ECT Level 1

NDT TESTMAKER - MATERIALS RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 1
When testing a tube with an encircling coil and the relative permeability gradually increases along the tube from 1 to 2, what would you
expect to happen?
a) eddy current phase on the inside wall would change

b) eddy current density on the inside wall would decrease
c) sensitivity to inside diameter changes would decrease
d) all of the above
Question: 2
An increase in electrical conductivity is the same as
a) an increase in electrical resistance

b) a decrease in electrical resistance
c) a decrease in electrical resistivity
d) none of the above
Question: 3
Compared to conductive wires, insulators are considered to have
a) very high resistance

b) very low resistance
c) about the same resistance
d) high conductance
Question: 4
Eddy current testing requires that the material tested be
a) magnetic
b) non-magnetic
c) conductive
d) both b and c
Question: 5
The ratio of magnetic flux (B) to the magnetizing force (H) is
a) magnetic permeability
b) relative magnetic permeability
c) dimensionless
d) both b and c
Question: 6
The eddy current test system is often modelled as a transformer. The probe would represent the ___________ of the transformer.
a) primary winding
b) secondary winding
c) insulator plates
d) load
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 1
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 7
The location where magnetic lines of flux are considered to enter a magnet is
a) the north pole of the magnet

b) the south pole of the magnet
c) dependent on the position of the sun
d) called domain centre
Question: 8
In the absence of a test piece the operating point for an encircling coil in a system used for testing ferromagnetic bars is where relative to if
it was used to test nonferromagnetic bars?
a) at a point with greater real component

b) at a point with greater imaginary component
c) both real and imaginary positions would be greater
d) the operating point would be the same
Question: 9
What is the lowest test frequency with which a Hall effect detector can be used?
a) 100 kHz
b) 100 Hz
c) 25 Hz
d) DC
Question: 10
Encoders are often used on automated EC inspection systems. What is their function?
a) monitor probe degradation

b) monitor probe position
c) defect analysis
d) surge protection for motors and EC instrumentation
Question: 11
Which of the following most accurately describes the orientation of the standard single coil probe used for general purpose internal eddy
current tests of heat exchanger tubing?
a) internal axial coil

b) I.D. coil
c) bobbin coil
d) inside coil
Question: 12
AC magnetic fields of a test coil on a metal foil decrease with increasing distance from the coil due to
a) geometrical increases of magnetic intensity with increasing lift-off

b) geometrical decreases of magnetic intensity with increasing lift-off
c) skin effect
d) both b and c
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 2
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 13
The axis of a surface probe is
a) parallel to the test surface

b) perpendicular to the test surface
c) used for calibrating lift-off
Question: 14
The results of a slight decrease in fill factor will be
a) small decrease in near surface defect sensitivity

b) large decrease in signal amplitudes
c) both a and b
d) none of the above, small fill factor changes are not significant
Question: 15
In through transmission testing of sheet products, maximum sensitivity to conductivity and thickness changes occurs under what
condition?
a) maximum coil spacing

b) minimum coil diameter to sheet thickness ratio
c) maximum coil diameter to sheet thickness ratio
d) maximum interruption of eddy currents
Question: 16
Given a coil with 2 ohms resistance and 20µh inductance what is the coil impedance?
a) 1.59 ohms
b) 2.55 ohms
c) 6.5 ohms
d) 12.1 ohms
Question: 17
Eddy current mixing is the basis of the __________ eddy current method.
a) multifrequency
b) remote field
c) pulsed
d) low frequency
Question: 18
In remote field eddy current inspections the detector probe is located about how far from the exciter coil?
a) as near as possible (within a couple of millimeters)

b) half a pipe diameter
c) 2 to 3 pipe diameters
d) 5 to 10 pipe diameters
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 3
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 19
Given f/fg ratios and fill factors are all equal, which of the following would give a different response from a longitudinal crack 0.5cm deep in
a 10cm diameter aluminium bar?
a) a longitudinal crack 0.0005 cm deep in 0.01 cm diameter steel wire

b) a longitudinal crack 0.005 cm deep in 0.1 cm diameter tungsten wire
c) a longitudinal crack 0.05 cm deep in 1 cm diameter copper rod
d) none of the above (all give the same signal)
Question: 20
Critical to the principles of eddy current testing is the understanding that
a) all materials conduct electricity

b) all current flow has associated with it a magnetic field
c) only ferro electric materials conduct eddy currents
d) copper wire is used for all probe coils
Question: 21
The primary functions of the phase shift control on a general purpose eddy current instrument is to
a) permit better discrimination between probe wobble and genuine parameter variations
b) act as a signal filter
c) eliminate support plate signals in heat exchanger inspections
d) eliminate the effect of temperature drift
Question: 22
Crack detection by eddy current methods are performed on what components in the automotive industry?
a) axle shafts and transmission shafts

b) nuts, bolts and ball joint studs
c) aluminium castings
d) all of the above
Question: 23
Probe-cable resonance is a factor to consider when operating
a) at high test frequencies

b) with long probe cables
c) both a and b
d) in noisy environments
Question: 24
Oxygen embrittlement on titanium surfaces is called alpha-case depth of this case is determined by high frequency eddy currents (1MHz
to 6MHz). Why are such high frequencies used?
a) to ensure sufficient sensitivity to reliably indicate depth

b) due to the low conductivity of the oxide
c) it eliminates noise problems from fluorescent lights
d) to compensate for the lift-off caused by the none conductive layer
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 4
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 25
When testing metallic sheet using the through transmission technique, which quantity will not have an effect on the output signal if
changed?
a) coil separation (between primary and secondary coils)

b) proximity of sheet to receive coil
c) thickness of the metal sheet
d) permeability of the metal sheet
Question: 26
The primary purpose of multifrequency eddy current testing is
a) defect sizing
b) elimination of non-defect signals
c) to increase instrument frequency response
d) to provide logarithmic amplification to avoid saturating signals
Question: 27
To change radian units, often used in phase measurements in electric problems, to degrees you multiply by
a) 0.707
b) 1.414
c) 57
d) t²/2
Question: 28
Generally speaking, sensitivity to a given defect will increase under which of the following conditions?
a) increased lift-off
b) increased depth to defect
c) increased operating frequency
d) increase probe diameter
Question: 29
A sample of pure magnesium and another of an aluminium alloy have identical resistivities. How is this possible?
a) alloy content can reduce conductivity

b) heat treatment can change conductivity
c) a combination of a and b
d) it is not possible for 2 metals of different composition to have the same resistivity
Question: 30
Which is not a method used to gauge depth of a defect?
a) pattern recognition
b) amplitude
c) phase angle
d) none of the above are depth gauging methods
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 5
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 31
Thin oxide layers usually occur on aluminium plate. These do not normally interfere with resistivity determination provided
a) frequency used is high enough

b) the instrument has lift-off compensation
c) the through transmission technique is used
d) the coil probe is made using aluminium wire
Question: 32
Electric current can be induced in a secondary circuit by
a) moving a magnet past it

b) moving current carrying inductor past it
c) moving the secondary circuit past a magnet or current carrying conductor
d) all of the above
Question: 33
Flaw depth determination by eddy current is made possible by which parameter?
a) resistivity
b) phase lag
c) magnetic permeability
d) material density
Question: 34
When testing a ferromagnetic bar with an encircling coil the signal magnitude decreases by ___________ when the fill factor is reduced by
50%.
a) 25%
b) 50%
c) 66%
d) 75%
Question: 35
Another term for the annular coil is the
a) bobbin coil
b) absolute coil
c) encircling coil
d) comparator coil
Question: 36
In eddy current testing, any information available about the test part is transferred to the test coil via
a) electro-chemical bonds
b) mechanical waves
c) the surrounding magnetic fields
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 6
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 37
The instrument setting that causes the instrument to register changes in response greater or less than a specified amplitude is the
a) threshold level
b) gain
c) time gate
d) reference level
Question: 38
Test frequency ratio for thick wall nonmagnetic tubes to obtain maximum sensitivity to all variables is
a) 0.1
b) 1.0
c) 10
d) more than that used in thin wall tubing
Question: 39
In the simple analogy of the eddy current test setup as an air core transformer, how many "turns" is the test piece represented by?
a) 0
b) 1
c) the same number an in the probe
d) any number more than the probe
Question: 40
Which of the following is not a material test variable to consider when making resistivity readings?
a) edge effect
b) curvature of surface
c) instrument lift-off compensation
d) temperature
Question: 41
Given a coil with 20 ohms resistance and 60 microhenries inductance and operated at 50kHz, when brought next to an inconel sample the
impedance is 37.5 ohms of which the total resistance is 29.3 ohms, what is the resistive load of the sample?
a) 9.3 ohms
b) 26.3 ohms
c) 66.8 ohms
d) not possible to determine with information given
Question: 42
What is the total impedance of a probe/sample circuit if the voltage drop across the probe is 5V and the probe has 200mA current flowing
in it?
a) 0.125 ohms
b) 2.5 ohms
c) 25 ohms
d) 125 ohms
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 7
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 43
The main difference between general purpose impedance ECT instruments and general purpose send-receive ECT instruments is
a) size
b) response time
c) maximum frequency of operation
d) balancing method
Question: 44
Effective coil distance as used in testing sheet with a single coil probe is
a) a constant
b) a function of specimen conductivity
c) a function of specimen thickness
d) both b and c
Question: 45
IACS stands for the
a) International Annealed Copper Standard

