CAUSES AND MANAGEMENT OF SPORT INJURIES ON BABILE

WOREDA FOOTBALL CLUBS AT BABILE WOREDA, EAST

HARARGHE ZONE, OROMIA REGION, ETHIOPIA.

MSc Thesis Research Proposal

GAMECHISA ABDELA HASEN

College Sport Science Academy

Department Sport science
Program Sport Medicine
Major Advisor Desta Enyew (PHD)
Co- Advisor Abinat Ayalew (PHD)

January, 27
Haramaya University, Haramaya
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ACL Anterior cruciate ligaments

FA football Associations

FBC Football Club

PNF proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation

RICE R: - rest I: - Ice C: - Compression E: - Elevation

 Table of Contents
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................ii
1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................v
1.1. Background of the Study...................................................................................................................v
1.2. Statement of the problem..................................................................................................................v
1.3. Scope of the Study...........................................................................................................................vi
1.4. Significance of the Study.................................................................................................................vi
1.5. Objectives of the Study...................................................................................................................vii
1.5.1. General Objective.....................................................................................................................vii
1.5.2. Specific objectives...................................................................................................................vii
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.............................................................................................viii
2.1. Sport Injury....................................................................................................................................viii
2.2. Ways to classify sports injuries........................................................................................................ix
2.3 Extrinsic causes of sports injury........................................................................................................xi
2.4. Common Soccer Injuries..................................................................................................................xi
2.5. Warm-up and cool down................................................................................................................xiv
2.5.1. Warm-up.................................................................................................................................xiv
2.5.2. Cool-down................................................................................................................................xv
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS..........................................................................................................xvi
3.1 Description of the Study Area.........................................................................................................xvi
3.2. Study Design..................................................................................................................................xvi
3.3 Population of the Study...................................................................................................................xvi
3.4. Sample and Sampling Technique..................................................................................................xvii
3.5. Types of Data and Data Collection Methods.................................................................................xvii
3.6. Data Collection Tools....................................................................................................................xvii
3.6.2. Interview................................................................................................................................xvii
3.6.3. Observation...........................................................................................................................xviii
3.10. Ethical Consideration.......................................................................................................................xix
11. REFERENCE....................................................................................................................................xxix

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 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

Football is the most popular sport in the world, while also being associated with a high injury
rate both at professional and amateur levels. When cause is analyzed, approximately 80% are
traumatic in origin and 20% are overuse injuries (Chomiak et al., 2000). “Sports injuries” is a
name applied to all types of damage occurring in the course of sporting activities (Van Mechelen
et al., 1992).
A considerable amount of literature has been published on sports injuries in general. These
studies state numerous different ways that one may choose to define the term sport injury.
According to (Van Mechelen et al., 1992) sports injury is sustained during training or
competition and restricts an individual’s involvement or time lost from play. Whereas, (Brooks
et al., 2006) states that an injury is one that prevents a player from taking part in a training or
match and the injury has been there for a period greater than 24 hours. "Sports injuries" are
injuries that happen when playing, exercising or running. Some are from accidents. Others can
result from poor training practices or improper warm up. Some athletes get injured when they are
not in proper condition. Not warming up or stretching enough before playing, running or
exercising can also lead to injuries. Football challenges physical fitness by requiring a variety of
skills at different intensities. Running, sprinting, jumping and kicking are important performance
components, requiring maximal strength and anaerobic power of the neuromuscular system (Van
Beijsterveldt et al., 2013).These activities lead to a post-match fatigue that is linked to a
combination of factors, including dehydration, glycogen depletion, muscle damage and mental
fatigue. The magnitude of football match-induced fatigue is dependent on intrinsic and extrinsic
factors (Tipton, 2011).
1.2. Statement of the problem
Football is certainly one of the most popular sports worldwide. It has been reported that more
than 200,000 professionals and 240 million amateur players play football (Junge and Dvorak,
2004). Compared with other sports, football is a vigorous sporting activity with relatively high
incidence of injury (Rahnama et al., 2005).To decrease the number of injuries, prevent early
retirement, and provide a healthy and safe environment for players, preventive programs are
highly recommended. “Sports injuries" are injuries that happen when playing, exercising or

