Practical Research 1

Quarter 3 – Module 6:
Rationale of the Study
Practical Research 1 – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 6: Rationale of the Study
First Edition, 2020

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Practical Research 1
Quarter 3 – Module 6:
Rationale of the Study
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module is designed to let you understand different reasons for

conducting research. As usual, there should always be a purpose or motive
in anything that you do. As a senior high school student, you need to know
the value of research in your field of specialization so you can justify the need
to conduct a study.

At the end of this module, you are expected to learn the following competency:
1. provide the justifications/reasons for conducting research

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 What I Know

Read and analyze the following questions. Determine whether they serve as
good considerations in providing justifications for conducting a particular
study. Write VALID if you think it is, and INVALID if it is not. Write your
answers on your notebook.

1. Why is the proposed study important?

2. What qualifications does the researcher possess?

3. What was wrong or incomplete about prior efforts

conducted on the research problem?

4. Can people relate to the research problem in local or

global context?

5. What is the timeline of research activities to be done by

the researcher?

6. How will the researcher select the sample from the target
population?

7. Does it elaborate or fill in the gaps in the present

knowledge and existing literature?

8. How will the researcher present and cite the references to

be used in the study?

9. What real life or everyday problem, issue, or question does

the research intend to address?

10. What is the research ultimately trying to achieve?

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 Lesson

1 Rationale of the Study

In the previous lessons, you already designed a research project related to

daily life and eventually created your own research title for your proposed
study in your area of interest or field of specialization. Now, you have to start
conceptualizing the contents of your research paper by rooting from the
reasons why you need to conduct a study about it.

Take note that it is necessary to be rational in everything that you do in

research, or else it might be a waste of time and effort.

What’s In

Unlock the following secret words by using the code box below. Write your
answers on your notebook.

A B C D E F G H I

9 17 13 24 5 19 11 22 1

J K L M N Ñ O P Q

21 8 26 6 25 4 23 2 15

R S T U V W X Y Z

14 27 7 20 12 16 3 18 10

1.

13 14 1 7 1 13 9 26 7 22 1 25 8 1 25 11

2.

23 17 27 5 14 12 9 7 1 23 25
3
 3.
9 25 9 26 18 27 1 27

4.

1 25 7 5 14 2 14 5 7 9 7 1 23 25

5.

14 5 19 26 5 13 7 1 23 25

6.

5 12 9 26 20 9 7 1 23 25

7.

1 25 19 5 14 5 25 13 5

8.

5 3 2 26 9 25 9 7 1 23 25

9.
-
2 14 23 17 26 5 6 27 23 26 12 1 25 11

10.

24 5 13 1 27 1 23 25 6 9 8 1 25 11

Great! You unlocked all of them!

Those secret words you just have formed are the necessary reasoning skills
and processes you need to remember and consider so you can provide
sensible justifications for conducting your proposed study.

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 Notes to the Teacher
This module prepares the learners to determine the reasons
and provide justifications for conducting a research. This lesson
will guide them in writing the introductory part of their research
paper.

What’s New

In this lesson, you will learn about the rationale of the study. It is one of the
major components in the introductory part of your research paper. With this,
let us first define what rationale is.

According to Merriam-Webster, a rationale is:

1 : an explanation of controlling principles of opinion, belief, practice, or

phenomena

2 : an underlying reason : basis

In the context of research writing, a rationale pertains to the reasons why the
study must be conducted. Such justification is provided by the researcher to
highlight the significant points of the problem to be addressed in the study.

Now that you already have a glimpse of what rationale is, let us dig deeper on
how it is used in research.

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 What is It

Rationale of the Study

As a student-researcher, you have to determine the sense of all the things you
plan to do in your proposed study. Consider the following questions: Is there
a need to conduct a study about your chosen research topic? Does it pose a
significant research problem? Does it matter to your academic discipline?

If your answers in the previously asked questions are ‘Yes’, then that can be
a good starting point for establishing the rationale of your study.