b) International Association for Conductivity Studies
c) Industrial Accident Commission of Safety
d) Inspection Acceptance Criteria and Standards
Question: 46
The opposing EMF sensed by an eddy current probe originates from
a) resistance in the test material

b) the magnetic field associated with the induced eddy currents
c) resistivity of the probe coil windings
d) the metaphysical ether
Question: 47
The simplified impedance graph represented by the simple semi-circle allows for a qualitative analysis of parameters but does not allow for
a) skin depth
b) phase lag
d) all of the above
Question: 48
The occurrence of probe-cable resonance can be noticed by the operator when
a) a probe and cable which balanced at a low frequency will not balance as frequency is increased
b) the probe begins to feel warm
c) a strange ringing sound is emitted off the probe
d) both b and c occur
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 8
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 49
Calibration standards for tube testing use
a) drilled holes and EDM notches

b) axial and circumferential machined grooves
c) actual defects
d) any of the above can be used
Question: 50
The gap between two plates of aluminium is determined by eddy current test because
a) of electrical short circuiting for small gaps

b) eddy currents can be induced in the far plate
c) magnetic waves bounce off the far plate and reinduce eddy currents in the first plate
d) none of the above, eddy currents cannot be used to check gap between plates
Question: 51
Given a probe operating next to a sample with a total measured impedance of 25 ohms, if current flow in the probe is measured as 20mA,
what is the voltage in the probe?
a) 0.125 V
b) 5V
c) 50 V
d) 125 V
Question: 52
Multifrequency techniques are not as effective for ID crack detection as they are for OD crack detection with internal axial probes because
a) they overlap with ID variations and probe wobble

b) low frequency effects are easier to cancel electronically
c) high frequency effects are easier to cancel electronically
d) OD crack signals give bigger amplitude signals
Question: 53
The graphical presentation of locus points indicating variations in the impedance of a test coil as a function of test parameters is a(n)
a) Lissajous figure
b) Cartesian graph
c) impedance plane diagram
d) polar graph
Question: 54
An advantage of testing sheet and foil materials using a forked coil system (through-transmission technique) is the insensitivity to
a) sheet position between the coils

b) sheet thickness variations
c) conductivity variations
d) permeability variations
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 9
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 55
Vectorial addition of eddy current signals is useful for
a) defect sizing
b) analysis of signals under baffle plates
c) reducing probe wobble
d) increasing signal to noise ratio
Question: 56
What is the "coupling" mechanism used in eddy current testing between part and probe?
a) air
b) electrons
c) magnetic fields
d) none of the above, there is no coupling
Question: 57
Additions of small amounts of alloying metals to pure metals result in
a) increasing conductivity
b) decreasing conductivity
c) increasing conductivity only if the alloying metal is more conductive
d) increasing conductivity only if the alloying metal is less conductive than the base metal
Question: 58
Which of the following variations would not be considered a surface probe?
a) encircling probe
b) spinning probe
c) pencil probe
d) pancake probe
Question: 59
Eddy current coils are sensitive to
a) lift-off
b) fill factor
c) temperature
d) any variation that affects conductivity or permeability
Question: 60
When eddy current signals are divided into quadrature components for recording onto strip charts (eg. X and Y components), all wall loss
will have
a) equal X amplitudes
b) some Y component
c) the same phase
d) X components without Y components
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 10
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 61
In a simple meter-crack detector used in eddy current testing, the probe coil is
a) always wrapped counter clockwise

b) connected directly across the meter
c) one arm of the bridge circuit
d) two adjacent arms of the bridge circuit
Question: 62
When is the standard depth of penetration used instead of the effective depth of penetration (usually taken to be 3 times the standard
depth of penetration)?
a) when it is required to detect anomalies in a second layer

b) to improve near surface resolution
c) to improve sensitivity
d) both b and c
Question: 63
In tube testing, fill factor is equivalent to
a) normalized resistance
b) the characteristic parameter
c) lift-off
d) phase angle
Question: 64
Amplitude of current or voltage in an AC circuit is usually displayed as a sinusoidal wave. The horizontal displacement is usually in units of
time or
a) volts
b) amperes
c) radians
d) normalized resistance
Question: 65
Encircling coil probes would be most likely used to test
a) sheet metal plates

b) aluminium ingots
c) tubes and rods
d) rivet holes
Question: 66
The Weber (Wb) is the unit of
a) magnetic flux
b) magnetic flux density
c) eddy current intensity
d) the Hall effect
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 11
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 67
A CRT used to display changes in input signal amplitude and phase would be called a
a) P-meter
b) D-meter
c) phasorscope
d) phasamplifier
Question: 68
When performing sorting tests using an absolute encircling coil, what is required in way of standards?
a) one magnetic and one nonmagnetic sample

b) one acceptable sample and one unacceptable sample
c) one sample traceable to national standards
d) no standards are required
Question: 69
A mixture of two or more metals melted or fused together to form a new metal is termed a(n)
a) weld
b) alloy
c) agglomerate
d) composite
Question: 70
What is the form of the magnetization in a rod tested by an eddy current encircling probe?
a) circular
b) longitudinal
c) "parallel"
d) semi-circular
Question: 71
Which of the following is use solely as a reference to identify particular electromagnetic characteristics of a test object?
a) limit frequency
b) phase angle
d) resistivity
Question: 72
When using Hall detectors in eddy current probes, generation of eddy currents is by
a) the reverse Hall effect

b) magnetostriction
c) excitation coils
d) pyroelectric effect
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 12
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 73
Eddy current theory for tests on spheres could be applied to what practical application(s)?
a) ball bearing tests

b) bolts and roller bearing tests
c) small metallic inclusions in non-metallic substances
d) all of the above
Question: 74
To obtain a high degree of sensitivity for thickness measurements on thin coatings on conducting substrate you would opt for a probe with
a) small diameter and relatively high operating frequency

b) small diameter and relatively low frequency
c) large diameter and low frequency
d) large diameter and high frequency
Question: 75
Fill factor can be increased by
a) increasing coil diameter

b) increasing test piece diameter
c) decreasing coil diameter
d) both b and c
Question: 76
Calibration standards (blocks) are used in eddy current testing to
a) allow pattern recognition

b) set phase rotation
c) set sensitivity
d) all of the above
Question: 77
The time dependent relationship between current and voltage amplitudes in an AC circuit is called
a) peak detection
b) temporal domain
c) the clock circuit
d) phase
Question: 78
If sufficiently low frequency is used, signals from defects will approach _________ while ferromagnetic material signals are
nearly_____________.
a) fill factor signals, perpendicular to fill factor

b) infinity, invisible
c) maximum vertical amplitude, minimum vertical amplitude
d) maximum sensitivity, off the scope display
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 13
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 79
Another name for an inserted coil is a __________ coil.
a) inside
b) bobbin
c) ID
d) all of the above
Question: 80
When an eddy current probe is moved towards the edge of a test piece part of the magnetic field moves outside of the metal tested. This
results in
a) permeability
b) resonance
c) edge effect
d) ohmic effect
Question: 81
Pancake type surface probes would be insensitive to _________ because of the direction of flow of the induced eddy currents.
a) surface breaking cracks

b) pores and other subsurface voids
c) laminations
d) all of the above
Question: 82
A device incorporated into an eddy current instrument that allows an alarm to trigger when a signal crosses a threshold is a(n)
a) filter
b) gate
c) amplifier
d) resonance box
Question: 83
How is temperature drift avoided by differential coils?
a) low current draw

b) coils are wound in opposition
c) both coils are at the same temperature
d) both b and c
Question: 84
What type of gating can be used on CRT display eddy current instruments?
a) amplitude gates
b) phase gates
c) box gates
d) all of the above
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 14
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 85
Multifrequency eddy current testing suppresses undesired signals by what principle?
a) signal averaging
b) bandpass filtering
c) phase separation
d) all of the above are used in concert
Question: 86
Resistance of a conductor is usually given at a specified temperature. Correction for resistance at other temperatures is obtained by using
a) liquid nitrogen
b) the temperature coefficient of resistance
c) vacuum or bell chambers
d) matching circuits
Question: 87
In order to test ferromagnetic materials you could
a) use a saturating permanent magnet at the probe coil

b) apply a DC electric field to the test material
c) apply an AC electrical field to the test material
d) either a or b could be used
Question: 88
Computers are often used in conjunction with eddy current instruments. What function could the computer provide?
a) controlling instrument settings

b) reading and analysing instrument outputs
c) redirecting instrument outputs to other equipment
d) all of the above
Question: 89
Effective depth of penetration is
a) the depth at which EC density is 5% of the surface density