4
running. Some are from accidents; others can result from poor training practices or improper
warm up. Some athletes get injured when they are not in proper condition. Not warming up or
stretching enough before playing, running or exercising can also lead to injuries (Liebenson,
2019).
As a result of this the researcher will be interested to know the causes and management of sport
injuries that may happen in the Training Centers. Thus enhanced injured players‟ experience,
quality observation and this research is necessary to overcome and explain the existing
controversies in the common causes and management of sport injuries. Identifying the common
sport injuries and their possible causes and injury management will help the training center for
what measures shall be taken to assess the existing problems, Hence the study will be attempted
to answer the following four basic research questions.
1. What are the common sport injuries that occurred in Babile woreda men football club?
2. What are the common causes of sport injuries in Babile woreda men football club?
3. What types of injuries were frequently occurring in Babile woreda men football club?
1.3. Scope of the Study
Subjects in the present study will be comprises of a convenience sample from Babile woreda
men football clubs. This study will be limited to only Male players. The investigator focused
only injured football players. This study will be employed on causes and management of sport
injuries in Babile woreda men football clubs.
1.4. Significance of the Study
The main aim of this study will be to know the causes and management of sport injuries on
Babile woreda mens football clubs. In addition, this study will intend to
signify the following importance:-
 Identifying the common sport injuries and their possible causes will help the training
centers what measures should be taken to manage the existing problems.
 It will help to create awareness for football players, coaches and team officials about the
sport injuries rehabilitation.
 Suggest possible solutions to the players to know how to prevent sport injuries.
 Also this research can assist all football players involved in sport program in designing
more effective strategies, which helps to improve their recovery time.

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  Finally, it may help (serve) as a base or as spring board for anyone who is interested to
conduct further study in this area.

1.5. Objectives of the Study

1.5.1. General Objective
The primary purpose of this study will be to know causes and management of sport injuries in
Babile woreda men football club.
1.5.2. Specific objectives
the objectives of this study were to:
Identifying common sport injuries in Babile woreda mens football club.
Find out the common causes of sport injuries in Babile woreda football club.
Assess types of injuries that frequently occur in Babile woreda men football club.

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 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. Sport Injury
Sports-related injuries are wounds sustained during physical activity. The risk of sport injuries is
increased by overtraining, poor conditioning, and using incorrect form or technique when
warming up. In addition to ligaments, tendons, fascia, and burse, injuries such as bruises, severe
sprains, tears, and broken bones may occur. (Wong and Hong, 2005).
The first indications that something is wrong with your body usually come in the form of tingling
and numbness around sports injuries. Therefore, the first steps in diagnosing an athlete who
complains of numbness or tingling in particular are to get a thorough history of the athlete's
acquired symptom perception, ascertain the impact of the injury on the body and its functions,
and finally decide on the best course of therapy. To ascertain the precise cause of the damage and
its long-term effects, the majority of medical experts employ modern medical devices to obtain a
reliable solution at the site of the injury.(Akuthota and Herring, 2009). Potential sports injuries
can be decreased with prevention. Establishing participation in warm-ups, stretches, and
exercises targeting the major muscle groups frequently used in the targeted sport is crucial. As a
team, are you also developing an injury prevention program that covers nutrition, rehydration,
monitoring "at-risk" team members, and behavior, skill, and technique monitoring? Preseason
examinations and season analysis evaluations are also helpful in reducing player sport injuries.
The functional mobility screen is one method utilized in the preseason screening procedure.
Athletes' movement patterns can be evaluated using the functional movement screen to identify
players who are at risks(Roald and Lars, 2009). It is necessary to draw attention to the difficulties
surrounding the occurrence of sports injuries and their frequency, given the growing interest in
and debate over the conceptual framework around these injuries. Prior to recently, the
environmental, physiological, and physical aspects of sports injuries were the only ones taken
into account. However, it has become clear that psycho-social elements are equally crucial in the
development of sports injuries.
Personality, life stressors, and inadequate coping mechanisms are among the psychological
variables that increase the risk of sports injuries. As per the stress injury model developed by
(Arnason et al., 2008), The likelihood of suffering an injury is influenced by a variety of
personality traits, including trait anxiety, hardiness, locus of control, feeling of coherence, large
and minor causes of stress, daily inconveniences, prior injuries, social support, and inadequate

