching and
dimming
Fluorescent lights
A switch or relay will turn lights on or off by supplying or removing voltageto
switching
the ballast. When controlling electronic ballasts it is standard practice to
derate the switch or relay to 75% or less. If the switch is rated at 16A, then
the connected fluorescent load should be 12A or less. Magnetic ballast loads
may need to be derated up to 50% due to the high inductance caused by
the ballast. When fluorescent ballast are first turned on there is a large
surge of energy usage called current inrush. This current inrush can be
10 to 100 times the steady state value of a system, but only lasts for a
fraction of a second. If the total amperage of a system is 10 amps, then the
current inrush could be up to 1000 Amps. This large surge of energy can be
damaging to the relay contacts. Current inrush is only present at turn on and
can be responsible for opening fuses and tripping circuit breakers.
Fluorescent lamps can also be dimmed when used with a dimming ballast.
Fluorescent lights Not all ballasts are dimmable, but all can be switched. Digital controlled
dimming ballast are becoming more available on the market. There are a few
different protocols from several different manufacturers. DALI or Digitally
Addressable Lighting Interface, DSI, LON, DMX512, and KNX are a few of
the digital control methods. Some devices can only be dimmed to a certain
level and also require a minimum turn on level. The minimum turn on level
is determined by the ballast. Turning it on or dimming below this level can
cause flickering and premature lamp failure. Consult the manufacturer
to determine the dimming performance of any ballast used in a dimming
system.
It is not recommended to mix different loads on a dimmer like incandescent
with magnetic or electronic ballasts. There is an increased possibility of bad
performance, along with more complicated trouble shooting. There should
be a positive disconnection from power when the dimmer is off to prevent
a voltage leaking to the ballast. Ballast manufacturers recommend this
practice for maximum safety. It is recommended that a circuit with ballasts
not exceed 80% capacity. It is standard practice to derate the dimmer to
80% or less. If the dimmer is rated at 500W, then the connected fluorescent
load should be 400W or less.
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It is better to switch a transformer with a mechanical relay than a solid
Transformers state one. The solid-state relay has a bias current that leaks to the
switching on/off transformer even during the ‘off’ state that can cause premature failure
of the transformer or misleading voltage measurements. . Switching
transformer loads on and off using a relay is not problematic. When
controlling electronic transformers it is standard practice to derate the
switch or relay to 75% or less. If the switch is rated at 16A, then the
connected fluorescent load should be 12A or less.
Magnetic ballast loads may need to be derated up to 50% due to the high
inductance caused by the transformer. When electronic transformers are
first turned on there is a large surge of energy usage called current inrush.
This current inrush can be 10 to 100 times the steady state value of a
system, but only lasts for a fraction of a second. If the total amperage of
a system is 10 amps, then the current inrush could be up to 1000 Amps.
This large surge of energy can be damaging to the relay contacts. Current
inrush is only present at turn on and can be responsible for opening fuses
and tripping circuit breakers.
Transformers There are two types of transformers used in lighting; magnetic and
Dimming electronic. Transformers are rated using Volts times Amps (VA) or in
total Watts, and should specify input voltage and corresponding output
voltage. A transformer rating could be 230V primary, 12V secondary,
50W capacity. The 50W refers to the load on the secondary wires. There
are three types of dimmers for transformers; standard incandescent or
phase forward, reverse phase, and universal . Standard dimmers work
well with magnetic transformers and some electronic ones. Reverse phase
or electronic low voltage dimmers work well with electronic transformers.
A universal dimmer works well with either type. The standard dimmer
is least expensive and most reliable, while the univerasal dimmer is the
most expensive and more complicated. Dimmers are de-rated when
connected to a transformer load. The dimmer must operate the lamp,
and also compensate for the current loss in the magnetic operation of
the transformer itself. Therefore, a percentage of the dimmer’s load will
be used up in the transformer process. The standard calculation adds the
Wattage of the lamp, along with 20% of the load (in Watts) to the dimmer.
Thus, a 100W lamp, connected to a transformer, will be rated at 120W to
the dimmer. That allows cooler operation of the transformer and prevents
overloading.
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4 Applications
Occupancy Control
Scheduling
Shutter Control
24
Reducing the connected load (wattage) of the lighting system represents only
4.1 Introduction half of the potential for maximizing energy savings. The other half is minimizing
the use of that load through automatic controls. Automatic controls switch or dim
lighting based on time, occupancy, lighting-level strategies, or a combination of
all three. In situations where lighting may be on longer than needed, left on in
unoccupied areas, or used when sufficient daylight exists, you should consider
installing automatic controls as a supplement or replacement for manual controls.
