Practical Research 1

Quarter 3 – Module 12: APA

Citation Style
Practical Research 1
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 12: APA Citation Style
First Edition, 2020

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Practical Research 1
Quarter 3 – Module 12
APA Citation Style

Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-bystep
as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
 Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each
SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here
to help you master the APA in-text and reference citation. The scope
of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you
read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – APA Citation: In-text and Reference Citation

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. cite related literature using standard style

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 What I Know

Read each statement carefully. Write C if the citation is correct, W if

otherwise. Write your answers on your notebook.

1. Ammade, S., Mahmud, M., Jabu, B., & Tahmir, S. (2018). Integrating
technology in English language teaching: Global experiences and lessons for
Indonesia. International Journal of English Linguistics, 8(6), 107–114.
https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v8n6p107
2. Johnson, A. P. (2019). Bruner’s learning theory: In Essential learning theories
and their applications. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.
3. Modecki, K. L., Minchin, J., Harbaugh, A. G., Guerra, N. G., & Runions, K. C.
(2014). Bullying Prevalence cross contexts: A Meta-Analysis Measuring Cyber
and Traditional Bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(5), 602–611.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.007
4. Perkins, A. E. (2014). School principals’ sources of knowledge. East Tennessee
State University.
5. Kio, A. M. (2013). The journey begins: A narrative inquiry into the mentorship
and support of novice principals. Education Journal, 9(3), 12-23.

In the previous lesson, you have learned about the types of plagiarism and how to
paraphrase. Now, you are ready to use in-text and reference citation style. American
Psychological Association (APA) referencing style is the most commonly used
referencing style in the field of education. It is also known as “author-date
referencing”. However, this is not the only referencing style available. There are
Chicago manual of style (CMOS), Modern Language Association Style (MLA) Modern
Humanities Research Association (MHRA), American Sociological Association (ASA),
and the like. But in the meantime, your focus is on APA 6th Edition Manual of Style.

What’s In

Read and paraphrase the following statements. Write your answers on your
notebook.
1. Adult education as a new trend in developing the competency of the adult
learners in the 4th industrial revolution necessitates for its implementation
globally.
2. Teachers is the cornerstone of a progressive and globalized nation.
3. The exercise of conducting the research is an imperative for educators.
4. Adult education is life-long learning for it promoted a continuous process
wherein learners continuously learn things that were beneficial to what is
needed.
5. Adult education is life-wide for it exceeds through various learning areas.

What’s New

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 The misAdventures of Bok and Nonoy

Have you ever heard the APA? It is neither a yoga style nor a Filipino translation of
cone. Like Bok, you have mistakenly interpreted it as such. But anyway, the acronym
stands for the American Psychological Association citation style. I am sure you have
heard this during your junior high school years. This lesson will have an in-depth
discussion on this citation style and in the end, you will have the skill in using it in
your research.

What is It

There are two (2) things that you need to remember in using APA. First, it is used as
an in-text citation and second, it is used in reference citation.

Let us begin on in-text citation.

The in-text citation is a reference citation that is made within the body of the text or
essay (Waikato Institute of Technology, 2010). The main question now is when are
we going to use in-text citation? Practically, we use in-text citations every time we
quote, summarize, and paraphrase statements, information, and ideas that came
from others. It is a scholarly acknowledgment through giving credit who stipulated
the ideas and concepts.

In-text citation with single author used in the beginning

Fernandez (2020), stressed that proper citation has to be observed among novice
researchers.

In-text citation with single author used at the end

Proper usage of citation styles promotes integrity among novice researchers

(Fernandez, 2020).

How about if the writer wanted to indicate the title of the source? Of course, you can
do it. However, title has to be in quotation marks.

In-text citation with article title

In Fernandez’s (2020) article, “Plagiarism: Writers’ Crime”, stressed that proper

citation has to be observed among novice researchers.

Another example:

In Fernandez’s (2020) book, “The Secrets of Plagiarism”, discussed on ways

plagiarism can be avoided.

In some cases, the title of book, articles, proceedings, journal articles and the like
are italicized. However, when you italicized the title, omit the quotation marks.
In-text citation without quotation

In Fernandez’s (2020) book, The Secrets of Plagiarism, discussed on ways plagiarism

can be avoided.

Can we use citation in the middle?

It is a common practice to see citation at the beginning or at the end of the referenced
statement. However, there are instances that citation appears in the middle of the
cited statement.

In-text citation in the middle of the statement

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Fernandez (2020) attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of
the sentence, whereas Munez (2020) claimed otherwise.

Another example:

Conduct of research enables novice researchers to deal on practical aspect of

education (Fernandez, 2020), as well as the theoretical foundations of different
philosophies.