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stress management. These elements may work alone or in combination to cause a stress reaction
that can lead to focus problems, tense muscles, and an increased risk of injury for the athlete.
(Arnason et al., 2008).
2.2. Ways to classify sports injuries
Sports or performance injuries can be categorized based on the type of body tissue affected or the
source of the injury. Direct injury, indirect injury, and overuse injury are the three categories into
which injuries fall when categorized based on their cause. There are two sorts of injuries based
on the type of body tissue that is injured: soft-tissue injuries and hard-tissue injuries..(Kolt and
Snyder-Mackler,2007).

(a) Direct injury

The source of a direct harm is an outside force or blow. Direct injuries can result from being
struck by an object (like a hockey stick or cricket ball) or from colliding with another person
(like during a rugby union tackle).Bone fractures, dislocations, joint and ligament injury,
hematomas (sometimes known as "corks"), and bruises are a few examples of injuries brought on
by outside forces. (Kolt and Snyder-Mackler, 2007).

(b) Indirect injury

There are two possible ways that an indirect injury can happen: Firstly, the injury itself might
happen far from the impact location. A dislocated shoulder, for instance, can be caused by
landing on an outstretched hand. The injury is not produced by physical contact with an object,
but rather by internal pressures that are built up by the performer's actions; these forces can be
brought on by overstretching, bad technique, exhaustion, or a lack of fitness. These injuries
include, but are not limited to, muscle rips and strains and ligament sprains..(Kolt and Snyder-
Mackler, 2007).

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(c) Overuse injury
When the body's bones and other connective tissues are subjected to excessive and repeated
strain, overuse injuries can result. In the early stages of these injuries, the athlete may continue to
apply pressure to the wounded spot with little or no pain. This keeps the area from receiving the
time it needs to heal. Damage eventually builds up, causing the damaged area to become
painfully inflamed. When training habits alter (e.g., frequency or intensity is increased), the body
is not prepared to handle the additional demands, which can lead to overuse injury symptoms. A
lot of overuse injuries are caused by ill-designed training regimens where athletes don't get
enough time to recover in between demanding sessions.(Bhardwaj, 2013).

According to definitions, an overuse injury is one that results from repeated micro traumas.
(Junge and Dvorak, 2004) characterized an overuse injury as a musculoskeletal pain condition
that manifests during physical activity and is unrelated to any known disease, trauma, deformity,
or anomaly that may have caused the symptoms in the past. Another way to characterize an
overuse injury is as an injury that develops slowly and becomes more uncomfortable over time
without any evident trauma. (Wolfe et al., 2001). Discomfort from the injury gets worse during
or after exercise, and if the loading is continued, the discomfort gets increasingly worse and may
stop altogether. (Wolfe et al., 2001).

Any injury that had a gradual development before the date of the injury or an aggravation of a
pre-existing ailment has also been categorized as a chronic injury. (Bhardwaj, 2013) While
overuse injuries can happen to the same tissues as acute injuries, their pathogenesis is distinct.
Tendinopathy, the most prevalent overuse damage to a tendon, is the result. (Bhardwaj, 2013) . It
is common in the rotator cuff, patellar, and Achilles tendons. The pathophysiology of
tendinopathy is not well understood. (Bhardwaj, 2013). The bursa is another overuse issue that
athletes frequently suffer.
(d) Acute injuries in sport
(Junge and Dvorak, 2004) have established the definition of an acute injury as one that results
from a macro trauma or an injury that itself causes a trauma, for example, tackling, kicking, or
sprinting. According to numerous research, an acute sports injury is any trauma-related injury
that manifests itself clearly and happens during practice or competition.(Price et al., 2004). has

