Hospital and its Organization 20VH1R0050

HOSPITAL AND ITS ORGANIZATION

INTRODUCTION:

A hospital is a healthcare institution providing patient treatment with

specialized health science and auxiliary healthcare staff and medical equipment. The
bestknown type of hospital is the general hospital, which typically has an emergency
department to treat urgent health problems ranging from fire and accident victims to a sudden
illness. A district hospital typically is the major health care facility in its region, with many
beds for intensive care and additional beds for patients who need long-term care. Specialized
hospitals include trauma centres, rehabilitation hospitals, children's hospitals, seniors'
(geriatric) hospitals, and hospitals for dealing with specific medical needs such as psychiatric
treatment (see psychiatric hospital) and certain disease categories. Specialized hospitals can
help reduce health care costs compared to general hospitals.[2] Hospitals are classified as
general, specialty, or government depending on the sources of income received.

➢ A teaching hospital combines assistance to people with teaching to health science

students and auxiliary healthcare students. A health science facility smaller than a
hospital is generally called a clinic. Hospitals have a range of departments (e.g.
surgery and urgent care) and specialist units such as cardiology. Some hospitals have
outpatient departments and some have chronic treatment units. Common support units
include a pharmacy, pathology, and radiology.

➢ Hospitals are typically funded by public funding, health organisations (for-profit or

nonprofit), health insurance companies, or charities, including direct charitable
donations. Historically, hospitals were often founded and funded by religious orders,
or by charitable individual and leaders.

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DEFINITION :

“An institution of community health/ a specialized complex organization, that makes use of
physicians, surgeons & team of technical staff, in order to provide facilities for diagnosis,
therapy, rehabilitation, prevention, education & research.

FUNCTIONS OF HOSPITAL:

Below mentioned are some of the functions of hospital/hospital use:-

• Medical hospital - medical hospital includes the treatment and management of patients
by a team of doctors.

• Patient Support provides nursing, nutritional diagnostic, counselling, pharmacy, and

medical supplies, all of which are directly related to patient care.

• Administrative responsibilities include carrying out the hospital's guidelines and

directives regulating the release of support services in the areas of finance, staff,
housekeeping, materials and property, laundry, protection, transportation, engineering,
and board as well as several other maintenance.

• The hospital's financial activities must be planned, guided, and coordinated for

• Patients in a hospital as well as the employees working there.

• Prepare a job and financial plan for services and initiatives, as well as funding
projections.

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• To keep track of cash receipts and disbursements.

• To manage personnel development plans, procedures, and standards; to provide

guidance on policy, implementation, and administration of laws, rules, and
regulations.

• The quality, efficacy, and outcomes of health services for various groups and
populations are shaped by the structure and dynamics of healthcare organizations; the
policy repercussions for future health care reform initiatives and patients in the
hospital.

• Hospital operation is another major benefit of hospitals

CLASSIFICATION OF HOSPITALS:

Primary hospitals:

➢ Primary care hospitals provide the services of the day-to-day healthcare facilities by
health care practitioners. In such hospitals, the health care provider act as the principal
and main point of contactors for continuing care of the patient and may co-ordinate
other specialists for the care of the patient if need. This type of hospital provides
mostly basic health care facilities and consider as a gateway to receive more specialty

care facilities for example: Upazilas Health Complex.

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➢ These are those hospitals which contains less than 100 beds, they providing minimal
health care and preventive care they includes general practitioners ,family physicians
and physiotherapist.
➢ The staff includes in primary hospitals are a medical officer a staff nurse and
paramedical support staff

Example: Local hospitals in town

Secondary hospitals :

This type of hospital provides the first level of recommendation services which are more
complicated and beyond the scope and capacity of the primary level. This level is allocated to
provide some specialist care services mostly in Internal Medicine, General Surgery,
Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Paediatrics. Such level of a hospital usually provides 50200
bedded capacity.

Secondary care is when your primary care provider refers you to a specialist. Secondary care
means your doctor has transferred your care to someone who has more specific expertise in
whatever health issue you are experiencing.

