CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Definition of Health;

Health according to the World Health Organization (W. H. O.), is a state of
complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity.
1.2. Definition of Healthcare;
Health care, or healthcare, is the improvement of health via the prevention,
diagnosis, treatment, amelioration or cure of disease, illness, injury, and other
physical and mental impairments in people. Health care is delivered by health
professionals and allied health fields.
1.3. Definition of Hospital;
According to the W. H. O. Hospitals are reservoirs of critical resources and
knowledge but also, a hospital is a health care institution providing patient
provide long term and short-term treatment with specialized health science
consisting of observational, diagnostic, therapeutic and rehabilitating services,
healthcare staff and medical equipment.

2. ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION OF THE

CAMEROON HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
The Cameroon health care system is controlled by the Ministry of Public
Health and is headed by the Minister of Public Health Dr. MANAOUDA
MALACHI.
The Cameroon health care system is divided into 3 main branches.
2.1. The peripheral health system;
At the peripheral health system, healthcare services are provided by community
health centers and health posts, which are staffed by nurses and midwives.
2.2. The intermediate health system;
At the intermediate health system, healthcare services here are provided by
district hospitals and regional hospitals, which are staffed by doctors and other
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healthcare professionals and is usually headed by the Regional Delegate. The
intermediate health system in Douala is run by the regional delegate of public
health for the littoral region DR. ALBERT MAMBO MAKA.
2.3. The Central health system;
At the central health system, healthcare services are provided by specialized
hospitals and medical centers, which offer advanced medical treatments and
procedures. This health system is governed by the minister of public health DR.
MANAOUADA MALACHI.

3. CLASSIFICATION AND CATEGORIZATION OF

HOSPITALS IN CAMEROON
The Cameroon health system classifies its hospitals into 3 main categories;
i. The primary/first category,
ii. The secondary/second category,
iii. The tertiary/third category.
In addition to these levels of health care, hospitals in Cameroon are also
categorized based on ownership and funding. There are public hospitals, private
hospitals, and mission hospitals (run by religious organizations).
The Cameroon health system has 04 general hospitals (First category), 04 central
hospitals (second category), 11 regional hospitals (third category), 164 hospitals

Tertiary;
Ministry of
Public Health

Secondary; Regional
Delegations of Public
Health

Primary; Health
Services and
Others

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District, 155 district health centers, 206 sub-divisional hospitals and 1,888 health
centers are integrated with 1600 functional.

i. The primary/first category;

This level includes health centers and dispensaries that offer basic medical care
and preventive services, such as Nkwen Baptist Health Centre which is located
within the Baptist Centre Nkwen premises in Bamenda at the Finance Junction
neighborhood.

ii. The secondary/second category;

These hospitals offer more advanced medical services, including surgery,
obstetrics, and gynecology for example we have the Deido district hospital
Douala.

iii. The tertiary/third category;

These are the most advanced hospitals in Cameroon. These hospitals provide
highly specialized medical care, including transplant surgery and intensive care
units, cardiology, neurology, and oncology, such as the Laquintinie hospital
Douala.

4. ORGANIZATION OF ST PADRE PIO HOSPITAL

4.1. Brief History
St Padre Pio hospital is a Private (Confessional) hospital located in the Akwa
Nord neighborhood of Douala which started as a private clinic “Notre Dame
Clinic Douala” in 1986 by Dr. Arnold Yongbang. This hospital is best known
for its commitment to providing affordable healthcare to the local community.

4.2. Organization proper.

The hospital provides medical services in various specialties, including;

– General Medicine
– Gynecology
– Cardiology
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– Treatment center
– Primary Health Care
– Pediatrics/Neonatology
– Dentistry
– Surgery
– Imagery (x-ray, Ultrasound)
– Laboratory services

It is also equipped with modern medical equipment and facilities to provide

quality healthcare to its patients. The St. Padre Pio hospital is equipped with staff
listed in order of hierarchy;
- The Director
- The Human resource manager
- The Chief medical officers
- The Doctors
- The Head of units (Superintendents)
- Nurses
- Other workers (security guards and cleaners).
The St. Padre Pio hospital is run and headed by the Director Rev. Sister Dr.
Dnchang Shynthia Kila. and every worker is answerable to the Director.