9
resulted in missing at least one day of practice or competition (Price et al., 2004). Any physical
ailment that prevents an athlete from participating in at least one practice or competition, or that
necessitates medical attention, has also been defined as an acute injury. (Price et al., 2004).
Sports injuries can be categorized based on the type of tissue involved. Acute injuries typically
affect the skin, muscles, or ligaments. Although less common, bone or joint injuries might
nonetheless be more serious Common acute injuries to the muscle include contusions, strains of
varying grades, and cramps. (Price et al., 2004).
2.3 Extrinsic causes of sports injury
(a) Training-related factors
These elements have to do with how the training programs are made. While excessive and
repeated loading of the tissues is necessary for successful adaptation, tissues cannot adapt and
may fail in the absence of appropriate recuperation. An increased risk of injury can result from
training methods that deviate from the tissues' failure tolerance threshold, whether through
abrupt increases in frequency, intensity, or length. Poor execution of techniques unique to a sport
or exercise might put too much strain on tissues. For instance, a bad tennis shot raises the chance
of developing tennis elbow. (Peterson and Renstrom, 2019).

2.4. Common Soccer Injuries

Head injury: Injuries to the head and neck are frequent in numerous sports. Soccer, such as
American and Australian soccer, is a sport in which head injuries can happen by accident,
through poor individual talent or rule infractions, or from direct contact with opponents or sports
equipment. Numerous reviews unequivocally demonstrate that head injuries rank first among
players' causes of death and hospital admission. A concussion is a brain injury that typically
happens as a result of a hit to the head. Disorientation, headache, blurred vision, dizziness,
forgetfulness, loss of balance, trouble concentrating, and nausea are some of the symptoms.
(Kirkendall et al., 2001).

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Prevention: Wearing a helmet is one strategy that has been employed to avoid head injuries. In
several high-stakes and collision sports, helmets or padded headgear are utilized to avoid head
injuries. Many types of helmets have been introduced recently, however occasionally they are
unable to protect the athlete. Paddled headgear (soft shell helmets) has not been shown to lower
the risk of concussions or other severe head injuries in rugby union football, according to
research. Analogously, evidence from Australian Rules football and soccer indicated that
headgear currently on the market is unlikely to lower the frequency of concussions. groin strain
An aggravated groin or adductor muscle, which are the fan-shaped muscles in the upper thigh
and are used to draw the legs together intense discomfort on the inside of the thigh, along with
swelling and perhaps even bruises.

Although a groin strain might be acute, it frequently develops into a chronic condition.
Prolonged groin injuries necessitate considerable rehabilitation and chronic pain (for instance,
10% of groin injuries in soccer result in more than a month's absence and 40% result in more
than a week). Empirical data indicates that a prior groin muscle strain on the same side is a
reliable indicator of a recurrent injury. This could be brought on by the development of scar
tissue in the muscle or tendon or by insufficiently restored flexibility or strength. Additional
intrinsic risk factors for groin injuries include decreased adductor strength and flexibility of scar
tissue growth in the muscle or tendon. Reduced adductor strength and flexibility are two more
intrinsic risk factors linked to groin injuries.(Dvorak and Junge, 2000).

Prevention: The best defense against a groin pull is to stretch correctly before working out, as is
the case with most sports injuries. Additionally, strengthening the groin muscles and
progressively increasing the intensity of the activity rather than starting it too early may assist
prevent injury. Combining RICE with anti-inflammatory drugs is the most effective therapy
strategy. After the injury, the player should rest from intense activity for a week or two. When
the player does start exercise, the injured area should be treated with ice after the training until it
heals. Begin a strengthening and stretching regimen once they feel better.