b) approximately 3ë (ë=standard depth of penetration)
c) the minimum depths beyond which the test system cannot detect increasing thickness
d) all of the above
Question: 90
When material sorting by eddy current methods, care must be taken not to use too low a frequency. What is the concern of too low a
frequency for sorting?
a) sensitivity to thickness changes

b) sensitivity to oxidized surface layers
c) poor field coupling
d) probe-cable resonance
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 15
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 91
The effect of increasing lift-off is
a) a decrease in coil efficiency factor

b) a decrease in magnetic lines of force linking to the metal
c) increased sensitivity
d) both a and b
Question: 92
Encircling probes cannot be used on
a) wire
b) square tubing
c) hexagonal tubing
d) none of the above are restrictions to encircling probes provided the appropriate coil shape is used
Question: 93
The region around a magnet where its magnetic effects can be detected is called the
a) near zone
b) induction zone
c) magnetic field of force
d) electro-magnetic region of influence
Question: 94
In a single frequency test of a boiler tube a 10% OD pit just happens to occur exactly over a 10% ID pit. What is the resulting differential
signal likely to look like?
a) a 20% OD pit
b) a 20% ID pit
c) a 20% midwall void
d) a through wall defect
Question: 95
Hall detectors used in eddy current tests of sheet products can have very small lift-off components compared to coils. Although very small
they are not zero. Why?
a) the excitation coil accounts for a portion of the lift-off

b) magnetoresistance gives an effect of lift-off
c) a thin protective wear face must be used to protect the Hall element
d) non linear magnetic effects provide a constant lift-off
Question: 96
Sensitivity of probe coil (surface probe) eddy current testing is more than encircling probes for crack detection for what reason?
a) the ratio of crack zone area to probe area is greater

b) cracks never occur at right angles to eddy currents in encircling probes
c) cracks are always at right angles to eddy currents in surface probes tests
d) both b and c
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 16
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 97
Increasing the temperature of an aluminium test specimen form 20°C. to 40°C. will result in __________ _ specimen resistivity.
a) no change to
b) doubling
c) halving
d) a slight increase in
Question: 98
Current flowing in the eddy current transducer would be considered
a) eddy current
b) magnetizing currents
c) back EMF
d) all of the above
Question: 99
Which of the following is not an application of eddy current in the aircraft industry?
a) measuring metal and coating thickness

b) inspection of bolt holes
c) sorting of mixed aluminium alloys
d) the premise of the question is wrong, all the above are aircraft applications
Question: 100
What is the resistivity of an ideal electrical insulator?
a) 3.14 X 10^-12 ohm-m

b) 0.318 X 10^13 IACS
c) 1
d) infinity
Question: 101
The TOTAL opposition to current flow in an alternating current circuit is
a) impedance
b) resistance
c) reactance
d) reluctance
Question: 102
How are cylindrical objects inspected from the outside surface using eddy current methods?
a) by fixed probes helical motion of the cylinder

b) by advancing an encircling probe along the cylinder
c) by moving the cylinder through a rotating array of probes
d) all of the above can be used
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 17
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 103
An equally large amplitude signal can result for
a) deep small flaws and shallow large flaws

b) deep large flaws and shallow small flaws
c) neither a or b, large and small flaws always result in different amplitude signals
d) both a and b provided the flaw is a pore
Question: 104
Gap between an aluminium and a titanium plate separated by about 2 to 3 mm would best be determined by
a) an eddy current lift-off technique

b) resistivity measurements
c) eddy current permeability determination techniques
d) ultrasonics
Question: 105
Under what conditions would digital numeric display be suitable instead of the complex impedance plane (CRT) display?
a) for gauging crack depth

b) for gauging coating thickness
c) to discriminate between conductive and ferrite deposits in tube testing
d) to display corrosion in multilayered riveted sheets
Question: 106
Which is not a factor affecting the permeability of ferro magnetic materials?
a) prior mechanical processing

b) eddy current test frequency
c) chemical composition
d) internal stresses
Question: 107
What is the orientation of eddy currents with respect to the inducing magnetic field (H)?
a) parallel to H
b) circular paths in planes perpendicular to H
c) in the imaginary plane of H
d) in the real plane of H
Question: 108
What parameter is measured when using eddy currents to determine thickness of anodized coatings on alumimium?
a) Inductive reactance
b) conductivity
c) lift-off
d) resonance frequency
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 18
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 109
Bobbin coils are sometimes referred to as
a) absolute
b) annular coils
c) bucking coils
d) ID coils
Question: 110
What parameter is measured when using eddy currents to determine paint thickness on an aluminium boat hull?
a) conductivity
b) resistivity
c) lift-off
d) both a and b
Question: 111
What is the difference between electric currents and eddy currents on the atomic level?
a) there is no difference
b) direction of electron flow
c) no magnetic field is associated with electric current
d) eddy currents do not occur in semi conductors
Question: 112
If a saturating magnetization is used on a ferromagnetic material to allow eddy current testing, what difference exists between the probe
used to test the ferromagnetic and nonferromagnetic materials?
a) direction of winding
b) the presence of an iron core
c) length of coil
d) no difference
Question: 113
When no conducting material is placed inside an encircling coil transducer
a) no heating of the coil wire occurs

b) no voltage exists in the coil
c) only the empty coil voltage exists in the coil
d) both a and b
Question: 114
Aluminium is used extensively in aircraft industries where it is often tested by eddy current methods. What is the difference between 2000,
3000, and 4000 series alloys?
a) heat treatment used

b) major alloy constituent
c) forming process ie. cast, rolled, extruded
d) conductivity
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 19
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 115
The field that couples an eddy current probe and a test piece causes eddy currents to flow by
a) resonance
b) induction
c) friction
d) the Bernoulli effect
Question: 116
Coil impedance in eddy current testing is usually displayed as a locus (series of points) traced out as a curve. The two axes of the graph
are usually
a) resistance (vertical) reactance(horizontal)

b) inductance (vertical) reluctance (horizontal)
c) resistivity (vertical) lift off (horizontal)
d) reactance (vertical) resistance (horizontal)
Question: 117
The alternating current required by the eddy current test is supplied by the
a) transformer
b) phase rotator
c) AC to DC converter
d) sine wave oscillator
Question: 118
A sample which has a very low resistance will also have very high
a) resistivity
b) conductivity
c) conductance
d) impedance
Question: 119
Which of the following statements is correct?
a) Increasing test frequency increases depth of eddy current penetration.

b) If the existing AC magnetizing field penetrates through a tube wall eddy currents may not be optimum for detecting inside and outside
surface cracks.
c) For a given setup eddy current intensity increases at a given depth with increasing conductivity and permeability.
d) All of the above are correct.
Question: 120
An eddy current instrument's ability to provide a reliable output signal as a function of the inspection speed is based on the instrument's
a) frequency response
b) balance mechanism
c) operating frequency
d) internal resonance frequency
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 20
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 121
For materials having a relative magnetic permeability of over 2, conductivities determined by eddy current methods not using DC field or
magnetic saturation techniques will be
a) inaccurate but within +/- 10%

b) totally unreliable
c) corrected by dividing the value by the µrel
d) corrected by multiplying the value by the µrel
Question: 122
Ferromagnetic alloys are sorted by
a) conductivity variations
b) permeability variations
c) attraction of a standard permanent magnet
d) none of the above, ferromagnetic alloys cannot be sorted
Question: 123
Defect sensitivity is proportional to _______ for surface probes and __________ for "horseshoe" probes.
a) coil diameter, gap width

b) coil length, core arc radius
c) resistance, inductance
d) conductivity, resistivity
Question: 124
Edge-distance curves plot conductivity readings against probe distance from the edge of a specimen. How can this curve be
subsequently used?
a) to apply correction factors to production tests

b) to calculate correct probe diameter
c) to calculate a usable test surface range for a given probe
d) both a and b
Question: 125
What aspects of the probe coil affect changes in impedance as it is located near the test piece?
a) size
b) shape
c) position
d) all of the above
Question: 126
An oscillator used in generating time varying current in an ECT instrument usually supplies currents at frequencies from
a) 1 Hz to 20 kHz
b) 50 Hz to 60 Hz
c) 1 kHz to 2 MHz
d) 0.5 MHz to 4 GHz
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 21
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 127
Cracking in second layer structures of aircraft is best detected by
a) ultrasonics
b) low frequency eddy currents
c) high frequency eddy currents
d) x-rays
Question: 128
An eddy current probe's impedance is easily changed by
a) using a rheostat (variable resistor) in the probe

b) using a variable inductor in the probe
c) changing the operating frequency
d) all of the above
Question: 129
The pickup (receiver) coil of an eddy current probe is
a) always the same coil as the magnetizing coil