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 CHAPTER 2
1. PATIENT DEPARTMENT.
1.1. Out Patient Department (OPD)
An Outpatient Department (OPD) is a section of a hospital or clinic where
patients receive medical treatment and consultations without being admitted to
the hospital. An OPD is a medical facility/unit that provides medical services to
patients such as;
a) Checking of vital signs (Temperature, Blood pressure, Pulse, Height,
Weight and Respiratory rate).

b) Medical Consultations: The OPD provides medical consultations to

patients who do not require hospitalization. Patients can visit the OPD to
seek medical advice, receive a diagnosis, and discuss treatment options
with a doctor.

c) Diagnostic Tests: The OPD provides diagnostic tests such as blood tests,
X-rays, ultrasounds, and other imaging studies. These tests help doctors
diagnose and monitor medical conditions.

d) Minor Surgical Procedures: The OPD may also perform minor surgical
procedures such as suturing wounds, removing small growths, and
performing biopsies.

e) Medication Management: The OPD provides medication management

services such as prescribing medications, monitoring medication use, and
adjusting dosages as needed.

f) Follow-up Care: The OPD provides follow-up care to patients who have
been discharged from the hospital or who require ongoing medical care.
Patients can visit the OPD for routine check-ups and to monitor their
progress.

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 g) Health Education: The OPD may also provide health education services
to patients, including information on healthy lifestyle habits and disease
prevention.

1.2. In patient department (IPD)

The Inpatient Department (IPD) of a hospital or healthcare facility is a
section where patients receive medical treatment and care while being admitted
to the hospital for a certain period of time or require hospitalization and overnight
stays. The IPD is usually staffed by various healthcare professionals such as
doctors, nurses, and other medical personnel who provide medical care to patients
who are admitted to the hospital.
Some of the services provided in an IPD include;
a) Medical Consultations: The IPD provides medical consultations to
patients who require hospitalization. Patients can consult with doctors and
other medical personnel on a regular basis to receive a diagnosis, discuss
treatment options, and receive medical care.

b) Diagnostic Tests: The IPD provides diagnostic tests such as blood tests,
X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and other imaging studies. These tests help
doctors diagnose and monitor medical conditions.

c) Surgeries: The IPD performs various types of surgeries, including major

surgeries, minor surgeries, and emergency surgeries.

d) Medication Management: The IPD provides medication management

services such as prescribing medications, monitoring medication use, and
adjusting dosages as needed.

e) Rehabilitation Services: The IPD provides rehabilitation services such as

physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy to help patients
recover from injuries or illnesses.

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 f) Nursing Care: The IPD provides nursing care to patients who require
hospitalization. Nurses monitor patients' vital signs, administer
medications, and provide other types of care.

g) Specialized Care: The IPD provides specialized care to patients who

require specialized medical care, such as intensive care, neonatal care, and
palliative care.

h) Patient Education: The IPD provides patient education services to help

patients better understand their medical conditions, treatment options, and
how to manage their health.

2. PATIENT CIRCUIT
2.1. Definition of patient circuit;
The term "patient circuit" typically refers to the movement of patients
within a healthcare facility, such as a hospital or clinic. Patient circulation
involves the movement of patients from one area of the facility to another, such
as from the emergency department to an inpatient unit, or from an inpatient unit
to a diagnostic or treatment area. The design of the facility, including the
placement of the various health units can impact the ease and safety of patient
circulation.

2.2. Patient circuit of the St. Padre Pio hospital

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 3. HEALTH UNIT
3.1. Definition of Health unit;
A health unit is a healthcare facility or organization that provides medical
services to the community with the aim of promoting and maintaining the health
and well-being of the population. Health units are typically staffed by healthcare
professionals such as doctors, nurses, and other medical personnel who provide
various types of medical services, including preventive care, diagnosis, and
treatment of illnesses and injuries. They may also offer public health services
such as immunizations, health education, disease surveillance and control.
3.2. How Health units operate;
Health units operate by providing medical services to the community, staffing
the facility with healthcare professionals, securing funding to cover expenses,
complying with regulations and guidelines, and collaborating with other
healthcare providers to ensure that patients receive the appropriate level of care.

