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218 - EC8352, EC6303 Signals and Systems - Question Bank 5
218 - EC8352, EC6303 Signals and Systems - Question Bank 5
Ans: C Period = 2
Q.4 The continuous time version of the unit impulse δ (t) is defined by the pair of relations
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1 t0
(A) δ (t) (B) δ (t) 1, t 0 and ∫ δ (t) dt 1.
0 t0. -
1, t 0
(C) δ (t) 0, t 0 and ∫ δ (t) dt 1 . (D) δt .
- 0, t 0
Q.5 Two sequences x1 (n) and x2 (n) are related by x2 (n) = x1 (- n). In the z- domain, their
ROC’s are
(A) the same. (B) reciprocal of each other.
(C) negative of each other. (D) complements of each other.
. z
Ans: B x1(n) X1(z), RoC Rx
z Reciprocals
x2(n) = x1(-n) X1(1/z), RoC 1/ Rx
Ans: C Since the signal contains only a high frequency o its FT must be an impulse at
= o
If the Laplace transform of f t is , then the value of Lim f t
Q.7
s 2 2 t
(A) cannot be determined. (B) is zero.
(C) is unity. (D) is infinity.
L
Ans: B f(t) ω
s + ω2
2
= Lim sω =0
s 0 s2 + ω2
Q.8 The unit impulse response of a linear time invariant system is the unit step
function ut . For t > 0, the response of the system to an excitation
eat ut, a 0, will be
1 eat
(A) aeat . (B) .
a
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SIGNALS & SYSTEMS
(C) a 1 eat . at
(D) 1 e .
Ans: B
h(t) = u(t); x(t) = e-at u(t), a > 0
1 1
System response y(t) = L1 .
ssa
= L1 1 1 1
a s s a
= 1 (1 - e-at)
a
0
Q.9 The z-transform of the function ∑ n k has the following region of convergence
k
(A) z 1 (B) z 1
(C) z 1 (D) 0 z 1
0
Ans: C x(n) = ∑ δ(n-k)
k = -∞
0
x(z) = ∑ z-k = …..+ z3 + z2 + z + 1 (Sum of infinite geometric series)
k = -∞
= 1 , |z| < 1
1–z
Ans: D
T/2
RXX (τ) = 1 ∫ x(τ) x(t + τ) dτ triangular function of duration 2T.
T -T/2
Q.11 The Fourier transform (FT) of a function x (t) is X (f). The FT of dxt/ dt will be
(A) dXf / df . (B) j2f Xf .
(C) jf Xf . (D) Xf / jf .
∞
Ans: B (t) = 1 ∫ X(f) ejωt dω
2π - ∞
∞
d x = 1 ∫ jω X(f) ejωt dω
dt 2π - ∞
d x j 2π f X(f)
dt
Ans: B x(t) = 1, -T ≤ t ≤ T
2 2
0, otherwise
+∞ +T/2 +T/2
X(jω) = ∫ x(t) e-jωt dt = ∫ e-jωt dt = e-jωt
-∞ -T/2 jω
-T/2
= 2 sin ωT = sin(ωT/2) .T
ω 2 ωT/2
Q.13 An analog signal has the spectrum shown in Fig. The minimum sampling
rate needed to completely represent this signal is
(A) 3 KHz .
(B) 2 KHz .
(C) 1 KHz .
(D) 0.5 KHz .
Ans: C For a band pass signal, the minimum sampling rate is twice the
bandwidth, which is 0.5 kHz here.
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Ans: D The system is non-linear because x(t) = 0 does not lead to y (t) = 0, which
is a violation of the principle of homogeneity.
FT
Ans: A x(t) = u(t) X(jω) = π δ(ω) + 1
Jω
u(ω) 1 δ(t) + 1
2 πt
Q.17 The impulse response of a system is h n a n u n. The condition for the system to
be BIBO stable is
(A) a is real and positive. (B) a is real and negative.
(C) a 1. (D) a 1.
+∞ +∞
Ans: D Sum S = ∑ |h(n)| = ∑ | an u(n) |
n = -∞ n = -∞
+∞
∑ |a| n ( u(n) = 1 for n ≥ 0 )
n=0
1 if |a| < 1.
1- |a|
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Ans: D
y(t) = x(t2)
y(t) depends on x(t2) i.e., future values of input if t 1.
System is anticipative or non-causal
x1(t) y1(t) = x1(t2)
x2(t) y2(t) = x2(t2)
x1(t) + x2(t) y(t) = x1(t2) + x2(t2) = y1(t) + y2(t)
System is Linear
System is time varying. Check with x(t) = u(t) – u(t-z) y(t) and
x1(t) = x(t – 1) y1(t) and find that y1(t) y (t –1).
Q.20 If G(f) represents the Fourier Transform of a signal g (t) which is real and odd
symmetric in time, then G (f) is
(A) complex. (B) imaginary.
(C) real. (D) real and non-negative.
FT
Ans: B g(t) G(f)
Q.21 For a random variable x having the PDF shown in the Fig., the mean and the
variance are, respectively,
(A) 1 and 2 .
2 3
(B) 1 and 4 .
3
(C) 1 and 2 3 .
(D) 2 and 4 3 .
+∞
Ans:B Mean = µx(t) = ∫ x fx(t) (x) dx
-∞
3
= ∫ x 1 dx = 1 x2 3 = 9 – 1 1 = 1
-1 4 4 2 -1 2 24
+∞
Variance = ∫ (x - µx)2 fx (x) dx
-∞
3
= ∫ (x - 1)2 1 d(x-1)
-1 4
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= 1 (x - 1)3 3 = 1 [8 + 8] = 4
4 3 -1 12 3
Q.22 If white noise is input to an RC integrator the ACF at the output is proportional to
(A) exp . (B) exp .
RC RC
Ans: A
RN(τ) = N0 exp - | τ |
4RC RC
xn a , a 1 is
n
Q.23
(A) an energy signal.
(B) a power signal.
(C) neither an energy nor a power signal.
(D) an energy as well as a power signal.
Ans: A +∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
Energy = ∑ x (n) = ∑ a2
2
= ∑ (a ) 2
= 1+ 2 ∑ a2
n=-∞ n=-∞ n=-∞ n=1
Q.24 The spectrum of x (n) extends from ωo to ωo , while that of h(n) extends
from 2ωo to 2ωo . The spectrum of y n ∑ hk xn k extends
k
from
(A) 4ω o to 4ω o . (B) 3ωo to 3ωo .
(C) 2ω o to 2ω o . (D) ω o to ω o
.
Ans: D Spectrum depends on H( ejω) X( ejω) Smaller of the two ranges.
Q.25 The signals x1t and x 2 t are both bandlimited to ω1, ω1 and
ω2 , ω2 respectively. The Nyquist sampling rate for the signal x1t x 2 t
will be
(A) 2ω1 if ω1 ω 2 . (B) 2ω2 if ω1 ω 2 .
Q.26
If a periodic function f(t) of period T satisfies f t f t T 2 , then in its Fourier
series expansion,
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Ans:
T T/2 T T/2 T/2
1 ∫ f(t) dt = 1 ∫ f(t) dt + ∫f(t) dt = 1 ∫ f(t) dt + ∫ f(τ + T/2)dτ = 0
T 0 T 0 T/2 T 0 0
Q.27 A band pass signal extends from 1 KHz to 2 KHz. The minimum sampling frequency
needed to retain all information in the sampled signal is
(A) 1 KHz. (B) 2 KHz.
(C) 3 KHz. (D) 4 KHz.
Ans: B
Minimum sampling frequency = 2(Bandwidth) = 2(1) = 2 kHz
Q.28 The region of convergence of the z-transform of the signal 2n un 3n u n 1
(A) is z 1. (B) is z 1.
(C) is 2 z 3 . (D) does not exist.
Ans:
Q.30 The Laplace transform of u(t) is A(s) and the Fourier transform of u(t) is Bj.
Then
(B) As but Bj .
1 1
(A) Bj Ass j .
s j
(C) As but Bj
1 1 s
. (D)
s j
L
Ans: B u(t) A(s) = 1
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F.T
u(t) B(jω) = 1 + π δ(ω)
jω
Ans: A
Ans: C
sin(u)
Q.33 The function is denoted by:
(u)
(A) sin c(πu). (B) sin c(u).
(C) signum. (D) none of these.
Ans: C
Q.34 The frequency response of a system with h(n) = δ(n) - δ(n-1) is given by
(A) δ(ω) - δ(ω - 1). (B) 1 - ejω.
(C) u(ω) – u(ω -1). (D) 1 – e-jω.
Ans: D
Ans: D
Ans: C
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Ans: B
Q.38 The DFT of a signal x(n) of length N is X(k). When X(k) is given and x(n) is computed
from it, the length of x(n)
(A) is increased to infinity (B) remains N
(C) becomes 2N – 1 (D) becomes N2
Ans: A
Ans: D
Ans: D
Q.41 The system having input x(n) related to output y(n) as y(n) = log10 x(n) is:
(A) nonlinear, causal, stable. (B) linear, noncausal, stable.
(C) nonlinear, causal, not stable. (D) linear, noncausal, not stable.
Ans: A
Q.42 To obtain x(4 – 2n) from the given signal x(n), the following precedence (or priority)
rule is used for operations on the independent variable n:
(A) Time scaling → Time shifting → Reflection.
(B) Reflection → Time scaling → Time shifting.
(C) Time scaling → Reflection → Time shifting.
(D) Time shifting → Time scaling → Reflection.
Ans: D
Q.43 The unit step-response of a system with impulse response h(n) = δ(n) – δ(n – 1) is:
(A) δ(n – 1). (B) δ(n).