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Knee injury: The most common injuries to the knee are tears to the collateral or cruciate
ligaments; these can be linked to meniscal tears, as well as different degrees of cartilage and
bone loss. ACL injuries are frequent, severe, and linked to a higher chance of developing
osteoarthritis early in life. Such injuries are a possibility for soccer players. ACL injuries can
happen during landings or during plant and cut maneuvers. They are often non-contact in nature.
Despite the fact that the majority of ACL injuries are by definition non-contact, the movement
patterns frequently entail interference from an opponent, such as previous body contact.(Smith et
al., 2011).
Prevention: To lower the risk of ligament damage to the knee generally and ACL injuries
specifically, injury prevention programs have been established. Generally speaking, they operate
under the premise that accidents can be avoided by altering the dynamic biomechanical risk
variables. Via neuromuscular training, effective preventative programs change the dynamic
loading of the knee joint. Soccer players are advised to land with their knees bent to absorb
landing stresses and to avoid knee valgus due to the probable mechanisms of injury.

Groin strain
A groin injury is one of the most common injuries in football and other sports such as hockey,
soccer, calisthenics and cricket. The injuries in the hip of the groin are common in the athletic
population, particularly in sports that require kicking, twisting, spins and rapid changes in
acceleration and deceleration, such as football. The most prevalent groin injury in sports is the
strain of the adductor. In soccer players, an incidence rate of 10% to 18% for the lesion of the
groin injury. Sports-related lesions in this area have been reported by 5% to 9%. The specific
tendency for injuries between some sports, such as injuries, represents 2% to 5% of injuries
induced by sports, a Greater risk of experiencing episodes of athletic groin pain. According
to(Mosler, 2015) 10% to 11% of all injuries are sprain around the worldwide Groin sprain also
comprised 10% of all injuries. Groin sprain was responsible for 43% of all the sprain.

According to(Verrall et al., 2007) the incidence rate of groin pain was from 10 to 18 cases
per100 soccer players26. According to (Waldén et al., 2015) reported that in 2002, almost 9.5%
of all male soccer players had groin sprain. According to(Waldén et al., 2015), the risk rate for
such injuries between male soccer players is close to 0.81 injuries for 1000 hours of exercise.

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The resulting local or general pain can arise from simple or multiple musculoskeletal structures.
The resulting pain is often a frustrating problem in people who are involved in activities
sprinting rapid, acceleration and deceleration changes, such as football. Groin injury in most
cases can cause chronic disabilities in which muscle / tendon tension of the adductor muscles and
other muscles crossing the hip region is the main cause of pain.
2.5. Warm-up and cool down
2.5.1. Warm-up
The body gets ready for physical action with a warm-up. Warming up physiologically raises
heart and breathing rates, which enhances oxygen supply to working muscles. It also increases
blood flow to muscles, which raises body temperature and increases oxygen delivery to muscle
cells. Raises the temperature of the muscle, which improves energy release inside the muscle by
increasing the extensibility of the muscle fiber and tendons as well as the activity of enzymes
within the muscle cells. It increases focus, attention, and concentration, which psychologically
readies the mind for competition. The kind of warm-up that is done should depend on the activity
that is being done. Every warm-up consists of a general phase and a sport-specific phase.

The general phase (start of the warm-up) should consist of continuous, low-impact aerobic
exercises like jogging in addition to stretching. The sport-specific c phase should consist of
exercises specifically targeted at the muscles, joints, and body parts that will be utilized in the
activity. Dynamic movements are required for these activity-related motions, which could
include run-throughs, high knee-lift jogging, horizontal ladder stepping, and skill drills that
imitate certain movement patterns used in the sport or activity, such kicking a football. Warming
up the muscles lowers the chance of injury, especially rips and strains.

This results from a reduction in the stiffness of the connective tissue surrounding the joint and an
increase in its range of motion. The athlete should warm up according to how they feel; there is
no prescribed amount of time. Generally speaking, the warm-up should provide light perspiration
without exhaustion. The amount of time needed for a sufficient warm-up is influenced by the
outside temperature; in general, warmer weather requires substantially less time than cooler
weather. (Phillips, 2000)).

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2.5.2. Cool-down
By performing a low-intensity version of the exercise that was just performed, the cool-down
helps the body recuperates from physical exertion. The activity is gradually lowered in intensity,
and then the main muscles involved in the activity are stretched both statically and by
proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF). The primary objectives of the cool-down
include preventing venous pooling, which is the build-up of blood in the veins; making sure
waste products, like lactic acid, are eliminated from the blood; lowering the risk of muscle pain;
and enabling the body to revert to its resting physiological condition. The athlete and the kind of
exercise they engage in will determine how long a cool-down should last. It's the initial in the
recovery process. (Phillips, 2000).