4. VARIOUS HEALTH UNITS AT THE ST. PADRE PIO

HOSPITAL
4.1. Operation/Theater unit;
A theatre in a hospital refers to a specialized room or area where surgical
procedures are performed. It is also known as an operating room. A team of
healthcare professionals, including surgeons, anesthesiologists, and nurses, work
together in the theatre to perform surgeries and other medical procedures. The
theatre is equipped with specialized equipment and tools to ensure a safe and
sterile environment for surgical procedures such as;
Equipment Use
1 Operating table This is a specialized table used for surgical
procedures. It is designed to be adjustable and can
be positioned in different ways to provide optimal
access to the surgical site.
2 Surgical lights These are specialized lights that provide bright,
focused illumination of the surgical site.
3 Anesthesia This is a machine used to administer anesthesia to
machine the patient during surgery. It delivers a controlled
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 amount of oxygen and other gases to the patient's
lungs.
4 Electrosurgical This is a device used to control bleeding during
unit (ESU) surgery. It uses high-frequency electrical currents
to coagulate blood vessels and minimize bleeding.

5 Surgical A variety of surgical instruments are used during

instruments surgery, including scalpels, forceps, scissors, and
retractors.
6 Suction machine This is a machine used to remove fluids and debris
from the surgical site during surgery.
7 Patient monitors These are devices used to monitor the patient's vital
signs during surgery, including heart rate, blood
pressure, and oxygen saturation.

4.2. Maternity unit;

Maternity in a hospital refers to the department or unit that provides care
for pregnant women, during pregnancy, childbirth (delivery), and after birth
(postpartum). The maternity department is staffed with healthcare professionals
who specialize in obstetrics and gynecology, including obstetricians, midwives,
nurses, and neonatologists. Their goal is to provide safe and compassionate care
for both mother and baby during the childbirth process. The maternity unit is
further subdivided into 3 units;

4.2.1. Antenatal care (A. N. C.) unit;

Antenatal care in the hospital refers to the medical care provided to
pregnant women before childbirth. This includes regular check-ups, screenings,
and tests to monitor the health of the mother and baby, as well as to identify and
manage any potential complications. Antenatal care also involves providing
education and support to pregnant women on topics such as nutrition, exercise,
and preparing for childbirth. The goal of antenatal care is to ensure a healthy
pregnancy and delivery, and to prevent or manage any potential health issues for
both the mother and baby.

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 4.2.2. Delivery unit;
the delivery room in the hospital is a specialized room where women give birth
to their babies. It is equipped with medical equipment and tools necessary for
monitoring the mother and baby's health during labor and delivery. The delivery
room is designed to provide a safe and comfortable environment for both the
mother and baby during the delivery process.
Equipment Use
a) Fetal Monitor A fetal monitor is used to monitor the fetal heart rate and
uterine contractions during labor. It helps healthcare
providers to detect any signs of fetal distress and make
decisions about the need for interventions.
b) Delivery A delivery table is a specialized table designed for
Table childbirth. It has adjustable leg supports and a backrest
to provide comfort and support to the mother during
delivery.
c) Suction A suction device is used to clear the baby's airway of
Device mucus and other fluids immediately after delivery. This
helps to prevent respiratory distress and other
complications.
d) Oxygen An oxygen delivery system is used to provide
Delivery supplemental oxygen to the mother or baby if needed
System during delivery. It can help to improve oxygenation and
prevent complications such as hypoxia.
e) Sterilization Sterilization equipment is used to sterilize instruments
Equipment and other equipment used during delivery. This helps to
prevent infections and ensure the safety of the midwife
both the mother and baby.

4.2.2.1. Witnessed delivery

I had the privilege of witnessing the delivery of a beautiful baby boy at the
St. Padre Pio hospital. The mother, was understandably nervous but also excited
to meet her baby. The healthcare team was attentive and supportive, guiding her
through each stage of labor and delivery. As the mother pushed, the baby's head
emerged, after a series of palpations around her abdomen which stimulates the

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release of more oxytocin to cause or increase uterine contractions to as to help
propel the baby to the external environment and moments later, the rest of her
body followed. The room was filled with a sense of joy and relief as the baby let
out her first cries and was placed on her mother's chest. The healthcare team took
great care to ensure that both mother and baby were comfortable and safe. It was
a remarkable experience to witness the miracle of birth and the strength of the
human body.
4.2.3. Postnatal care (P. N. C.);
Postnatal care in the hospital refers to the medical care and support
provided to a mother and her newborn baby following childbirth. Postnatal care
in the hospital can include; providing pain relief and medications as needed,
assisting with breastfeeding and newborn care, and offering counseling and
education on postpartum recovery and infant care. Postnatal care in the hospital
is an important aspect of ensuring that both mother and baby are healthy and well-
cared for during the postpartum period. It is important for new mothers to follow
the guidance and recommendations of their healthcare provider to optimize their
recovery and ensure the best possible outcomes for themselves and their
newborns.