(C) u(n – 1). (D) u(n).
Ans: B
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Ans: C
Ans: B
dx(t)
Q.46 If xt X(s), then is given by:
dt
dX(s) X(s) x1(0)
(A) . (B) .
ds s s
(C) sX(s) x(0 ) . (D) sX(s) – sX(0).
Ans: C
Q.47 The region of convergence of the z-transform of the signal x(n) ={2, 1, 1, 2}
↑
is n=0
(A) all z, except z = 0 and z = ∞ (B) all z, except z = 0.
(C) all z, except z = ∞. (D) all z.
Ans: A
Q.48 When two honest coins are simultaneously tossed, the probability of two heads on any
given trial is:
3
(A) 1 (B)
4
1 1
(C) (D)
2 4
Ans: D
Q.49 Let u[n] be a unit step sequence. The sequence u[N n] can be described as
1, n N 1,
(A) x[n] (B) x[n]
0, otherwise 0,
1, n N 1,
(C) x[n] (D) x[n]
0, otherwise 0,
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n
o
t
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e
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w
i
s
e
o
t
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e
r
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i
s
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1, nN
Ans (B) x[n]
0, otherwise
Here the function u(-n) is delayed by N units.
1
For the function H ( j) , maximum value of group delay is
Q.53 2 2 j j
2
(A) 1 (B) 1/2
(C) 2 (D) 3
(A) ∑ X j k
k
s
(B) ∑ X jk* k
k
s
(C) ∑ X j * k
k
s
(D) ∑ X j k
k
s
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Ans (A) ∑ X j k
k
s
X (z) ∑ x[n]z
nn1
n
. This sum should converge provided each term in the sum is
finite. However, if there is a non-zero causal component for n2>0, then X(z) will
have a term involving z-1 and thus ROC cannot include z = 0.
Q.56 be the frequency response of a discrete-time LTI system, and
Let H e
j
(C) H e * H e 1
j
I (D) H e * H e ( )
j j
I
j
e 1
Ans (A) H e j H
I
j
Since H e and H e are the inverse of each other, their product should
j
I
j
equal 1.
1
The transfer function of a stable system is H z
1 .
Q.57 1 0.5z 1 1 2z 1
Its impulse response will be
(A) 0.5 u[n] 2 u[n] (B) 0.5 u[n 1] 2 u[n]
n n n n
(C) 0.5n u[n] 2n u[n 1] (D) 0.5 u[n 1] 2 u[n 1]
n n
(A) and (C) are the possible IFTs of the given system function. However,
the system is stable; therefore (C) is the only correct answer.
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A2
(A) (B) A2
2
2
(C) AT 1 (D) A2T1
Ans: (D) T1 / 2
W x(t) 2 dt A2T
∫ T1 / 2
1
Ans: (C)
k
Time response y(n) x(n) * h(n) ∑ x(k )h(n k)
k
Ans: (C)
This can be seen by putting the value of pulse function in the definition of Fourier
transform.
Q.62 The property of Fourier Transform which states that the compression in time
domain is equivalent to expansion in the frequency domain is
(A) Duality. (B) Scaling.
(C) Time Scaling. (D) Frequency Shifting.
Ans: (B)
Substituting the square pulse function f(t) in
F ( j ) ∫
f (t)e jt dt
gives the sinc function.
Q.63 What is the Nyquist Frequency for the signal
x(t) =3 cos 50πt +10 sin 300πt – cos100πt ?
(A) 50 Hz (B) 100 Hz
(C) 200 Hz (D) 300 Hz
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Ans: (D) Here the highest frequency present in the signal is m 300 or
fm 150 Hz. Therefore the Nyquist frequency f s 2 fm 300 Hz.
Q.64 The step response of a LTI system when the impulse response h(n) is unit step
u(n) is
(A) n+1 (B) n
(C) n-1 (D) n 2
Ans: (A)
6
Ans: (A)
∫
Substituting f (t) u(t) in the relation F (s) f (t)est dt
o
gives the answer.
Q.66 The function which has its Fourier transform, Laplace transform, and Z transform
unity is
(A) Gausian (B) impulse
(C) Sinc (D) pulse
Ans: (B)
Substituting f(t) = (t) in the definitions of Fourier, Laplace and Z-transform, we
get the transforms in each case as 1.
Q.67 The Z transform of n m is
(A) z n (B) z m
1 1
(C) (D)
z n zm
Ans: (B)
The Z-transform of a delayed function f(n-m) is z-m times the Z-transform of the
function f(n).
If the joint probability pdf of f x, y , 0 x, y 2, Px y 1 is
1
Q.68
4
1 1
(A) (B)
8 16
1 1
(C) (D)
4 2
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Ans: (A)
1 y
∫ 1 y dy 8 .
1 1 y 1 1 1 1 1 1
P(x y) ∫∫
0 0 4
dxdy
4
∫x0
0
dy
4 0
Q.71 If the Fourier series coefficients of a signal are periodic then the signal must be
(A) continuous-time, periodic (B) discrete-time, periodic
(C) continuous-time, non periodic (D) discrete-time, non perodic
Ans: (B)
It is the property of the discrete-time periodic signal.
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Q.76 The region of convergence of a causal finite duration discrete time signal is
(A) The entire ‘z’ plane except z = 0
(B) The entire ‘z’ plane except z =
(C) The entire ‘z’ plane
(D) A strip in z-plane
Ans: (A)
The ROC of the causal finite duration will have negative power of z. The ROC is
the entire z-plane except z = 0.
0, x0
F Xx kx , 2
0 x 10
100k, 10 x
The value of k is
(A) 100 (B) 50
(C) 1/50 (D) 1/100
Ans: (D)
From the given F(x), we get
dF (x)
0 2kx 0 2kx
dx
10
∫
2kxdx 1
0
or 100k 1 k 1/100
Q.78 The group delay function is related to phase function as
d
(A) (B) 2
d
d d
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d2
(C)
d2
(D)
d 2 d
Ans: (A): By definition.
Q.79 Two sequences x1n and x 2 nare related by x 2 n x1 n . In the
Z-domain, their ROCs are
(A) same (B) reciprocal of each other
(C) negative of each other (D) complement of each other
Ans: (B)
ROC of Z x2 (n) is outside the circle of radius r2 while ROC of Zx1 (n) is
inside the circle of radius r1 such that r2 = 1/ r1.
2
K ∫ [cos t]d
K ' cos t
.
Thus the autocorrelation is a sinusoid.
Q.81 Which of the following is true for the system represented by yn x n
(A) Linear (B) Time invariant
(C) Causal (D) Non Linear
Ans.: (A)
The given function is of the form y mx . Hence linear.
Ans: (C)
(t) ∫ (t)e jt dt 1
FT of
Q.83 Convolution is used to find
(A) amount of similarity between the signals
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Ans: (A)
2
e t dt
e x 2 xe x dx 1.
x
∫ ∫ dx 2 ∫
Q.88 The spectral density of white noise is
(A) Exponential (B) Uniform
(C) Poisson (D) Gaussian
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Ans: (B)
The distribution of White noise is homogeneous over all frequencies. Power
spectrum is the Fourier transform of the autocorrelation function. Therefore,
power spectral density of white noise is uniform.
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–B
Q.1. Determine whether the system having input x (n) and output y (n) and described by
n
relationship : y (n) ∑ x (k 2) is (i) memoryless, (ii) stable, (iii)causal (iv)
k -
(5)
linear and (v) time invariant.
Ans:
y(n) = ∑ x(k + 2)
k = -∞
(i) Not memoryless - as y(n) depends on past values of input from x(-∞) to x(n-1)
(assuming)n > 0)
(ii) Unstable- since if |x (n)| M, then |y(n)| goes to ∞ for any n.
(iii) Non-causal - as y(n) depends on x(n+1) as well as x(n+2).
(iv) Linear - the principle of superposition applies (due to ∑ operation)
(v) Time – invariant - a time-shift in input results in corresponding time-shift in
output.
Ans:
-at
x(t) = e u(t), a > 0
x(t) is a non-periodic signal.
+∞ ∞ ∞
-2at -2at
Energy E = ∫ x (t) dt = ∫ e
2
dt = e = 1 (finite, positive)
-∞ 0 -2a 2a
0
The energy is finite and deterministic.
x(t) is an energy signal.
