Chapter 2 THEORY OF INTERNAL FORCES Mr. mpea Thal Binh, PD DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING. 1, INTERNAL LOADINGS (cont.) (@) Imaginary Section (@) Distribution of internal force INTERNAL LOADINGS + Internal Loadings are produced between material ‘molecules to hold the body together when the body is subjected to external loads. + Method of section to determine the internal loadings: at a specific region within the body —> Imagine a section cutting through the body; examine the equilibrium of one part INTERNAL LOADINGS (cont.) (€)The resutant internal force (d) Components of interna forces &. land moment, Fy and Myy ‘moments on a cross-section My My Eras1, INTERNAL LOADINGS (cont.) + Components of intemal forces and moments on a cross section of a bar +N, — normal force, tending to pull or push the 2 parts + V,,. Vy shear forces, lying in the plane of the section + 1, = torsional moment or torque + M,, M, ~ bending moments Cnn] ea PLANE PROBLEM (cont.) = Positive sign convention for beam 20 yno¥?2 N20 Cea PLANE PROBLEM + Plane problem: when external loads & internal loadings, belong to 4 plane (2,x) or (zy). For example: (z,y)-> internal loadings: normal force N,, shear force V,, bending moment M, Section rem An Se ere ea PLANE PROBLEM (cont.) + Positive normal force: when N>0 directed outward the section § [~~~ + Positive shear force: when it ee tends to rotate the relaive part | [1 clockwise vero M>o + Positive bending moment: ‘when it tends to extend the lower fiber IC Se eee Cea One]Il. PLANE PROBLEM (cont.) Example 1: The cantliver beam is subjected to external forces as shown on the figure. Compute the reactions forcesimoment and the internal loadings at section K =10kNim a 2a Cnn] ea PLANE PROBLEM (cont.) * Computing Reaction Forces eon My, ereprr Tine P=40iN, Free Body Diagram (FED) DR, =0> A, =20-40=-20(kN) YA=A=0 * SIM, = 0M, =-20x3 + 40x4 = 100(kNm) Se ere ‘Nguyen Thai Binh, Ph.D. _10 Il. PLANE PROBLEM (cont.) = Computing Internal Loadings at section K 294 P=40KN Mg = 40x3—20x2 = 80(kNm) PLANE PROBLEM (cont.) Example 2: Determine the resultant internal loadings on the cross setion at C of the machine shaft shown in Fig. | 20 One] CTT Se eee CoPLANE PROBLEM (cont.) Il. PLANE PROBLEM (cont.) = Computing support reactions A, By The equilibrium of whole shaft gives: FN ge ea SM, =0-> A (0.400m)~(120N)(0.125m) + + (22511)(0.100m) =0 +A, =-18.75N lB, 275m __p.125m|0%00. Free-Body Diagram (F.8.D,) for the whole beam ee ee ee ‘Nguyen Thai Binh, Ph.D. 14 PLANE PROBLEM (cont) Il, INTERNAL LOADING DIAGRAMS > * Intemal Loading Diagrams (Normal Force, Shear Force, | = plana haan Moment Diagrams, Torsional Moment) —> the variation of Internal Loadings in function of position z of an arbitrary section: N(z), V(z), M(z), T(2) pine LF=0-N,=0 + Graph: z-axie (abcisea): to th element axis SF, =0 >V, =-58.75N. ¥ Ordinate: — value of internal loading at z IM, =0->M, =-5.69Nm + Remark: M-positive axis is downward ee eee Cea [eS ‘Nguyen Thai Binh, Ph.D. 16Ill. INTERNAL LOADING DIAGRAMS PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS + Computing support reactions + Spitting the structures (beam, frame) into many parts in such a manner that no abrupt change in loads + Establishing expressions of N(2,), V(z), M(z). T(z), + Drawing on graphs: baseline is /! bar-axis!; ordinate axis is | baseline ee ee ‘Nguyen Thai Binh, Ph.D. 17 Ill. INTERNAL LOADING DIAGRAMS (cont.) = Support Reactions : netomat tims ta tomn i [om 24 KN Assi Ba5iRN Free-Body diagram eee eee ‘Nguyen Thai Binh, Ph.D. 19 lll. INTERNAL LOADING DIAGRAMS (cont.) Example 3: Sketch the internal loading diagrams for the beam shown on the figure 28) 15400 2 Al 1m Ainge Aroller Era Update 20/01/2026 11:46 ‘Nguyen Thai Binh, Ph.D. _18 Ill, INTERNAL LOADING DIAGRAMS (cont.) = Analytical Expressions of Internal Loadings ‘© Segment [AB]: 0<2, <2m A9{eNi. 2, N,(z,) = -40 (KN) + constant 101, 1 ey Yie2 = 3-182; (RN) — ar vite M,(2,) = 32, — 