Specialists focus either on a specific system of the body or a particular disease or condition.
Examples of specialists include:

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• Cardiologists focus on the heart and blood vessels.

• Endocrinologists focus on hormone systems, including diseases like diabetes and
thyroid disease.
• Oncologists specialize in treating cancers, and many focus on a specific type of
cancer.

Tertiary level hospitals:

➢ Such a level of hospitals deals to provide highly specialized care services at regional or
central-level hospitals. Like teaching hospitals, super-specialized hospitals like;
Cancer hospitals, Chest hospitals, Infectious Disease hospitals, and Mental Disease
hospitals are also included in this level of care. These institutions provide
recommendation support to primary and secondary level health care. This also
includes Divisional and National Level Hospitals. if you are hospitalized and require a
higher level of specialty care, your doctor may refer you to tertiary care. Tertiary care
requires highly specialized equipment and expertise.

At this level, you will find procedures such as:

• Coronary artery bypass surgery

• Dialysis

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• Plastic surgeries
• Neurosurgeries
• Severe burn treatments
• Complex treatments or procedures
A small, local hospital may not be able to provide these services. So, if you require more
advanced care, they may need to transfer you to a medical centre that provides highly
specialized tertiary level services.

Classification based on clinical basis:

Based on their anatomical- physiological specialization:

1. General Hospital: General hospitals provide a wide range of medical services and
treat various conditions. They have multiple departments and offer comprehensive
healthcare for different specialties.
2. Cardiac Hospital: Cardiac hospitals specialize in the diagnosis, treatment, and
management of heart-related conditions. They have advanced cardiac care units,
specialized equipment, and skilled cardiologists.
3. Orthopaedic Hospital: Orthopaedic hospitals focus on the treatment of
musculoskeletal conditions, including bone and joint disorders, fractures, sports
injuries, and spinal conditions. They often have specialized orthopaedic surgeons and
physical therapists.

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4. Paediatric Hospital: Paediatric hospitals cater exclusively to the medical needs of

children and adolescents. They have specialized paediatricians, paediatric nurses, and
child-friendly facilities to provide comprehensive care for paediatric conditions.
5. Maternity Hospital: Maternity hospitals, also known as maternity centres or birthing
centres, specialize in prenatal, delivery, and postnatal care for expectant mothers.
They have obstetricians, midwives, and neonatologists to ensure the well-being of
both the mother and the newborn.
6. Cancer Hospital: Cancer hospitals specialize in the diagnosis, treatment, and
management of various types of cancers. They have oncologists, radiation therapy
departments, surgical units, and other specialized services for cancer care.
7. Psychiatric Hospital: Psychiatric hospitals provide specialized mental health services
for individuals with psychiatric disorders. They have psychiatrists, psychologists,
therapists, and other mental health professionals to diagnose, treat, and support
patients with mental health conditions.
8. Rehabilitation Hospital: Rehabilitation hospitals focus on providing specialized care
and therapy for patients recovering from surgeries, injuries, or debilitating conditions.
They offer physical therapy, occupational therapy, and other rehabilitation services to
help patients regain functional independence.
9. Eye Hospital: Eye hospitals specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of eye
disorders, including vision correction procedures, cataract surgeries, and treatment of
retinal conditions. They have ophthalmologists and optometrists with expertise in eye
care.
10. Geriatric Hospital: Geriatric hospitals cater to the medical needs of elderly patients,
particularly those with age-related conditions such as dementia, Alzheimer’s disease,
and mobility issues. They provide comprehensive geriatric care, including specialized
geriatricians, nurses, and rehabilitation services.

These are just a few examples of specialized hospitals based on anatomical-physiological

specialization. There are many more types of hospitals that focus on specific medical
specialties to deliver targeted healthcare services.