Q.3. Determine the even and odd parts of the signal x (t) given by
A e - αt t 0
x (t)
0 t 0
-αt
x(t) = Ae t>0
0 t<0 (5)
Ans:
Assumption : α > 0, A > 0, -∞ < t < ∞
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x(t)
A Ae-αt
t
0
x(-t)
+αt
Ae A
t
0
xe(t)
A/2
0 t
xo(t)
A/2
t
0
-A/2
Q.4. Use one sided Laplace transform to determine the output y (t) of a system described by
d2y
3
dy
2y (t) 0 where y 0 = 3 and
dy
1 (7)
dt t0
dt 2 dt
Ans:
(s2 + 3s + 2) Y(s) = 3s + 1 + 9 = 3s + 10
Y(s) = 3s + 10 = 3s + 10
s2 + 3s + 2 (s + 1)(s + 2)
= A + Bs
+1 s+2
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A = 3s + 10 = 7; B = 3s + 10 = -4
s + 2 s = -1 s + 1 s = -2
Y(s) = 7 - 4
s+1 s+2
Ans:
Q. 6. An LTI system has an impulse response h (t) = exp [ -at] u (t); when it is excited by
an input signal x (t), its output is y (t) = [exp (- bt) -exp (- ct)] u (t) Determine its
input x (t). (7)
Ans:
-at
h(t) = e u(t) for input x(t)
-bt -ct
Output y(t) = (e - e ) u(t)
L L L
h(t) H(s), y(t) Y(s), x(t) X(s)
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SIGNALS & SYSTEMS
H(s) = 1 ; Y(s) = 1 - 1 = s+c–s– b = c-b
s+a s+b s+c (s + b)(s + c) (s + b)(s + c)
X(s) = (c - b)(s + a) = A + B
(s + b)(s + c) s+b s+c
A = (c - b)(s + a) = (c – b)(-b + a) = a - b
(s + c) s = -b (-b + c)
B= (c - b)(s + a) = (c – b)(-c + a) = c - a
(s + b) s= -c (-c + b)
X(s) = a – b + c - a
s+b s+c
-bt -ct
x(t) = (a – b) e + (c – a) e
-bt -ct
The input x(t) = [(a – b) e + (c – a) e ] u(t)
Q.7. Write an expression for the waveform f t shown in Fig. using only unit step function
and powers of t. (3)
Ans:
f(t) = E [ t u(t) – 2(t – T) u(t – T) + 2(t – 3T) u(t – 3T) – (t – 4T) u(t – 4T)]
T
Q.8. For f(t) of Q7, find and sketch f t (prime denotes differentiation with respect to t). (3)
Ans:
f(t) = E [ t u(t) – 2(t – T) u(t – T) + 2(t – 3T) u(t – 3T) – (t – 4T) u(t – 4T)]
T
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f ΄(t)
E/T
t
0 T 2T 3T 4T
-E/T
Ans:
. Unit impulse function δ(t) is defined as:
δ(t) = 0, t ≠ 0
+∞
∫ δ(t) dt = 1
-∞
It can be viewed as the limit of a rectangular pulse of duration a and height 1/a when
a 0, as shown below.
Q.10. Sketch the function gt t2 ut ut and show that
3
(6)
3
gt δ tas 0 .
Ans:
a X jaω.
t
Q.11. Show that if the FT of x (t) is Xj, then the FT of x si (6)
a
Ans:
FT
x(t) X(jω)
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SIGNALS & SYSTEMS
FT
Let x t X1(jω) , then
a
+∞
X1(jω) = ∫ x t e-jωt dt Let t = α dt = a dα
-∞ a a
+∞
-jωaα
= ∫ x(α) e a dα if a 0
-∞
+∞
-jωaα
- ∫ x(α) e a dα if a 0
-∞ +∞
-jωaα
Hence X1 (jω) = |a| ∫ x(α) e dα = |a| x (jωa)
-∞
Q.12. Solve, by using Laplace transforms, the following set of simultaneous differential
equations for x (t). (14)
Ans:
2xt 4xt yt 7yt 5ut
xt xt yt 3yt 5t
The initial conditions are : x0 y0 0 .
2 x΄(t) + 4 x(t) + y΄(t) + 7 y(t) = 5 u(t)
x΄(t) + x(t) + y΄(t) + 3 y(t) = 5 δ(t)
L L L L
x(t) X(s), x΄(t) s X(s), δ(t) 1, u(t) 1
s
(Given zero initial conditions)
2 sX(s) + 4 X(s) + sY(s) + 7 Y(s) = 5
s
sX(s) + X(s) + sY(s) + 3 Y(s) = 5
A +B = -5
2A + C = -30
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5A =15
X(s) = 3 – 8 s +1 – 14 2
s (s + 1)2 + 22 (s + 1)2 + 22
-t -t
x(t) = (3 – 8 e cos 2t – 14 e sin 2t) u(t)
Ans:
L
sin (ω0t) ω0
s2 + ω02
L
Using t f(t) - d [F(s)],
ds
= 0 - ω0(2s) = 2ω0s
(s2 + ω02)2 (s2 + ω 02)2
s 2
Q.14. Find the inverse Laplace transform of . (8)
ss 1 3
Ans:
F(s) = s-2 = A + B + C + D
3 2
s(s+1) s s+1 (s+1) (s+1)3
A = -2 D=3
F(s) = -2 + 2 + 2 + 3
s s+1 (s+1)2 (s+1)3
-t -t 2 -t
f(t) = -2 + 2 e + 2 t e + 3 t e
2
-t 2
f(t) = [-2 + e ( 3 t + 2t + 2 ) ] u(t)
2
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Q.15. Show that the difference equation y n yn 1 x n xn 1 represents an
all-pass transfer function. What is (are) the condition(s) on for the system to be
stable? (8)
Ans:
y(n) – α y(n-1) = - α x(n) + x(n-1)
Zero : z = 1 As poles and zeros have reciprocal values, the transfer function
α represents an all pass filter system.
Pole : z = α
For stability, the pole at z = α must be inside the unit circle, i.e. |α| < 1.
Q.16. Give a recursive realization of the transfer function Hz 1 z1 z2 z3 (6)
Ans:
(1 – z –1)
The realization of the system is shown below.
Q.17 Determine the z-transform of x1 n n un and x 2 n n u n 1 and
indicate their regions of convergence. (6)
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Ans:
Hz
1
, r 1. (6)
1 2 r cos θ z1 r 2 z2
Ans:
= 1 , |r| < 1
-
(1-r e z-1) (1-r e jθ z -1)
jθ
= A + B = |r| < 1
(1-r e z ) (1-r e jθz -1)
jθ -1 -
where A= 1 = 1
(1-r ejθ z-1) r ejθ z-1 =1 1- e -j2θ
B= 1 = 1
(1-r ejθ z-1) r e-jθ z-1 =1 1- ej2θ
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= rn sin(n+1) θ u (n)
sinθ 1
Q.19. Let the Z- transform of x(n) be X(z).Show that the z-transform of x (-n) is X . (2)
z
Ans:
z
x(n) X(z) Let y(n) = x(-n)
∞ ∞ ∞
-n +r -1 -1
Then Y(z) = ∑ x(-n)z = ∑ x(r) z = ∑ x(r) (z ) -1 = X (z )
n = -∞ r = -∞ r = -∞
Q.20. Find the energy content in the signal xn en 10 sin
2n
. (7)
4
Ans:
- n
x(n) = e 0.1 sin 2πn
4
+∞ +∞ 2
n
Energy content E = ∑ |x2(n)| = ∑ e-0.2 sin 2πn
n=-∞ n=-∞ 4
+∞
E = ∑ e-2n sin2 nπ
n=-∞ 2
+∞
E = ∑ e-2n 1-cosnπ
n=-∞ 2
+∞
= 1 ∑ e-2n [1 – (-1) n]
2n=-∞
Q.21. Sketch the odd part of the signal shown in Fig. (3)
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EC6303 SIGNALS & SYSTEMS
Ans:
Odd part xo(t) = x(t) – x(-t)
2
Q.22. A linear system H has an input-output pair as shown in Fig. Determine whether the
system is causal and time-invariant. (4)
Ans:
System is non-causal the output y(t) exists at t = 0 when input x(t) starts only at
t = +1.
System is time-varying the expression for y(t) = [ u (t) – u (t-1)(t –1) + u (t –3)
Ans:
d2y(t) - dy(t) +2y(t) = x(t)
dt2 dt
L L
y(t) Y(s); x(t) X(s); Zero initial conditions
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System transfer function Y(s) = 1 whose poles are in the right half plane.
X(s) s2 – s + 2
Hence the system is not stable.
t
Q.24 Determine whether the system yt ∫ xd is invertible. (5)
Ans:
t
y(t) = ∫ x(τ) dτ
-∞
H Integration
H-1 Differentiation
Q.25 Find the impulse response of a system characterized by the differential equation
y t a yt x t . (5)
Ans:
H(s) = Y(s) = 1
X(s) s+a
-at
The impulse response of the system is h(t) = e u(t)
Q.26. Compute the Laplace transform of the signal yt 1 0.5 sin tsin 1000t . (4)
Ans:
y(t) = (1 + 0.5 sint) sin1000t
= sin 1000t + 0.5 sint sin 1000t
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Q.27. Determine Fourier Transform Fof the signal f t et cost and
determine the value of F . (7)
Ans:
We assume f(t) = e-αt cos(ωt + θ) u (t) because otherwise FT does not exist
FT +∞
f(t) F(ω) = ∫ e-αt ej(ωt + θ) + e-j(ωt + θ) e-jωt dt
2
+∞
F(ω) = 1 ∫ [e-αt e-jωt ejωt + jθ + e-αt e-jωt e-jωt – jθ] dt
2
+∞
= 1 ∫ [e-αt + jθ + e– jθ e– (α + 2jω)t] dt
2
F()
1 j et j e( 2 j )t
e e
2 ( 2 j) 0
0
e j
1 1 j 1
e
2 2 j
= 1 2α cos θ + 2jωejθ
2 α (α + 2jω)
α2 (α2 + 4ω2)
ω 2 + α2 cos 2θ – αω sin2 θ
=
α2 (α2 + 4ω2)
Q.28. Determine the impulse response h(t) and sketch the magnitude and phase
response of the system described by the transfer function (14)
s2 2
Hs 2 o .
s o s 2
o
Q
Ans:
H(s) = s2 + ω02
s2 + ω0 s + ω02
Q
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Q Q
H(jω) = ω 02 - ω 2
1/ 2
(ω 0 - ω2) 2+ ω ω
2 2
0
2
Q
Arg H(jω) = - tan -1
ω ω0
Q
ω 02 - ω2
H(jω)
Magnitude
1
0 ω0 ω
arg H(jω)
Phase
+ π/2
0 ω0 ω
- π/2
Q.29. Using the convolution sum, determine the output of the digital system shown in
Fig. below.