4.2.3.1.Assisted in circumcision
I had the privilege of assisting in child circumcision at the St. Padre Pio hospital.
The procedure was performed by a trained healthcare provider (midwife) in a
sterile environment. the infant of age 6 months was carefully positioned in a
sterile environment. No anesthesia administered. I was called upon to support the
baby to minimize his movements during the procedure. The foreskin is then
removed from the penis using a surgical instrument (the Mogen clamp, and
Unicirc, spirit lamp). Following the procedure, the infant was monitored for any
signs of bleeding or infection. The healthcare provider provided instructions to
the parents on how to care for the circumcision site and what to look out for in
terms of complications. While the procedure was routine, it was clear that the
healthcare provider was focused on ensuring the safety and comfort of the infant
throughout the entire process.

4.3. Imagery (X-ray and ultrasound) unit;

4.3.1. Echography;
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 Echography, also known as ultrasonography, is a medical imaging
technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of the internal
structures of the body. It is a non-invasive and safe diagnostic tool that is
commonly used at the St. Padre Pio hospital to visualize soft tissues and organs
such as the liver, kidneys, uterus, and fetus during pregnancy.
➢ During an echography exam, a small handheld device called a transducer
is placed on the skin over the area of interest. The transducer emits high-
frequency sound waves that penetrate the body and bounce back to the
transducer, creating echoes. These echoes are then converted into an image
by a computer and displayed on a monitor for interpretation by a healthcare
provider.
➢ Apply an ultrasound gel while performing an ultrasound, an ultrasound
gel is often applied on the part of the body where the probe or ultrasound
transducer will be placed. This is because ultrasound cannot travel through
vacuum thus an ultrasound gel is used to promote the propagation of
ultrasound.
4.3.2. Radiology unit;
A radiology unit in a hospital is a department that specializes in diagnostic
imaging, which involves using various types of imaging technology to produce
images of the body's internal structures.
➢ Radiology departments in the St. Padre Pio hospital are staffed by
specialized healthcare providers, such as radiologists, radiologic
technologists, and other support staff.
➢ The radiology unit at St. Padre Pio hospital typically offers imaging
services (X-rays only).

4.4. Duty room

a duty room may refer to a room where healthcare providers can perform
administrative tasks, such as charting and documentation. (Collect subjective data
from patients and forward to the doctor).
- Contains vaccination calendars.
- Patient record books.
- And some medications.

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 4.5. Dental unit;
A dental unit in a hospital is a specialized area or department that provides dental
care services to patients who are admitted to the hospital. Dental unit in the St.
Padre Pio hospital are typically staffed by licensed dental professionals, such as
dentists, dental hygienists, and dental assistants, who are trained to provide
comprehensive dental care to patients.
➢ The dental unit in the hospital offers you a range of dental services,
including routine dental exams, cleanings, fillings, extractions, and other
dental procedures. These services may be provided to patients who are
admitted to the hospital for medical treatment or who require dental care
while in the hospital.

4.6. Medical Laboratory unit;

A medical laboratory unit in the St. Padre Pio hospital is a department that is
responsible for performing a wide range of diagnostic tests on patient samples,
including blood, urine, tissue, and other body fluids.
➢ These tests are used to help diagnose and monitor various medical
conditions and diseases, and to guide treatment decisions.
➢ The laboratory staff, which includes medical laboratory technologists and
technicians, play a critical role in patient care by providing physicians and
other healthcare professionals with the information they need in order to
make decisions about diagnosis and treatment.

4.7. Pharmacy unit;

The pharmacy unit in the St. Padre Pio hospital is a department that is responsible
for managing and dispensing medications to patients within the hospital.
➢ The pharmacy unit ensures that medications are stored, prepared, and
dispensed safely and accurately, and that patients receive the right
medication at the right dose and at the right time.
Overall, the pharmacy unit plays a vital role in ensuring that patients receive safe
and effective medication therapy while in the hospital.

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 4.8. Dressing room unit;
The dressing unit at the St. Padre Pio hospital is a department that specializes in
the care of wounds such as;
- surgical wounds
- pressure ulcers
- diabetic ulcers
- burns
- traumatic wounds.
including the selection, application, and maintenance of dressings used to
promote healing and prevent infection. Staffed by healthcare professionals with
specialized training in wound care, such as wound care nurses or certified wound
care specialists.