Hospitals can be categorized based on the client group they serve. Here are some common
types of hospitals based on the client group:

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1. General Hospitals: These hospitals serve a wide range of clients, including adults,
children, and seniors. They provide comprehensive medical services, including
emergency care, surgery, maternity care, and specialized departments such as
cardiology, neurology, and paediatrics.
2. Paediatric Hospitals: These hospitals specialize in providing medical care
exclusively for children and adolescents. They have paediatricians and other
specialists who are trained to address the unique healthcare needs of young patients.
3. Women’s Hospitals: These hospitals focus on women’s health issues, including
obstetrics, gynaecology, and reproductive health. They provide services such as
prenatal care, labour and delivery, fertility treatments, and breast health care.
4. Geriatric Hospitals: Geriatric hospitals cater to the healthcare needs of older adults,
particularly those with age-related illnesses, chronic conditions, and complex medical
needs. They may have specialized programs for geriatric assessment, memory care,
and rehabilitation for seniors.
5. Psychiatric Hospitals: Psychiatric hospitals provide specialized mental health
services for individuals with psychiatric disorders or behavioural health issues. They
offer comprehensive evaluation, treatment, and rehabilitation programs for patients
dealing with mental illnesses.
6. Rehabilitation Hospitals: Rehabilitation hospitals focus on providing intensive
rehabilitative care for patients recovering from injuries, surgeries, or illnesses. They
have specialized rehabilitation programs for individuals with physical disabilities,
stroke, spinal cord injuries, and other conditions that require therapy and support.
7. Specialty Hospitals: Specialty hospitals are dedicated to specific medical specialties,
such as cancer centres, orthopaedic hospitals, cardiac hospitals, or eye hospitals.
These facilities have a high level of expertise and advanced equipment to offer
specialized care in their respective fields.
8. Teaching Hospitals: Teaching hospitals are affiliated with medical schools or
universities. They provide training to medical students, residents, and fellows, while
also offering patient care services. These hospitals often have advanced research
programs and access to the latest medical technologies.
9. Rural Hospitals: Rural hospitals are located in remote areas and serve communities
with limited access to healthcare services. They play a crucial role in providing basic
medical care, emergency services, and some specialized care to rural populations.

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10. Military Hospitals: Military hospitals provide medical care to active-duty military
personnel, veterans, and their families. These hospitals are operated by the military
and offer a wide range of services, including general healthcare, trauma care, and
specialized care for service-related injuries.
It’s important to note that while these categories provide a general overview, many hospitals
offer a combination of services and may cater to multiple client groups.

Based on system of medicine adopted for treatment

Hospitals around the world typically adopt different systems of medicine for treatment,
depending on the region, culture, and medical practices prevalent in that area. Here are some
of the commonly recognized systems of medicine and the hospitals associated with them:

1. Allopathic or Western Medicine: This is the dominant system of medicine in most

countries, including the United States, Canada, Europe, and many others. Hospitals
following allopathic medicine provide a wide range of treatments, including surgery,
pharmaceutical interventions, and advanced diagnostic procedures.
2. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): TCM is a holistic system of medicine
originating from China. TCM hospitals primarily focus on acupuncture, herbal
medicine, massage, and dietary therapies, along with other techniques such as cupping
and tai chi.
3. Ayurveda: Originating from India, Ayurveda is an ancient system of medicine that
emphasizes a personalized approach to health and wellness. Ayurvedic hospitals
provide treatments based on herbal remedies, dietary modifications, yoga, meditation,
and various detoxification procedures.
4. Naturopathy: Naturopathy is a system of medicine that aims to support the body’s
natural healing abilities using a combination of natural therapies. Naturopathic
hospitals may offer treatments such as herbal medicine, nutrition counselling,
homeopathy, hydrotherapy, and lifestyle modifications.
5. Homeopathy: Homeopathy is a system of medicine that uses highly diluted
substances to stimulate the body’s self-healing abilities. Homeopathic hospitals
provide treatment based on individualized remedies prescribed according to the
principle of “like cures like.”