Research justification is considered as the initial step in writing a research

paper. This step involves the skill on how the researcher will provide the
readers with critical background or contextual information that introduces
the research topic. Moreover, it needs to indicate the reasons why the
proposed research actually matters. In doing so, the researcher must be able
to get the audience's attention right from the introduction.

How to Write the Rationale of the Study

The rationale of the study must contain the following components:

1. Existing Literature
- a background on what researches have already been done about the
given subject.

2. Relevance to Local/Global Context

- situational interconnectedness of individuals or things in varying
perspectives.

3. Critical Background/Contextual Information

- circumstances forming a background of an event, idea or subject, that
enables the readers to understand the nature of the problem.

4. Research Gap
- problems, issues or questions that have not been addressed or are yet
to be understood.

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 5. Proof of Urgency
- an urgent need to solve the existing problem.

6. Research Goal/Objective
- the purpose why there is a need for the proposed study to be
conducted.

Here are some questions to be considered in presenting justifications:

➢ Why is this research important?
➢ What real life or everyday problem, issue, or question does the research
relate to?
➢ Can people relate to the problem in local or global context?
➢ What benefit does the research promise?
➢ Are the units of analysis and observation clearly identified?
➢ What does the researcher hope to find out?
➢ What was wrong or incomplete about prior efforts already conducted?
➢ Does the research extend understanding of the phenomena being
investigated?
➢ Does it elaborate or fill in the gaps in the present knowledge?
➢ What is the research ultimately trying to achieve?

Now, read and study the following sample of Rationale of the Study.

The Educated Citizen: Cultural and Gender Capital in the Schooling of

Aetas’ Children in the Municipality of Janiuay
(Moralista & Delariarte, 2014)

Republic Act No. 8371 is an act to recognize, protect and promote the
rights of indigenous cultural communities/indigenous peoples, created a
National Commission on Indigenous Peoples, established implementing
mechanisms, appropriated funds therefore, and for other purposes (Enacted by
the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress, 1997).
This Act is known as "The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997." The State
shall recognize and promote all the rights of Indigenous Cultural
Communities/Indigenous Peoples (ICCs/IPs) as enumerated within the
framework of the Constitution.
Toward these ends, the State shall institute and establish the necessary
mechanisms to enforce and guarantee the realization of these rights, taking into
consideration their customs, traditions, values, beliefs, interests and
institutions, and to adopt and implement measures to protect their rights to
their ancestral domains (Republic of the Philippines Congress of the Philippines
Third Regular Session. No. 1728; H. No. 9125, 1997). The State recognizes its
obligations to respond to the strong expression of the ICCs/IPs for cultural
integrity by assuring maximum ICC/IP participation in the direction of

7
education, health, as well as other services of ICCs/IPs, in order to render such
services more responsive to the needs and desires of these communities.
The UN Declaration of Human Rights especially on education and the
1987 Constitution of the Republic the Philippines are among the foundations
on which this study was anchored. As educators, the researchers are curious
about the plight of the Aetas, their hopes and how they see education in relation
to their own indigenous culture.
This study aims to understand the cultural practices of Aetas’ children
in the Municipality of Janiuay; to investigate the gender capital in the schooling
of Etas’ children in the Municipality of Janiuay; to determine the Aetas’ role in
preserving their cultural practices as influence.

Here is another sample of Rationale of the Study for you to have

a simpler idea on how to make one. It is labelled with the components
that you need to include in justifying the reasons for conducting your
proposed study. You can use this as a guide in composing your write-up
for your own rationale.

President Rodrigo Roa Duterte’s Political Speeches:

A Critical Discourse Analysis (Remorosa, 2018)

A message from the president is given almost

unparalleled importance in contrast to other
communications. Speeches and addresses of any sort
should therefore be read as statements of presidential
power and they are all attempts to assert the power of
Existing literature
the presidency in some way either through policy
proposal, attempts to move public opinion through
appeals to the people, or direct address to specific
audiences (Chimbarange, Takavarasha,& Kombe,
2014).
The present study is concerned with
investigating an aspect of discourse that has not
received adequate attention within the Philippine Relevance to local
political discourse. The absence of a research study in and global context
the national and local setting has prompted more the
researcher to conduct this investigation.
It has been found out that due to the pressure
of media and its effort to catch the attention of their
consumers the traditional view of political speeches Critical
has been changing and is now nearer to the everyday background/
contextual
informal speech. Political speeches should therefore be
information
not only interesting but also entertaining so as to be
enticing to media holders who have the privilege of
what would be presented and how (Brno, 2011).

