Lighting Control Technologies

Abegail P. Gomez
Frank Carlo A. Hayag
BSEE 501-A
 3 Main Purposes
• Energy Management
• Aesthetics
• Code Compliance
Energy Management
Controls for lighting systems provide energy
and cost savings through reduced power or
reduced time of use.
Aesthetics
Controls provide the ability to change space
functions and can create emotional appeal,
offering control of lighting quality, mood
and attitude.
Code Compliance
• Power density considerations are often
given for control systems, providing
additional lighting to be used in a space,
or to reduce overall energy consumption
to meet code requirements.
 Energy Management Strategies
• Forecasted Schedule • Task Tuning
• Un-forecasted Schedule • Load Shedding and Demand
• Daylighting Reduction
• Brightness Balance • Aesthetic Control Strategies
• Lumen Maintenance
 Forecasted Schedule
• Activities in the building occur routinely during the
day, luminaries throughout the space can be
operated on a fixed schedule. (staff arrival &
departure times, lunch time and cleaning hours)
• Can reduce energy consumption by as much as 40%.
 Un-forecasted Schedule
• Workstations vacancies due to sickness , vacations,
staff meetings and business trips. Using
occupancy/motion sensors have yielded energy
savings of over 60 % in some areas.
• Important first to determine the proportion of time
the space is vacant. It is also important to consider
that switching lights on and off can disturb occupants
of adjacent spaces.
 Daylighting
• In these areas, reduction of power for electric
lighting in response to the amount of available
daylight reduces energy consumption.
• Both dimming and switching strategies can be used.
 Brightness Balance
• The design objective is to balance different
brightness levels so that glare and shadows be
reduced
 Lumen Maintenance
• Designed for a minimum maintained illumination
level.
• LUMEN DEPRECIATION – reduction of the initial
illumination of a new system to the designed
minimum level.
• LUMEN MAINTENANCE – can be done by the use of
dimming system with photo sensor input.
 Task Tuning
• The lighting system can be adjusted, tuned to provide
local illumination as needed.
• Done by varying the light output of individual or
small groups of luminaires.
 Load Shedding and Demand Reduction
• Electric bill of a building can be effectively reduced by
controlling lighting power demand for short periods
of time.
 Aesthetic Control Strategies
• Include switching and dimming. Dimming controls can
provide dynamic effects or create a smooth transition
between different room functions.
• Necessary to control illumination over a wide range for
Aesthetic applications
• The square law curve for adaptation used by most
controls generally require a measured illumination or less
than 10 % depending on the room reflectance, the screen
used, and the degree of note taking required.
• It is necessary to use a light source that can be
appropriately dimmed.
• Fluorescent can be dimmed to 1% when used with
certain dimming ballast
Lighting Control Techniques
• Switching or Dimming
– Switching can be done manually with
simple wall box switches, remotely via
relays or switchable circuit breakers, by a
control system or by occupancy sensors.
– Central switching systems can be less
expensive to install per unit area than
equivalent dimming systems and the most
applicable strategies such as scheduling.
Local or Central
• Local lighting system
– Divided into independently
controllable areas, their size and form
typically dictated by the geometry of
the building areas.
Local or Central
• Central systems
– Generally combine several local areas.
Some central microprocessor systems
are intended to handle either the
lighting and mechanical systems or
both.
System Integration
• One advantage of a lighting control system is
that the illumination can be automatically
adjusted to suit the activity or tasks.
• All lighting control system has 3 major
components:
– Logic circuit
– Sensing device
– Power Controller
• Control strategies can have different and
overlapping sets of hardware
requirements. Some combination of
strategies, such as daylighting and lumen
maintenance.
Hardwiring
• There are several methods available for
linking the lighting control system
elements.
– Control device is usually hardwired to a
lighting system before the supply and
the ballast.
Power Line Carrier
• Communication method that is looking
for some application in retrofitting control
installations.
*CARE MUST BE TAKEN TO ENSURE THAT
ALL OF THE CONTROL EQUIPMENT ON THE
POWER LINE IS COMPATIBLE AS A SYSTEM
AND SUITABLE FOR THE APPLICATION.
Radio Links
• Radio-controlled system eliminates the
need for wiring between the sensor, the
processor and the controller.
Degree of Control Automation and
Zoning
• Controls vary in degree of automation,
from manual to highly automatic.
Zoning
• Compliance with energy codes needs
much closer coordination between the
electrical engineer and the mechanical
engineer who designed the HVAC system.
Lighting Control Equipment
• Manual Switching
• The energy savings attainable through
switching should be the initial
consideration in developing the plan for
the lighting circuits.
Timing and Sensing Devices
• Timing Devices
• The function of the timer is to control
lighting in response to known or
scheduled activities of events, wherein;
turning off lights that is not needed is
achieved.
3 types of Timing Devices
• Simple Integral Timer
• Electromechanical Timer
• Electronic Timer
• Photo-sensors
• Electronic components that
transform visible radiation
into electrical signals, which
is then used to control
another system.
• Occupancy/Motion Sensors
• Automatically switch off luminaires when
spaces are unoccupied to reduce energy
use
IMPACT OF LIGHTING CONTROLS
• HVAC Effects
• Lighting can be responsible for a major
portion of a building’s HVAC load.
• Lighting loads have major influence on
both air conditioning loads and fan
operation.
Electrical Equipment Effects
• Switching
• Controls that switch lamps on and off
excessively can reduce fluorescent and
HID lamp life.
• Interference
• Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) or
electromagnetic interference (EMI) is
inherent in all control systems that rapidly
switch a portion of input power.
• Conducted emission
• Radiated emission
• Power Quality
• The power quality of electrical switching
systems has become a concern to utilities
with regard to power factor, safety and
interference. Most incandescent dimming
techniques use phase control in which the
voltage to the lamp is reduced by high speed
switching. This distorts the sinusoidal line
current, producing other frequencies and
leading to a decrease in the power factor.
Human Performance Effects
• Illumination
• Audible Noise
• Flicker
• Color Changes
End of Reporting!!!
THANK YOU!!!