b) identical in diameter to the magnetizing coil
c) coincident in position to the magnetizing coil
d) of any size, position or even configuration
Question: 130
Most general purpose ECT instruments allow the operator to examine signals directly on the ECT instrument by means of
a) X-Y recorders
b) CRT storage monitors
c) strip recorders
d) TTL monitors
Question: 131
Which of the following would benefit the most if tested by eddy current testing while still hot (1,100°C.)?
a) copper pipe
b) aluminium wire
c) steel rod
d) brass tubing
Question: 132
What do the characteristic frequencies calculated for cylinders, sheets and spheres have in common?
a) all solve Maxwell's field equation for the Bessel function equal to one
b) all frequencies solving the equation have the same constant
c) all frequencies solving the equation use the same probe diameter
d) none of the characteristic frequencies are affected by relative permeability
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 22
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 133
Operating near the knee of the curve of the impedance locus permits maximum discrimination of
a) resistivity
b) lift-off
c) permeability
d) density
Question: 134
What is used in eddy current instrumentation to remove the unwanted effects of noise signals?
a) resonant circuits
b) filters
c) doughnut coil probes
d) ferrite cups
Question: 135
Setting the ratio of tube wall thickness to skin depth to 1.1, gives a frequency called the f90 for tube testing. This ratio is determined
a) by the characteristic parameter

b) solving Maxwell's equation
c) from Dodd's number
d) empirically
Question: 136
When inspecting finned tubing to specifically investigate the land areas under tube support plates for fretting an absolute probe is often
used. It is operated at a lower frequency than the differential mode used in the finned area. Why?
a) to reduced effects of larger ID land area

b) to ensure adequate penetration
c) both a and b
d) because absolute mode requires lower frequency for the same penetration
Question: 137
Temperature drift results from
a) instrument heating
b) working on chillers
c) probe/cable temperature changes
d) all of the above
Question: 138
What is the main difference between signals from ferritic deposits on the ID of copper tube and those on the OD of the same tube when
inspecting with an internal differential probe?
a) tightness of flyback signal to approach signal

b) amplitude
c) initial direction of motion (ie. up or down)
d) phase angle of the flyback signal
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 23
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 139
If a surface breaking crack 1mm deep and a large subsurface void located 1mm deep are located in a test plate, the eddy current signals
from these flaws will
a) be the same amplitude

b) probably have the crack as a larger amplitude
c) probably have the void as a larger amplitude
d) have the same phase angles
Question: 140
According to Ohm's Law, in any electrical circuit, the voltage divided by the circuit impedance is equal to
a) magnetic flux density

b) capacitance
c) current flow
d) phase angle
Question: 141
In a three layer arrangement of aluminium sheets, how is it possible to detect a crack in the sheet furthermost from the probe?
a) pulsed eddy currents

b) selecting a sufficiently low frequency
c) using a probe diameter equal to twice total sheet thickness
d) using a differential probe
Question: 142
A uniform discontinuity scanned using a differential probe and detected simultaneously by both windings will
a) not be detected
b) require inspection at 3 frequencies
c) be detected only at the ends
d) only be detectable if the windings are orthogonal
Question: 143
Which of the following types of transducers is not based on its usage?
a) feed through
b) encircling
c) differential
d) forked
Question: 144
If resistivity (p) is given in µohm-cm, wall thickness in mm, the equation for f90 for testing tubes is
a) 1.6 p/t²
b) 1.1 t/p
c) 3 p/t²
d) 3p²/t
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 24
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 145
How are the effects of various types of discontinuities on eddy current signals predicted?
a) mechanically by artificial defects

b) theoretically by numerical modelling
c) both a and b
d) effects cannot be predicted and must be determined empirically
Question: 146
When only variations in bar diameter are required to be determined with an encircling coil system, frequency ratio should be
a) 1
b) 6
c) 10
d) as high as is practical
Question: 147
Given a coil with 50 ohm resistance and 50 microhenries inductance and operated at 50 kHz; what is the coil impedance?
a) 12.2 ohms
b) 24.2 ohms
c) 50.2 ohms
d) 250 ohms
Question: 148
Which of the following would be used on a sample used as a conductivity calibration standard?
a) EDM notches
b) flat bottom holes
c) saw cuts
Question: 149
Which of the following is a disadvantage of the remote field eddy current technique?
a) no couplant is required
b) dirt, scale and lift-off have little effect on results
c) inspection speeds are low due to frequencies used
d) inside and outside defects are detected with equal sensitivity
Question: 150
When measuring the thickness of paint on aluminium plate (non-conductive coating on a conductor) you would determine thickness by
a) lift-off changes
b) phase angle measurements
c) frequency modulation
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 25
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 151
The standard depth of penetration is given as ë= 50(p/fµ)^½ or ë = 2(p/fµ)^½; where p = resistivity, f = frequency and µ = rel permeability.
The difference between the two equations is
a) one is for plate and the other for tubing

b) one is for thickness in mm, the other in inches
c) one is for non-magnetic material the other for magnetic
d) 48
Question: 152
Magnetic permeability values are difficult to define because
a) measurement depends on the applied magnetic field

b) actual value depends on previous magnetic history
c) both a and b
d) none of the above, a simple Gauss meter placed on the part surface is all that is needed
Question: 153
Signals or measurements made with single sensing coil without a direct reference are
a) absolute
b) differential
c) biased
d) modulated
Question: 154
Which of the following is an application of eddy current testing on sheets or foils?
a) determining electrical conductivity

b) determination of metallic thickness
c) non-contacting determination of temperature
d) all of the above
Question: 155
If you were using ECT to check the gap between two sheets of aluminium and found the gap was occasionally too great to notice on your
instrument, what should you do?
a) use a higher test frequency

b) use a lower test frequency
c) use a bigger probe
d) use a smaller probe
Question: 156
A material capable of carrying electrical current is
a) an insulator
b) a conductor
c) paramagnetic
d) ferromagnetic
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 26
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 157
What dimensions are measured using eddy currents?
a) cross-sectional areas of cylindrical tubes and rods

b) thicknesses of thin metal plates and foils
c) thicknesses of non-metal coatings on metallic substrates
d) all of the above
Question: 158
Inductance is associated with
a) the probe coil

b) the eddy current test sample
c) both a and b
Question: 159
The problem with meter output ECT instruments is
a) no depth can be determined for flaws located

b) no ability exists to discriminate real and false indications
c) both a and b
d) none of the above, there is no significant limitations of meter instruments compared to storage CRT type instruments
Question: 160
In the send-receiver eddy current probe configuration, the driver coil and receiver coil(s)
a) are on the same side of the test material

b) are on the opposite sides of the test material
c) both a and b are possible configurations
d) none of the above, there is no such probe
Question: 161
The through-wall transmission (send-receive) technique of eddy current testing is used to overcome the problems associated with
a) penetration of thicker materials

b) depth determination
c) flaw characterization
d) all of the above
Question: 162
Measuring paint thickness (non-conductive) on aluminium is a comparative technique and requires
a) a written procedure
b) a national standard
c) standard reference thicknesses (calibration piece)
d) an approved probe
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 27
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 163
The unit of capacitance is the
a) Henry
b) farad
c) ohm
d) mho
Question: 164
When performing a test on a simple sheet with a single coil probe, zero lift-off is obtained for
a) the effective coil distance equal to zero

b) the real coil distance equal to zero
c) the imaginary coil distance equal to zero
d) f/fg = 5.5
Question: 165
In multifrequency eddy current testing, what is the purpose of the mix or second frequency?
a) to produce the signal to be used for subtraction

b) to provide a carrier with a preprogrammed signal for averaging
c) for high pass filtering
d) for low pass filtering
Question: 166
What aspect of eddy current testing allows sorting of aluminium alloys?
a) coil resistance of the probe

b) conductivity of the sample
c) permeability of the sample
d) both b and c
Question: 167
Multifrequency eddy current testing separates discontinuity signals by using
a) phase
b) amplitude
c) filtering
d) both a and b
Question: 168
What is the effective depth of penetration?

(where ë is the standard depth of penetration)
a) ë
b) 2ë
c) 3ë
d) 10mm
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 28
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 169
A probe is operated at 400kHz and the impedance display is arranged so that the operating point of the probe balanced in air moves
vertical when brought next to a ferrite sample. Samples 1 to 4 when contacted move to a point to the lower right of the screen and sample
5 moves the operating point to the upper right. Sample 5 is probably
a) ferro magnetic (µ>1)

b) non-conductive (conductivity = 0)
c) thicker than all the other samples
d) thinner than all the other samples
Question: 170
Calibration tubes used for eddy current testing are made of
a) stainless steel
b) copper or brass
c) the same material as the material to be tested
d) material identical in composition and size to that being tested
Question: 171
A large pore at a deep position in a plate can be discriminated from a small pore near the surface in spite of similar amplitude response on
the eddy current instrument by noting
a) shape of the trace on the impedance plane

b) phase lag difference
c) separation in approach signal and fly-back
d) both a and c
Question: 172
Eddy current testing on-line in steel mills often involves testing very hot surfaces (eg. 1,110°C.). Although equipment costs may increase
there can be advantage to testing at such high temperature. Which is an advantage?
a) increased inspection speeds