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 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Description of the Study Area
Babile (Oromo: Aanaa Baabilee) is one of the districts in the East Hararghe Zone of Oromia
Region in Ethiopia. It is named after one of the 12 major clans of the Oromo people, the Babille
Oromo. Part of the East Hararghe Zone, Baabile is bordered on the south and east by the Somali
Region, on the west by Fedis, and on the north by Gursum; the Fafen River defines a portion of
Babille's eastern border. The administrative center of this woreda is Babille Town. The altitude
of this District ranges from 950 to 2000 meters above sea level; Ambelber and Sarbadin are
amongst the highest points. Rivers include the Dakata, Barale, and Erer Tiko. A survey of the
land in this woreda (reported in 1995/96) shows that 21.1% is arable or cultivable (17.5% was
under annual crops), 3.9% pasture, 3.7% forest, and the remaining 71.3% is considered built-up,
degraded or otherwise unusable. Much of Babille is occupied by the Babille Elephant Sanctuary.
The research will be conducted at Babile woredas men’s football clubs. (From Wikipedia, the
free encyclopedia).

3.2. Study Design

The purpose of this study will be to know the causes and management of sports injuries on
Babile woreda men’s football clubs players. To this effect, descriptive survey method will be
employed. To achieve these, the quantitative and qualitative research approach will be used.
According to (Bryman, 2016)) states that quantitative research is outlined as a distinctive
research strategy. The method that will be chosen to obtain the relevant data quantitative and
qualitative research in the form of a questionnaire, interview and observation. Questionnaires are
cheap and quick to administer, cost effective and is convenient for respondents. The
questionnaire will be designed based on the objectives and literature review. This method will be
intentionally done so as to get tangible data from injured football players.

3.3 Population of the Study

Target population of the study will be 30 football players, at Babile woreda men’s football clubs.

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3.4. Sample and Sampling Technique
Census sampling (A census method is that process of the statistical list where all members of a
population are analyzed.).
3.5. Types of Data and Data Collection Methods
To get better information the researcher will be employed triangulation methodology which
includes: questionnaire, observation, and interview in this study. The data will be
collected using two methods of collecting data sources. The researcher used primary source of
data. The primary data sources will be included questionnaires, interviews and observation.

3.6. Data Collection Tools

3.6.1. Questionnaire
Questionnaires will be used to collect relevant information from injured football players. Twenty
eight questionnaires will be distributed to the injured football players were properly filled and
returned. Open and close ended questions will be distributed and collected from the respondents.
Out of from the total questionnaires distributed to the targeted population 28 (100%) from
injured football players and 2 coaches were returned, and then the analysis will be made. The
questionnaires will be prepared for the injured football players in English. The researcher will
use a collective (face-to-face) method to gather data. Beside to this questionnaires distributed by
providing clear instruction to respondents and also researcher assisted by providing clear
information to respondents when they want to get clarification.

3.6.2. Interview
Interview is a verbal questioning. It is a face –to-face communication between interviewer and
interviewee. It is used to gather information from injured football players of each Babile woreda
men’s football clubs. For injured football players six structures Interview questions will be
prepared in English. At the end of the interview, the researcher will be interpreted and analyzed
the interview for presentation.

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3.6.3. Observation
Observation is one way of collecting primary data. Observation is a purposeful, systematic and
selective way of watching and listening to an interaction or phenomena as it takes place. It is also
accurate watching and noting phenomena. Two kinds of observation check lists will be prepared
to collect data with non-participatory observation. The first check list will be employed to check
injured football players „body site in relation to the specific events they are engaging. The
second check list will be employed to observe the availability of facilities and equipment by
Saying “yes/no”.