When do we use “et al.” in our citation? “Et al.” is a Latin term for “et alia” which
means “and others”. This is used when you have multiple authors. Multiple
authorship is authorship composed of six (6) or more authors. Thus, when you have
less than six authors, you need to write their surname. If you use in-text citation at
the beginning, just connect their surname with a comma and “and”. However, if it is
at the end of the statement, you connect the authors’ surname with the use of comma
and ampersand.

In-text citation with three (3) authors (beginning)

Fernandez, Munez, and Valencia (2020), attested that citation can be used only at
the beginning and end of the statement.

In-text citation with three (3) authors (end)

It was attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the
statement (Fernandez, Munez, & Valencia, 2020).

In-text citation with six (6) or more authors

Fernandez et al. (2020), attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and
end of the statement.

In-text citation with six (6) authors (end)

It was attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the
statement (Fernandez, et al., 2020).

What if you have two or more authors with similar facts or information? In dealing
with this scenario, all of them are placed on the same parenthesis. However, they are
separated with a semicolon. Likewise, authors’ name has to be listed in alphabetical
order.

Multiple entry with similar information

It was attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the
statement (Fernandez, 2020; Munez, 2019; Valencia & Montemayor, 2018).

What if the idea that you are going to cite was already cited by an author? In
circumstance like this, it can be done it two (2) ways.

In-text citation already cited by an author

Montemayor as cited in Fernandez (2020) that citation can be used only at the
beginning and end of the statement.

Another example:

Montemayor (2001) attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end
of the statement (as cited in Pitt, 2020)

How about when you are going to cite a website article without authorship or
organizational author? If you are going to cite a website article without authorship,
you need to use the webpage title or few words of the title in the parentheses.

In-text citation using website article without author

“Man in need” (2020), eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love ones.

Another example:

Eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love ones (“Man in need,” 2020).

How about page number, are we going to include it? Many of the in-text citations
omit page numbers. However, it is encouraged to declare even the page number.
Aside from it, this adds credibility to your sources if you are going to declare it.

In-text citation with page number

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Fernandez (2020), eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love ones (p. 99).

In-text citation using paragraph number

According to Fernandez (2020), eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love
ones (para. 99).

Another example:

It was highlighted that eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love ones
(Fernandez, 2020, para. 99).

After learning how in-text citation is done, let us move on to reference citation. This
provides authority to your statements by providing your readers' access to those
sources. Likewise, it is an acknowledgment of the information you have brought out
on your research. Of course, in-text citations need to appear in the reference section
of your paper.

Practically, it is the list of the sources you have cited throughout your paper. This
will provide your readers access to all the sources you have considered in your
research. Because we have used the APA 6th edition citation style in your in-text
citation, we use also APA 6th edition reference style in your reference entry. However,
this only limited to the reference citations you will be using on your study. These are
reference citation on books, journals, online sources and theses and dissertations in
single authorship, multiple authorship, without author and date.

Reference Citation Style

1. Books

Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Quest for happiness. Fern Publishing Company Press.

If you can notice, the structure of this is the author’s name (surname, first letter of
the name, middle initial) then followed by a period. After that, the date of publication
and then a period are included. Next is the title of the book (remember that the whole
title is italicized and the first letter is capitalized). There is an exemption, all proper
names are capitalized. After the title, write the publishing company. a. Single Author

Author Date of Publication Place of Publication

Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Quest for happiness. New York: Fern Publishing Company

Press.
Title Publisher

When authorship reached to five (5), you are going to use “et al.” Thus, book with one
to five authorship takes the usual format.

b. Three authors

Fernandez, D. V., Munez, E. M., & Fernandez, Y. M. (2020). Quest for happiness.
New York: Fern Publishing Company Press.

Note:

Each author is joined with comma. Before the last author, there is a comma and
ampersand.

c. Six or more authors

Fernandez, D. V., et al. (2020). Quest for happiness. New York: Fern Publishing
Company Press.

Note:

After the first author, the word et al. is attached. The Latin term means “et alia” which
means “and others”. Thus, it represents the other authors of the book.

2. Journal Articles

a. Single Author

Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Lived experiences of students engaged community services.

Journal for Young Filipino, 44(6), 88-95. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34763.75047

If you notice, it is similar to the reference citation for book, however, what makes it
different is that it includes the journal publication (first letter of the word is
capitalized) then followed by volume, issue and page number and digital object

9
identifier (doi). Remember two (2) things. First is that journal publication is italicized
and second if doi is not present, you can just omit that part.

Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Lived experiences of students engaged community services.