b) no problems with permeability variations
c) lower resistivities
d) smaller defects can be found
Question: 173
The probe design that limits field interaction with surrounding conductive or magnetic components that are not part of the test are
a) differential probes
b) lift-off compensating probes
c) shielded probes
d) complex probes
Question: 174
If an indication is observed on the eddy current storage monitor during an inspection, it is verified as a real defect or another variable by
____________ and re-investigating the area.
a) rotating phase of display

b) increasing sensitivity
c) changing the frequency
d) increasing lift-off
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 29
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 175
A magnetic material appears non-magnetic to eddy currents if it is
a) magnetically saturated
b) de-gaussed
c) heat treated
d) super-cooled
Question: 176
Eddy currents are normally induced in a sample such that they are
a) parallel to the coil windings

b) parallel to the sample surface
c) limited to the area of inducing field
d) all of the above
Question: 177
A device which stores electrical energy within a specified volume is a(n)
a) inductor
b) capacitor
c) conductor
d) resistor
Question: 178
If you used a meter type eddy current instrument in a test for cracking on an aluminium plate, what would be your only clue to the presence
of a crack?
a) signal amplitude
b) an abrupt change in output
c) direction of meter deflection
d) phase of deflection
Question: 179
Cyclic loading during flight, take-off and landing can result in ___________ which are detectable by eddy current testing.
a) exfoliation losses
b) fatigue cracks
c) stress corrosion cracks
d) both b and c
Question: 180
The region inside of a helically wound inductor is called
a) the capacitive zone

b) the core
c) and annulus
d) the transform region
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 30
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 181
In what way are the alternating current potential drop method and the ECT method alike?
a) equipment used
b) probe arrangement options
c) influence defects on current flow
d) coupling method
Question: 182
In some send-receive ECT systems, the receive coil can be replaced by
a) capacitors
b) piezoelectric elements
c) magnetrostrictive transducers
d) Hall detectors
Question: 183
Conductivity measurements are not reliable if specimen thickness is less than _________ because field strength reductions due to eddy
currents are far greater than geometrical field strength reductions.
a) 1 micron
b) 0.1 mm
c) 1.0 mm
d) 5.0 mm
Question: 184
Heat generation associated with eddy current testing of magnetic materials is a result of
a) dispersion and diffraction

b) ohmic or resistive losses
c) hysteresis losses
d) both b and c
Question: 185
The frequency used to obtain 90° separation between lift-off and thickness changes. It is found from 1.6 p/t² (kHz). This frequency is
called the (p is resistivity)
a) f90
b) characterisitic frequency
c) knee frequency
d) resonance frequency
Question: 186
When an alternating voltage induces an EMF, the induced EMF in opposition to the change causing it. This is a statement of
a) Faraday's Law
b) Lenz's Law
c) Snell's Law
d) Eddy's Law of Voltage
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 31
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 187
In a differential probe, the signal from a defect is displayed twice (if short enough). This is due to
a) the defect being given a magnetic north and south pole

b) two separate sensing coils being present
c) the "reflection effect" similar to the transmit-receive method
Question: 188
For testing calculated distributions of eddy currents inside a conductive body test would be best made using
a) copper tubing
b) mercury filled glass cylinders
c) aluminium tubing
d) metallic silver bar stock
Question: 189
To examine the effects of various parameters of the test specimen without concern for variations in probe details, the probe impedance is
a) subtracted from the material's resistance

b) added to the material's resistance
c) normalized
d) standardized
Question: 190
When a magnetizing force is applied to a ferromagnetic material and then removed, the flux remaining in the material is
a) hysteresis
b) retentivity
c) coercivity
d) saturation
Question: 191
What happens to the bridge circuit of a calibrated eddy current instrument as a defect signal is maximized
a) it becomes unbalanced
b) it resonates
c) it increases Q factor
d) it becomes balanced
Question: 192
In early days of eddy current testing, standards were made by drilling holes, the holes diameters were smaller than the probe diameter and
deeper than the eddy current penetration depth. What was the limit to such "targets"?
a) there was no sensitivity to holes smaller than coil diameter

b) only amplitude varied with hole size
c) only phase varied with hole size
d) phase and amplitude were constant for all "targets"
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 32
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 193
What must be known about a defect to be located by eddy current test methods?
a) minimum size
b) probable orientation
c) suspected depth
d) all of the above
Question: 194
Which is an instrument that can be used to record eddy current signals from a general purpose ECT instrument
a) X-Y recorder
b) F-M tape recorder
c) multi-channel stripchart recorder
d) all of the above
Question: 195
When making resistivity measurements you must be cautious of geometric effects that might cause erroneous readings. These effects
can be minimized by
a) probe design (small coil or ferrite cups)

b) taking measurements on thick samples and away from edges
c) increasing test frequency
d) all of the above
Question: 196
To improve field coupling when testing spherical parts you would use
a) spherical coils
b) longer coils (solenoids)
c) higher test frequencies
d) square-wave AC
Question: 197
What effect does increased relative magnetic permeability have on test frequency?
a) causes an increase in frequency

b) causes a decrease in frequency
c) causes and unpredictable change in frequency
d) no effect
Question: 198
The magnetic flux density associated with a current carrying conductor _________ with increasing distance from the conductor.
a) increases
b) decreases
c) wobbles
d) remains constant
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 33
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 199
The location where magnetic lines of flux are considered to leave a magnet is
a) the north pole of that magnet

b) the south pole of that magnet
c) dependent on the position of the earth's magnetic pole
d) called Domain Centre
Question: 200
In its simplest form, an eddy current probe would consist of a
a) resistor
b) capacitor
c) coil of wire
d) transformer
Question: 201
When a voltage is applied to an inductor a current is made to flow. This current does not reach maximum amplitude when voltage is
maximum. This time difference is usually referred to as
a) phase lag
b) delta T
c) stroboscopic effect
d) permeability
Question: 202
Instead of increasing sensitivity, adding more turns to a pickup coil can actually decrease sensitivity because
a) inductance is increased
b) resistance is increased
c) field coupling is decreased
d) both a and b
Question: 203
What is the cause of potential difference change in a Hall detector element?
a) holes
b) electrons
c) external magnetic fields
d) internal eddy currents
Question: 204
What is the reason for using zig-zag or multi-pancake coil probes for internal eddy current inspection of tubes?
a) increased near surface sensitivity

b) improved sensitivity to circumferential cracks
c) uniformity of signal amplitude through the tube wall
d) uniformity of signal phase through the tube wall
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 34
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 205
When plate testing a magnetic material it is not possible to detect flaws because
a) lift off effects are too great

b) permeability and resistivity changes cannot be separated
c) ferrite cup probes do not work well on plate
d) the skin effect prevents subsurface detection
Question: 206
What is the preferred form of simulating cracks in test standards for eddy current testing?
a) end milled flat bottom holes

b) side drilled holes
c) longitudinal notches
d) micro-peening of the opposite surface
Question: 207
Eddy current flow distorted by specimen geometry results in
a) probe malfunction
b) resonance swirls on the storage scope display
c) the edge effect
d) lift-off
Question: 208
If ferrite is arranged to be vertical for a probe operated at 1000kHz and balanced in air, lift-off for an unknown specimen will be
a) horizontal
b) up and to the right of the instrument monitor
c) down and to the right of the instrument monitor
d) determined by the material parameters of the specimen
Question: 209
When a reference coil is mounted in an absolute probe it is
a) wound inside the sensing coil

b) wound around the outside of the sensing coil
c) far enough from the test material so it is not affected by it
d) none of the above, reference coils are never used in absolute probes
Question: 210
Alloying small amounts of a metal to another metal results in
a) increasing conductivity
b) increasing strength of the metal
c) increasing ductility of the metal
d) all of the above
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 35
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 211
Which of the following provide optimized conditions for measuring plating thickness (conductive coating on conductive base)?
a) large probe coil efficiency factor

b) effective coil distance small as possible
c) frequency ratio between 1 and 7
d) all of the above
Question: 212
Sensitivity to a surface breaking crack is increased as crack depth decreases by
a) increasing clockwise phase rotation

b) increasing counterclockwise phase rotation
c) increasing test frequency
d) increasing probe diameter
Question: 213
In eddy current testing what component is measured in the detecting coil?
a) resistivity
b) impedance
c) potential difference
d) both b and c
Question: 214
Ferromagnetic inclusions are serious indications in eddy current testing because
a) they are often mistaken for serious defects (eg. cracks)