3.7. Data Collection Procedure

Aftert designing the research instruments (observation, questionnaire and interview) the research
sites and sample size of participants will be identified, then observation of the training session
took the first step in data collection on Babile woreda men’s football clubs 28 injured football
players. This will be used to gain first-hand information the usual principles, methods
andcharacter of the team and the coach during the training session. Secondly data and times of
contact will be determined and questionnaires are distributed to selected team injured players.
The questionnaires will be revised depending up on suggestion collected during the try out and
will be administered to the concerned respondents to be filled and returned them back. After
completed the data collection processing raw data or analysis follow suit.

3.8. Methods of Data Analysis

For data analysis both quantitative and qualitative approaches will be employed. The data
obtained through questionnaires, interview and observation will be analyzed and interpreted to
come up with some new findings and recommendations. Qualitative method will be used to
provide a detailed description of the data obtained from the questionnaire, interviews and
Observations. It helps to investigate and find out reliable facts in relation to the research
problems that have been stated in chapter one. The quantitative approach will be employed to
interpret the data obtained from the questionnaires using descriptive statistics such as tables,
frequency and percentage. Finally, the analysis will be done using the percentages based on the
questions listed each category.

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3.9. Data Quality Control
To insure quality of the data, procedures, collected data and handling information will be carried
out in accordance with standard protocols and fine assessment. Only standardized materials will
be used to keep the quality of the data. The researcher will use assistants to collect data. To avoid
errors, training will be given for the assistant data collectors on how to use data collecting
instruments and assessment during data collection.
3.10. Ethical Consideration
This study will be deal with the ethical issues related to the investigation. It can make guarantees
and confidentiality of the information that will be given to the study and risk of harm due to
participation. Therefore, the study will be conduct all actions based on the Haramaya university
rules, code of conduct and policies concerning to research ethics. The protocol is approved by
the university guidelines.

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 4. Tentative timeliness (work plan)
Working plan of implementation of every activity will be done to accomplish thesis research
Activity Nov Dec Jan Feb mar April May June July Aug Sep Oct

Problem Identification X

Selection of titles and X X X

searching review literature
Proposal preparation X
Submission of first draft and X
final proposal to respective
advisors
Proposal defense X
Study subject selection X

Surveying/experiment X

Data analysis and thesis X

writing
Submission of thesis first X
draft to advisors
Submission of final draft to
department of sport science, X
HU
Thesis defense X

5. Budget Breakdown
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5.1 Per Diem cost
Descriptors No. Of participants No. Of days Per Total cost(ETB)
diem/day(ETB)
Investigator 1 30 175 5250
Major Advisor 1 10 206 2060
Co-Advisor 1 10 206 2060
Data coders 9 5 82 5450
Assistant data 10 2 175 3500
collector
Subtotal 18320

5.2. Supervision fee

Description ETB

Supervision and Exam fee 3000(ETB)

5.3. Stationery
No Item Unit quantity Unit Total price
price(birr)
1 Printing and Pac. 4 120:00 480
photocopy paper
2 Other stationeries Pac. 4 300:00 300
(pen, pencil, notepad
etc.)
3 Thesis compiling 400:00 400:00
binding
Sub-total 2180:00ETB

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5.4. Budget summary
Item Total price (ETB)
Supervision fee 3000:00
Stationary expense 2180:00

Per diem 19820

Total 25000(ETB)

6. APPENDIX

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 APPENDIX A
HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NATURAL SCIENCE
Questionnaires to be filled by injured football players.
Questionnaire to be filed by injured football players of Babile woreda men’s football clubs. The
purpose of this questionnaire will be to collect the adequate and essential data for the study on
Babile woreda men’s football clubs. Please be frank and response to each item as
accurately as possible.
Instructions
• No need of writing your name
• Where alternatives are given encircle the letter that you think the answer is
• Give precise and clear answer for the both ended questions.
Thank you in advance for your cooperation!!
Part One. Background Information
1. Name of club_________________

2. Playing experience A.0-4 years B.5-10 years

3. Sex__________________________
4. Age A. 20-30 B.31-40 C. 41 and above
5. Education qualification _____________
6. Marital status A. single B. married
Part Two
1. Have you injured any sport related injury?
A. Yes B. No C. I don’t know
2 .please mentions them.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. In your opinion, have you suffered injury due to a lack of stretching and warm-ups?
A.Yes B. No Unsure
4. If so, have you been injured in this way
A.1-3 times B.4-6 times C.7-9 time D.10+ times
5. Was the injury caused by overuse (gradual onset) or trauma (acute onset?)
A). Overuse B).trauma (acute) C).Not applicable