Journal for Young Filipino, 44(6), 88-95. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34763.75047

Journal Publication Issue Volume. Page number. Digital Object Identifier

b. Three authors

Fernandez, D. V., Munez, E. M., & Fernandez, P. Y. M. (2020). Lived experiences of

students engaged community services. Journal for Young Filipino, 44(6), 88-95. doi:
10.13140/RG.2.2.34763.75047

c. Six or more authors

Fernandez, D. V, et al. (2020). Lived experiences of students engaged community

services. Journal for Young Filipino, 44(6), 88-95. doi:
10.13140/RG.2.2.34763.75047

3. Thesis and Dissertation

a. Thesis or Dissertation in Hardcopy

Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Development of reading comprehension through

contextualized graphic novel. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Bataan Peninsula State
University, Philippines.

This citation for thesis or dissertation follows the same format with books. It starts
with the author, date published, title of the thesis or dissertation. Take note that the
title needs to be italicized. Then, there is parenthesis, inside it is the description of
what reference is being cited, is it a master’s thesis or dissertation? Last part is the
institution where it is made and the location of the institution (commonly writers
write the country).

b. Thesis or Dissertation from Repository

Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Development of reading comprehension through

contextualized graphic novel. (Master’s thesis, Bataan Peninsula State University,
Philippines). Retrieved from http://hdl.thesismasters.net/109287/99

The format still follows similar with the hardcopy. However, the last part should
indicate the link of the thesis.

c. Thesis or Dissertation from Database

ProQuest is an example of online database for theses and dissertation.

Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Development of reading comprehension through

contextualized graphic novel. (Master’s thesis). Available from ProQuest Dissertations
& Theses Global database. (UMI No. 3371229) Note:

UMI is the name of publishing company that stands for University Microfilm
International. The services it offers is storage of theses and dissertations.

4. Online Sources

These are articles from credible website.

Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Reading comprehension and graphic novel. Retrieved from

https://www.easybib.com/reference/guide/apa/website

Notice that on the last part of the entry, it includes the link where the article was
retrieved. Remember not to put period (.) at the end of the entry. Remember, when
you make a reference list, it should be arranged in alphabetical order using the first
letter of the surname.

What’s More

Examine carefully the APA in-text and reference citations. Write C if it is correct, W
if otherwise. Write your answers on your notebook.

1. (Brandon, 2014)
2. Brandon, K. J. (2014). Principals’ decision making in discipline policy
implementation: The Lutheran schools’ perspective (Eastern Michigan
University). Retrieved from

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 http://ezproxy.libraries.wright.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/
login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2014-99050-
132&site=ehostlive&scope=cite
3. (Holmes, Tracy, Painter, and Oestreich, 2015)
4. Holmes, M., Tracy, E. M., Painter, L. L., & Oestreich, T. (2015). Moving from
flipcharts to the flipped classroom: Using technology driven teaching methods
to promote active learning in foundation and advanced masters social work
courses. Clinical Social Work Journal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-
0150521-x
5. (Kio, 2013)
6. (Taguchi and Sykes, 2014)
7. Taguchi, N., & Sykes, J. M. (2014). Technology in interlanguage pragmatic
research and teaching. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
8. (Bacharo, 2015)
9. Kio, A. M. (2013). The journey begins: A narrative inquiry into the mentorship
and support of novice principals (Colorado State University; Vol. 44).
Retrieved from
https://mountainscholar.org/bitstream/handle/10217/79040/Donnalley_c
olostate_0053N_11629.pdf?sequence=1
10. Bacharo, U. V. (2015). Job satisfaction and teaching performance of college
faculty. Central Mindanao College, Bukidnon, Philippines.

What I Have Learned

Examine and write the correct APA format of the reference citations. Write your
answers on your notebook.

1. Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies. Attitude of Students

Towards Research. Kaur, A. 2014.

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 2. Lee, J., Thu G. T., and Kun P. L. 2007. Cultural Difference and Its Effects on
User Research Methodologies. Berlin: Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73287-7_16

3. O’Donnell, J. 2012. What Is Research? The Research Whisperer. 2012.

https://researchwhisperer.org/author/jod999/%0AWe.

4. Pandey, S., Tauseef A., Sagar A., Bikash R., and Bipin S. 2014. Penicillin
Production and History: An Overview Corresponding Author. International
Journal of Microbiology and Allied Sciences 1 (November): 103–8.

5. Peretti, G., V. Skerk, V. Magri, A. Markotic, S. Mazzoli, M.J. Parnham, E.M.E.

Wagenlehner, and K.G. Naber. 2011. Macrolides for the Treatment of Chronic
Bacterial Prostatitis: An Effective Application of Their Unique Pharmacokinetic
and Pharmacodynamic Profile (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports 4 (6):
1035–44. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2011.575

What I Can Do
Examine and write the correct APA 6th edition format of the reference
and in-text citations. Write your answers on your notebook.