7.5(2,? (KNm) aun "of order 2 aaa M, =0 6 2, = 0.2m > Myny, = 0.3(kN.m) Ema ‘Nguyen Thai Binh, Ph.D. 20Ill. INTERNAL LOADING DIAGRAMS (cont.) «# Segment [8c]: 02, <1m N,{z,) = -10 (kN) + constant Vides) = 24 (KN) — constant Mlz,) = % Mil2av(2.) Ne 101N -242, (kNm) — linear CET ee ee OBSERVATIONS ? ¥ On [AB], constant distributed load (q = constant) + V- diagram is linear, M-diagram is of order 2 ¥ On [BC], no distributed load (q = 0) + constant V- diagram and linear M-diagram ¥ ALB, a force B, = 51 kN—+ a jump of V-diagram = B, No distributed load along [ABC] (t= 0) — constant N- diagram Coe UL INTERNAL LOADING DIAGRAMS = sou P= QO) Imm 24 kN IIR ‘27 kN fl IV. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG LOAD, SHEAR AND MOMENT ee eT) Co EmnzIV.1 Relationship between Load and Shear a e792) « The slope of the shear diagram (the rate of change of the shear force per unit length of beam) at any section is ‘equal to the load intensity at that section DR=05 a (0+, -Vy = ['(z)d2 =Total Load between A & B Vy =V, + [Load]? SFD of a beam subjected to different types of distributed load en 780) IV.2 Relationship between Shear and Moment DM, -09 Mav 2) ‘* The slope of the moment diagram (the rate of change of the moment per unit length of beam) at any section is equal to the value of the snear force at that section (2) >M, -M, = f?'V(z)dz= Total area under the V-diagram between A&B My =M, +[Area under the V-diagramy, or SFD and the corresponding BMD of abeam ee ee aD a Coe ee TET)IV. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG LOAD, SHEAR AND MOMENT THEOREMS ON THE JUMP 1, At the section where a concentrated force is applied, the = Gonchidiont \V-diagram has an abrupt change of values equal to the concentrated force. An upward force causes an abrupt, 41. In segment having no distributed load (q = 0), the V- inctease; a downward load causes an abrupt decrease: diagram is constant, and the M-diagram is linear 2. In segment having constant distributed load (q = constant), the V-diagram is linear, the M-diagram is a P P parabola having the concavity so that to receive the load 3. In segment having linear load, the V-diagram is of Veer | an Veen | ve ‘order 2, M-diagram is of order 3 Vaan = Vien P ee eee COPEL ea VI. DRAWING INTERNAL LOAD DIAGRAMS V. THEOREMS ON THE JUMP (com, USING THEIR RELATIONSHIPS 2. At the section where a moment is applied, the M-diagram Loading Diagram shows all the applied forces and reac- has an abrupt change of values equal to the moment. A tions, including all the relevant dimensions along the beam Sogktiga moment causes an abrupt Increase} acount ‘Shear Diagram is drawn below the Loading Diagram: eee mean RA acres 4. Choose the baseline // the bar-axis; 2. Compute the shear forces at the controling sections. lo aM (supports. concentrated force. beginning & end...) Moy Mow Men Moe 3. Plot points on the V-diagram at the controlling sections 4. Connect the adjacent points plotted by respecting the fules of relationships among (9,V\M) and theorems of jump" Mota = Men + Mo Magna = Men = Mo ee ee OPEL CeaCnn] One] VI. DRAWING INTERNAL LOAD DIAGRAMS USING THEIR RELATIONSHIPS Moment — Diagram is drawn below the V- diaram 41.The baseline is // the bar-axis 2.Compute the moments at controlling sections as in V- diagram + section(s) where V=0 or where V changes in sign 3.Plot points on the M-diagram at the controlling sections. A positive value is plotted under the baseline 4.Connect these points by respecting the (q,N,M) rules 5.The maximum or minimum moment occurs at section where V=0 or where the shear changes in sign Update 20/01/2094 48 ea 25 16KN = 62kN Update 20/01/2094 48 Cea EXAMPLES = Example 1 Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam subjected to the loading shown. Find the maximum moments along the beam 25 kNim Jickn 2m om Ce oT Example 1 (cont.): ‘* Loading diagram and reaction forces DM, =05D, =62kN; YF, =0+B, =154 kN ‘* Shear Forces and Moments at controlling