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6. Unani Medicine: Unani medicine traces its roots to ancient Greece and is widely
practiced in South Asia and the Middle East. Unani hospitals offer treatments based on
herbal medicines, dietary advice, cupping, and other therapeutic interventions.
7. Traditional Korean Medicine: Traditional Korean Medicine (TKM) combines
elements of Chinese medicine, indigenous Korean practices, and modern medicine.
TKM hospitals offer treatments such as acupuncture, herbal medicine, moxibustion,
and Korean-specific therapies like Sasang constitutional medicine.

Classification Based on Non-Clinical Basis:

Hospitals on a non-clinical basis are classified as follows:

1. Classification Based on Ownership/Control Basis: Hospitals categorized

based on these criteria are of the following types:
1. Public Hospitals: These hospitals are under the control of Central or State
Governments or local bodies on non-commercial lines. They can be
general hospitals or specialized hospitals or both.
2. Voluntary Hospitals: These hospitals are recognized and combined under
the Societies Registration Act 1860 or Public Trust Act 1882 or any other
act of Central or State Governments. They are supported by public or
private funds on a non-commercial basis.
3. Private Nursing Homes: These are regulated by an individual doctor or a
group of doctors on a commercial basis. Patients suffering from infirmity,
advanced age, illness, injury, chronic disease, disability, etc. are admitted
here. However, patients having communicable diseases, alcoholism, drug
addiction, or mental illness are not treated.
4. Corporate Hospitals: These hospitals are public limited companies
running on commercial lines and formed under the Companies Act. They
can be general or specialized or both.
2. Classification Based on the Objectives: Hospitals based on these criteria can
be subdivided as follows:
1. Teaching-cum-Research Hospitals: These are the hospitals having a
college for the education of medical, nursing, dental, or pharmacy.
Teaching is the major aim of these hospitals and the provision of healthcare
is secondary. AIIMS (New Delhi), PGIMER (Chandigarh), JIPMER,

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(Pondicherry), KR Hospital (Mysore), Victoria Hospital (Bangalore), etc.

are some examples of teaching-cum-research hospitals.
2. General Hospitals: These hospitals help for curing common diseases.
They have at least two or more doctors, who can offer in-patient
accommodation and provide medical and nursing care for more than one
category of medical disciplines, such as general medicine, general surgery,
obstetrics, gynaecology, paediatrics, etc. Their primary aim is to provide
medical support to the people, and teaching and research are secondary.
Examples of these hospitals are all districts and Taluk or PHC or rural
hospitals.
3. Specialized Hospitals: These hospitals provide medical and nursing care
for one discipline or a disease or a condition of one system. They
concentrate on a particular aspect of the body organ and give medical and
nursing care in the particular field, e.g., tuberculosis, ENT, ophthalmology,
leprosy, orthopaedics, paediatrics, cardiology, mental health/psychiatric,
oncology, STDs, maternal, etc.
4. Isolation Hospitals: These hospitals treat patients who are suffering from
infections and communicable diseases and need to be isolated. Epidemic
diseases hospital (Bangalore) is an example of an isolation hospital.
3. Classification Based on Size (Bed Strength): According to the Health Committee
Report, the following pattern of development of hospitals should be accepted on the
basis of size:
1. Teaching Hospitals: These hospitals have 500 beds and can be increased
depending on the number of students.
2. District Hospitals: These hospitals have 200 beds and can be increased up
to 300 depending on the population.
3. Taluk Hospitals: These hospitals have 50 beds and can be increased
depending on the population.
4. Primary Health Centres: These hospitals have 6 beds and can be
increased up to 10 depending on the needs.
4. Classification Based on Management: Hospitals based on this criteria can be
subdivided as follows:

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1. Union Government/Government of India: These hospitals are controlled by

the Government of India. Hospitals run by the railways, military/defence,
mining, or public sector activities of the Central Government are examples
of such hospitals.
2. State Governments: These hospitals are controlled by the state or union
territory. Government authorities and public sector activities running
through the state or union territories comprising the police, prison,
irrigation department, etc. are examples of such hospitals.
3. Local Bodies: These hospitals are managed by local bodies, such as
municipal corporations, municipalities, Zila Parishad, Panchayat, e.g.,
corporation maternity homes.
4. Autonomous Bodies: These hospitals are formed under a special act of
parliament or state legislation. They are financially supported by the
Central/State government/Union territory. AIIMS (New Delhi), PGIMER
(Chandigarh), NIMHANS (Bangalore), KMIO (Bangalore), etc. are some
examples of such hospitals.
5. Classification Based on Cost: Hospitals based on these criteria can be subdivided as
follows:
1. Elite Hospitals: These hospitals are a symbol of high-tech medical
development. The per-day room rates vary between 300-1200. The deluxe
rooms have a fridge, television, and telephone. Excluding the medical care,
they are similar to five-star hotels, thus, are also called five-star hospitals.
These institutions reserve a particular percentage of their capacity for
poorer sections and also support a particular percentage of their
accommodation cost. For example, Jaslok has reserved 25% for the poorer
sections and 30% at half the rates. In Mumbai hospital, 315 beds
2. out of 680 are free and 112 beds are funded.
3. Budget Hospitals: These hospitals are for moderate budget and low
budget users, e.g., civil hospitals, corporation hospitals, etc.

Organizational Structure of Hospitals:

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Organizations that have this sort of requirement usually take on a vertical organizational
structure – having many layers of management, with most of the organization's staff working
in very specific, narrow, low-authority roles. The numerous layers of management are
designed to make sure that no one person can throw the system off too much. This structure
also ensures that tasks are being done exactly and correctly.

Boards of Directors:

Hospitals are corporations and are therefore overseen by boards of directors. Nonprofit
hospitals have boards that often consist of influential members of health care and local
communities. Many hospitals were founded by a religious group and maintain religious
affiliation. These hospitals often include clergy and congregation leadership in their boards.
Educationally affiliated hospitals are often overseen by universities. Therefore, university

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boards of trustees or regents may double as the board of directors for a hospital. Multihospital
systems, particularly for-profit ones, usually have one board of directors overseeing
numerous facilities.

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Executiv
s Oversee -t -Day :
e Day o Operations
Boards of directors leave it to their executives to see that their decisions are carried out and
that the day
-to-day operations of the hospital are performed successfully. The chief
executive officer is the top bossible
respons
for everything that goes on in a hospital.
However, hospitals usually have chief nursing officers, chief medical officers, chief
information officers, chief financial officers and sometimes chief operating officers, who
also carry a lot of weight.
s group
Thi of top executives forms the central core management.

Hospital Department Administrators

:

The top managers of each hospital department report to the core management. These people
are responsible for one type of medical or operational service. Most departments are areas
of patient care such as orthopedics, labour and delivery or the
artment.
emergency
There dep
also are non
-patient
-care departments such as food services and
Clinical
billing.
departments usually have large staffs, significant supply and purchasing needs and
numerous regulations they must comply with. Therefore, administrators
have assistant
often
administrators who help them oversee their multifaceted operations.

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Patient Care Managers

:

Within a department, there are the people who directly oversee patient care. Nurse
managers, directors of rehabilitation services and supervising
icians havephys
people under
them who give hands
-on patient care. This level of management ensures that the staff
members are acting appropriately, giving the best care, addressing all of their duties,
complying with hospital and legal requirements
rses
and,
andfor
allied
nu health care
workers, following physician orders.

When something goes wrong with a patient or a clinician, these people handle the problem.
They also usually oversee schedules and basic human resource functions for their
employees.

Patientervice Providers
:
S
Most of a hospital is composed of service
-providing staff. From nurses and physical
therapists to line cooks and laundry workers, it takes a lot-on
of staff
handsto make
everything happen. These people have very specific job descriptions
and duties, which
hospitals need them to perform very well to ensure the safety and health of patients.