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 The researcher has noticed that analyses of oral
texts, particularly in political speeches as a discourse,
have been rarely studied by CDA researchers. Thus, Research gap
Wang (2010) calls for more attention to CDA studies
since they can help explore the relationship between
language, ideology, and power.
There is an urgent need to pursue this research
Proof of urgency
because the Philippines is now facing a great change
in administrative reform, thus it is in the realm to
listen to the core messages of the current president
and understand his plans as well as visions to uplift
Research goal/
the life of every constituent, and the country as a
objective
whole. Through Critical Discourse Analysis, this study
aims to bring understanding on the discourse of
politics as well as power and dominance.

What’s More

Read and analyze the following research topics. Provide at least three possible
reasons why each study must be conducted. You may support your answer
by citing researched information from reputable sources. Use the given
outline below and write it on your notebook.

A. Depression
1.
2.
3.

B. Corona Virus Disease (CoViD-19)

1.
2.
3.

C. Teenage Pregnancy
1.
2.
3.

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 What I Have Learned

Fill in the blanks to show your understanding about rationale of the study.
Write your answers on your notebook.

In the context of research writing, a 1. pertains to the

reasons why the study must be conducted. It involves the skill on how the
researcher will provide the readers with 2. or 3.
that introduces the research topic. The researcher must also be able to
get the audience’s 4. and show them why the research
actually matters. Moreover, the researcher needs to be acquainted with the 5.
on the research topic. He/she must look for 6.
that are related to the study and identify the 7. in the
current literature. These gaps in the literature pertain to problems, issues or
questions that have not been addressed or are yet to be understood.
Furthermore, it will be more reasonable to conduct research if there is an 8.
to solve the existing problem and if it is relevant to either
9. contexts, or both. People will more likely appreciate
the study if they can relate to it and if they can somehow benefit from the 10.
of the study.

What I Can Do

Read and analyze the given rationale of the study. Then, answer the questions
that follow. Write your answers on your notebook.

Education during COVID-19 Era: Are Learners in a Less-Economically

Developed Country Ready for E-Learning?
(Alipio, 2020)

The Coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic remains a compelling

issue destabilizing not just the economy, but also the education in most
parts of the world, especially the less economically developed countries. As
of April 25, 2020, 2,833,961 confirmed cases with 197,368 deaths were
reported affecting 210 countries and territories around the world and 2
international conveyances.

10
 Geographical variation of case severity was observed with less-
economically developed countries anecdotally being reported to suffer the
most due to poverty and low testing capacity. The Philippines, one of the
less-economically developed countries, is a hotspot of COVID-19 case in
Southeast Asia with an accumulated total case of 7,192 and deaths of 477.
Existing evidence shows that areas in the country with low accumulated
annual income had high COVID-19 cases and high case fatality rates. With
the current state of Philippine government coupled with the crippling
pandemic, notable impact on economy and education has been observed.
The recent adoption of K-12 program, the transition of first K-12 completers
to college, and provision of free and inclusive education have challenged the
education governing bodies in the country even more.
In response to the rise in confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the
Philippines, President Rodrigo Duterte suspended classes at all levels in
Metro Manila initially on March 9, 2020 and provided indefinite date of
resumption. Concordant with the public health emergency measures, the
Department of Education issued guidelines prohibiting public schools in
areas with suspended classes from administering the final examinations for
students and instead compute the final grades of students for the academic
year based on their current academic standing. The department also
advised schools in areas without suspension to immediately administer
final examinations within that week on a "staggered basis" and for teachers
and students to observe social distancing measures.
Parallel to the Department of Education, the Commission on Higher
Education (CHED) advised other institutions of higher education in the
Philippines in the Philippines to implement distance education methods of
learning for its classes, such as the use of educational technology, to
maximize the academic term despite the suspensions. The commission has
also advised other institutions of higher education in the Philippines to
implement distance education methods of learning for its classes, such as
the use of educational technology, to maximize the academic term despite
the suspensions. Several other public and private tertiary institutions
implemented such arrangements for its classes; however, several student
groups appealed to CHED to suspend mandatory online classes in
consideration of the logistical limitations and well-being of a majority of
students.
With the ongoing surge of cases in the country, a possible alternative
to continue education while preventing potential infection spread, is
electronic learning (e-learning). E-learning has been a common delivery
media for education in developed countries. Several developing countries
like the Philippines have attempted to embrace the new learning space;
however, financial and acceptance factors remain to be a problem that
would limit its potential use. While both the supply and demand for e-