4.9. Cardiac unit;

The cardiac unit at St. Padre Pio hospital is a specialized department that provides
medical care to patients with heart-related conditions, including heart disease,
heart attacks, heart failure, and arrhythmias by healthcare professionals with
specialized training in cardiology, including cardiologists, cardiac nurses, and
other healthcare providers.
The functions of the cardiac unit in the St. Padre Pio hospital may include:
➢ Diagnosis and treatment: The cardiac unit is responsible for diagnosing and
treating heart-related conditions, including performing diagnostic tests such
as electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, and stress tests. The unit may also
provide treatments such as medication management, cardiac catheterization,
and angioplasty.
➢ Monitoring and observation: The cardiac unit continuously monitors and
observes patients with heart-related conditions to ensure that they are stable
and not experiencing any complications.
➢ Rehabilitation: The cardiac unit may provide rehabilitation services to
patients who have suffered a heart attack or undergone cardiac surgery,
including exercise programs, dietary counseling, and lifestyle modifications.

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 4.10.Pediatrics and Neonatology;
➢ Pediatrics unit;
The pediatrics unit is a specialized department that provides medical care to
infants, children, and adolescents. Some of the functions of a pediatrics unit in a
hospital include;
➢ Providing routine checkups and vaccinations to infants, children, and
adolescents.
➢ Diagnosing and treating illnesses and injuries in children.
➢ Providing specialized care for children with chronic conditions,
developmental disabilities, or other complex medical needs.
➢ Monitoring and observing children to ensure their health and safety.
➢ Managing medications for children and ensuring proper dosage and
administration.
➢ Providing counseling and education to children and their families on health
and wellness.
➢ Collaborating with other healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive
care to children.
➢ Supporting families and caregivers in caring for children with medical needs.

➢ Neonatal unit;
Neonatal unit is a specialized department in the hospital that provides medical
care to newborn infants, particularly those that are premature, have low birth
weight, or have other medical conditions that require specialized care. This
neonatal unit is staffed with healthcare professionals who are trained and
experienced in caring for newborns, including neonatologists, neonatal nurses,
respiratory therapists, and other support staff. The neonatal unit may provide a
range of services, including;
- Intensive care
- Respiratory support
- Feeding support
- Monitoring
- Medication management.
The goal of the neonatal unit is to provide specialized care to help newborns grow
and develop, while also ensuring their health and safety.

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 5. VARIOUS STATIONS VISITED AT THE BONABERI
CAMPUS
5.1. Station 1
5.1.1. Physiotherapy laboratory;
Physiotherapy is a branch of medicine that diagnosis and treats diseases by the
use of physical means such as movements and exercises and physical agents like
ice, water, and heat alongside manipulations.
- Physiotherapy is all about restoration of physiological and anatomical
functions carried out by promotive, preventive, and rehabilitative
procedures.
- Some branches of physiotherapy include, Neurological, cardio-
respiratory, pediatric, geriatric, sport, obstetric, oncological and mental
health physiotherapy.
- Some equipment used in the physiotherapy lab include;
Equipment Use
1 TENS machine A TENS machine, or transcutaneous electrical nerve
stimulation machine, is a device used in physiotherapy to
relieve pain.
2 EMS machine An EMS machine, or electrical muscle stimulation
machine, is a device used in physiotherapy to stimulate
the muscles and improve muscle function.
3 Infrared lamp Use to relieve pain, vasodilation, and muscle relaxation
4 Wall ladder Also used to exercise the limbs, a sand bag can be place
on the limbs while climbing this board
5 Incentive Use to strengthen the inspiratory, expiratory muscles and
spirometer the diaphragm
6 Nebulizer Use to administer drugs in the gaseous form. E.g., for
asthmatic patients
7 Bicycle ergometer Use to exercise the lower limb spatially muscles of the
thigh
8 Swiss ball Balloon-like filled with air, used for stretching and rolling
9 Dumbbell Masses of different sizes and magnitude, used for muscle
development and bone exercise
10 Treadmill Aids in the rehabilitation of patients who have difficulty
walking.