b) ferro-cracks inevitably occur off them
c) they are only seen when testing near probe-cable resonance
d) there is no known cure for them
Question: 215
What parameter does a meter display eddy current instrument provide?
a) amplitude change
b) phase change
c) both a and b
Question: 216
1 mA can also be written as
a) 0.01 A
b) 0.001 A
c) 100 µA
d) 1000 MA
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 36
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 217
When an eddy current instrument "balance" button is depressed, what is actually being balanced?
a) the probe
b) the oscilloscope
c) the bridge circuit
d) the capacitive components of the instrument
Question: 218
Pure annealed copper has a resistivity of 1.7241µohm-cm at 20°C. What must be done to this value to c onvert it to the 100% IACS
value?
a) multiply by 0.01
b) divide by 100
c) divide by 0.017241
d) both a and b
Question: 219
What is another term for a inductor?
a) a capacitor
b) a resistor
c) a potentiometer
d) a coil
Question: 220
What type of defect in ferromagnetic tubing can the remote field eddy current detect?
a) pits
b) cracks
c) thinning
d) all of the above
Question: 221
In calculations for f/fg ratio which factor is the coil diameter considered?
a) å (conductivity of plate)
b) D (plate thickness)
c) Aeff (effective coil distance)
d) S (lift-off)
Question: 222
The remote field eddy current technique has its primary application in
a) conductivity determination
b) coating thickness determination on ferromagnetic pipe
c) corrosion detection on ferromagnetic pipe
d) crack detection in finned heat exchanger tubing
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 37
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 223
Conductivities are often given as a range of values for alloys. This is a result of
a) variations in tolerances of alloy compositions

b) degree of cold working
c) type of heat treatment
d) all of the above
Question: 224
The property of a test system that indicates detection by variation in amplitude without regard to phase
a) amplitude response
b) defect resolution
c) signal analysis
d) all of the above
Question: 225
The eddy current test system is often modelled as a transformer. The test sample would represent the _______ of the transformer.
a) primary winding
b) secondary winding
c) insulator plate
d) AC input
Question: 226
The biggest disadvantage of using natural cracks as a calibration standard is
a) its poor duplication of field cracks

b) the expense of acquiring such specimens
c) the rate at which the crack faces oxidize
d) detection on the standard
Question: 227
"Resonance" in the circuit used by crack detectors results from a balance in ________ inductance and _________ capacitance.
a) coil, cable
b) cable, coil
c) coil, instrument
d) instrument, cable
Question: 228
The undersized signals that tend to interfere with reception or normal processing of a desired signal are called
a) noise
b) lift-off
c) wobulation
d) rejectable signals
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 38
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 229
Why is eddy current conductivity testing used to assess fire and heat damage to aluminium of aircraft?
a) a direct relationship exists between conductivity, hardness and mechanical properties of aluminium
b) it is cheap and fast
c) it avoids the mess made using ultrasonics
d) the hazards of x-ray diffraction are avoided
Question: 230
When a magnetic flux near a conductor is caused to change (as when a magnet is moved past a coil) the result is
a) an increased resistance in the coil wire

b) and induced voltage
c) de-magnetization of the magnet
d) phase reversal
Question: 231
If a length of a wire has a resistance of 2 ohms and is then cut in half, the resistance of one of the halves would be
a) 1 ohm
b) 2 ohms
c) 4 ohms
d) impossible to estimate
Question: 232
What is the standard depth of penetration for 304 cast stainless steel (68.96µohm-cm) tested at 20kHz?
a) 1.1mm
b) 2.9mm
c) 3.6mm
d) 6.2mm
Question: 233
Which of the following is different in Hall detector and coil pick-up detection systems?
a) parameter measured
b) response to test frequency
c) degree of coupling possible
d) all of the above contain differences
Question: 234
When examining an eddy current defect signal, the angle (phase) of the signal primarily indicates defect
a) depth
b) length
c) volume
d) type
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 39
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 235
Eddy current testing is often used for sorting materials. Which property could be the basis for a sorting test on several runs of copper
wire?
a) diameter
b) alloy
c) heat treatment
d) all of the above
Question: 236
The frequency f90 typically used in tubing inspections provides 90ø phase separation between
a) lift off and permeability

b) fill factor and external defects
c) internal defects and fill factor
d) resistivity and permeability
Question: 237
What causes lift-off to reduce signals seen on the E.C. instrument display?
a) smaller magnitude eddy current flow

b) reduced field coupling of the detector to eddy current fields
c) both a and b
d) none of the above, lift-off does not affect signal amplitude
Question: 238
Differential probes used in eddy current testing place 2 coils side by side over the test material. This tends to cancel
a) gradual material variations

b) temperature effects
c) lift-off
d) all of the above
Question: 239
Pulsed DC saturation is used in EC testing of magnetic materials to
a) allow welding to be converted to eddy current machines

b) reduce heating effects
c) improve response time
d) increase permeability of the test coil to match that of the test piece
Question: 240
One or more turns of a conductor wound produce a magnetic field when current passes through the conductor is
a) an annular array
b) a bobbin
c) a coil
d) a sensor
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 40
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 241
Which parameter moves the operating point on an impedance curve to a point on a new curve instead of up or down the original
impedance curve?
a) lift-off
b) resistivity
c) resistance
d) operating frequency
Question: 242
Magnetic inhomogeneities within a test piece are considered
a) inclusions
b) conductivity variations
c) permeability variations
d) both b and c
Question: 243
In a fixed magnetic field, a compass needle would arrange itself
a) parallel to the lines of force

b) perpendicular to the lines of force in the plane of the field
c) perpendicular to the lines of force at right angles to the plane of the field
d) 45° to the field lines
Question: 244
For a given eddy current probe, its inductive reactance would be greatest when operated at
a) 250 Hz
b) 25 kz
c) 1.5 MHz
d) 250 kHz
Question: 245
When using eddy current methods for determining thickness frequency is selected so the lift-off and thickness change signals are
separated by
a) 45°
b) 90°
c) 180°
d) 270°
Question: 246
Internal surfaces of fastener holes are inspected by rotating eddy current probes. These can detect ______________ in bolt holes down
to 6mm diameter.
a) corrosion
b) ovality
c) cracking
d) all of the above
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 41
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 247
The amplitude of an eddy current signal from a defect is a function of the defect
a) length
b) width
c) depth
d) all of the above
Question: 248
What is the conductivity of an ideal insulator?
a) 3.14 X 10^-12 S/m

b) 0.318 X 10^13 mhos/m
c) 1
d) 0
Question: 249
Which of the following types of eddy current probe classifications is not based on mode of operation?
a) surface transducers
b) absolute transducers
c) differential transducers
d) both a and b
Question: 250
To overcome the difficulty distinguishing the signal from a single large discontinuity from that originating from a group of smaller
discontinuities in the same area _______ were developed.
a) differential probes
b) multicoil probes
c) zig-zag probes
d) multifrequency probes
Question: 251
The effective sensing area of a probe extends beyond just the coil diameter due to
a) induced permeability
b) magnetic field spreading
c) the edge effect
d) diffraction in the near zone
Question: 252
Resistivity measurements made by eddy current test methods are
a) independent of part surface condition

b) made without need for a reference standard
c) made indirectly by measuring effect on a coil in an AC circuit
d) unaffected by part geometry
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 42
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 253
What would the recommended on-line inspection method be for testing steel rod with production speeds of 100 metres per second?
a) radiography
b) eddy current testing
c) ultrasonics
d) acoustic emission
Question: 254
When testing thin walled nonmagnetic tubing with eddy currents, a crack would have a similar effect as
a) lift-off
b) a decrease in tube wall thickness
c) a decrease in magnetic permeability
d) increased conductivity
Question: 255
Overaging of a metal alloy results from
a) excessive temperatures
b) excessive times at correct precipitation temperatures
c) large numbers of foreign atoms being removed from parent lattice positions
d) all of the above
Question: 256
Minimum resistivity for a specific metal occurs when
a) no alloying metals are added

b) when alloy content is between 0.5% and 5%
c) when alloy content approaches 50%
d) for any amount of alloy provided the alloying material has a lower resistivity than the base metal
Question: 257
The magnitude of magnetic flux density associated with current flowing in a conductor varies with position and current. Magnetic flux
density is therefore a(n)
a) vector quantity
b) scalar quantity
c) square wave quantity
d) unknown quantity
Question: 258
An increase in resistance to eddy current flow moves the operating point _________ the impedance curve.
a) up
b) down
c) to a point outside of
d) to a points inside of
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 43
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 259
Absolute chemical composition of a metal can be established by
a) eddy current tests

b) spectroanalysis
c) metallography
d) all of the above
Question: 260
The test frequency ratio used in generating locus curves compares which two frequencies?
a) operating frequency and f90

b) resonance frequency and operating frequency
c) operating frequency and limit frequency
d) Stoke's frequency and f90
Question: 261
Probe selection (size and test frequency) are determined by which of the following factors?
a) material properties (conductivity, permeability) of test piece

b) defect size, orientation and type expected
c) instrument balance capabilities
d) both a and b
Question: 262
As compared to a spinning bobbin coil, a concentric ring of Hall detectors used in internal inspection of cylinders has what advantage?
a) continuous circumferential detection

b) depth of penetration
c) size of flaw detected is smaller
d) orientation of defects is not a limit to their detection
Question: 263
In an AC circuit, voltage and current are considered in phase when
a) they have equal amplitudes

b) they have "opposite" amplitudes
c) frequencies are the same and maxima and minima occur at the same time
d) their periods are the same length
Question: 264
When tube testing with internal probes, re-inspecting at 2f90 after using f90 has the advantage of better discrimination between ID and OD
defects. As well
a) magnetic deposits are discriminated from defects