A manual-on occupancy sensor is a wall switch that will allow regular on and
off switching of lights and can be used as an electronic occupancy sensor, as
well. The occupancy sensor operates on low frequency sound waves or infrared
signals that can sense movement in an area. After a prescribed time delay of six
to fifteen minutes, dependent upon manufacturer or local preset, the sensor will
turn off the light if movement has not been detected.
25
Dimmer switches can allow one fixture to serve several lighting functions, such
as task lighting at full ballast and decorative or safety lighting on a lower setting.
Dimming increases lamp life and saves energy - a light that is dimmed by 25%
uses about 20% less energy while lamp life is increased fourfold.
Lighting in a commercial office building often accounts for at least 40% of the
total electricity used. Simply switching off lighting when it is not required results
in substantial energy savings. Regardless of the amount of automation used for
lighting control in a given application, the ability to manually override lighting is
often an important element in the overall design. =S= controls offer a variety of
choices for manual override of lighting in systems including simple low voltage
wall switches and networked button stations
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Occupancy sensors provide effective lighting control for smaller areas within the
4.2 Occupancy building that are occasionally utilized. They can also be used to provide automatic
Control override of schedules for after-hours usage by occupants or cleaning crews.
Using occupancy sensors as part of a system allows independent sensing zones
to be functionally linked or separated as appropriate based on the time of day.
The occupancy sensors may also simply be deactivated during normal business
hours and reserved for after-hours override operation. Further, when sensors are
used as part of the LON system, occupancy status can be easily shared with the
Building Automation System to direct HVAC and other non-lighting functions.
Open Office Area
Scheduled Zone Control
General illumination for open office areas is controlled by the system on a
zone basis. Lighting automatically comes on in the morning to greet arriving
employees, in areas where light level is sufficient and no occupancy registered
the lights will turn off after a delay until occupancy is registered . At the end of
the workday, if no occupancy registered, lighting is automatically switched off.
The potentially harmful effects of inrush generated by switching large fluorescent
loads is nullified by the =S= control system’s zero-cross switching technology.
Manual Zone Control
Manually switching on lighting in the morning, and when no occupancy
registered, the light is switcht off maximizes energy savings and eliminates the
need to program holidays into the schedule. To prevent tampering, the switch is
disabled during normal work hours. Later in the evening, the cleaning crew uses
the same switch to turn on lighting for a programmed period of time.
Occupancy-Based Override
Occupancy sensors provide automatic override of lighting during after-hours
periods, eliminating the need for manual override by employees or the cleaning
crew. Sensor operation is automatically limited to after-hours operation by =S=
controls. Adjacent sensor zones are logically linked for simultaneous operation to
eliminate the discomfort of a lone employee working in a small pool of light.
Private Office
Distributed Personal Control
Desk lamps are used and controlled by the occupant as task lighting. The general
lighting is controlled by a sensitive presence detector which covers the whole
office area and will automatically shut off, or in case of dimming, dim the lighting
to a un-occupancy level. All stations for an entire floor share a single network
wire. Since the signals for the dimming ballasts and the local relay packs are
provided directly by the station, no additional home run wiring is required.
27
Occupancy Reporting
Energy savings in small areas like offices is maximized through the use of
occupancy sensors. Lighting is automatically turned off when the occupant leaves
the office for an extended length of time. Since the =S= control system has
“visibility” of the occupancy status, it can be passed on to the HVAC controls via
the LonTalk protocol.
Infrequently used spaces
Occupancy sensors are ideal in infrequently used spaces like bins, toilets, and
corridors. Lighting is automatically turned on when the occupant enters the
space. Adjacent sensor zones are logically linked for simultaneous operation to
eliminate dark spots in wider areas.
About Occupancy Sensing
Occupancy-based strategies are best suited to spaces that have highly variable
and unpredictable occupancy patterns. Occupancy or motion sensors are used
to detect occupant motion, lighting the space only when it is occupied. For both
initial and sustained success in using occupancy sensors, the sensor must be able
to see the range of motion in the entire space while avoiding either on or off false
triggering. This requires proper product selection, positioning, and testing.
Occupancy sensors should first be selected based on the range of body motion
expected to occur throughout the entire lighted space.