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 ➢ Massage techniques used by physiotherapist;
- The massage technique begins with effleurage, which involves the
distribution of oil on the body.
- This is followed by kneading, where the muscles are squeezed and rolled
with the hands.
- Hacking, or tapping, is used to cut the body part with the hands. Friction is
applied by pressing down on the body with the hands.
- Vibration is used for people with flesh by making the hands vibrate.
Cupping is used for mobilization and involves using one’s hand on the
body as if you were clapping and immediately applying it to the body.
- Finally, effleurage is repeated to ensure the oil is evenly distributed on the
body.

5.1.2. M. I. T. Laboratory;
Medical imaging technology (MIT) involves using various technologies to
obtain images of internal structures (organs) and electrical signals produced by
these organs to diagnose, monitor, and treat medical conditions.
- MIT encompasses technologies such as ultrasonography, x-ray,
mammography, computed tomography, nuclear medicine, and magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI).
➢ Ultrasonography is a medical imaging technology that uses ultrasound
(sounds that cannot be heard by the human ear, usually 20kHz) to image
internal body organs. This imaging technology is convenient compared to
others.
➢ Mammography is a medical imaging technology specifically designed for
breast examination. The name is derived from the word "mammary," which
refers to the breast. The device used for mammography is designed to fit
the breast and allows for internal imaging. This method can detect breast
cancer up to two years before a lump can be felt in the breast.
➢ Computed tomography (CT) is a diagnostic tool that combines a series
of X-ray images taken from different angles around the body. This
technology produces 3D models of the inside of the body and is used to
detect injuries and diseases. It uses cross-sectional images to provide
detailed information.

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 ➢ Nuclear medicine is a medical specialty that uses small amounts of
radioactive materials or radiopharmaceuticals to examine organ function
and structure. For example, radioactive iodine can be used as a tracer in the
treatment of goiter.
➢ Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technology that
does not use ionizing radiation or X-rays. It is a medical application of
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and is used for imaging.
➢ Radiation protection refers to measures that are put in place to reduce the
absorption of radiation by people who work with radiation. Scientists
developed these measures because they realized that radiation exposure
could cause harm to human tissues and had harmful long-term effects, such
as cancer.
Some equipment used in the M. I. T. lab are;
Equipment Use
1 Ultra sound It uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images
machine. of internal body structures. It is mainly used to
diagnose and monitor various medical conditions,
including pregnancy, abdominal issues, and heart
conditions.
2 ECG machine An ECG machine is used to record the electrical
(Electro- activity of the heart. It is mainly used to diagnose and
cardiogram) monitor various heart conditions such as arrhythmias,
heart attacks, and heart failure.
3 Echography Its main use is to produce images of internal body
machine structures using high-frequency sound waves. It is
commonly used to diagnose and monitor various
medical conditions, including pregnancy, abdominal
issues, and heart conditions.
5.2. Station 2
5.2.1. Dental therapy laboratory;
Dental therapy is the science that deals with the dental structures in the oral cavity.
- One of the most prominent structures in the oral cavity is the teeth. Man is
said to being a heterodont with a symmetrical arrangement of teeth both
horizontally and vertically because they possess teeth of different
structures which carryout different functions.

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 - Humans have 2 sets of teeth (Primary and Permanent) and are considered
to being Diphyodonts.
- Man possesses 4 different types of teeth; Incisors (for cutting), Canines (for
tearing and shearing), Pre-molars (for tearing and grinding), and Molars
(for grinding).
- The dental formula is as follows:
o 2 Incisors, 1 Canine, 0 Premolars, 2 Molars/ 2 Incisors, 1 Canine, 2
Premolars, 3 molars X 2 in adults making a total of 32 teeth.
o 2 Incisors, 1 Canine, 2 Premolars, 2 Molars/ 2 Incisors, 1 Canine, 0
Premolars, 2 molars X 2 in babies making a total of 20 teeth.
- The teeth are used for mastication, defense, facial support, and speech.
- Parts of the teeth include, Enamel (which is the hardest part of the teeth),
Crown, neck, and roots.
- Some branches of dentistry include, Orthodontics, Periodontics,
Prosthodontics, Pediatric Dentistry, and Oral Pathology.
- Some equipment used in the dental therapy lab include;
Equipment Use
1 Dental These are handheld devices that are used to drill,
Handpieces polish, and shape teeth during dental procedures
2 Dental These materials are used to create molds of a
Impression patient's teeth and gums, which can be used to
Materials create custom dental prostheses like dentures or
bridges.
3 Ultrasonic scaler Used to clean/remove tartar from teeth
4 Dental mirror Used to provide a clear view of the patient's
mouth and teeth.