Assume that the input sequence is x(n) 3, 1, 3and that the system is
initially at rest. n0
(5)
Ans:
x(n) = { 3, -1, 3 }, system at rest initially (zero initial conditions)
n=0
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Q.30. Find the z-transform of the digital signal obtained by sampling the analog signal
e4t sin 4t ut at intervals of 0.1 sec. (6)
Ans:
t
x(t) = e-4 sin 4t u(t), T = 0.1 s
n
x(n) = x(t nT) = x(0.1n) = ( e-0.4 ) sin(0.4n)
z α = e-0.4 = 0.6703, 1 = 1.4918
x(n) X(z) α
z
x(n) = sin Ωn u(n) z sin Ω Ω = 0.4 rad = 22.92˚
z2 –2z cos Ω + 1
sin Ω = 0.3894; cos Ω = 0.9211
z
αn x(n) X (z/α)
Q.31. An LTI system is given by the difference equation yn 2yn 1 yn 2 xn.
i. Determine the unit impulse response.
ii. Determine the response of the system to the input (3, -1, 3).
n0 (4)
Ans:
y(n) + 2y(n-1) + y(n-2) = x(n)
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EC6303 SIGNALS & SYSTEMS
n=0
(ii). x(n) = { 3,-1,3 }
n=0
= 3 – 7 z-1
(1 + z-1)2
Q.32. The signal x(t) shown below in Fig. is applied to the input of an
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Ans:
x(t)
1
0 t = 3t – t – 1.5
2
(Nonlinear)
∫x(t)dt
0.5
0 1 1.5 t
Ans:
Even part xe(t) = x(t) + x(-t)
2
Odd part xo(t) = x(t) - x(-t)
2
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t t
Q.34. Sketch the function f t u sin . (3)
u sin
T T
Ans:
f(t)
1 f(t) = 1 0 t T, 2T t 3 T1
-1 T t 2T, …
….. -T 0 T ….. t 3 T t 4T, ……
-1
Q.35. Under what conditions, will the system characterized by yn ∑ e ak xn k be
k no
linear, time-invariant, causal, stable and memoryless? (5)
Ans:
y(n) is : linear and time invariant for all k
causal if n0 not less than 0.
stable if a > 0
memoryless if k = 0 only
Q.36. Let E denote the energy of the signal x (t). What is the energy of the signal
x (2t)? (2)
Ans:
Given that
2
E = ∫ x(t) dt
2
To find E1 =
∫ x(2t) dt
2 2
dr 1 E
Let 2t =r then E1 = ∫ x(r)
2
∫2 x(r) dr
2
Q.37. x(n), h(n) and y(n) are, respectively, the input signal, unit impulse response and
output signal of a linear, time-invariant, causal system and it is given that
yn 2 xn n1 * hn n 2 , where * denotes convolution. Find the possible
sets of values of n1 and n 2 . (3)
Ans:
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Also, n1, n2 ≥ 0, as the system is causal. So, the possible sets of values for n1 and n2 are:
{n1, n2} = {(0,2),(1,1),(2,0)}
Q.38. Let h(n) be the impulse response of the LTI causal system described by the difference
equation y n a yn 1 xn and let h n * h1 n n. Find h1 n. (4)
Ans:
y(n) = a y(n-1) + x(n) and h(n) * h1(n) = δ(n)
Q.39. Determine the Fourier series expansion of the waveform f (t) shown below in terms of
sines and cosines. Sketch the magnitude and phase spectra. (10+2+2=14)
Ans:
Define g(t) = f(t) +1. Then the plot of g(t) is as shown , below and,
= 2/2 = 1
because T =2
g(t) = 0 - π t - π/2
2 - π/2 t π/2
0 π/2 t π
Let g(t) = a0 + (an cos nt + bn sin nt)
n=1
Then a0 = average value of f(t) =1
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/2
2 sin nt
an = 2 ∫ 2 cos ntdt =
π/2
= 2 /n π . 2sin n π/2
2 n
/ 2
-π/2
= 4 /n π . sin n π/2
= 0 if n= 2,4,6 ……
4 /n π if n= 1,5,9 ……
- 4 /n π if n= 3,7,11……
/2
2 4 cos nt
∫22 sin ntdt =
π/2
Also, bn = = 4 /n π[ cos n π /2 - cos n π /2] = 0
/ 2
n
-π/2
Thus, we have f(t) = -1 + g(t)
4 cos 5t
= 4cost 4cos 3t .......
3 5
= 4/ { cost – cos3t /3 + cos5t/5 …..}
1/3
1/5
1/7
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a
Phase
-7 -3 3 7
-π
Q.40. Show that if the Fourier Transform (FT) of x (t) is X , then (3)
dxt
FT j X.
dt
Ans:
FT
x(t) X(jω) or X(ω)
+∞
i.e., x(t) = 1 ∫ X(jω) ejωt dω
2π -∞
+∞
d [x(t)] = 1 ∫ X(jω) jω ejωt dω
dt 2π -∞
d [x(t)] FT jω X(jω)
dt
1
Q.41. Show, by any method, that FT π δ ω . (2)
2
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EC6303
Ans:
+∞
jωt
x(t) = 1 ∫ X(jω) e dω
2π -∞
+∞
x(t) = 1 ∫ π δ(ω) ejωt dω = 1 X(jω) = π δ(ω)
2π -∞ 2
1 FT π δ(ω)
2
Q.42 Find the unit impulse response, h(t), of the system characterized by the relationship :
yt t
∫ xd . (3)
Ans:
t
y(t) = ∫ (τ) dτ = 1, t ≥ 0 = u(t)
-∞ 0, otherwise
Q.43. Using the results of parts (a) and (b), or otherwise, determine the frequency response
of the system of part (c). (6)
Ans:
As shown in the figure, u(t) = 1/2 + x(t)
where x(t) = 0.5, t >0
-0.5, t <0
dx/dt = (t) By (a) FT[ (t)] = jX()
X() = 1/j. Also FT[1/2] = ()
Therefore FT [u(t)] = H(j)= () + 1/j.
Q.44. Let X e j denote the Fourier Transform of the signal x (n) shown below .(2+2+3+5+2=14)
41
SIGNALS & SYSTEMS
EC6303
Without explicitly finding out X e j , find the following :-
(i) X (1) (ii) ∫ X e j d
(iii) X(-1) (iv) the sequence y(n) whose Fourier
Transform is the real part of X e j .
2
(v) ∫ X e j d .
Ans:jω ∞ -jωn
X(e ) = ∑ x(n) e
n = -∞
+∞
j0
(i) X(1) = X(e ) = ∑ x(n) = -1 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 1 –1 = 6
-∞
+π π
jω jωn jω
(ii) x(n) = 1 ∫ X(e ) e dω ; ∫ X(e ) dω = 2π x(0) = 4π
2π -π -π
jπ +∞ n
(iii) X(-1) = X(e ) = ∑ x(n) (-1) = 1+ 0-1+2-1+0-1+2-1+0+1 =2
n = -∞
jω
(iv) Real part X(e ) xe(n) = x(n) + x(-n)
2
y(n) = xe(n) = 0, n < -7, n > 7
y(7) = 1 x(7) = -1 = y(-7)
2 2
y(6) = 1 x(6) = 0 = y(-6)
2
y(5) = 1 x(5) = 1 = y(-5)
2 2
y(4) = 1 x(4) = 2 = y(-4)
2
y(3) = 1[x(3) + x(-3)] = 0 = y(-3)
2
y(2) = 1[x(2) + x(-2)] = 0 = y(-2)
2
y(1) = 1[y(1) + y(-1)] = 1 = y(-1)
2
y(0) = 1[ y(0) + y(0)] = 2
2
(v) Parseval’s theorem:
π 2 ∞ 2
jω
∫ X(e ) dω = 2π ∑ x(n) = 2π(1 + 1 + 4 +1 + 1 + 4 + 1 + 1) = 28π
-π n = -∞
Q.45 If the z-transform of x (n) is X(z) with ROC denoted by R x , find the
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n
z-transform of yn ∑ xk and its ROC. (4)
k
Ans:
z
x(n) X(z), RoC Rx
n 0 ∞
y(n) = ∑ x(k) = ∑ x(n-k) = ∑ x(n-k)
k = -∞ k=∞ k=0
∞
Y(z) = X(z) ∑ z-k = X(z) , RoC at least R x ∩ (|z| > 1)
k=0 1 - z-1
Geometric series
Q.46 (i) x (n) is a real right-sided sequence having a z-transform X(z). X(z) has two
poles, one of which is at a e j and two zeros, one of which is at r e j . It is also
known that ∑ xn 1. Determine X(z) as a ratio of polynomials in z .