Controls for hallways, for example, need only be sensitive to a person walking
down a narrow area, while sensors for offices need to detect smaller upper body
motion, such as typing or reaching for a telephone. Once sensitivity and coverage
area is established, sensors are selected from two predominant technology types.
Passive infrared sensors detect the motion of heat between vertical and
horizontal fan pattern detection zones. This technology requires a direct line of
sight and is more sensitive to lateral motion, but it requires larger motion as
distance from the sensor increases. The coverage pattern and field of view can
also be precisely controlled. It typically finds its best application in smaller spaces
with a direct line of sight, warehouses, and aisles.
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Application description
Occupancy controlled general lighting with time based override possibilities.
Single-occupant office. Primary activities are computer work, reading and
meetings.
Control needs
ON/OFF control with light level sensing. The sensor should be able to detect small
movements such as typing.
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Time-based lighting control provides substantial energy savings by automatically
4.3 Scheduling turning off lighting after normal working hours. =S= lighting controls meet the
requirements of modern energy codes and standards, distributed systems like
=S= are ideal for meeting these requirements for larger public areas in buildings,
industrial applications, exteriors, or anywhere occupancy sensors are not
appropriate.
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Programmed Visual Interest
A time schedule automatically sets the lobby lighting to appropriate levels to
enhance the exterior visual appeal of the building during early evening hours.
Later in the evening, the schedule turns off all lighting in the lobby except for
security lighting.
About Scheduling
The most basic controlling strategies involve time-based controls, best suited
for spaces where lighting needs are predictable and predetermined. Time-based
controls can be used in both indoor and outdoor situations. Common outdoor
applications include automatically switching parking lot or security lighting based
on the sunset and sunrise times. Typical indoor situations include switching
lighting in production, manufacturing, and retail facilities that operate on fixed,
predefined operating schedules. Time-based control systems for indoor lighting
typically include a manual override option for situations when lighting is needed
beyond the scheduled period.
31
Application description
Control of general lighting in spaces which has a predetermined usage.
For security reasons some areas may need to have a decreased light
level. Time-based control can be used both inside and outside.
Control needs
ON/OFF and/or dimming control with manual or automatic override
possibilities
32
The TAC Xenta 511 is a web based presentation system for LONWORKS networks.
Using a standard web browser, the operator can easily view and control the
devices in the LON network via Internet or a local intranet. One TAC Xenta 511
can present a small LON network or be one of several local presentation devices
in a larger network. Time schedules and trend logs are easily accessed. For
setting see data sheet
33
About Constant Light Control
Lighting level-based strategies take advantage of any available daylight and
supply only the necessary amount of electric light to provide target lighting
levels. In addition to saving energy, lighting level controls can minimize over
lighting and glare and help reduce electricity demand charges. The two main
strategies for controlling perimeter fixtures in day lighted areas are daylight
switching or daylight dimming.
Daylight switching involves switching fixtures off when the target lighting levels
can be achieved by utilizing daylight. To avoid frequent cycling of the lamps and
to minimize distraction to occupants, a time delay, provided by a deadband, is
necessary.
Several levels of switching are commonly used to provide for flexibility and a
smooth transition between natural and electric lighting.
Daylight dimming involves continuously varying the electric lighting level to
maintain a constant target level of illumination. Dimming systems save energy by
dimming fluorescent lights down to as low as 10 to 20 percent of full output, with
the added benefit of maintaining consistent lighting levels. Because HID sources
cannot be frequently switched on and off, they are instead dimmed for time,
occupancy, and lighting level-based control strategies.
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Application description
Control of general lighting with an automatic control that replaces or
accompanies occupant control, in order to conserve energy, by switching off
or dimming the electric lights when full output is not needed.
Control needs
ON/OFF and/or dimming control with manual override possibilities
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Introduction
4.5 Dimming
Dimming controls make high performance fluorescent dimming practical.
Control
Many commercial and institutional spaces have different activities that would
benefit from dimming control, particularly the ability to create scenes or presets
with dimming of individual groups of lamps.
Dimming controls are available for most types of lighting. They ca be integrated
into automatic liqhting control systerns and can be used manually as well. Some
dimming controls require use of magnetic or electronic dimming ballast, while
others employ an electronics dimmer package installed in the panelboard or
elswhere within tbe system.