5.3. Station 3
5.3.1. Pharmacy laboratory;
A pharmacy laboratory is a facility where pharmaceutical products are developed,
tested, and analyzed. It is a specialized laboratory that is equipped with various
instruments and equipment for the preparation, formulation, and analysis of
drugs.
➢ Different units in the Pharmacy lab include;

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 - Glassware unit: This is where all glassware such as beakers, burettes, tests
tubes and other glass wares are kept.
- Storage unit: Where pharmaceutical reagents are kept.
o Top shelf → Tablets, pallets, creams, and ointments
o Middle shelf → Powders e.g., glucose and sucrose.
o Bottom shelf → Solutions e.g., alcohol.
o Cupboard → Highly dangerous solutions such as concentrated
Hydrochloric acid (HCl).
- Weighing unit: This where the weight of substances is obtained.
- Sources of drug information unit: This is where information about drug
sources is gotten from. There exist 4 sources of drug information;
o Primary source: Drug packaging.
o Secondary source: Leaflet found inside the drug packaging.
o Tertiary source: Books (to know more about the chemical
structures of chemical or future reference).
o Quaternary source: The internet.
- Test/Compounding unit: This is where all experiments and drug
extraction and production take place in the pharmacy laboratory.
Some equipment used in the pharmacy lab include;
Equipment Use
1 Analytical Used in weighing substances which call for extreme
balance accuracy and precision.
2 Water distillation Used in the purification of pure water into distilled
apparatus water.
3 Volumetric flask Used in preparing standard solutions.
4 Pharmacopeia Contains information on the preparation, quality
control, and use of medicinal substances. It serves as
a reference for pharmacists, physicians, and other
healthcare professionals in the preparation and
dispensing of medications.
5 Pipette Used to dispense small fixed volumes of solutions.

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 5.3.2. Medical Laboratory Science (M. L. S.);
A medical laboratory is a department that is responsible for performing a wide
range of diagnostic tests on patient samples, including blood, urine, tissue, and
other body fluids.
6 basic rules of the medical lab include;
• No food or drinks.
• Always follow instructions.
• Wear your proper lab attire.
• Good hygiene.
• Use proper storage containers.
• Label your work space.

➢ Waste disposal in the medical laboratory;

- Infection control or basic hygiene is necessary in the medical lab. Waste
is classified into 2 categories;
- Infectious wastes; Infectious waste is any waste that contains infectious
materials or potentially infectious substances, such as blood, bodily
fluids, tissues, and other materials contaminated with pathogens. Sharp
infectious wastes such as syringe needles are disposed in the sharp’s
container.
- Non infectious wastes; Non-infectious waste refers to any waste that
does not contain harmful microorganisms or pathogens that can cause
diseases. This type of waste includes materials such as paper, plastic,
glass, metal, and other non-biodegradable materials.

➢ Blood collection;
We collect blood from veins arteries and capillaries. But blood is mostly
collected from veins because the blood they contain has more waste
hence will ease in the detection of foreign substances in blood.
o Capillary blood can be gotten from the tip of the middle finger or
ring finger because the contain less nerve supply.
o Venous blood can be gotten from the cubital Forsa.
o Arterial blood can be gotten from the radial artery in the wrist.

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Some equipment used in the medical lab include;

Equipment Use
1 Autoclave A device used for sterilization of instruments under
high pressure.
2 Spectrophotometer Used for detecting the presence of any light
absorbing particles dissolved in a solution and for
measuring the concentration of the present particle.
3 Centrifuge Used to separate RBCs and other blood
components from the whole blood.
4 Incubator Used to grow/culture micro-organisms e. g.
bacteria in a culture media.
5 Refrigerator Used to store/preserve samples and specimens as
well as medicines and vaccines at specific
temperatures to ensure they don’t become spoiled.