1
(6)
(ii) If a 12 , r 2, 4 in part (b) (i), determine the magnitude of X(z) on the
unit circle. (4)
Ans:
z
. (i) x(n) : real, right-sided sequence X(z)
-jθ jθ
X(z) = K (z- re )(z- re ) ; ∑x(n) = X(1) = 1
jΦ -jΦ
(z- ae )( z- ae )
jθ -jθ
= K z2 –zr (e +e ) + r2
jΦ jΦ
z2 –za (e + e ) + a2
i.e., K = 1– 2a cosΦ + a2
1 – 2r cosθ + r2
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jω -jω - jω
= (0.25) 1 - 2√2 z-1 + 4z-2 X(e ) = (0.25) 1 - 2√2 e + 4 e 2
-jω - jω
1 – (1/√2) z-1 + ¼ z-2 1 – (1/√2) e + ¼ e 2
jω -jω
= - 2√2 + e + 4 e
jω -jω
-2√2+ 4e + e
jω
X(e ) =1
Q.47 Determine, by any method, the output y(t) of an LTI system whose impulse
response h(t) is of the form shown in fig(a). to the periodic excitation x(t) as
shown in fig(b). (14)
Ans:
Fig(a) Fig(b)
1- e-s
h(t) = u(t) – u(t-1) = H(s) =
s
First period of x(t) , xT(t) = 2t [u(t) – u(t- ½) ]
2
3 1 es / 2 1 es / 2 0.5 s es / 2
s
=
2
1 e s 0.5s(e s /2
e s )
s3
s s / 2
= 2 1 e3 e e s
s 2
s 1 1
Therefore y(t) = t2 u(t) – (t-1)2 u(t-1) – t u t (t 1)u(t 1)
2 2
This gives y (t) = t2 0 t 1/2
t2 –t +1/2 1/2 t 1
1/2 t 1
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(not to scale)
s2 3s 1
Q.48 Obtain the time function f(t) whose Laplace Transform is Fs . (14)
s 1 s 2
3 2
Ans:
F(s) = s2+3s+1 = A + B + C + D + E
(s+1)3(s+2)2 (s+1) (s+1)2 (s+1)3 (s+2) (s+2)2
C = s2+3s+1 = 1-3+1 = -1 C = -1
2
(s+2) s= -1 1
A+D = 0 or D = -A = 4 D=4
F(s) = - 4 + 3 + -1 + 4 + 1
(s+1) (s+1)2 (s+1)3 (s+2) (s+2)2
f(t) = L-1[F(s)] = - 4e-t + 3t e-t – t2 e-t + 4e-2 t + t e-2t = [e-t(-4 + 3t - t2) + e-2 t(4 + t)] u(t)
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Q.49 Define the terms variance, co-variance and correlation coefficient as applied to
random variables. (6)
Ans:
Q.50 Determine the total energy of the raised-cosine pulse x(t), shown in Fig.1 defined by:
1 (8)
(cos1), t
x(t) 2 .
0, otherwise
Fig.1
Ans:
2
1
2 3
(t)dt ∫ 4 cos t 1 dt
∫x
Energy E =
units.
4
FT
Q.51 State the sampling theorem, given x(t) X() . For the spectrum of the continuous-time
signal, shown in Fig.2, consider the three cases fs 2fx ; fs 2fx ; fs 2fx and draw the
spectra, indicating aliasing. (8)
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EC6303 SIGNALS & SYSTEMS
fx fx
Fig.2
Ans:
FT
Sampling theorem: Given x(t) X() , if X() 0 for m , and if s 2m ,
2
where sampling frequency s , T = Sampling interval, then x(t) is uniquely
Ts s
determined by its samples x(nTs ) where n 0, 1, 2, ….. ( s 2m ⇒
Nyquist rate.)
X (f )
fsX(0)
-fx 0 fx f f
fs fx
-fx 0 fx f f
(2fx) fs 2fx
Guardband
-fx 0 fx 2fx f f
overlap fs 2fx
⇒ alia sin g
-fx 0 fx f f
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1
X(t)e jtdt , or , x() 1 X(t)ejt dt
x() ∫
2 t ∫
2 t
FT
2 x() jt
∫X(t)e
dt , i.e., X(t) 2x() .
1
(ii) Find x(t) from X() , using the convolution property of FTs.
(1 j)2
1 1 , and, et u(t)
FT
X()
1
.
1 .
(1 j)2 1 j 1 j 1 j
FT
Convolution property of FTs ⇒ x(t) x1 (t)* x2 (t) X() X1 ()X2 () .
1 0t0
x(t) ∫ eu()e (t) u(t )d. ,
)
u()u(t
t 0.
0,
= t.et , t > 0
x(t) t etu(t) .
Q.53 Find the difference equation describing the system represented by the block-diagram
shown in Fig.3, where D stands for unit delay. (8)
Σ Σ
1
2
1
4
Fig.3
Ans:
Intermediate variable f(n) between the summers:
1 1
f (n) x(n 1) f (n 1) f (n 2)
2 4
y(n) 2x(n) f (n) , or, f (n) y(n) 2x(n)
f (n 1) y(n 1) 2x(n 1)
f (n 2) y(n 2) 2x(n 2)
1 1 1
y(n) y(n 1) y(n 2) 2x(n) 2x(n 1) x(n 2) .
2 4 2
Q.54 For the simple continuous-time RC frequently-selective filter shown in Fig.4, obtain the
frequency response H(ω). Sketch its magnitude and phase for -∞ < ω < ∞. (8)
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Fig.4
Ans:
dy(t) FT
KVL ⇒ x(t) RC y(t) X() RCjY() Y()
dt
Y() 1 1 .
or, H() X() 1 jCR
1 j
0
1
H()
2
1
0
1
arg H() tan
0
magnitude phase spectrum
spectrum 2
3 dB
0 ω
2
- ω0 0 ω0 ω
Q.55 Consider the signal x(t) etu(t) e2tu(t) . Express its Laplace Transform in the
N(s)
form: X(s) K. , K = system constant. Identify th region of convergence.
D(s)
Indicate poles and zeros in the s-plane. (8)
Ans:
L 1 1
x(t) e t u(t) e 2t u(t) X(s)
s1 s2
3
2s 3 s 2 N(s)
X(s) 1 K , K = 2.
(s 1)(s 2) s 2 3s 2 D(s)
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3
1 Zero ⇒ s .
2
2 Poles ⇒ s 1,2.
ROC ⇒ Re{s} 1.
Re{s} 2.
Common R oC is R e{s} 1.
Q.56 Given input x(n) and impulse response h(n), as shown in Fig.5, evaluate
y(n) x(n)* h(n) , using DTFTs. (8)
Fig.5
Ans:
DTFT
y(n) x(n)* h(n) Y(ej ).H(ej ) .
n 1 n 0 n 1 n 1 n 0 n 1
H e j e j 1 e j ; X e j ae j a ae j
DTFT
As (n n0 ) e jn o , y(n) = aδ(n+2) + 2aδ(n+1) + 3aδ(n) + 2aδ(n-1) + aδ(n-2).
y(n) = {a, 2a, 3a, 2a, a}
↑
n=0
Ans:
6 6 2 3
X e j .
e 5e j 6 e
j 2 j
3 e j
2 1 e j 1 e j
1
3
1
2
n n n n
1 1 1 1
x(1n) 2 u(n) 3 u(n) 2 3 u(n) .
3 2 3 2
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Q.58 State the initial-value and final-value theorems of Laplace Transforms. Compute the
L 3s 4
initial-value and final-values for x(t) X(s) , where x(s) . (8)
s(s 1)(s 2)2
Ans:
Initial-value theorem: If f(t) and its first derivative are Laplace transformable, then
the initial value of f(t) is: f (0 ) lim f (t) lim sF(s) .
t0 s
Final-value theorem: If f(t) and its first derivative are Laplace transformable, and
f(t) is not a periodic function, then the final value of f(t) is: lim f (t) lim sF(s) .
t s0
4
3
s
Initial value ⇒ x(0 ) s
lim sX(s) s
lim
1
1
s 220 .
s
Final value ⇒ lim x(t) lim sX(s) lim 3s 4 1.
t s0 s0 s 1s 2 2
Q.59 Find, by Laplace Transform method, the output y(t) of the system described by the
dy(t)
differential equation: 5y(t) x(t) where input x(t) 3e2tu(t) and the initial
dt
condition is y(0) = -2. (8)
Ans:
5y(t) 3e2tu(t),
dy(t)
y(0) = -2.
dt
L L 1
y(t) Y(s), u(t), e 2t .
s2
3
sY(s) y(0 ) 5Y(s) .
s2
3 2 A B
2 .
Y(s)
(s 2)(s 5) (s 5) s 2 s 5 s 5
1 3 3
= . A = s2 1
s 2 s 5 s5
y(t) e2t 3e5t u (t) B=
3
s 2
s5 1 .
Q.60 An LTI system is characterised by the difference equation: x(n – 2) – 9x(n – 1) + 18x(n)
= 0 with initial conditions x(-1) = 1 and x(-2) = 9. Find x(n) by using z-transform and
state the properties of z-transform used in your calculation. (8)
Ans:
x(n – 2) -9x(n – 1) + 18x(n) = 0
By using
z
n0 (n 0 1)
x(n n 0 ) z X(z) x(n 0 ) z 1x(n 0 1) z 2 x(n 0 2) z x(1)
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X(z) z1 z
1 1
12 1 .
Q.62 Explain the meaning of the following terms with respect to random variables/processes:
(i) Wide-sense stationary process.
(ii) Ergodic process.
(iii) White noise.
(iv) Cross power spectral density. (8)
Ans:
(i) Wide-sense stationary process.
For stationary processes, means and variances are independent of time, and
covariance depends only on the time-difference if in addition, the N-fold joint p.d.f.
depends on the time origin, such a random process is called wide- sense stationary
process.
(ii) Ergodic process.
Ergodic process is one in which time and ensemble averages are interchangeable.
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For ergodic processes, all time and ensemble averages are interchangeable, not just
the mean, variance and autocorrelation function.
(iii) White noise.
White noise is an idealised form of noise, the power spectral density of which is
independent of frequency. “White” is in parlance with white light that contains all
frequencies within the visible band of electromagnetic radiation..
(iv) Cross power spectral density.
Cross power spectral density of two stationary random processes is defined as the
FT of their cross-correlation function
FT
R xy () S xy (f ), where, R xy () E{X(t).Y(t )}.
x(n) e 3
e 8 e 24 e 24
1
Fundamental Frequency = .
24
t3
Q.65 A CT system is described by yt ∫ x d . Find if the system is time
invariant and stable. (6)
Ans:
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t
3
y(t) = ∫ x()d .