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 learning opportunities have risen in recent years, many professionals are
beginning to question whether students are prepared to be successful in an
online learning environment. After all, the demonstrated success of
students in a conventional education and training classroom may not be an
adequate predictor of success in an e-learning classroom. Drawn on the
existing pandemic and potential shift to full e-learning, this study has
focused on the descriptive evaluation of readiness of higher education
Filipino students for e-learning.

GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1. Is the given research problem important to a senior high school student

like you? Why?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

2. Was the proposed study well-justified by the researcher? Why do you think
so?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

3. How did the researcher provide justifications on the need to conduct the
study?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

4. What was the goal of the proposed study?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

5. If you were the researcher, what other justifications would you provide
aside from those given?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

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 Assessment

Read and analyze the following statements about rationale of the study. Write
FACT if it is true, and BLUFF if it is false. Write your answers on your
notebook.

1. Rationale pertains to the reasons for conducting the study.

2. The researcher may consider what was wrong or incomplete

about prior efforts conducted on the same problem.

3. The proposed study can still be conducted even if there are

already sufficient solutions to the given problem.

4. Providing justifications does not require reasoning skills

and processes.

5. An anecdote or evidence from personal experience can

serve as a valid justification.

6. It will be more reasonable to conduct research if there is no

urgent need to solve the existing problem.

7. The researcher needs to provide the readers with critical

background or contextual information that introduces the
research topic.

8. Validity of justification can be expressed by referring to a

policy, press report, or other reputable information source.

9. The study must relate to either local or global context, or

both.

10. Research gaps pertain to problems, issues or questions

that have already been addressed and understood.

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 Additional Activities

At this point, you are heading your way on writing the content of your research
paper. Remember to use the same research topic and title based on your
previous research tasks. Start drafting your rationale by supplying the
necessary information in the given template below. Write your output on your
notebook.

Research Topic: __________________________________________________________

Research Title: ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

Why is your research important?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

What real life or everyday problem, issue, or question does your research hope
to address?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

How does it relate to local or global context?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

What is your research eventually trying to achieve?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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Compose your draft for a simple rationale of your proposed study by using
the information you have provided above. Write it on your notebook.