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6. Was the injury caused by contact or collision?
A), No B) Yes with other players C) Yes with object

7. Mechanism of injury: circle your causes

A) Direct B) Indirect
8. What was the recovery time from injury?
____________________________________________________________
9. Indicate playing position at time of injury?
A) Goalkeeper B) Defender C) Midfielder D) forward
10. Have you injured any body part? Yes – if so, which one?
A) Head J) finger B) Neck K) pelvis
C) Shoulder and clavicle L) Ankle D) Upper arm M) Skin
E) pain P) foot/toe H) Wrist
11. Have you injured any types of injury? Yes – if so, which one?
A) Elbow N) legs F) Abdominal region O) Legs
G) Back Fracture D) Muscle and tendon
B) Joint injury E) Hamstring
C) Ligament F) Knee injury other ___________
12. What would the causes for injuries as your understanding? Please list them
___________________________________________________________
13. Had you ever been experienced the injury? Which one among them
_________________________________________________________
14. What are the common or repetitive types of injury in the football game you observed in your
club? Please list them.__________________________________________________________
15. When most recent injury occurs? (circle one)
A. < 2 weeks ago B. 2 weeks-1 mo. Ago C. 1-3 month. Ago D. 3-6 month. ago

E. 6 month. to 1 yr. ago F. > 1 yr. ago

16.. What was your most recent injury? _____________________
17. How long were you unable to participate in sport due to this injury? (circle one)
A.< 2 weeks B.2 weeks-1 month. C. 1-3 month D.3-6 month. D. 6 month. to 1 yr. E.1 yr. +
18. Did you have surgery for this injury? Yes No
19. Was this injury (circle one): A. Acute B. Chronic
.20. Have you ever been to an injury support group? Yes No
21. How many injuries have you had during your collegiate career? _____

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 7. Appendix B
Interview Questions to be filed by injured football players.
Interview Questions to be filed by injured football players of Babiles woreda men’s football
clubs. The purpose of this Interview questions will be used to collect the adequate and essential
data for the study on cause and management of sport injuries on Babile woreda men’s football
clubs. Please be frank and response to each item as accurately as possible.

1. Part One. Background Information

1. Name of club_________________
2. Playing experience A.0-4 years B.5-10 years
3. Sex__________________________
4. Age A. 20-30 B.31-40 C.41 and above
4. Education qualification _____________
5. Marital status A. single B. married
2. Part Two
1. What are the most causes of sport injury?
2. What are the common sport injuries that occur frequently?
3. Do you promise to not have your play when they could risk further injury?

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 8. Appendix C
Observation rating checklist of some key elements in cause and management of sport injuries.
Name of the club:_______________
Date____________________________
Time____________________________
1. Observational checklist for football clubs in Babile woreda men football clubs.
1.Injured body site
A.Neck
B. Waist.
Shoulder
D.Leg
E.Hands
F.Knee
Other
2.facilities and
equipment available
Training infrastructure
Field
Proper cloth

Total
sessions
observed A. 1-5 Week B. 5-10 weeks

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 9. Appendix D
Figure 1.Map of the Study Site

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 10. APPROVAL SHEET
HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM DIRECTORATE
Causes and Management of Sport Injuries on Students of Bisidimo and Wayu High
Schools, Babile Woreda, Hararghe Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia.

Submitted by:
Gamechisa Abdela Hasen _____________ _________________
Investigator Signature Date
Approved by:

Desta Enyew Negussie (PHD) _________________ ___________________

Major Advisor Signature Date

Abinet Ayalew (PHD) __________________ ___________________

Co-Advisor Signature Date

__________________________ __________________ ___________________

Chairman, DGC Signature Date

__________________________ ___________________ ___________________

Thematic Research Leader Signature Date

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