5.4. Station 4
5.4.1. Nursing laboratory;
➢ Out Patient Department (OPD)
An Outpatient Department (OPD) is where patients receive medical treatment
and consultations without being admitted to the hospital. An OPD is a medical
facility/unit that provides medical services to patients such as;
- Checking of vital signs;
o Temperature (36.2 – 37.2 °C) measured using a clinical
thermometer.
o Blood pressure (Systolic: 100 -120 mmHg, Diastolic 60 - 80 mmHg)
measured using a sphygmomanometer.
o Pulse (60 - 100 beats/min) measured using an electronic pulse
meter.
o Respiratory rate (Adults: 12 - 16 beats/minute, Children < 1yearr: 30
– 40 beats/minute, 1 - 2 years: 25 – 30 beats/minute)
o Height & Weight measured using a meter and a balance respectively.
Never check the vital signs of a patient while they’re just arriving at the O. P. D.
unit because it’s considered that the patient has dissipated energy and his/body’s

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metabolic activity is increased. So, you wait for at least 15 minutes before
checking the vital signs.
- Reasons why we take vital signs;
- Helps us to determine dosage for drug administration.
- Helps health professionals to calculate body mass index (B. M. I.).
- Helps detect or monitor medical problems.

➢ In Patient Department (IPD)

The Inpatient Department (IPD) is a section where patients receive medical
treatment and care while being admitted to the hospital for a certain period of
time or require hospitalization and overnight stays.
- Bed Making: The technique of preparing different types of bed, making
patients/clients comfortable in his/her suitable position for a
particular condition.
- Common types of bed:
o Occupied Bed: Is made when the patient is not able or not permitted
to get out of the bed.
o Unoccupied Bed. Is made when there is no patient confined in bed,
while a patient in the shower or sitting up in a chair.
- Reasons for carrying out Bed Making:
o To promote client’s comfort.
o To provide a clean environment for the clients.
o To provide a smooth, wrinkle- free bed foundation, this minimizing
source of skin irritation.
o To conserve the client’s energy and maintain current healthy status
o To prevent or avoid microorganisms to come in contact with the patient
which could cause tribulations.
- Some Principles of bedmaking;
o Wash hand thoroughly before and after handling clients helps to
control nosocomial infection.
o Hold soiled linens away from the body.
o Linen for one client is never placed on other clients to avoid
transporting micro-organism.
o Soiled linen is never shaken in air.
- How to place linens on the bed.

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 o Bottom sheet → Macintosh → draw sheet → top sheet →blanket →
pillow.

5.4.2. Maternity laboratory;

Maternity refers to the department or unit that provides care for pregnant women,
during pregnancy, childbirth (delivery), and after birth (postpartum).
➢ Examination on pregnant women
- Examine head for any abnormality
o Hair.
o Face should be symmetrical.
o Lip (check for cracks which indicates dehydration).
- Neck (goiter or any distended vein or swelling using pad of the fingers),
- Chest (breast);
o Divide breast into 4 quadrants and palpate in a circular manner.
- Abdomen;
o Check for the linear libra, it should be visible on the woman’s
abdomen to indicate pregnancy.
o Check for stretch marks.
- Examine legs and feet for edema.

➢ Stages of labor
There are 3 stages of labor in pregnant women;
- 1st stage; from the onset of cervical dilation till complete dilation.
- 2nd stage; from the complete dilation of the cervix till delivery.
- 3rd stage; from child delivery till placenta delivery. The woman is usually
injected with a small amount of oxytocin to cause the uterus to contract for
the placenta to be expelled with the aid of control cord tractions by the
midwife.
- Some equipment used in the maternity laboratory;
Equipment Uses
1 Props Dolls used to illustrate labor stages and other
processes
2 Delivery Table A delivery table is a specialized table designed
for childbirth. It has adjustable leg supports

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 and a backrest to provide comfort and support
to the mother during delivery.
3 Fetal Monitor A fetal monitor is used to monitor the fetal
heart rate and uterine contractions during
labor.

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 Chapter 3
1. Conclusion
In conclusion, the Bloc posting session at the St. Padre Pio hospital Akwa-
Nord Douala and the various Laboratories at the Bonaberi, Douala campus was
an eye-opening experience that provided me a comprehensive understanding of
the various units and departments within the hospital. I was able to witness
firsthand the dedication and hard work of healthcare professionals in providing
quality care to patients and also partook in child circumcision. The visit also
highlighted the importance of teamwork, communication, and collaboration
among healthcare professionals in ensuring effective patient care. Overall, this
practical session has been an enriching experience that has broadened my
knowledge and understanding of the healthcare system. We are grateful for this
opportunity and look forward to applying what we have learned in our future
careers as healthcare professionals.

2. Recommendation.
I wish to recommend that more practical educational programs like the Bloc
posting be implemented in the school curriculum. This would be aiming at
familiarizing medical students with the hospital environment before they go on
their clinical internships because Practical activities boosts our working and
learning abilities

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