b) sensitivity to dents is increased
c) sensitivity to support plates is decreased
d) both b and c
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 44
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 265
What parameter is not changed with changing lift-off?
a) phase
b) amplitude
c) coil impedance
d) sensitivity
Question: 266
Which of the following is not true for the absolute probe?
a) immune to temperature drift

b) sees abrupt and gradual property and dimensional changes
c) very sensitive to probe wobble
d) indicated total length of defects
Question: 267
Impedance changes as detected by an eddy current coil for a given set of operating conditions can be related to changes in
a) sample temperature
b) sample thickness
c) sample conductivity
d) all of the above
Question: 268
In a multifrequency eddy current instrument what functions are adjusted with separate controls for each frequency selected?
a) frequency
b) gain
c) phase
d) all of the above
Question: 269
What is the purpose of spring loading surface probes?
a) reduce coil deterioration

b) minimize lift-off effect
c) smooth out burrs on rough surfaces
d) to activate paint markers on defective areas
Question: 270
Although increasing coil length increases inductance and thereby sensitivity, why are there upper limits to practical increases of inductance
by increasing coil length for surface testing eddy current methods?
a) part curvature is the limiting factor

b) regions of the coil remote from the test surface have little effect on the induced eddy currents
c) capacitive effects begin to dominate
d) resistive effects begin to dominate
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 45
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 271
Stripchart recorders are a common means of recording eddy current signals with respect to time. These recorders place record of the
signals onto chart paper by means of
a) ink
b) heat
c) light
d) all of the above can be used
Question: 272
Eddy currents are so named because
a) of the Canadian match manufacturer that discovered them

b) of the circular probes required to induce them
c) of their circular paths
d) small swirl patterns form on the surface domains and crystal structure
Question: 273
Magnetic lines of flux that leave and enter a test part's surface due to a defect forming poles at that surface of the part are called
a) indications
b) leakage flux
c) magnetic dipoles
d) edge effects
Question: 274
Two ECT probes are built with the same diameter and wire size is changed to ensure the same coil cross-section. The coil using smaller
diameter wire obviously has more turns. The inductive reactance will be
a) greater for the probe with more turns

b) greater for the probe with fewer turns
c) the same for both probes
Question: 275
What must occur for an alarm to be triggered on an eddy current instrument?
a) a defect must be in the coil's field

b) a geometric or permeability change must be seen by the coil
c) either a or b
d) a signal must enter a gated region on the display
Question: 276
Test results using Hall detectors are displayed using
a) analogue meters only

b) digital peak detectors only
c) either analogue or digital impedance displays
d) any method used by pickup coil detectors
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 46
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 277
What are the two "zones" in remote field eddy current testing?
a) deep and shallow zone

b) direct coupling and remote field zones
c) near and far zones
d) dead and active zones
Question: 278
What is the protective coating put on the standards used for eddy current determinations of resistivity?
a) polymethyl methylacrylate (PMMA)

b) anti-rust primer paint
c) an oxide film
d) none of the above (no protective coating is used)
Question: 279
Calibration standards used for conductivity testing are usually certified to national standards. How thick are they?
a) 10 mil
b) 10 mm
c) 2 cm
d) "infinite" thickness
Question: 280
The __________ technique allows equal sensitivity to both inside and outside wall defects but cannot differentiate between signals from
these two surfaces.
a) pulsed eddy currents

b) remote field eddy currents
c) multifrequency eddy currents
d) harmonic frequency
Question: 281
Multi-pancake coil probes and zig-zag coil probes are sometimes used as internal tube inspection probes because
a) conventional bobbin coils are too sensitive to temperature

b) they have better sensitivity to circumferential cracks
c) they are insensitive to permeability changes
d) they are cheaper to make
Question: 282
Detection of magnetic fields using the interaction of the magnetic field on electrical charge carriers in semiconductor materials is used by
a) through transmission eddy current techniques

b) Hall detectors
c) diodes
d) transistors
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 47
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 283
Relative magnetic permeability for ferromagnetic materials is
a) <1
b) 0
c) >1
d) exactly equal to 1
Question: 284
In absolute probes, bridge nulling (balancing) is simplified by
a) operating at resonance frequencies

b) a small reference coil mounted in the probe
c) spring loading the probe against the test surface
d) ensuring the coil is toroidally shaped
Question: 285
When cracking is a significant flaw found in test pieces, what is the most critical aspect of the crack?
a) length
b) width
c) depth
d) sharpness of its ends
Question: 286
If a sufficiently strong DC electric field is applied to a ferromagnetic test piece, how will it react in terms of eddy current testing?
a) it will become super conductive

b) it will appear nonferromagnetic
c) it will have almost zero resistivity
d) resistivity will be infinite
Question: 287
The eddy current probe is most simply a
a) coil of copper wire

b) semiconductor
c) capacitor
d) ceramic resistor
Question: 288
The IACS rating of conductivity is based on
a) semiconductor technology
b) pure annealed copper
c) silver at standard temperature and pressure (STP)
d) Ohm's Law
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 48
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 289
In the basic eddy current machine, the oscillator sets the
a) sensitivity
b) resistance
c) test frequency
d) characteristic frequency
Question: 290
Geometry variations can result in errors when performing resistivity measurements for sorting. How is this best overcome?
a) using very high test frequencies

b) using low test frequencies
c) using standards to duplicate test items
d) machining flats on all test pieces
Question: 291
At the centre of an eddy current probe coil, sensitivity to defects is
a) maximum
b) minimum (zero)
c) the average of that under the mean coil radius
d) none of the above, sensitivity is constant under the whole area of the probe coil
Question: 292
Direct current can be used to induce eddy currents if
a) the test piece is moved cyclically near the current carrying conductor
b) the current carrying conductor is moved cyclically near the test piece
c) either a or b
d) the diameter of the conductor is less than 1/10 the thickness of the test piece
Question: 293
Which of the following is not a method used to protect conductivity calibration standards from deterioration?
a) storage in a moisture proof container

b) a thin coating of lacquer to prevent corrosive attack
c) partially surrounded by foam or wood to prevent impact damage
d) storage away from elevated temperatures
Question: 294
Which parameter does not move the operating point up the impedance curve when increased
a) conductivity
b) tube (or plate) thickness
c) operating frequency
d) all of the above
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 49
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 295
Which of the following does not fit?
a) feed-through coil
b) encircling coil
c) annular coil
d) bucking coil
Question: 296
Eddy current testing of 10mm thick steel pipe would require an operating frequency of about 30 Hz. What is the main disadvantage of this
test?
a) excessive sensitivity to probe wobble

b) low sensitivity to detection
c) a total inability to detect corrosion
d) limited coupling due to the large diameter probe needed
Question: 297
Which is not a possible fill-factor value?
a) 1.1
b) 1.0
c) 0.9
d) 0.1
Question: 298
The eddy currents induced in a specimen by an eddy current probe set up a magnetic field which ___________ the inducing field.
a) opposes
b) augments
c) equals
d) stops
Question: 299
Why is the absolute coil test preferred over the differential for inspection of finned tubing land areas to evaluate for fretting?
a) the probe is small and fits better in the gap

b) the signals are easier to interpret
c) differential probes cannot be balanced in the land areas
d) the operating frequency of absolute probes is higher so more sensitive
Question: 300
What effect does decreasing fill factor have on the S/N ratio?
a) increases
b) decreases
c) no change
d) it depends on if the material is ferromagnetic or not
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 50
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 301
Without affecting the defect detectability the effects of probe-wobble can often be reduced or eliminated (if surface irregularities are not too
great) by using
a) a differential coil
b) a higher frequency
c) a lower frequency
d) a smaller diameter probe
Question: 302
What would a reference standard by used to adjust eddy current equipment sensitivity to?
a) surface roughness
b) geometry
c) conductivity
d) all of the above
Question: 303
Coating thickness standards are available in what form?
a) foils (shims) laid on a substrate

b) actual coatings affixed to a substrate
c) both a and b
d) none of the above, coating standards are not available
Question: 304
As compared to coil probes used for conductivity measurements, coil probes used for determining coating thicknesses should have
a) higher operating frequencies

b) larger diameters
c) more turns
d) all of the above
Question: 305
Given a bobbin probe with an average coil diameter of 10mm, what diameter of bar could be tested to ensure a 90% fill factor?
a) 10.5mm
b) 11.0mm
c) 11.2 mm
Question: 306
In the presence of a magnetic material a coil's magnetic flux
a) increases
b) decreases
c) reverses
d) both a and c
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 51
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 307
The voltage that results when a magnetic field interacts with a semiconductor is
a) not measurable
b) parallel to the magnetic field
c) the Hall effect
d) cancelled by eddy currents
Question: 308
What is the standard depth of penetration for navel-brass(6.63µohm-cm) tested at 10kHz?
a) 1.3 mm
b) 2.3mm
c) 3.4mm
d) 4.6mm
Question: 309
Another term for probe coil clearance is
a) lift-off
b) end effect
c) edge effect
d) probe wobble
Question: 310
Tubular products can be tested using
a) surface probes
b) absolute encircling or internal probes
c) differential encircling or internal probes
d) all of the above
Question: 311
In multifrequency instruments, two or more frequencies are used simultaneously
a) in the same coil(s)