Let x(t) be shifted by t0 then the corresponding output yi(t) will be
t t
t
0
3 3
y0(t) = ∫ x()d
Hence the system is time-invariant.
If x(t) is bounded, output will be bounded. Hence the system is stable.
Q.66 Let xt be a real signal and xt x1 (t) x 2 (t) . Find a condition so that
∫ xt ∫ x t dt ∫ x2 t dt
2
dt
2 2
1 (6)
2
2
Ans: ∫ x t dt
∫
x1 t x 2 t dt
The term 2 ∫ x1 t x2 t dt will become zero if x1t is the even part and x 2t
∫ xt dt ∫ x1 t dt ∫ x2 t dt .
2 2 2
h1n
+
+
Fig. 1 h2 n h3 n
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Q.68 Given that yt xt ht , determine xat hat in terms of yt . If a is
real, for what values of a the system will be (i) causal, (ii) stable? (10)
Ans: y(t) = x(t)*h(t)
Thus, Y(s) = X(s)H(s)
Now x(at) has Laplace transform (1/a) X(s/a) . Similarly h(at) has Laplace
transform (1/a) H(s/a) . Thus
Laplace transform of x(at)*h(at) = (1/a2 )X(s/a) H(s/a)
= (1/a) (1/a) Y(s/a)
= Laplace transform of (1/a)y(at)
Assuming the original system to be causal and stable,
(i) to maintain only causality, a can take any value,
(ii) to maintain stability, a > 0.
t , 1 t 1
Ans: xt
0, 1t2
0 1
1 0 1
1 t2 t2 1
a0
T ∫ ∫
tdt tdt
T 2
2
T
1 0 1 0
1 0
1 1
ak
T
∫ x(t)e jk 0t
dt
T ∫ te jk 0t
∫
dt te jk0t dt
T 1 0
1
T1 e jk0 e jk 0 2 1 e jk 0 e jk2 0 2
jk k 2 jk k
0 0 0 0
1 2 jk 0
e jk 0 jk 0 e jk 0
T
e k 2 2 e 1
k 2j 2
2
0 0
2 sin k 0 cos k 0 1
T k 0 k 2 0 2
sin 2k / T cos 2k / T 1
T
k 2 2 k 2
1
a
0 T 3
3
sin 2k / 3 cos 2 k / 3 1
a 3
k T 3
k 2 2 k 2
Q.70 Determine Fourier series coefficients of the same signal xt as in Q69, but
now, assuming its period to be 6. What is the relationship between the
coefficients determined in Q69 & Q70? (6)
Ans:Let the period be T2 = 2T1 = 6. Following the above procedure, we get
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1 0 2 4 2
a02 T ∫ tdt tdt ∫ T
T 2a01
2 2 0 2 1
1 0 2
ak 2
T2 ∫ te
2
jk 0 t
∫
dt te jk 0 t dt
0
sin 4k / T2 cos 4k / T2 1
2 T
k 4 2 k 2
2
sin 2k / T1 cos 2k / T1 1
2 T
2a
k 2 2 2
k
k1 1
Thus the Fourier coefficients are doubled when the period is doubled. The
function with higher period will have all the harmonics present in the lower
period function as even harmonics.
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1
Transfer function H1 (z) = 1 az 1
H (z)
Impulse Response: h1(n) = 1 (n) a (n 1)
Difference equation: y(n) x(n) ax(n 1)
Q.74 Determine the autocorrelation of the sequence 1,1, 2, 3. (8)
Ans:x(n) = (1, 1, 2, 3)
x t
n
Q.76 A signal is sampled by p t
∑ t 2 . Determine and
t n
sketch the sampled signal and its Fourier transform. (8)
sin t
n
sampled by pt
Ans: x(t)
t ∑ t 2 . Thus, the sampled signal
n
is n
sin
x(n)
2
n
.
2
DTFT of x(n) is a pulse
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2,
X () 2
0, otherwise
Q.77 Determine the Fourier transforms of (8)
(i) x1 n sin n0 and (ii) x2 n (sin n0 )un
Ans: (i) x1 n sin n0
e j0 n e j0 n 1
2j
2j
e j0 n e j0 n
X () ( ) ( 0 )
1
0
2j
e j0 nu(n) e j0 n u(n)
(ii) x2 n (sin n0 )u(n)
2j
1 1 1
X ()
2 j 1 e j 0 e j 1 e j0 e j
1 1 1
e j
2j e j e j0 e j e j0
e j sin 0
1 e j2 2e
j
cos 0
1 sin 0
2 cos cos 0
s 4 3s 3 4s 2 5s 5
Q.78 Find the inverse Laplace transform of X s for all
s 2 3s 4
possible ROCs. (8)
s4 3s3 4s2 5s 5
Ans: H(s) =
s2 3s 4
5s 5 2 5s 5 3 2
= s2 = s = s 2 .
s 3s 4
2 (s 4)(s 1) s 4 s 1
d 2 (t)
h(t) 3e 4t u(t) 2et u(t), ROC 1
dt 2
d 2 (t)
h(t) 3e 4t u(t) 2et u(t), ROC 41
dt 2
d 2 (t)
h(t) 3e4t u(t) 2et u(t), ROC 4
dt 2
Q.79 Using Laplace transform, find the forced and natural responses of the system
d 2 yt 5 dyt 6 yt dxt 6xt
described by
Ans:Taking the unilateral Laplace transform of both sides of the given eqn,
we obtain
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z(z 1)
Ans: H (z)
(z a)(z b)
The poles are z = a, b.
(i) Causal: both a and b 1. Stable: both a and b < 1.
(ii) Unstable: both or either a or b 1. Non-causal: both or either a or b > 1.
Q.81 Determine the ROC of aX z bY z , given that
z 0.25z
X z , 0.5 z 1.5, Y z , z 0.5 .
z 0.5z 1.5 z 0.25z 0.5
For what relationship between a and b the ROC will be the largest? (8)
z
Ans:X(z) = , 0.5< z < 1.5
(z 0.5)(z 1.5)
0.25z
Y(z) = , z > 0.5
(z 0.25)(z 0.5)
z(a 0.25b) z 0.25a 0.375b
a 0.25b
aX(z) + bY(z) =
(z 0.5)(z 1.5)(z 0.25)
Since ROC is decided by the three poles, ROC of aX(z) + bY(z) is 0.5< z <
1.5. However, there is a possibility of cancellation of one of the poles by the
created zero. If the pole at 0.5 can be cancelled, then we shall have the ROC
given by 0.25 < |z| < 1.5 the maximum stretch. The condition is
0.25a 0.375b
0.5 , i.e., a = b.
a 0.25b
Q.82 Find whether the function y(t) = x(t).cos(100πt) represent a Linear, Causal,
time invariant system. (8)
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Q.83 Find the even and odd parts of the following functions (4)
(i) f t t sin t (ii) f t a a t a t 2
0 1 2
Ans:
f (t)
o
1
f (t) f (t) f (t)
e
f (t) f (t)
1
2 , 2
(i) f t t sin t
f (t) t sin t (t) sin(t) 0
1
o
Here 2
f (t)
1
t sin t (t) sin(t)
t sin t
e
2
1
Here 2
f (t)
e
1
a a (t) a t a a (t) a
1 2
2
1 2
(t) 2 a 0
at2
2
2
Q.84 Find the average power of the signal xt e5t 1ut . (4)
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Q.85 Find the Fourier Series of the following periodic wave form and hence draw
the spectrum. (8)
f (t) A cos t,
Ans:The function 4 2 t 2 has even symmetry.
T1 ∫
T
1 2
jn t
4∫
A cos t e 2
dt
2
4
j t j t
e e
2 4
A 4 jn t
4∫
e 2
dt
2
2
2 2
jt 12n
j t 12n
4
A e 4 e
8
j
1 2n j 1 2n
4 2 4 2
sin (1 2n) sin 2 (1 2n)
A 2
1 2n 1 2n
2A
F F1
2A
F2
8A
0
, 3 , 15
Q.86 Find the trigonometric Fourier series of the following wave form. (8)
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0.5
8V ∫1. dt
2n 0 0
2n
2 n 0 2n.2n 0
2V
cosn 0
n
Now
2V
f (t) ∑ bn sin 2nt ∑ cos n.sin 2nt
1 1
2V 1 1
sin 2t sin 4t sin 6t
....
2 3
Q.87 Define signum and unit step functions? Find the Fourier transforms of
these functions. (8)
Ans:Signum function
1, t0
Sgm(t) t0
1,
F ( ) Lta0 ∫ e
a t
Sgm(t)e jt dt
FT [Sgm]
0
Lta0 ∫e
( a j )t
dt ∫ e( a j)t dt
0
1
1 2
j j j
2
F ()
Unit Step Function
1 t 0
u(t)
0 t 0
Since Sgn (t) = 2u(t) 1 ,
sgn(t) 1
1
u(t) 2
1 2 1
FT of u(t) 2 () ()
2 j j
Q.88 Determine the Fourier transform a two-sided exponential function
xt e t and draw its magnitude spectrum. (8)
t
Ans: f (t) e
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0
F ( )
∫e e jt dt ∫ e(1 j )t 0∫ e (1 j )t dt
t
1 1 2
1 j 1 j 1 2
F ( ) 2
1 2
Ans:
N 1
X (k) ∑ x(n)e
n 0
j2 nk / N
,
k 0,1,..., N 1
(i)
N 1
∑a e
n0
n j 2nk / N
,
N 1
∑ ae j 2nk / N n
j 2k / N
1 ae j 2k / N N
n0 1 ae
1aN
j 2 k / N
,
1
ae k 0,1,.... , N 1
(ii) N 4
3
x(n) cos 0, cos , cos , cos
4 2 4
= 1, 0707, 0, -0,707
N 1
X (k )
∑ x(n)e
n0
j 2nk / N
,
k 0,1,..., N 1
3
=∑
x(n)e j 2nk / N , k 0,1, 2, 3
n0
N 1 N,k0
X 1 (k) X 2 (k ) ∑W N
nK
0 0therwise
Ans: (i) n0
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N2, k0
X 3 (k) X 1 (k) X 2 (k ) 0, elsewhere
x3 (n) N , 0 n N 1
(ii) a) X (k ) DFT (n) 1
b) Since x[n no ] e
jn o
X ( j ), we get
DFT (n n0 e
jm o
sin x
x
Ans: Sa x
(i) This function will have frequency response a rectangular pulse with
100 100
fm , f s 2 fm
maximum frequency 2 Hz
(ii) The sin2(2ft) = (1-cos 4ft)/2, the maximum frequency will be 2f.