Depending on the type of load it can be controlled either directly by a dimmer
using phase cutting (incandescent, halogen and low voltage halogen lamps) or
with a 1-10V or DALI control signal, controlling the ballast (flourescent tubes).
The 1-10V signal has to be wired separetly for each group it controls, while DALI,
beeing a bus structure, allows individual control of up to 64 lamps.
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About DALI light control
Integration of DALI with a building management system is both simple and
flexible. DALI can be deployed as a subsystem to a BMS. While the DALI control
unit or gateway responds to commands from the BMS control, such as central
overrides for timed on/off switching or dimming, DALI ballasts feed lighting
system information back to the BMS, allowing automatic identification of failed
lamps and ballasts as well as central monitoring of ballast power and dimming
levels.
Application description
A meeting room is equipped with partition walls to allow flexible use of the
space. When partition walls are open the space is used for larger meeting
or as presentation room with a stage in one end. One side of the space has
large windows. Constant light levels are desired during for maximum energy
conservation. For cleaning, sufficient light levels and energy conservation are the
goals.
Control needs
ON/OFF and/or dimming control with scene setting and daylight harvesting.
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The versatile meeting room can be divided into three spaces with movable walls,
each space having its own set of pushbuttons to allow individual control. When
partition walls are open and the space is used for larger meetings all pushbuttons
work in parallel. One side of the space has large windows allowing daylight
harvesting.
In this simple scenario, five (5) lighting schemes were defined and programmed
at installation (although sixteen schemes are possible):
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Scheme 1: Constant light control (use of daylight) for meetings. Groups 1-9 are
programmed for varying light levels.
Scheme 2: Evening activities. Groups 1-9 are programmed at 100% light levels.
Scheme 3: Stage lighting for presentations Group 10 only is programmed.
Scheme 4: Lighting for cleaning Groups 1-9 are programmed at 50% light levels.
Scheme 5: Security lighting. One light from each Group 1-9 is programmed at
10%.
To achieve this, four groups were defined and programmed as follows:
- Groups 1-3, groups 4-6 and groups 7-9 are arranged in parallel to the windows
in order to create ideal conditions for daylight control. - Group 10 is wired
separately to highlight the stage on special occasions.
If these groupings needed to be changed, the fixtures would simple be
reassigned to new groups via remote control or PC - no ladders, no pulling wires,
complete flexibility!
Shutters and blinds not only protect us from the sun, creating pleasant lighting
4.6 Shutter Control
conditions, they can also help make a significant contribution to saving energy
costs for heating, cooling and artificial lighting.
=S= control systems includes shutter actuators in different functional versions
for the control of shutters, interior blinds, awnings or motorized curtains
Types and operation
Wind Control - Retracts external blinds if the wind speed exceeds a pre-set level.
Timer Control - a daily or weekly timer to operate the blinds at preset times. It
is usually used to extend the blinds in the morning and retract them at night.
Where blinds or shutters are used for insulation it can be used to lower them at
night for heat retention.
Light level control - for non-retractable blinds has three lux level control and
allows the slats to adjust to maintain light levels within a selected band width.
Master or Building Control - allows override of the system from one central point
with the option of an interface with the fire alarm system to retract the blinds.
Individual control - allows override of the automatic system by a switch local to
each blind.
Infra-red control - operation by means of an infra-red transmitter that activates
the sensor that is normally mounted on the wall beside the blind.
Radio remote control - control by a hand held transmitter is usually used for
shutters or garage doors. It is suited when direct line of sight to the sensor is not
possible.
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Application description
Control of shutters and blinds with an automatic control that replaces or
accompanies occupant control, in order to ensure that external blinds are
retracted in windy conditions or extended at sunny conditions following the data
from the BA system.
Control needs
Automatic UP / Down and slats control with manual override possibilities
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5 Application practice
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In a room the following SVEA LONWORKS modules were implemented for
lighting control:
LON I/O-Module REG-M DIM as Control Output 1 V...10 V
The lighting in this room is in the form of fluorescent lamps with dimmable
electronic ballasts. The electronic ballasts are equipped with an interface
1 V...10 V. They are controlled by a LON I/O module from the company
SVEA. This LON I/O module possesses an analog output (1 V...10 V) for the
dimming function and a relay output (NO-contact, 10 A) for switching the
supply voltage for the electronic ballasts.
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Software Description
The application serves the dimming and switching of fluorescent lamps via
electronic ballasts with an interface 1 V...10 V, or of NV halogen lamps via
transformers with an interface 1 V...10 V.