b) in separate coils (one for each frequency)
c) both a and b
Question: 312
Another term used for gain control on a general purpose eddy current instrument is
a) power
b) phase control
c) sensitivity
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 52
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 313
Ferromagnetism, diamagnetism, and paramagnetism are "magnetic states" resulting from
a) electron configurations
b) strong nuclear forces
c) covalent bonding
d) triclinic, monoclinic and cubic crystal structures
Question: 314
Gradual thinning of a heat exchanger tube as a result of external erosion is most likely to be missed if you use which type of probe?
a) surface probe
b) absolute probe
c) differential probe
d) all of the above would be unable to find the flaw
Question: 315
When testing wire or solid bar, the sensitivity at the centre of the test piece when using an encircling coil probe is
a) maximum
b) one half that at the surface
c) the square root of the surface value
d) zero
Question: 316
Decreasing fill factor is essentially the same as
a) decreasing lift-off
b) increasing lift-off
c) increasing operating frequency
d) increasing the coil length
Question: 317
Given the effect of temperature on resistance varies by R=Ro(1+ ÞT), if Þ=-0.1 what will happen when probe temperature increases from
20°C to 40°C? ( Note: T = change in temperature bet ween resistance R at the new temperature and Ro resistance at the reference
temperature).
a) the probe/cable resistance will be reduced to half

b) the probe/cable resistance will double
c) the probe/cable resistance will increase
d) the probe/cable resistance will decrease
Question: 318
The excursion of magnetic lines of force from the surface of a test piece is
a) permeability
b) magnetic writing
c) magnetic flux leakage
d) back emf
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 53
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 319
Decrease in eddy current flow with increasing depth from the surface is known as
a) absorption
b) the Hall effect
c) the skin effect
d) the edge effect
Question: 320
The gain control on a general purpose eddy current instrument adjusts the amplitude of the
a) bridge output signal

b) bridge input signal
c) oscillator generator
d) probe current
Question: 321
Simple DC meter crack detector eddy current instruments display
a) changes in voltage amplitude of the probe

b) impedance phase changes in the probe
c) crack depth only
d) crack width only
Question: 322
When tube testing with either bobbin or encircling probes, what condition must occur for the inspection to be free of phase lag
(effectively)?
a) thickness must be much greater than skin depth

b) thickness must be much less than skin depth
c) fill factor must be less than or equal to 1
d) fill factor must be greater than or equal to 1
Question: 323
The pair of conditions most likely to cause probe-cable resonance is
a) long cable and high operating frequency

b) long cable and low operating frequency
c) short cable and high operating frequency
d) short cable and low operating frequency
Question: 324
Choice of test frequency is often the only parameter in which the operator has any choice. Test frequency is usually
a) f90
b) fg
c) fc
d) a compromise based on various parameters
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 54
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 325
Increasing coil fill factor is equivalent to
a) increasing lift-off
b) increasing field coupling
c) reducing sensitivity
d) all of the above
Question: 326
The bridge circuit in the meter-type crack detector utilizes a resonance circuit. Unlike the other bridge circuits used by ECT instruments
these contain
a) capacitors
b) inductors
c) resistors
d) potentiometers
Question: 327
When a simple wheatstone bridge is said to be "balanced" the voltage across the meter in the bridge is
a) zero
b) a minimum biased value
c) maximum
d) any value depending on the applied external voltage
Question: 328
The rate of flow of electric charge defines
a) voltage
b) coulomb
c) electric current
d) impedance
Question: 329
Testing of ferromagnetic bars by encircling coils for detection of surface cracks, seams and laps has its advantage over the same
inspection of non-ferromagnetic bars because
a) phase separation from probe wobble is improved

b) eddy currents are more confined to near surface
c) diameter variations are not seen
d) surface flaws do not occur in non-ferromagnetic bars
Question: 330
Which of the following conditions could cause an error in the eddy current test results for resistivity?
a) excessive curvature of the test piece

b) proximity to the edge of the part
c) metal thickness less than effective depth of penetration
d) all of the above
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 55
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question: 331
Relative to the face of the rectangular Hall element, which direction of magnetic field produces the smallest Hall voltage?
a) parallel
b) at right angles
c) 45°
d) direction is not a factor in response amplitude
Question: 332
Why is conductivity so low for insulators?
a) no free electrons are available

b) because of impedance mismatch
c) phase differences cause current cancellation
d) because insulators are non-magnetic
Question: 333
The purpose of using a small spring loaded surface probe to inspect tubing in and near a tubesheet is
a) reduce lift-off
b) increase sensitivity to small defects
c) increase sensitivity to circumferential defects
d) all of the above
ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 56
Correct Answers
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
ID: 624199
ANS REFERENCE PAGE
Question 1: D Handbook 105
Question 2: C ECM 28
Question 3: A Jacobowitz 57
Question 4: C ECM 1
Question 5: A ECM 185
Question 7: B Jacobowitz 36
Question 10: B Gardner 77
Question 11: A Blitz 32
Question 13: B ECM 86
Question 17: A Gardner 68
Question 18: C Handbook 206
Question 24: A Handbook 398
Question 25: B Handbook 158
Question
ID: 31:
624199 B Handbook 379
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 56
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question 35: C ASME 515
Question 37: A ASME 518
Question 43: D ECM 47
Question 45: A ASME 517
Question 53: C Techniques 524
Question 56: C Mix 212
Question
ID: 65:
624199 C Handbook 56
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 57
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question 79: D ASME 517
Question 83: D Blitz 138
Question 93: C Jacobowitz 31
Question
ID: 99:
624199 D Handbook 370
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 58
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question 100: D Mix 178
Question 107: B Blitz 90
Question 112: D Techniques 516
Question
ID: 133:
624199 B ECM 77
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 59
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question 145: C Blitz 116
Question 153: A Techniques 523
Question
ID: 167:
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 60
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question 177: B Ramshaw 23
Question 181: C Gardner 84
Question 186: B Burns 447
Question
ID: 201:
624199 A Handbook 35
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 61
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question 207: C Gardner 62
Question 230: B Burns 447
Question
ID: 235:
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 62
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question 248: D Mix 178
Question 265: A Gardner 61
Question
ID: 269:
624199 B Mix 204
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 63
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question 273: B Techniques 525
Question
ID: 303:
624199 C Handbook 254
Type: ECT Level: 1
P. 64
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
Question 318: C ASME 517

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NDT TESTMAKER - MATERIALS RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM

a) eddy current phase on the inside wall would change

An increase in electrical conductivity is the same as

a) an increase in electrical resistance

Compared to conductive wires, insulators are considered to have

a) very high resistance

Eddy current testing requires that the material tested be

The ratio of magnetic flux (B) to the magnetizing force (H) is

a) the north pole of the magnet

a) at a point with greater real component

a) monitor probe degradation

a) internal axial coil

a) geometrical increases of magnetic intensity with increasing lift-off

The axis of a surface probe is

a) parallel to the test surface

The results of a slight decrease in fill factor will be

a) small decrease in near surface defect sensitivity

a) maximum coil spacing

a) as near as possible (within a couple of millimeters)

a) a longitudinal crack 0.0005 cm deep in 0.01 cm diameter steel wire

Critical to the principles of eddy current testing is the understanding that

a) all materials conduct electricity

a) axle shafts and transmission shafts

Probe-cable resonance is a factor to consider when operating

a) at high test frequencies

a) to ensure sufficient sensitivity to reliably indicate depth

a) coil separation (between primary and secondary coils)

The primary purpose of multifrequency eddy current testing is

a) alloy content can reduce conductivity

Which is not a method used to gauge depth of a defect?

a) frequency used is high enough

Electric current can be induced in a secondary circuit by

a) moving a magnet past it

Flaw depth determination by eddy current is made possible by which parameter?

Another term for the annular coil is the

IACS stands for the

a) International Annealed Copper Standard

The opposing EMF sensed by an eddy current probe originates from

a) resistance in the test material

The occurrence of probe-cable resonance can be noticed by the operator when

Calibration standards for tube testing use

a) drilled holes and EDM notches

a) of electrical short circuiting for small gaps

a) they overlap with ID variations and probe wobble

a) sheet position between the coils

Vectorial addition of eddy current signals is useful for

Additions of small amounts of alloying metals to pure metals result in

Which of the following variations would not be considered a surface probe?

Eddy current coils are sensitive to

a) always wrapped counter clockwise

a) when it is required to detect anomalies in a second layer

In tube testing, fill factor is equivalent to

Encircling coil probes would be most likely used to test

a) sheet metal plates

The Weber (Wb) is the unit of

a) one magnetic and one nonmagnetic sample

a) the reverse Hall effect

a) ball bearing tests

a) small diameter and relatively high operating frequency

Fill factor can be increased by

a) increasing coil diameter

Calibration standards (blocks) are used in eddy current testing to

a) allow pattern recognition