100 200
f m , f s 2 fm
Hz
500
fm ,
(iii) 2 f s 2 fm 500 Hz
sin t sin 2t
sinc t . 10
(iv) t Thus 10 sinc(2t) = 2t . Its frequency response will
be a rectangular pulse X ( f ) such that the maximum frequency fm 1 Hz.
Hence sampling frequency f s 2 fm 2 Hz.
Q.92 Define ideal low pass filter and show that it is non-causal by finding its
impulse response. (8)
Ans:
e j 2 ft 0 ,B f B
H(f)
0, f B
B
e j 2f (t t0 ) B
h(t) B ∫ e j 2f (t t0 )
df j2f (t t ) B
B 0
1
e j 2 B(t t 0 ) e j 2 B(t t0 )
j2 (t t0 )
sin 2B(t t0 )
2B 2BSinc2B(t t )
2B(t t0 )
0
Q.93 Obtain the Laplace transform of the square wave shown. (8)
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Ans:
2T 4T (n2)T
2T
2sT 4sT nsT st
1 e2sT s
0.5 1 e sT
sT
s 1e
Ans:
s2 sa a b
1 s
(i) £ s a 2 b 2 (s a) 2 b 2 b (s a) 2 b 2
d a
f (t) f (0 ) f (t) e at cos bt e at
sin bt u(t)
= dt where b
a2
be at
sin bt ae at cos bt ae at cos bt eat sin bt (t) u(t)
b
=
a2
sin bt 2a cos bt b sin tbt e at u(t) (t)
b
s1
(ii) F (s) ln s 2 ln (s 1) ln (s 2)
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dF 1 1
ds s 1 s 2
dF
e t e 2t u(t)
ds
Hence,
1
F (s) 1 1 dF
£ t£ ds
1 t
e e 2t u(t)
= t
Q.95 Obtain the z transforms and hence the regions of convergence of the
following sequences.
(i) xn un un 10 2 n (ii) xn cos π n u n (8)
n0 2z 2z , ROC is 2
jn jn
e e
x(n) cosnu(n) u(n)
2
(ii)
9
1
j 1 n
jn n n 1 n
9 1
jn
∑e ∑ ez ∑ e
j
Z x(n)
2 n0
z ∑
n0
e z
2 n0 n0
z
1 1 1
2 1 e j z 1 1 e j z 1
1 1 1 z
2 1 z 1 1 z 1 z 1 , z1
ROC is
Ans:
Since y(n) 0.1y(n 1) 0.02(n 2) 2x(n) x(n 1) ,
Y(z) 0.1 Y(1) z 1Y(z) 0.02 Y(2) z 1 Y(1) z 2 Y(z)
2X(z) z1X(z)
Substituting the initial values and rearranging, we get
Y (z) 1 0.1z 1 0.02z 2 1 0.4 0.2z 1
2z 1
z 1 z 1
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Similarly
2 z 2 z
Y (z)
3 (z 0.2) 3 (z 0.1)
2
z z
Y3 (z) 0.4 0.2
(z 0.2) (z 0.1)
Thus,
1.13z 0.56z 0.83z
Y (z)
(z 1) (z 0.2) (z 0.1)
Hence
y(n) 1.13 0.560.2 0.830.1 u (n)
n n
Q.97 A continuous random variable has a pdf f x Kx2ex ; x 0 . Find K, and
mean and variance of the random variable. (8)
Ans:
By the property of PDF
∫ Kx
0
e x dx 1
2
Or, 2K = 1 K ½
Mean value of x is
E(x) ∫ xf (x)dx ∫ xKx 2 e x dx 0.5∫ x3e x dx 3
0
Rx 0
Now
E(x 2 ) ∫x 2
f (x)dx ∫ 0
x 2 Kx 2 e x dx 0.5 ∫ 0
x 4 e x dx 12
Rx
Variance of x is
V ( x) E( x 2 ) E(x) = 12 - 9 = 3.
2
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magnitude A. (8)
Ans:
(i) g(t) e atu(t)
R g ( ) ∫
g(t)g(t )dt
e a
∫
e ate a(t ) u(t)dt ea ∫0
e 2at dt
2a
t
g (t) A T
(ii)
Π
R g ( ) ∫
g(t)g(t )dt
=
R g ( )
For
T
T
dt A2 (T )
∫A
2
R g ( )
=
For
T
= ∫T
R g ( ) g(t)g(t )dt 0, = T
A 2 (T ), T
0 T.
Q.99 Find the Fourier series of the following periodic impulse train. (8)
Ans:
T0 / 2 I
A0
1 (t)dt
T0 T0∫T0 / 2
2I 2nt dt 2I
T0 / 2
An ∫ (t) cos
T0 T0 / 2 T0 T0
2I T0 / 2 2nt
Bn (t) sin T dt 0
T0 ∫T0 / 2 0
I 2I 2nt I 2nt
x(t)
T
∑cos T T ∑ e T0
T0 0 n1 0 0 n
Q.100 The Magnitude and phase of the Fourier Transform of a signal x(t) are
shown in the following figure. Find the signal x(t).
Ans:
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X ( j) , W W
/ 2, 0
and ( j ) X ( j)
/ 2, 0
e , j / 2 W0
Thus X ( j) j / 2
e , 0W
x(t) F 1 X ( j )
1
∫ X ( j )e jt d
2
1
∫ e d ∫ e j / 2 e jt d
0 W
j / 2 jt
e
2 W 0
1 W W jt )
∫ e j ( / 2t ) d ∫ e j ( / 2 d
2 0 0
0 0
21 0 1 2 Wt W 2t 2 Wt
1 cosWt 2 sin sinc
t t 2 2 2 2
Q.101 Find the Discrete Time Fourier Transforms of the following signals and draw
its spectra. (8)
(i) x1n a a1
n
2
(ii) x n cos n where .
2 0 0
5
Ans:
(i) x(n) a n , a 1
1
∑a
X e j n
e j n ∑a n
e j n ∑a n
e j n ∑ ae ∑ ae
j
n
j
n
1ae 1 ae
(ii) x(n) cos n e
1 j 0 n
e j0n
2
0
2 2
X (e )
j
5
∑ 2l 2l
5
∑
l l
2 2
,
5 5
Q.102 The frequency response for a causal and stable continuous time LTI system
1 j
is expressed as H j . (8)
1 j
(i) Determine the magnitude of H j
(ii) Find phase response of H j
(iii) Find Group delay.
Ans:
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EC6303 SIGNALS & SYSTEMS
Ans:
Since h(n) 0 for n 0, the system is causal.
Now
k 1
, 1.
k
∑ h(k ) ∑
k k
u(n) ∑
k 0
1
Thus the system is stable if 1.
Q.105 Check for Causality, Linearity of the following signals. (8)
(i) yt x t
(ii) yt x t 2
n
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1 s
x(t) 3s 1 s 3s
.
4 s 92
s 3
2
4 s2
81 2
s 9 2 2
(ii) d x(t)
d t sin ata 2as
£ x(t) £ (sin at) .
ds ds s 2 a 2 (s 2 a 2 ) 2
2 1
The transfer function of the system is given by H s
Q.107 s 3 s 2
Determine the impulse responses if the system is (i) stable (ii) causal. State
whether the system will be stable and causal simultaneously. (10)
2z 7z 3
1 1
if the ROCs are (i) z 3 , (ii) z , (iii) z 3
2 2
z2
Ans: X (z)
2z 7z 3
2
X (z) z 2 z 2 2/3 1 1/ 3
z 2z
z 7z 3 2z z 0.5)(z 3
2
z z 0.5 z 3
2 z (1/ 3)z
Or X (z) , poles are p 0.5, p 32
3 z 0.5 z 3 1
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EC6303 SIGNALS & SYSTEMS
3 1
yn yn 1
yn 2 xn
4 8
where xnand yn are the input and output of the system, respectively.
(i) Determine the H(z) for causal system function
(ii) Find the impulse response h(n) of the system
(iii) Find the step response of the system (8)
Ans:
3 1
i) Y (z) z 1Y (z) z 2Y (z) X (z)
4 8
z2 1
H (z) Y (z)
3 1 1 2
1 ,z .