With the aid of a brightness sensor, constant light control can be achieved.
Furthermore, it is possible to save lighting scene settings and to retrieve
them when required. Certain lighting moods can hereby be quickly re-
established through one click on a button. The information from the
presence detector can be used to switch off the light completely or to dim it
to a particular level.
In the LON I/O module, the following LONMARK objects are available: Lamp
Actuator (3040), Constant Light Controller (3050), Scene Controller (3251)
and Occupancy Controller (3071).
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LON Bus Coupling Unit with Switch Application Module
For the SVEA LON Bus Coupling Unit UP there is a very flexible software
application that can be configured for almost every planned application. It
is based on the LonMark profiles “Switch (3200)”, “Scene Panel (3250)” and
“Occupancy Sensor (1600)”.
The applications for the switching or dimming of luminaires and for the
sending of scene setting values are described in the following examples.
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3. Through operating a switch on the bus connector, the dimming value, and
thus the brightness of the lamps, can be altered. As long as the switch is
pressed, messages are distributed via nvoSWswitch in which the value-part is
gradually enlarged or reduced, according to the dimming direction. The size
of the dimming stages can be set in a configuration variable.
4. The dimming actuator reports its current status to the LON network via
the feedback variable, nvoLAlampValueFb. This value must be bound to the
input variable nviSWswitchFb of the bus connection because it is only from
the current dimming value that brightening or dimming occurs.
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1. The movement sensor in the LONWORKS multisensor transmits the
current occupied status to the movement controller via the output variable,
nvoOSoccupancy.
2. If the status changes into the “OCCUPIED” mode, a switch-on order,
SET_ON, for the constant lighting control is sent via the output variable,
nvoOCsetting. The control is now activated. If movement is no longer
reported, an adjustable time delay starts.If no movement is detected
after this time delay, nvoOCsetting sends an OFF order, SET_OFF, to the
controller.
3. During active control, the actual value of the brightness, which should be
present at nviCLluxLevel, is compared with the programmed setpoint value
(nviCLLuxSetpoint or SCPTluxSetpoint). If the two values differ from each
other, an output value (value-part of the SNVT_switch-Variable) is calculated
in order to dim the connected luminaire. Via a configuration variable, the
value to be sent first can be defined after switching on the control. If the
control is switched off, a switch-off message is also sent to the dimmer
actuator. It is possible to switch off the light automatically to save energy
as long as the actual value lies above a definable value due to outside light.
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5. If the brightness is to be altered manually, this can either be achieved via
an infrared remote control in connection with the LON multisensor or via a
button on the LON bus connection. Through operating the buttons, SET_UP
or SET_DOWN commands are sent to the input variable, nviCLsetting. This
leads internally to a change in the brightness setpoint, so that the connected
lamp is dimmed accordingly until the actual value is again in harmony with
the setpoint. The temporary setpoint programmed in this way is valid until
the control is switched off.
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1. The movement sensor in the LON multisensor transmits the current
occupied status to the movement controller via nvoOSoccupancy.
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can be evoked through lengthened operation of the desired button on the
infrared remote control or on the bus connection, the status received at that
time at nviSCswitch will be saved as a scene under the sent scene number
(see also point 6).
4. The scene-dependent, saved output value is sent via nvoSCswitch to the
dimming actuator which then correspondingly sets the interface 1 V...10 V,
whereby the new value can be gradually dimmed in adjustable stages.
5. If the set scene value is to be altered manually, this can either be
carried out via the infrared remote control in connection with the LON multi-
sensor or via a button on the LON bus connection. Through operation of the
buttons, SET_UP or SET_DOWN, commands are sent to the input variable,
nviSCsetting. This leads internally to an alteration in the saved scene value
so that the connected lamp is correspondingly dimmed.
6. If messages are received at nviSCswitch, these are passed on directly
via nvoSCswitch to the dimming actuator. Adjacent values can be saved as
new scene values by means of a LEARN command to nviSCscene.
7. The dimming actuator sends its set value at that time to the LON
network via the feedback variable, nvoLAlampValueFb, for the purpose of
synchronising the buttons.
Dimming via point 3 or point 6 can be used alternatively, whereby new scene
values can only be saved with the procedure described in point 6.
Note: the applications described are carried out using software applications
from Schneider. Software applications from other manufacturers can deviate
from these in their functionality.
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