Support Staff
:

These employees are responsible for the upkeep of the facility and basic human needs
of the residents. Their duties include landscaping and lawn care, handling garbage
disposal, and cleaning the facility’s public areas, resident rooms, bathrooms and office
areas. Support employees also serve as the kitchen staff, preparing meals for residents
and staff members on a daily basis. There is often a kitchen manager leading the
kitchen staff and a custodial manager leading employees in charge of

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cleaning and main

tenance. The support staff reports to these supervisors and then to
the director of operations.

Medical staff
s involved in theorganisation:

Definition of medical staffs:

Medical staffs members are those licensed healthcare providers (physicians, nurses, allied health
professionals and other healthcare workers) who are authorized by the state law and hospital’s
bylaws to provide medical care within a healthcare establishment

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• In most hospitals, these healthcare professionals are organized into a medical staff
organization to promote patient safety and clinical performance accountability.
Members of medical staff organizations perform significant functions in the hospitals,
despite most being independent medical practitioners and aren’t fulltime hospital
employees. The core responsibility is to provide the best quality patient safety and
care. The members are free to act as a team to communicate with staff leaders and the
governing board regarding matters concerning the organization and the staff.

Medical Staff Leaders’ Responsibilities:

Medical staff leaders are responsible for the leadership and management of a medical
organization.

To lead effectively, practice managers and leaders must:

• Fully understand their roles to avoid mediocre or poor leadership. Get educated,
attend medical and leadership seminars, conferences, programs, and read relevant
materials.
• Be goal-oriented. Create goals that will boost excellent patient care and satisfactory
patient experience.
• Take necessary actions to solve problems. A wise staff leader doesn’t wait for an
issue to go away on its own. He or she knows when and how to implement viable
solutions to address the problem.
• Lead by example. Be a role model to fellow staff leaders and members.
• Develop a great working relationship with fellow staff leaders and members.
Motivate the members and leaders to work together harmoniously towards healthcare
success.
• Stand firm on decisions concerning patient care and safety. The members of the
medical staff organization rely upon the staff leaders for their firm decision-making
skills. Healthcare leaders don’t back down on issues that are critical to achieving
quality patient care.
• Promote teamwork. A wise medical staff leader does not do everything on his or her
own. He or she encourages everyone to initiate working on necessary tasks and
support them with appropriate resources.

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• Manage efficient and effective meetings. The objectives and outcomes of these
meetings are critical to the success of the entire organization and its journey to better
patient care.
• Be open to new ideas. Changes are inevitable to every organization. Be open to your
staff members’ ideas, suggestions, and concerns. Listening to their voice and
implementing necessary changes or improvements can make progressive impacts on
your hospital and medical staff organization.

Just be mindful during the decision-making and implementation processes. The plan should
be well-thought-out, achievable, and equipped with the right resources.

Here are the usual leaders of a medical staff organization.

Director of Medical Staff Services:

➢ The medical staff services is a department that supports medical staff organization
activities. They are headed by the director of medical staff services (DMSS).
➢ The DMSS leads, manages, and oversees operational medical staff service. He or she
works collaboratively with other medical staff leaders to plan, organize, direct, and
coordinate activities that will support the organization to attain goals and realize plans.
➢ The director has to obtain and maintain knowledge relevant to credentialing,
accreditation requirements, etc. to ensure that the organization is following the
relevant regulatory and accreditation bodies.

Medical staff members should be equipped with the following qualities:

• Empathy
• Emotional stability
• Attention to detail
• Communication and interpersonal skills

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Active Medical Staff:

Meets Basic Requirements

• All time Available to the Hospital to provide quality care to patients

• Regularly admits patients

• Regularly involved in the care of patients

• Enjoys full privileges

Associate Medical Staff:

• Incomplete privileges

• Working toward active staff designation.

• They may have to be in this designation for a number of months while their
colleagues evaluate their care, or they may have

• a limited number of admissions per month.