Rationale of the Study

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 16
What I Have Learned:
What’s More:
1. rationale
A. Depression 2. critical background
-Provided reasons may vary 3. contextual information
4. attention
B. Corona Virus Disease (COVID- 5. existing literature
19) 6. various sources
- Provided reasons may vary 7. gaps
8. urgent need
C. Teenage Pregnancy 9. local or global
- Provided reasons may vary 10. results
What I Know:
What’s In:
1. VALID
1. CRITICAL THINKING 2. VALID
2. OBSERVATION 3. INVALID
3. ANALYSIS 4. VALID
4. INTERPRETATION 5. VALID
5. REFLECTION 6. VALID
6. EVALUATION
7. INVALID
7. INFERENCE
8. VALID
8. EXPERIENCE
9. PROBLEM-SOLVING 9. VALID
10. DECISION MAKING 10. VALID
Answer Key
 17
Assessment:
Additional Activities:
1. FACT
2. FACT - Answers may vary.
3. BLUFF
4. BLUFF - Just make sure to use the same research
5. FACT topic and title based on your previous
6. BLUFF research tasks. You can use the draft of
7. FACT your rationale in making the other
8. FACT components of the research paper, and
9. FACT make changes to it as you go through the
10. BLUFF process of research writing.
What I Can Do:
1. Yes, because as a senior high school student, I need to be aware about e-learning
especially now that we are experiencing different learning delivery modalities.
2. Yes, because the researcher provided valuable reasons to conduct the study as to its
relevance to the challenges in education amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.
3. The researcher provided justifications by using different relevant studies and
literature. The researcher also presented how the research problem related to local
and global context on which students actually experience.
4. The goal of the study was to evaluate the readiness of higher education Filipino
students for e-learning.
5. If I were the researcher, I would provide more statistical data to support the given
literature in the study.
*Note: Answers may vary. The given answers only serve as your guide for checking
possible answers.
Answer Key
References
Alipio, Mark. 2020. Education during COVID-19 era: Are learners in a less-
economically developed country ready for e-learning? Research, Kiel,
Hamburg: ZBW – Leibniz Information Centre.
Caduan, Vicenta D. 2016. "Effects of Animal Manure and Rice Hay to the
Growth of Banana." Accessed July 2020.
https://slideplayer.com/slide/6213720/.
Decena, Mae Angelie. 2014. "JFinex." Accessed July 2020.
https://www.slideshare.net/lyndonrosslauronislove/rationale-up-to-
flow-of-research.
DepEd. 2020. "K to 12 Curriculum Final Most Essential Learning
Competencies." Practical Research 1. Department of Education .
—. 2016. "K to 12 Curriculum Guide." Practical Research 1. Department of
Education.
Editage. 2018. "Accelerating Scientific Advancement." Cactus
Communications. Accessed July 2020.
https://www.editage.com/insights/how-to-write-the-rationale-for-
research#:~:text=The%20rationale%20of%20your%20research,the%20
justification%20of%20the%20study.
Fabito, Bernie S., Ramon L. Rodriguez, Marlon A. Diloy, Arlene O. Trillanes,
Louis Gabriel T. Macato, and Manolito Jr. V. Octaviano. 2018.
"Exploring Mobile Game Addiction, Cyberbullying, and its Effects on
Academic Performance among Tertiary Students in one University in
the Philippines." Google Scholar. Accessed July 2020.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ramon_Rodriguez28/publicati
on/331854629_Exploring_Mobile_Game_Addiction_Cyberbullying_and
_its_Effects_on_Academic_Performance_among_Tertiary_Students_in_o
ne_University_in_the_Philippines/links/5ce3a684299bf14d95abc1b5/
.
Faculty Development and Instructional Design Center. 2006. "Justification
for Research." Northern Illinois University. Accessed July 2020.
https://ori.hhs.gov/education/products/niu_authorship/mistakes/0
4mistake-a.htm.
Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. n.d. "rationale." Accessed July 2020.
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rationale.
Mim, Faijun Nahar, Muhammad Ashraful Islam, and Gowranga Kumar.
2018. "Impact of the Use of Social Media on Students' Academic
Performance and Behavior Change." International Journal of Statistics
and Applied Mathematics. Accessed July 2020.

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 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329465967_Impact_of_the
_use_of_social_media_on_students%27_academic_performance_and_b
ehavior_change.
Moralista, Rome B., and Gabriel C. Delariarte. 2014. "The Educated Citizen:
Cultural and Gender Capital in the Schooling of Aetas’ Children in the
Municipality of Janiuay." Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts and
Sciences .
Remorosa, Roxan R. 2018. "President Rodrigo Roa Duterte's Political
Speeches: A Critical Discourse Analysis." IOSR Journal of Humanities
and Social Sciences 71-87.
Scroll. n.d. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/.

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Department of Education – Region III,

Schools Division of Bataan - Curriculum Implementation Division
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Email Address: bataan@deped.gov.ph