sections \V—diagram:linear Beanery emis vio 25x2x1 = -50 (kNm) Se eee eTExample 1 (cont.): \V—diagram linear [M— diagram : parabola 25kNim Mec att) phe eec ie ney } 24 Myc ==25x2x1 = ~50 (kNm) B, = 154 kN, of“ 25x8 +154 =—46 (kN) Mg 32x2 = 124 (kNm) M, =m, =0-(—}xt.06e40--6212) =106:92%Nm) ¥ Segment [BC]: constant af Example 1 (cont.): |V—diagram: constant M- diagram: linear Veo =-62 (KN) 62x2 =124 (kNm) ¥ Segment [CD]: q=0 >| A 166.32 KNm 50 kN ‘Maximum positive moment: Maximum negative moment: Cnn] Update 20/01/2094 48 ea Example 2: Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the cantilever beam subjected to the loading shown on the figure. at? = 10k, << een uli} = ‘Remark: Linear distributed loadings produce @ resultant force having @ ‘magnitude equal to the area unter the load diagram, and having @ location that posses through the centroid ofthis area. 222m Ce ‘Nguyen Thai Bidh, Ph.D. 38 Example 2 (cont.): ‘* Reaction Forces at the clamped section A R= 10(kNimxa(my2 = 20 KN 2013 (kN) Mo SOKNT i Ay=—20K [ZR =0]>A,=0; [DF [M, -0]>M, = s0x6-40-20(2+ P=2qa=40KN )] >A, =-20 (kN) 4) ‘Nguyen Thai Binh, Ph.D. 40 320m) Se eee One] CeaExample 2 (cont. ‘* Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams, \V~diagram:: constant y 7 SSeHETARE 4-0: { M-diagram:linear the Vag =-20 (kN) Ata. we (kim) Vex = -20 (kN) 20%2 = 229 Nm) Cnn] CoE Example 2 (cont.): \V - diagram: parabola ¥ Segment [BC]; qlinear-> Brent IRGR alinear 1 tera Ve=-208N nee 200, 49-22 asim) Pha -0 # dg = 0 (Vq)' = 0 — slope of V-diagram at B= 0 Se ere oa Example 2 (cont.): 122203 anf =BHE=AOHM 10H nL ~ [azn Ba d A=>20m Pada} a0 ll S| aon ry 29013 (ken) ae is ‘Nguyen Thai Binh, Ph.D. 43 VII. STRESS CONCEPT - STRESS- INTERNAL LOADING RELATIONS = Stress at a point: P= lim: stress at a point normal stress Tow ty Shear stress(es) Update 20/01/2026 11:46 Cee enn) One]VII. STRESS CONCEPT - STRESS- INTERNAL LOADING RELATIONS + Stress-Internal Loading Relations Q, = [tad As Q, = J, tA; T 2M, = fa(tax¥ — tax) dA; [,c.ydA; M, = [,o.xdA ee eee 5 IMPORTANT POINTS + The method of sections is used to determine the internal resultant loadings acting on the surface of the sectioned body. + In general, these resultants consist of a normal force, shear force, torsional moment, and bending moment. oe Procedure for Analysis The resultant internal loadings at a point located on the section of a body can be obtained using the method of sections. This requires the following steps: + Step 1: Support Reactions + Step 2: Free-Body Diagram + Step 3: Equations of Equilibrium ee ee ‘Nguyen Thai Binh, Ph.D. 47 Cm Co Step 1: Support Reactions + First decide which segment of the body is to be considered. + Ifthe segment has a support or connection to another body, then before the body is sectioned, it will be necessary to determine the reactions acting on the chosen segment. * To do this draw the free-body diagram of the entire body and then apply the necessary equations of equilibrium to ‘obtain these reactions, Se eee oeOne] Step 2: Free-Body Diagram + Keep all external distributed loadings, couple moments, torques, and forces in their exact locations, before passing an imaginary section through the body at the point where the resultant internal loadings are to be determined, Draw a free-body diagram of one of the “cut” segments and indicate the unknown resultants N, V, M, and T at the section. These resultants are normally placed at the point representing the geometric center or centroid of the sectioned area. Update 20/01/2094 48 Cea 5 enn) Step 3: Equations of Equilibrium + Moments should be summed at the section, about each of the coordinate axes where the resultants act. Doing this eliminates the unknown forces N and V and allows a direct solution for M (and 7). * If the solution of the equilibrum equations yields a negative value for 2 resultant, the directional sense of the resultant is ‘opposite to that shawn an the free-body diagram, Update 20/01/2026 11:46 Cea