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Consultants:

These physicians do not admit patients, but rather they are called in to consult on particular

patients who have been admitted by other physicians Honorary Medical staff:

• Emeritus professor

• National awards

Role and Responsibilities of Overall Medical Staffs:

The medical unit of the hospital comprises the following personnel according to
their designation and they are assigned to perform various activities as given below:

• Doctors
• Nurses
• Allied Health Professionals
• Support staff
• The doctor can be the consultant as a specialist, the registrar of a
hospital, the resident. All of them assess the patient’s medical care.
Depending upon the type of hospital, interns or student doctors may also
provide the treatment to the patients under the supervision of senior
doctors.

Functions:

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Depends upon the level of experience and their medical specialty:

• Senior Consultants: These are the specialist doctors who see the
patients at specific time intervals mostly during the ward rounds and
meetings.
• Registrars: These are the senior doctors and are responsible to
supervise residents, interns, and student doctors.
• Residents: The resident doctors are responsible to look after patients on
the ward and are under training for specialization. The resident doctor is
based on the ward and is typically the patients often get in more contact.
• Interns: These are the medical students and they are engaged in further
training after finishing graduation.
• Student Doctors: These are undergraduate medical student doctors who
are supervised by the attending physician.

Nurses manage most of the ongoing care and treatment services in a hospital. They assess,
plan and administer the dose of the drug on a daily treatment basis.

Functions:

• Nurses are responsible for carrying out the treatment plan established by
the physician.
• Nurse Unit Manager – runs the ward.
• Associate Nurse Unit Manager – helps and acts as nurse unit manager
when he/she is off-site.
• Nurse Practitioners – highly skilled, have an advanced level of training.
• Special Nurses – such as; clinical nurse specialists, clinical nurse
consultants, clinical nurse educators, triage nurses, emergency
department nurses.
• Registered Nurses – provide a high level of day-to-day care and perform
some procedures.
• Enrolled Nurses – They are responsible for the provision of basic
medical care facilities under the observation of more senior nurses.
Allied Health Professionals

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They are educated practitioners who work as a part of a multidisciplinary healthcare

team. They assess, diagnose and treat health conditions and work to prevent disease and
disability.

• Dieticians: They have specialized nutritional and medicinal training

which helps them to determine and establish the person’s dietary needs
and accordingly design the dietary plans. In which, dietician decides
which food will satisfy the requirements and which they should avoid.
• Occupational Therapists: These practitioners are responsible to assess
people’s ability to do their daily activities.
• Pharmacists: They supervise the use of drugs in the hospital. They are
also involved in the provision of education on how to safely and
effectively consume the prescribed drugs.
• Physiotherapists: They examine and treat the people who have
difficulty in physical movement and also help them to function better
physically and become more independent.
• Speech Therapists: They work closely with patients who have any
disorder that interferes with communication or swallowing issues. They
also evaluate the thought process involved in communication.
• Interpreter Services: The hospital provides an interpreter who has
special skills in medical terminology for an unresponsive patient (hard
hearing issues) and for people who are not able to communicate in the
commonly spoken language.
• Rapid Response Team: These are the groups of designated hospital
staff, mostly a doctor, nurses, and respiratory therapists. These teams
are very alert and quickly come to a patient’s room if there is any
warning that the patient’s condition is deteriorating.

Other hospital staff:

• Clinical Assistants: They are responsible to take care of ward
housekeeping.
• Patient Service Assistants: Takes care of meals and any other
requirements of patients.

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• Porters: Responsible for taking care of the patient when lifting and
during transport.
• Volunteers: help with fundraising and ward visits.
• Ward Clerks: These are the hospital staff and are available 24 hours on
the ward reception desks.
Following are the overall functions of the medical staff with respective of patient care and
hospital management policy.

• To advise the governing body on medical concerns.

• To manage the accountability of the quality care services to the patients
of the hospital.
• To request, assess and perform upon medical staff committees’ reports.
• To examine the professional ethics of hospital staff and to take
corrective action as indicated.
• To design, implement, and evaluate the policies of medical staff.
• To advise the administrator (CEO) on all medical administrative matters.

MAK COLLEGE OF PHARMACY 24