1. (Kudyba and Kwatinetz, 2012)

2. (2013 Nagel,)

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 3. Kudyba, S., & Kwatinetz, M. (2012). Introduction to the big data era. Boca
Raton: Taylor & Francis Group.

4. Ambrose, R., & Molina, M. (2014). Spanish/ English bilingual students’

comprehension of arithmetic story problem texts. International Journal of
Science and Mathematics Education, 12(6), 1469–1496.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-013-9472-2

5. (Standing, Standing, Love, and Gengatharen, 2017)

Assessment

Examine carefully the APA in-text and reference citations. Write C if it is correct, W
if otherwise. Write your answers on your notebook.

1. (Florido, 2000)
2. Melnyczenko, E. (2014). Factors that contribute to principal trust in the
principal teacher relationship (Purdue University). Retrieved from
https://search.proquest.com/docview/1674522492
3. Cruz et al 2016
4. Brooks, J., & Sutherland, I. (2014). Educational leadership in the
Philippines: Principals’ perspectives on problems and possibilities for
change. Planning and Changing, 45(3), 339–355.
5. (Brooks & Sutherland, 2014)
6. Martin, H. Z., Kalali, Nader, S. K., & Anvari, M. R. A. (2012). Do demographic
variables moderate relationship between job burnout and its consequences?
Iranian Journal Management Studies, 5(1), 47–62.
7. (Ruiz-Jiménez and Fuentes-Fuentes, 2016)
8. Singh, P. J. (2018). A study of the soft skills that contribute to the success
of newly graduated business students in the workplace (Minnesota State
 University). Retrieved from
https://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/etds://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/etds/7
96
9. (Singh, 2018)
10. (Sergis, Sampson, & Giannakos, 2018)

Additional Activities

Transform the following reference citations to its correct APA format. Write your
answers on your notebook.
1. Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New
Delhi: New Age International Publisher.

2. Lopez, E. C. (2017). Average Job Satisfaction Drops in PH as Millennials Continue

to Despair over Work. Retrieved from Entrepreneur website:
https://www.entrepreneur.com.ph/news-and-events/average-job-
satisfactiondrops-in-ph-as-millennials-continue-to-despair-over-work-a00178-
20171025

3. Cropley, A. (2019). Qualitative research methods: A practice-oriented

introduction for students of psychology and education. https://doi.org/doi:
10.13140/RG.2.1.3095.6888

4. Reysi-Cruz, M. (2019). Public school teachers’ debt rose to P319B in 2 years -

DepEd. Retrieved from Inquirer website:
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1128387/public-school-teachers-debts-rose-
top319b-in-2- years-deped#ixzz64grVSHhT

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5. Youngs, P., & King, M. B. (2002). Principal leadership for professional
development to build school capacity. Educational Administration Journal, 38(5),
643–670. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X02239642

References
Bahadori, M., & Hoseinpourfard, M. (2012). Plagiarism: Concepts, factors and
solutions. Iranian Journal of Military Medicine, 14(3), 168–177.

Chi, D., & Nguyen, X. (2017). Paraphrasing in academic writing: A case study of
Vietnamese learners of English. Language Education in Asia, 8(1), 9–24.
https://doi.org/10.5746/LEiA/17/V8/I1/A02/Na

DCU Library. (2017). APA style of citing and referencing.

FANSHAWE Library and Media Services. (2018). APA 6th edition.

George Brown College. (2014). APA In-text citations frequently. Tutoring and Learning
Centre. Retrieved from
https://www.georgebrown.ca/uploadedFiles/TLC/_documents/APA FAQ
Citations.pdf

Hacker, D. (2010). Guide to APA In-text citations.

Retrieved from http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/p04_c09_s1.html

Helgesson, G., & Eriksson, S. (2014). Plagiarism in research. Medicine Health Care
and Philosophy, (July), 262–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-014-9583-8

Indiana Wesleyan University. (2019). APA 6e guide: Based on publication manual of

the American Psychological Association, 6th ed.

Learning Services Writing Center. (2018). Six common types of plagiarism.

Louw, H. (2017). Defining plagiarism: Student and staff perceptions of a grey concept.
South African Journal of Higher Education, 31(5),
116–135. https://doi.org/10.20853/31-5-580

Oshima, H. A. (1999). Writing academic English. Retrieved from

http://www.higherscore.ca/downloads/Higher Score Free Advice 2 -
Paraphrasing.pdf
Waikato Institute of Technology. (2010). APA referencing 6th edition. Wintec.
https://doi.org/10.1036/0070349320

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