X (z) 1 z z 1 1 2
z z
4 8 2 4
H (z) z 2 1
(ii) z1 z1
z 1 1
z z
2 4 2 4
n
1 n 1
h(n) 2 u(n)
2 4
z
(iii) Here X (z) ,z1
z 1
Y (z) X (z)H (z) z3 ,z1
1 1
(z 1)(z )(z )
2 4
8 z z 1 z , z 1
2
3z1 1 3 1
z z
n
2 4
8 1 n 1 1
y(n) 2 u(n)
3 2 3 4
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x
3
Q.111 Discuss the properties of Gaussian PDF. (6)
Ans:
Property 1: The peak value occurs at x m, i.e., mean value
1
f x (x) at x m (mean)
2
Property 2: Plot of Gaussian PDF exhibits even symmetry around mean value,
i.e.,
f x (m ) f x (m )
Property 3: The mean under PDF is 1/ 2 for all values of x below mean
value and ½ for all values of above mean value, i.e.,
1
P( X m) P( X m)
2
Q.112 A stationary random variable x(t) has the following autocorrelation
function
R x τ 2 e where 2 , are constants. R xt is passed through a
Ans: (i) S X ( ) FTRX (t) ∫ RX ( )e j d
2 2
2e e jd
∫ 2 2
H ( ) FTh( ) e u( )e j d
(ii) ∫
j
2
2 2
2 SX ()
Sy ( ) H ( ) SX () 2 2 2 2
j
Q.113 Determine the convolution of the following two continuous time functions.
xt e at u t , a 0 and ht ut (8)
Ans:
t
y(t) h(t) * u(t) ∫
x( )h(t )d ∫
e a u( )u(t )d ∫e o
a
d
1
e 1 1 1 e .
a at
a 0 a
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n
2
N N
1 1
P lt N
2N ∑ x n lt
2
N
2N n N ∑ u n1. 2
n N
T T
∫ e dt ∫ e dt e
3t 2 1 6t 6T
(ii) E e 6T =
T T 6
P Lt
T
1
E Lt
T
1
e 6T
e6T
2T 12T
Ans:
1 jt 1
1 1 jt
Since 0 E , x(t) is an energy signal.
cos tdt
T / 2
1 T / o2
cos2 t dt Lt
2 4
Lt 1 To / 2
∫
o
T
To
o T
To ∫ o
To / 2 To / 2
1 1
To / 2
3
LtT
T ∫
o To / 2
8
3 4 cos 2ot cos o t dt
8
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Q.118 Find the convolution of two rectangular pulse signals shown below. (10)
Ans:
For t 4 and t 10 the output is 0.
t
Given the Gaussian pulse x(t) e t , determine its Fourier transform.
2
Q 119 (8)
Ans:
∫ ∫ ∫
jt )
X ( )
2 2
x(t)e jt dt e t e jt dt e (t dt
2
j
2
Expressing t2 jt t ,
2 4
we have
2 2
2 j 2 j
t t
X () ∫ e 2 e 4 dt e 4 e 2 dt
∫
j
Let u t ,
2
2 2
2
X () e 4
2
e u du e 4
e f
2 2
∫
Then
2
0
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Ans:
Here T 1sec, o 2 ,
10
x(t) t 10t
T
T 1
1 jnot
Cn
T0 ∫ x(t)e dt ∫10te jn 2t dt 0
te ∫e j 2nt 1
dt 1 j 2nt
10 j2n j2n
0 0
e j 2nt
1
j 2nt
10 e 2 2
j2n 4 n 0
5
j
n 5
j 2nt j 2nt
Now x(t) ∑ Cn e ∑ j e ;
nn 0
n n
tan1 2
n
n0
2
Ans:
x(n) X (e j )
n o
(i) Time shfting: x(n no ) e j X (e j )
Frequency shifting: e jon x(n) X (e j ( o ) )
(ii) x * (n) X * (e j )
X (e ) X * (e j ) ,
j
x(n) real
Even x(n) Re X (e j )
Odd x(n) j Im X (e ) j
Consider a stable causal LTI system whose input xn and output yn are related
through second order difference3 equation 1
yn yn 1 yn 2 2xn.
4 8 n
1
Determine the response for the given input xn un (10)
4
Ans:
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3 1 n
y(n) y(n 1) y(n 2) 2x(n) 1 u(n)
2
4 8 4
Taking DTFT on both sides
3 1 2
Y (e j ) e j Y (e j ) e 2 j Y (e j )
4 8 1 j
1 e
4
Y (e j ) 2
3 j 1 2 j 1 j
1 e e 1 e
4 8 4
2
1 j 1 j 1 j
1 e 1 e 1 e
2 4 4
2
2
1 j 1 j
1
e 1 e
2 4
8 4 2
1 1
1 j 1 j 1 j 2
e e
2 4 1 e
Taking inverse DFT 4
n n n
y(n) 1 u(n) 1 u(n) 2(n 1 u(n)
8 4 1)
2 4 4
State and prove Parseval’s theorem for continuous time periodic signal. (8)
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Ans:
Parseval’s theorem: The Parseval’s theorem states that the energy in the time-domain
representation of a signal is equal to the energy in the frequency domain representation
normalized by 2π.
Proof:
The energy in a continuous time non-periodic signal is
2
E∫ x(t) dt.
1
x *(t) ∫
X *( j )e jt d .
1 2
Hence, E x(t) X *( j )e jtd dt
∫
2 ∫
1 A cos
B
H (e j )
1 A2 2 A cos
and
j A sin
angle H (e ) Angle B tan 1 .
1 A cos
Ans:
X () x(t)e jt dt
Fourier transform of x(t) is ∫
Thus Fourier transform of u(t) is
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1
X ( ) ∫ u(t)e jt dt ∫ e jt dt .
0 j
By using convolution theorem determine the inverse Laplace transform of the following
functions. (8)
1 1
(i) (ii)
s2 s 1
2 2 2
s s a
Ans:
1
(i) F (s) F (s)F (s)
s (s a )
2 2 2 1 2
1 1
where F1 (s) 2 and F2 (s)
s s a2
2
f (t) sinhat
1
Thus f1 (t) t and 2
a
t
0
t
sinha d
1
(t )
∫ a
0
1
sinh at 1
a3
1
(ii) F (s) F (s)F (s)
1 2
s 2 (s 1)
1 1
where F1 (s) 2 and F2 (s)
s (s 1)
Thus f1 (t) t and f 2(t) e t
t
0
t t t
∫ (t )e d ∫ te d ∫ e d (te t t) (te t e t 1) t e t 1
0 0 0
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EC6303 SIGNALS & SYSTEMS
4 1
h (t) e 2t u(t) e3t u(t), 2
3
5 5
Note that the response h1(t) is unstable and causal, h2(t) is stable and non-causal, h3(t)
is stable and non-causal. Thus, the system cannot be both stable and causal
simultaneously.
Find the z -Transform X z and sketch the pole-zero with the ROC for each of the
following sequences. n n (8)
1 1
(i) xn un un
2 n 3 n
1 1
(ii) xn u n u n 1
3 2
Ans:
1 n 1 n
x(n) u(n) u(n)
(i)
2 3
n z 1
1 u(n) , Z
1
2 z 2
n z2 1
1 u(n) , z
3 1 3
z
3
5
2z z
X (z)
z z 12 1
Thus, 1 1 , Z
z z z
1
z
1 2
2 3 2 3
1 n 1 n
x(n) u(n) u(n 1)
(ii)
3 2
z 1
u(n) , z
n
1
3 1 3
z
3
z 1
u(n 1) z
n
1 ,
2 1 2
z
2
z z 1 z 1 1
X (z) z 1 z 1 6 1 1
,
3
z
2
z z
3 2 2 3
x z
z
Determine the inverse z transform of if the regions of
3z 2 4z 1
1 1
convergence re (i) z 1, (ii) z , (iii) z 1, (8)
3 3
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Ans:
F (z) X z z 1 2
1 z z
1
3z 4z 1 2 z 1 z
3
(i) ROC is z 1
1n u(n)
1 1 n 1 1 n
x(n) u(n) 1 u(n)
2 3 2 3
1
(ii) ROC is z
3 1
n 1 n
x(n) 1 u(n 1)
2 3
1
(iii) ROC is z1
3
1
n 1 n 1 1 n
x(n) 1 u(n 1) u(n)
u(n 1) u(n)
2 3 2 3
b x
Consider the probability density function f X x ae , where X is a random
variable whose allowable value range from x to x . Find
(i) Cumulative distribution function FX x.
(ii) Relationship between a and b.
(iii) P1 X 2 assume b 6 (8)
Determine mean, mean square and Variance.
Ans:
(i) f x(x) ae b x
f (x) ae bx , x0
f x (x) 1
f 2 (x) ae
, 0 x bx
bx a bx x
F (x) ae dx e , x 0
x1
b∫
x a
Fx 2 (x) ae dx b 1 ebx , x 0
bx
∫
0
a bx
e , x0
Thus, F (x) b
x
a1 ebx ,
x0
b
0
(ii) Now ∫
aebx dx ∫
0
ae bx dx 1
a a
1 2a b 6 (given) a 3
b b
(iii) P1 X 2 3e6x dx 0.5e6 e6 1 .
2
∫ 1
3e6 x x0
Now f x (x) 6x
3e x0
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0
Mean = E(x) ∫ x3e 6 x dx ∫ x3e 6 x dx 0
Variance of X = 2 E x 2 E x 2 3
0 0 1
∫ x e dx
2 6x
∫ x 2 e 6 x dx 0
0 18
Find the power spectral density for the cosine signal also xt 8cos2 3t 3 and
compute power in the signal. (8)
Ans:
Autocorrelation function of x(t)
T/2
1
R() LtT
T ∫ x(t)x(t )dt
T / 2
/2
1
Lt
T
T ∫8 cos6t / 38cos6 (t ) / 3dt
/ 2
Lt 32
cos12t 6 2 / 3 cos 6dt
T/2
T
T T∫/ 2
0 32 cos 6 = 32 cos 6
PSD FR( ) F32 cos 6 32 2 6
Power in the signal is R(0) 32 cos 6 0 32 W
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